1.

INTENTION OF US TO PH
The Americans needed new market for their products.
They were also on the lookout for new sources of cheap raw
materials.
The US hoped to use the Philippines as its base in its drive to
control the entire Pacific Ocean and other countries.
However, President McKinley and President Wilson made the
Filipino believe that the Americans intention was to teach the
latter about democracy and governance.
The TREATY OF PARIS
On December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris was signed. It stated
that Spain would turn over the Philippines to the United States in
exchange of $20,000,000.
US would recognize the rights of Spaniards to sell their goods in
the Philippines in the next ten years.
This anti-Filipino treaty proved that US imperialists had never
recognized the Republic of the Philippines.
2. Assassination of GEN. LUNA(June 5 1899)
On June 5, Luna and his party arrived at the outskirts of
Cabanatuan but the broken bridge threatened to delay the
whole party. The impatient General left his escort and
proceeded to his summons accompanied only by Colonel Roman
and Captain Rusca. At about 3:00 p.m., they arrived at the casa
parroquial (convent) in Cabanatuan where the Philippine
Republic was holding office. The first man the general met was
an officer he had disarmed in Angeles for cowardice. His famous
temper provoked, General Luna slapped a sentry who failed to
salute him and, upon being informed that Aguinaldo had
already left for San Isidro, Nueva Ecija (Aguinaldo actually went
to Bamban, Tarlac Province), he ran upstairs and saw Felipe
Buencamino. They exchanged heated words. A rifle shot was
heard and the general rushed downstairs to investigate, and
there, waiting for him, were Capt. Pedro Janolino and members
of the Kawit Battalion of Cavite Province. These were the same
soldiers who had refused to take orders from Luna during the
battle at Caloocan on Feb. 10, 1899; as punishment, Luna had
disarmed and relieved them of their duties. The men mobbed
him. Luna was stabbed with daggers and shot. Mortally
wounded, he still managed to stagger to the street, away from
his assassins. He fired his pistol, but didn't hit anybody. As
Luna fell on the convent yard, all he could say was "Cow....ards!
As...sas...sins!" Aguinaldo's mother, Trinidad Famy y Aguinaldo
(RIGHT, in 1901) was said to have watched the killing. She
shouted "Nagalaw pa ba iyan?" (Is he still alive?). One of the
assassins nudged Luna's body with his boot. The general was
dead.
Buencamino emptied Luna's pockets and took the telegram that
Luna had received. The following day, Luna was buried with
military honors but the assassins went free. After Luna's death,
Aguinaldo ordered all chiefs of brigades under Luna
arrested. Some were killed like Major Manuel Bernal who was
tortured first and his brother Captain Jose Bernal (LEFT) who
was released but was later assassinated at Candaba, Pampanga
Province, on June 16, 1899. Aguinaldo also ordered the
disarming of two companies suspected of being pro-Luna.
The death of Luna, the most brilliant and capable of the Filipino
generals at the time, was a decisive factor in the fight against
the American forces. Even the Americans developed an
admiration for him.
[5]
General Frederick Funston, who received
the credit of capturing Aguinaldo at Palanan, Isabela, stated that
Luna was the "ablest and most aggressive leader of the Filipino
Republic."
[
For General James Franklin Bell, Luna "was the only
general the Filipino army had."
Subsequently, Aguinaldo suffered successive, disastrous losses
in the field, as he retreated towards northern Luzon.
General Jose Alejandrino, one of Luna's remaining aides, stated
in his memoirs that if only Luna had finished the planned
guerilla camp in Mountain Province, Aguinaldo may have not
been running for his life at the Cordillera Mountains.
[5]
For
historian Teodoro Agoncillo, however, Luna's death did not
directly attribute to the resulting fall of the Republic. In his
book, Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic, Agoncillo stated that
the loss of Luna showed the existence of a lack of discipline
among the regular Filipino soldiers and it was a major weakness
that was never remedied in the course of the war. Also, soldiers
connected with Luna were demoralized and as a result
eventually surrendered to the Americans
3. Capture of Aguinaldo (March 23, 1901)
During the Philippine-American War, the main concern of the
American invading army was to destroy Filipino resistance to
their glorified escapade. And, because General Emilio Aguinaldo
was the driving force behind the Philippine revolution, the
Americans main goal was to capture him and destroy the troops
immediately under him. To the Americans, it was clear that as
long as Aguinaldo was enjoying his freedom, the Filipinos fight
in defense of their republic would continue indefinitely, for
Aguinaldo stood for independence and democracy. Thus, a plan
for a three-pronged campaign was made.
The retreat was certainly bitter and hard. Aguinaldo and his
men, on several occasions, went without food for four or five
days, and at other times ate only what they could pick along the
way. Vegetable roots and unripe guavas were the staple meals
as they move on. They painfully ascended steep mountains and
slid down the other side, only to find out there are more
mountains lying beyond. They endured heat and cold, hunger,
thirst, fatigue and sickness.
While the enemies combed the trails and riverbanks, they had to
zigzag between the hostile forces to escape. At times,
Aguinaldos band enjoyed days, even weeks, of comparative
quiet and rest. But most of the time, they marched through
valleys, fields, rivers and hillsides day and night, stopping here
and there for brief moments of rest.
In passing Pasong Tirad a crossing in the Cordillera Mountains
of northern Luzon, Aguinaldos rear guard commander, General
Gregorio del Pilar, noted the advantageous terrain. He,
therefore, suggested that in order to halt the American
temporarily, he would stay behind and make a last stand at
Tirad Pass. He thought that such a battle would necessarily
delay the Americans and give Aguinaldo sufficient time to widen
the distance between him and the pursuing enemy. Aguinaldo,
with much regret, approved of del Pilars suggestion. The latter
died heroically with 52 other defenders. Only eight men escaped
alive to relate the tragic news of the battle to Aguinaldo.
When the anticipated reinforcement of the US troops arrived, the
aggressors intensified the hunt for Aguinaldo. When General
Luna died, a good part of Filipino troops lost heart. When
Aguinaldo found this out, he escaped, hid and chose difficult
area to assault. In order to capture not just Aguinaldo, but the
whole land, the Americans made an extra effort to use wealthy
Filipino traitors. Finally, Aguinaldo fell into the hands of
Americans, but the other generals continued the struggles. US
imperialism only managed to colonize the Philippines after
thorough and merciless wars. 130,000 US troops ( seven
thousand were killed and wounded) vs 7 M Filipinos (more than
50,000 were killed). They used several methods of cruelty:
massacre, rape, zoning, torture and concentration camps.
Source: del Castillo, Claudine O. 1898 (March 1998), p.20-24.
5. TAGALOG REPUBLIC
- the two revolutionary governments established during the
peak of Philippine American War and of the end of Spanish
Regime. These 2 govts. are the HARING BAYANG KATAGALUGAN
BY BONIFACIO AND THE REPUBLIKANG KATAGALUGAN which
was established by MACARIO SAKAY in the mountains of
Dimasalang, now part of Rizal Province.
6. TYDINGS MCDUFFIE ACT
After that, Quezon, in his solo Independence Mission,
asked for another law that will grant freedom to the
Filipinos. He successfully brought home the Tydings-
McDuffie Act in 1934.
The Tydings- McDuffie Act allowed for a ten-year
transition under a Philippine Commonwealth in
preparing for the granting of freedom on July 4, 1946.
Pursuant to the new Act, and after American Governor
General Frank Murphy set the elections for the
delegates to the convention in 1934, the Philippine
Legislature called for a convention to draft a
Constitution.
After six months, the Convention finished and agreed
on the Philippine Constitution in February 1935.

7. JONES LAW
The first official and clear response to the call for
independence was the Jones Law of 1916 which
replaced the Philippine Organic Act of 1902. It
established for the first time an elected upper house,
which would eventually become the Philippine Senate.
The Philippine Legislature constituted the
Independence commission which recommended
sending Independence Missions to the United States.
In 1919, Senate President Quezon led the first
Independence Mission. Unfortunately, it was not
entertained by US President Woodrow Wilson.
In all, eleven Independence Missions was sent annually.
The government shouldered the huge costs of the
missions until Insular Auditor Ben Wright disallowed
the spending of public funds for such.
10. YEARS AMERICA OCCUPY PH
December 10, 1898 to July 4, 1946 (ABOUT 48 YEARS, FIRST
TEN YEARS IS THE PH AMERICAN WAR, AND THE REST IS THE
COMMONWEALTH AND PRELUDE TO WWII)
11. CHANGES INTRODUCED BY THE AMERICAN GOVT.
ECONOMIC POLICIES
The American colonial government expanded and
speeded up the production of raw materials like sugar,
coconut, wood products etc.
Philippine exports to the U.S. increased in 1913, after
free trade was implemented.
It was a set-up that made the entry of goods into
Philippines duty-free and tax-free.
Although it boosted production, free trade made our
economy focused on exporting raw materials while
importing expensive manufactured goods.
With the Americans direct control of the country, they
invested directly in:
1) Increasing raw materials production
2) Trading in light manufactures
3) Infrastructure development
To facilitate transportation and communication,
which were necessary in trading, the colonial
government and the American firms built and profited
from infrastructure projects.
They utilized loans from foreign banks which
resulted to Philippines incurring huge deficits since the
cost of import products was more than that of the
countrys earnings from exports.
American government pushed landless peasants for
the cultivation of more farmlands to further boost
productions.
To quell the peasants uprising in 1903, they
brought lands from friars and implemented the
Homestead Act so the people could avail of titles for
the lands they started to farm.
Landlords continued to exact rents or levy duties from
their tenant farmers. In other farmers, capitalist
farming arose in which farmers became farm workers.
POLITICAL POLICIES
The Civil Government
Even as the American troops were still fighting the
Filipino revolutionaries, Pres. McKinley had sent two
Philippine Commissions tasked to establish a civil
government. The first failed to achieve anything
significant, but the second was more successful.
The Philippine Commission composed mostly of
American civilians and military personnel, performed
the executive and legislative functions.
Dr. T.H. Pardo Tavera, Felipe Buencamino and Dr.
Pedro Paterno among others founded the first political
party in the country, the Partido Liberal, which called
for collaboration with the U.S. In 1901, the Americans
installed some of the partys members in the Philippine
Commission.
The Philippine Commission passed the Sedition Act,
which imposed imprisonment and the death penalty to
anyone advocating freedom or separation from the U.S.
even through peaceful means.
The Philippine Assembly was established in 1902 and
served as the Lower Chamber. It took on the roles of
facilitating tax collection and allocating government
revenues.
In 1916, the U. S. Congress passed the Jones Law, also
known as the Law on Philippine Autonomy. It was the
first formal and official American commitment to grant
independence to the Philippines, as soon as a stable
government can be established herein.
In 1901, the U.S. colonialists formed the Philippine
Constabulary which was headed by American officials
until 1917. It was used by U.S. colonialists to violently
crush the peoples resistance.

COMMONWEALTH
First election - September 1935
Quezon and Osmea joined forces against the
Nationalist Socialist Party and Republican Party =
victory
Commonwealth Government was inaugurated in Manila
Sec. George Dern (Secretary of War) read the
proclamation under the Jones Law:
Ending the US government in the Phil.
Start of Phil. Commonwealth
Filipinos oversaw the affairs of the govt but still, all
major decisions had to be approved first by the U.S.
Economic set-up was retained.
Free trade was extended until Dec. 31, 1960
Intensification of production and Phil. consumption
from the U.S.
Philippine trade increased.
Development of mining industry
Revision of taxation system
Establishment of Phil. Congress
Senate
House of Representatives
Quezon reorganized govt bureaucracy new
departments formed:
Finance, Interior, Justice, Defense, Commerce, etc.
Court of Appeals & Court of Industrial Relations were
added.
Increase in judges salaries
National Defense Act first law passed by
Commonwealth
CULTURAL POLICIES
In the process of molding the Filipino market came
American movies, radio, automobiles, literature,
dances and games.
The Americans established the public educational
system that used English as the medium of instruction.
As schools were established, the Americans gave away
free books, supplies, candies and chocolates to
encourage the children to attend.
The first teachers were the American soldiers followed
by trained teachers who arrived in the country aboard
the SS Thomas.
U.S. trade policies encouraged the export of cash crops
and the importation of manufactured goods; little
industrial development occurred.
Meanwhile, landlessness became a serious problem in
rural areas; peasants were often reduced to the status
of serfs.
13. TAFTS CONTRIBUTIONS
His route to the White House was via administrative posts.
President McKinley sent him to the Philippines in 1900 as chief
civil administrator. Sympathetic toward the Filipinos, he
improved the economy, built roads and schools, and gave the
people at least some participation in government.

President Roosevelt made him Secretary of War, and by 1907
had decided that Taft should be his successor. The Republican
Convention nominated him the next year.

On March 16, 1900, United States President William
McKinley appointed the then Judge William Howard Taft to head
the second Philippine Commission, which would also be known
as the Taft Commission. Taft would become Governor-General
of the Philippines and later, the president of the U.S.
The Philippine civil government was inaugurated on July 4,
1901, with William Howard Taft as its first governor, the powers
and duties of a governor were passed on to Taft. The Taft
Commission continuing functioning as legislative body.
Cayetano Arellano was the first Filipino to hold a high position
of government he was named Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
on May 28, 1899. Gregorio Araneta was appointed as Secretary
of Justice and finance. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, Benito Legarda,
and Jose Luzuriaga were selected as members of the Philippine
Commissions.
14. DATE WHEN JAPANESE ENTERED PHILIPPINES
December 8, 1941(Pacific Time) the Japanese entered the
Philippines shortly after the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.
15. PEARL HARBOR
Harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. It is also the headquarters
of the US Pacific Fleet and US Deep Naval Base, which was
surprisingly attacked by the Empire of Japan on Sunday,
(December 7, 1941) (US Time)
20. start DATE OF HUKS
The Huks

In the midst of fear and chaos, some farmers of Pampanga
banded together and created local brigades for their
protection. Luis Taruc, Juan Feleo, Castro Alejandrino, and other
leaders of organized farmers held a meeting in March 29, 1942
in Cabiao, Nueva Ecija. In that meeting, they agreed to fight the
Japanese as a unified guerrilla army. Another meeting was held
the following month, where in representatives from Tarlac,
Pampanga and Nueva Ecija threshed out various details
regarding their organization, which they agreed to call "Hukbo
ng Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon" or HUKBALAHAP. Taruc was
chosen to be the Leader of the group, with Alejandrino as his
right hand man. The members were simply known as Huks!
17. EXACT DATE OF MC ARTHUR LANDING
October 20, 1944 (Also holiday in whole Leyte province in
commemoration of the return of Gen. Douglas McArthur)
18. FRIENDS OF MCARTHUR
The personalities that accompanied General MacArthur on his
dramatic return on the Leyte shore were President Sergio
Osmea, General Carlos P. Romulo, Major General Basilio J.
Valdes, and other key officers of USAFFE and the combined
Allied liberating forces. After they arrived at around 1:30 PM,
MacArthur addressed the following statement and was
broadcasted nationwide via radio People of the Philippines, I
have returned! By the grace of Almighty God, our forces stand
again on Philippine soil.
25. SCHOOLS OF JPR
The Jesuits were considered the best educators of Spain, and
perhaps of Europe, and so, when they were permitted to return
to the Philippines, although their power to administer parishes
was restricted except in the remote regions of Mindanao, the
privilege of founding colleges, they had to apply to the City of
Manila for subsidies. That is why the college which began to
function in the year 1865, was called the Ateneo Municipal.

To enter the Ateneo a candidate was subjected to an entrance
examination on Christian doctrine, reading, writing, grammar,
and elementary arithmetic. Jose did not take his entrance
examinations Jose did not remain in Manila but returned first to
his town to celebrate the fiesta of its patron saint; it was then
that his father changed his mind and decided to send him to the
Ateneo instead.
The Jesuitical system of instruction was considered more
advanced than that of other colleges in that epoch. Its discipline
was rigid and its methods less mechanical. It introduced
physical culture as part of its program as well as the cultivation
of the arts, such as music, drawing, and painting. It also
establishes vocational courses in agriculture, commerce, and
mechanics as a religious institute, its principal purpose was to
mold the character and the will of the boys to comply more
easily with the percepts of the Church. The students heard mass
before the beginning of the class, which was opened and closed
with prayers.
Rizal first studied under Justiniano Aquino Cruz in Bian,
Laguna before he was sent to Manila. As to his father's request,
he took the entrance examination in Colegio de San Juan de
Letranand studied there for almost three months. He then
enrolled at the Ateneo Municipal de Manilaand graduated as one
of the nine students in his class declared sobresaliente or
outstanding. He continued his education at the Ateneo
Municipal de Manila to obtain a land surveyor and assessor's
degree, and at the same time at the University of Santo
Tomas where he did take up a preparatory course in
law.
[15]
Upon learning that his mother was going blind, he
decided to switch to medicine at the medical school of Santo
Tomas specializing later in ophthalmology.
Without his parents' knowledge and consent, but secretly
supported by his brother Paciano, he traveled alone to Madrid,
Spain in May 1882 and studied medicine at the Universidad
Central de Madrid where he earned the degree, Licentiate in
Medicine. Also, he also attended medical lectures at
theUniversity of Paris and the University of Heidelberg. In Berlin
he was inducted as a member of the Berlin Ethnological Society
and the Berlin Anthropological Society under the patronage of
the famous pathologist Rudolf Virchow.
24. AT WHAT POINT DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD RIZAL
EMERGED
In 1892, Jose Rizal (full name: Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal y
Alonzo) returned to the Philippines and proposed the
establishment of a civic organization called La Liga Filipina. On
July 3, 1892, the following were elected as its officers: Ambrosio
Salvador, president: Agustin dela Rosa, fiscal; Bonifacio Arevalo,
treasurer; and Deodato Arellano, secretary. Rizal functioned as
its adviser.

La Liga Filipina aimed to:

Unite the whole country
Protect and assist all members
Fight violence and injustice
Support education
Study and implement reforms

La Liga Filipina had no intention of rising up in arms against the
government; but the Spanish officials still felt threatened. On
July 6, 1892 only three days after La Liga Filipinas
establishment, Jose Rizal was secretly arrested. The next day,
Governor General Eulogio Despujol ordered Rizals deportation
to Dapitan, a small, secluded town in Zamboanga.

La Liga Filipina's membership was active in the beginning; but
later, they began to drift apart. The rich members wanted to
continue supporting the Propaganda Movement; but the others
seemed to have lost all hope that reforms could still be
granted. Andres Bonifacio was one of those who believed that
the only way to achieve meaningful change was through a
bloody revolution.

La Solidaridad

In order to help achieve its goals, the Propaganda Movement put
up its own newspaper, called La Solidaridad. The Soli, as the
reformists fondly called their official organ, came out once every
two weeks. The first issue saw print was published on November
15, 1895.

The Solidaridads first editor was Graciano Lopez Jaena. Marcelo
H. del Pilar took over in October 1889. Del Pilar managed the
Soli until it stopped publication due to lack of funds.

Why the Propaganda Movement Failed

The propaganda movement did not succeed in its pursuit of
reforms. The colonial government did not agree to any of its
demands. Spain itself was undergoing a lot of internal problems
all that time, which could explain why the mother country failed
to heed the Filipinos petitions. The friars, on the other hand,
were at the height of their power and displayed even more
arrogance in flaunting their influence. They had neither the time
nor the desire to listen to the voice of the people.

Many of the reformists showed a deep love for their country,
although they still failed to maintain a united front. Because
most of them belonged to the upper middle class, they had to
exercise caution in order to safeguard their wealth and other
private interests. Personal differences and petty quarrels, apart
from the lack of funds, were also a hindrance to the movements
success. Lastly, no other strong and charismatic leader emerged
from the group aside from Jose Rizal

http://www.librarylink.org.ph/featarticle.asp?articleid=30
http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/captureofaguinald
o1901.htm
http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/lunaassassination.
htm
http://www.allphilippines.com/general-douglas-
macarthurs-leyte-landing-i-have-returned/
http://www.philippine-history.org/japanese-
occupation.html
http://www.philippine-history.org/la-solidaridad.htm