DEPARTMENT OF WORKS

MAINTENANCE SPECIFICATION
(Edition 0, Revision 3)
(Issued October 2002)
Based on the Department of Works
Minor Works Speifiation
MCS!!"d
Ta#$e of Contents
Introduction.............................................................................
1.0 Trafc Control...................................................................
2.0 Structural Maintenance of Bituminous (Sealed)
Pavement.........................................................................
2.1 Pothole Patching................................................................................................
2.2 Pavement Reair................................................................................................
2.3 Edge !ailure.......................................................................................................
2." Patching o# $lligator %rac&s...............................................................................
2.' Patching o# (airline %rac&s................................................................................
2.) Resealing o# *ituminous +ur#aces......................................................................
2.6.1 General (Sub-Clause 6.2.1)...................................................................
2.6.2 Bituminous Material (Sub-Clause 6.2.2)...............................................
2.6.3 Aggregates (Sub-Clause 6.2.4)..............................................................
2.6.4 Plant and !ui"ment (Sub-Clause 6.2.#)..............................................
2.6.$ Sur%a&e Pre"aration (Sub-Clause 6.2.')...............................................
2.6.6 S"ra(ing (Sub-Clause 6.2.12)................................................................
2.6.) Co*er Aggregate Su""l( (Sub-Clause 6.2.14).......................................
2.6.# +olling (Sub-Clause 6.2.1$)..................................................................
2.6.' Measurement..........................................................................................
2.6.1, Pa(ment.................................................................................................
2., Reconstruction...................................................................................................
2.).1 +e&onstru&tion o% Base-&ourse..............................................................
2.).2 +e&onstru&tion o% Sub-base and Subgrade............................................
3.0 Structural Maintenance of nsurfaced !oads...................
3.1 Regravelling......................................................................................................
3.1.1 Materials..............................................................................................
3.1.2 S"reading o% Gra*el.............................................................................
3.1.3 Com"a&tion..........................................................................................
3.1.4 Measurement and Pa(ment..................................................................
3.2 !illing and Patching..........................................................................................
3.3 -rading.............................................................................................................
3.3.1 -("es o% Grading.................................................................................
3.3.2 Cross-%all.............................................................................................
3.3.3 Grading ."erations.............................................................................
3.3.4 Measurement and Pa(ment..................................................................
".0 Maintenance of #raina$e.................................................
".1 +ide .rains.......................................................................................................
4.1.1 +emo*al o% Silt %rom Side /rains........................................................
4.1.2 -urn-.uts.............................................................................................
4.1.3 0ined /rains........................................................................................
".2 %ulverts............................................................................................................
%.0 Maintenance of S&oulders...............................................
'.0 Slo(es............................................................................
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Edition 0 Revision 3 Issue date2 October 2002
).0 !oad *urniture................................................................
+.0 ,er- and C&annel............................................................
..0 Control of !oadside /e$etation........................................
3.1 4egetation Removal and 1rimming..................................................................
3.2 (erbicides.........................................................................................................
3.3 %utting o# 1rees................................................................................................
10.0 Premi0 (Cold Mi0 1SP213T) for Patc&in$...........................
10.1 *inder...............................................................................................................
10.2 Prearation o# %utbac& *itumen......................................................................
10.3 -radation o# $ggregate....................................................................................
10." 5uantit6 o# %utbac& *itumen...........................................................................
10.' /i7ing and %uring............................................................................................
10.) (andling On +ite..............................................................................................
11.0 Sta-ilised Material for Pot&ole and 4d$e Brea5
Patc&in$.........................................................................
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I6T!7#CTI76
1his +eci#ication alies to all maintenance 8or&s to be carried out on 0ational and
Provincial Roads #or 8hich the .eartment o# 9or&s has the role o# the E7ecuting $genc6.
1he 9or&s shall be e7ecuted in accordance 8ith the .eartment o# 9or&s +eci#ication #or
Road and *ridge 9or&s, $ugust 133' Edition and as amended in this +eci#ication. 1he
amendments in this +eci#ication ta&e recedence over the relevant %lauses in the
+eci#ication !or Road and *ridge 9or&s. Re#erences to the relevant clauses are sho8n in
brac&ets.
1he #ollo8ing items are included2
+tructural maintenance o# bituminous (sealed) avements (including atching,
resealing:resur#acing and reconstruction)
+tructural maintenance o# unsealed avements (gravel or earth)
/aintenance o# drains
/aintenance o# shoulders
/aintenance o# sloes
/aintenance o# road mar&ings and signs
/aintenance o# &ilometre osts, guardrails and osts
/aintenance o# &erbs and channels
Premi7 (cold mi7 ashalt) #or atching
+tabilised gravel #or atching
4egetation control
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1.0 T!1**IC C76T!73
1his clause shall be read in con;unction 8ith %lause 1.< 1ra##ic %ontrol o# the +eci#ication #or
Road and *ridge 9or&s.
1he %ontractor shall ensure that tra##ic control measures are in lace at all times to ensure that
both the sa#et6 o# edestrian and vehicular tra##ic is maintained and that the sa#et6 o# the
%ontractor=s emlo6ees is not comromised.
1he %ontractor shall submit a 1ra##ic /anagement Plan to the Engineer, #or aroval, rior to
an6 8or&s commencing on site. 1he 1ra##ic /anagement Plan must include the #ollo8ing2
Proosed signage and sign la6out #or all 8or&s re>uired under the %ontract (including
detailed s&etches).
5uali#ication o# ersonnel involved 8ith the control o# tra##ic.
$n6 other measures the %ontractor deems necessar6 to control tra##ic.
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2.0 ST!CT!13 M1I6T4616C4 7* BITMI67S
(S4134#) P1/4M46T
1he aim o# ongoing structural maintenance o# bituminous sealed avements is to rovide sa#e
driving conditions, a uni#orm seal aroriate to the classi#ication o# the road and to minimise
the rate o# deterioration o# the avement. 1he maintenance o# sealed avements includes the
atching o# otholes, avement reair o# localised de#ormations, reair o# avement edge
brea&, crac& sealing, avement resealing and, 8here necessar6, the reconstruction o# the
avement. 1he e7tent o# 8or&s shall be as detailed in the +coe o# 9or&s or as directed b6 the
Engineer.
1he %ontractor shall ensure that the 8or&s are underta&en in a lanned and controlled manner,
causing as little inconvenience to the road user as ossible. 9hen comlete, the road shall be
le#t in a smooth, #ree draining, 8ater tight, 8ell comacted and stable condition.
$ll maintenance 8or& shall be carried out in 8arm, dr6 8eather. 9here 8or&s have to be
carried out in 8et 8eather due to its urgenc6, bitumen emulsion shall be used.
%&' Potho$e Pathin(
Pothole atching shall be underta&en on a regular c6cle as aroved b6 the Engineer. 16icall6,
atching 8ill be directed 8hen the othole is greater than 200mm in diameter and:or greater
than '0mm dee. 1he method o# reair shall be as #ollo8s2
(a) 1rim othole to a regular shae 8ith vertical sides and a sound base. 1he trimmed othole
shall be dried and all loose material removed. $ tac& coat o# binder (medium curing
bitumen, hot straight run bitumen, or bitumen emulsion) shall then be alied to the base
and sides and allo8ed to cure. +u##icient remi7, reared in accordance 8ith %lause 11
o# this +eci#ication, shall then be laced to the #ull deth o# the othole and levelled
8ith a ra&e, slightl6 roud (above the level) o# the rest o# the road. %omaction shall
then be carried out b6 a heav6 hand tamer, mechanicall6 oerated tamer or roller to
achieve ma7imum comaction and a sur#ace #inish #lush 8ith the surrounding road
sur#ace. ?oose material shall be brushed #rom the road and tra##ic allo8ed to ass over
the reaired section o# road.
(b) In the case o# dee otholes, 8here the deth e7ceeds 1'0mm, the lo8er art ma6 be #illed
8ith an aroved stabilised base material reared in accordance 8ith %lause 12 o# this
+eci#ication, comacted and treated 8ith binder. 1he balance shall be treated 8ith
remi7 as seci#ied in +ub %lause 2.1(a).
(c) !or both +ub@%lause 2.1(a) and (b), a minimum thic&ness o# '0mm o# remi7 shall be
laced in the othole.
1he unit o# measurement #or othole atching shall be the area o# reair in s>uare metres.
Pothole atching, as measured above, shall be aid #or at the tendered unit rate. 1he rate shall
be comensation #or #urnishing, mi7ing and lacing all materials, e7cavation and rearation o#
reair including all labour, e>uiment, tools, signs and incidentals necessar6 to comlete the
8or& including the recti#ication o# an6 de#ective 8or& and tra##ic control.
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%&% Pa)ement Repair
Pavement reairs shall be underta&en as directed b6 the Engineer 8here there are localised
areas o# de#ormation and avement #ailure. 1he treatment o# the isolated avement #ailure 8ill
t6icall6 incororate areas o# 0.2'm
2
and greater (t6icall6 u to 'm
2
) b6 the e7cavation and
relacement o# the avement and unstable subgrade material, and the lacement o# a
bituminous sur#acing to restore the riding sur#ace to a smooth condition.
1he de#ormation shall be e7cavated to a regular shae, 8ith vertical sides and a sound base.
$ll unsuitable material is to be removed. 1he base o# the e7cavation shall be comacted to a
%haracteristic 4alue o# 100A o# the /a7imum .r6 .ensit6 as determined b6 $+12<3.'.1.1.or
a standard accetable to the Engineer, dried and all loose material removed.
I# the deth o# the e7cavation is2
(a) '0mm or less, a tac& coat o# binder (medium cut bac& bitumen, hot straight run bitumen,
or bitumen emulsion) shall be alied to the base and sides o# the e7cavation at a rate o#
0.' litres er s>uare metre and allo8ed to cure. +u##icient remi7 reared in accordance
8ith %lause 11 o# this +eci#ication shall then be laced and levelled 8ith a ra&e slightl6
roud (above the level) o# the rest o# the road. %omaction shall then be carried out b6 a
heav6 hand tamer, mechanicall6 oerated tamer or roller to achieve ma7imum
comaction and a sur#ace #inish #lush 8ith the surrounding road sur#ace. ?oose material
shall be brushed #rom the road and tra##ic allo8ed to ass over the reaired section o#
road.
(b) greater than '0mm, the e7cavation deth, i# less than 1'0mm belo8 the #inished sur#ace,
shall be increased to a minimum deth o# 1'0mm, #illed 8ith an aroved base material
coml6ing 8ith %lause '.2 o# the +eci#ication #or Road and *ridge 9or&s, or as
aroved b6 the Engineer, and comacted to a %haracteristic 4alue o# 100A o# the
/a7imum .r6 .ensit6 as determined b6 $+12<3.'.1.1. 1he e7cavation shall then be
treated in accordance 8ith +ub %lause 2.2(a), or alternativel6 a rime coat (medium cut
bac& bitumen or bitumen emulsion) shall be alied to the comacted base material at a
rate o# 0.' litres er s>uare metre and allo8ed to cure. 1he rimed sur#ace can then be
covered 8ith a 13mm bitumen or emulsion seal.
1he unit o# measurement #or avement reair shall be the solid volume o# reair in cubic
metres (measured #rom the base o# the e7cavation to the e7isting road sur#ace) and area o#
sur#acing in s>uare metres #or the sur#acing otion selected.
Pavement reair, as measured above, shall be aid #or at the tendered unit rates. 1he rates shall
be comensation #or #urnishing, mi7ing and lacing all materials, e7cavation and rearation o#
reair including all labour, e>uiment, tools, signs and incidentals necessar6 to comlete the
8or& including the recti#ication o# an6 de#ective 8or& and tra##ic control.
%&" Ed(e Fai$*re
Edge reairs shall be underta&en as directed b6 the Engineer to maintain the seal to line and
level and to restore the avement 8idth and riding sur#ace using a bituminous remi7. 1he
treatment o# edge brea& 8ill t6icall6 incororate areas 8here the edge brea& e7ceeds 200mm
#rom the nominal seal line.
*ro&en edges o# the avement shall be trimmed vertical to a sound base and all loose material
removed. Premi7 reared in accordance 8ith %lause 11 o# this +eci#ication shall be sread
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to lines and levels, to match the camber o# the e7isting avement and comacted b6 a heav6
hand tamer, mechanicall6 oerated tamer or roller to achieve ma7imum comaction and a
sur#ace #inish #lush 8ith the surrounding road sur#ace, or as other8ise directed b6 the
Engineer.
9here the di##erence in level bet8een the e7isting avement sur#ace and #ailed area is greater
than 1'0mm, the #ailed area shall be bac&#illed to a level '0mm belo8 the e7isting avement
sur#ace 8ith an aroved stabilised base material reared in accordance 8ith %lause 12 o#
this +eci#ication, comacted and treated 8ith binder. 1he balance shall be treated 8ith remi7
as seci#ied above.
9here necessar6, and as directed b6 the Engineer, the shoulder shall be #illed 8ith an aroved
base material coml6ing 8ith %lause '.2 o# the +eci#ication #or Road and *ridge 9or&s and
comacted to a standard accetable to the Engineer. 1he shoulder shall be trimmed #lush 8ith
the reaired edge and graded 8ith cross@#all to drain a8a6 sur#ace 8ater.
1he unit o# measurement #or edge brea& reair shall be the area o# reair in s>uare metres. 1he
resheeting and regrading o# the shoulder shall be aid in accordance 8ith %lause ' o# this
+eci#ication.
Edge reair, as measured above, shall be aid #or at the tendered unit rates. 1he rates shall be
comensation #or #urnishing, mi7ing and lacing all materials, e7cavation and rearation o#
reair including all labour, e>uiment, tools, signs and incidentals necessar6 to comlete the
8or& including the recti#ication o# an6 de#ective 8or& and tra##ic control.
%&+ Pathin( of A$$i(ator Craks
Patching o# alligator crac&s shall be underta&en as directed b6 the Engineer to maintain
avement integrit6 and to minimise ingress o# 8ater into the avement. 1he cause o# localised
areas o# alligator crac&ing shall be identi#ied (i# ossible) and the Engineer advised.
1he method o# reair, measurement and a6ment shall be in accordance 8ith +ub@%lause 2.2
o# this +eci#ication.
%&, Pathin( of -air$ine Craks
Patching o# hairline crac&s shall be underta&en as directed b6 the Engineer to maintain
avement integrit6 and to minimise ingress o# 8ater into the avement. (airline crac&s shall be
reaired b6 the alication o# a #og seal or a slurr6 seal.
$ #og seal consists o# a mi7ture o# one art o# bitumen emulsion and one art o# 8ater. 1he
#og seal shall be alied on the crac&ed sur#ace at the rate o# 0." to 0.' litres er s>uare metre,
thinned out b6 s>ueegee and then blinded 8ith sand a#ter the emulsion has bro&en.
$ slurr6 seal shall be reared 8ith sand 8ith gradation as sho8n in 1able 1, < er cent b6
8eight o# slo8 setting bitumen emulsion and 1" er cent b6 8eight o# 8ater, and mi7ed
thoroughl6 so that it has the consistenc6 o# a slurr6. 1his mi7 shall be ushed into crac&s and
minor deressions b6 a s>ueegee and lightl6 tamed.
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TAB.E '
SIE/E SI0E 1 PASSIN2
".,' 100
2.3) <0 B 100
1.1< '0 B 30
0.) 30 B )0
0.3 20 B "'
0.1' 10 B 30
0.0,' ' B 1'
1he unit o# measurement #or hairline crac& reair shall be the area o# reair in s>uare metres.
(airline crac& reair, as measured above, shall be aid #or at the tendered unit rates. 1he rates
shall be comensation #or #urnishing, mi7ing and lacing all materials including all labour,
e>uiment, tools, signs and incidentals necessar6 to comlete the 8or& including the
recti#ication o# an6 de#ective 8or& and tra##ic control.
%&3 Resea$in( of Bit*mino*s S*rfaes
1his +ection identi#ies amendments to %lause ).2 o# the +eci#ication #or Road and *ridge
9or&s. $ll re#erences to the +eci#ication clauses are in brac&ets.
2.'.18eneral (Su-9Clause '.2.1)
1his 8or& shall consist o# al6ing one coat o# bitumen and cover aggregate to a reviousl6
constructed bituminous sur#ace. !urther alications o# bitumen and cover aggregate ma6 be
made as directed b6 the Engineer.
2.'.2Bituminous Material (Su-9Clause '.2.2)
*inder shall be %lass 1,0 grade bitumen con#orming to $+200< 13<0.
2.'.31$$re$ates (Su-9Clause '.2.")
1he %ontractor shall rovide test results #or aggregates to be used #or sra6 sealing a
minimum o# seven (,) da6s rior to commencing 8or&.
2.'."Plant and 4:ui(ment (Su-9Clause '.2.+)
Pneumatic t6red rollers shall be ballasted until there is a mass o# aro7imatel6 one tonne er
8heel. 16re ressure shall be aro7imatel6 ''0&Pa. +eed o# oeration o# the roller shall be
aro7imatel6 1'&m:h. 1he roller shall not be allo8ed to stand on #inished 8or&. %are should
be ta&en 8hen reversing, so as not to damage the sur#ace.
+teel 8heeled rollers shall not be used.
2.'.%Surface Pre(aration (Su-9Clause '.2..)
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9here a rime coat is re>uired, an6 area in 8hich the rime coat has been insu##icientl6
alied or is de#ective in an6 8a6 shall be rerimed as directed b6 the Engineer.
$ minimum o# sevent6 t8o (,2) hours, or such longer eriod as ma6 be necessar6 #or the
rime coat to become comletel6 dr6, shall elase be#ore an6 #urther bituminous material is
alied.
2.'.'S(ra;in$ (Su-9Clause '.2.12)
1he actual sra6 rate shall be 8ithin 'A o# the ordered sra6 rate.
2.'.)Cover 1$$re$ate Su((l; (Su-9Clause '.2.1")
1he actual sread rate shall be 8ithin 10A o# the ordered sread rate.
2.'.+!ollin$ (Su-9Clause '.2.1%)
Immediatel6 a#ter sreading, the aggregate shall be rolled 8ith one or more neumatic t6red
rollers #or a minimum o# 1 hour #or each 1200 litres o# bituminous material sra6ed or u until
the aggregate has redominantl6 been turned over until the $?. is ositioned verticall6.
+teel 8heeled rollers shall not be used.
2.'..Measurement
/easurement o# bituminous sur#ace treatment shall beC
(a) 1he volume o# residual bitumen in litres seci#ied or ordered #or an6 section calculated
#rom the sra6ed area and the authorised rate o# alication or the actual volume
sra6ed and acceted 8hichever is the lesser.
(b) 1he >uantit6 o# adhesive agent in litres actuall6 used as directed.
(c) 1he >uantit6 o# recoating material in litres actuall6 used as directed.
(d) 1he >uantit6 o# cover aggregate in cubic metres calculated #rom the seci#ied or directed
sur#ace area o# the 8or& and the authorised rate o# alication or the actual volume
sread and acceted 8hichever is the lesser.
1he volume o# bituminous binder material shall be determined at the temerature o#
alication and converted to litres at 1'D% in accordance 8ith the re>uirements o# $+1/
.esignation 12'0@<0, $+1/@IP Petroleum /easurements 1ables. 4olumetric measurements
shall be ta&en 8hen the material is at a uni#orm temerature throughout its volume and #ree
#rom air bubbles.
2.'.10 Pa;ment
Resealing o# bituminous sur#aces, as measured above, shall be aid #or at the tendered unit
rates, resectivel6, #or each o# the item listed above. 1he rates shall be comensation #or
#urnishing, mi7ing and lacing all materials, including all labour, e>uiment tools, signs and
incidentals necessar6 to comlete the 8or&, including the recti#ication o# an6 de#ective 8or&.
Interim a6ments ma6 be made on the >uantit6 o# cover aggregate (not in e7cess o# the
scheduled re>uirements) satis#actoril6 stoc&iled on site at the rate o# "0A o# the tendered
unit rate #or the resective siEe o# cover aggregate.
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%&4 Reonstr*tion
2.).1!econstruction of Base9course
Reconstruction o# base@course shall be carried out as directed b6 the Engineer 8here there are
dee corrugations or other de#ormations over an e7tensive area or 8hen the cross@#all
(camber) is outside the seci#ied limits.
1he seal shall be scari#ied over the a##ected area, the material collected and screened to obtain
suitable material #or reuse. 1he recovered materials shall be stoc&iled searatel6.
1he base course shall be lightl6 scari#ied, and an aroved base material coml6ing 8ith
%lause '.2 o# the +eci#ication #or Road and *ridge 9or&s added to obtain the re>uired cross
#all and to #ill an6 corrugations and deressions. 9ater shall then be sra6ed to obtain the
otimum moisture content and the base course mi7ed thoroughl6 and graded to the seci#ied
shae. 1he reshaed base course shall then be comacted, commencing #rom the edges
to8ards the centre o# the road, to achieve a %haracteristic 4alue o# 102A o# the /a7imum
.r6 .ensit6 as determined b6 $+12<3.'.1.1
1he unit o# measurement #or the reconstruction o# base course shall include the area o# the
sealed sur#ace to be scari#ied and stoc&iled in s>uare metresC the solid volume o# base
material added in cubic metresC and the area o# avement to be scari#ied, trimmed and
comacted in s>uare metres.
1he reconstruction o# base course, as measured above, shall be aid #or at the tendered unit
rates. 1he rates shall be comensation #or scari#6ing, removal and stoc&iling o# the e7isting
seal, the #urnishing, mi7ing, lacing comaction and trimming o# all materials including all
labour, e>uiment, tools, signs and incidentals necessar6 to comlete the 8or&, including the
recti#ication o# an6 de#ective 8or& and tra##ic control.
2.).2!econstruction of Su-9-ase and Su-$rade
Reconstruction o# sub@base or subgrade shall be carried out as directed b6 the Engineer 8here
there have been signi#icant avement #ailures over an e7tensive area.
1he seal shall be scari#ied over the a##ected area, the material collected and screened to obtain
suitable material #or reuse. 1he recovered materials shall be stoc&iled searatel6.
1he base course material shall be e7cavated, ensuring that the material is not contaminated and
stoc&iled searatel6 #or re@use.
I# directed b6 the Engineer the sub@base course material shall be e7cavated, ensuring that the
material is not contaminated and stoc&iled searatel6 #or reuse.
I# the subgrade is to be relaced, it shall be e7cavated to the deth directed b6 the Engineer
and relaced 8ith an aroved, selected bac&#ill material coml6ing 8ith %lause ".1'.3 o# the
+eci#ication #or Road and *ridge 9or&s. +uch materials shall be comacted in la6ers not
e7ceeding 1'0mm to achieve a %haracteristic 4alue o# 100A o# the /a7imum .r6 .ensit6 as
determined b6 $+12<3.'.1.1.
I# the sub@base course is to be relaced, it shall be e7cavated to the deth directed b6 the
Engineer and relaced 8ith an aroved sub@base material coml6ing 8ith %lause '.2 o# the
+eci#ication #or Road and *ridge 9or&s. +uch materials shall be comacted in la6ers not
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e7ceeding 1'0mm to achieve a %haracteristic 4alue o# 102A o# the /a7imum .r6 .ensit6 as
determined b6 $+12<3.'.1.1.
1he base course shall be an aroved base material coml6ing 8ith %lause '.2 o# the
+eci#ication #or Road and *ridge 9or&s. +uch materials shall be comacted in la6ers not
e7ceeding 1'0mm to achieve a %haracteristic 4alue o# 102A o# the /a7imum .r6 .ensit6 as
determined b6 $+12<3.'.1.1.
1he unit o# measurement #or the reconstruction o# base, sub@base or subgrade shall include the
area o# the sealed sur#ace to be scari#ied and stoc&iled in s>uare metresC the solid volume o#
base material removed and stoc&iled in cubic metresC the solid volume o# sub base material
removed and stoc&iled in cubic metresC the solid volume o# subgrade material removed and
relaced in cubic metresC and the solid volume o# base, sub@base and subgrade material laced
including the sul6, lacement and comaction in cubic metres.
1he reconstruction o# base, sub@base or subgrade, as measured above, shall be aid #or at the
tendered unit rates. 1he rates shall be comensation #or removal and stoc&iling o# e7isting
materials, the #urnishing, mi7ing, lacing comaction and trimming o# all materials including all
labour, e>uiment, tools, signs and incidentals necessar6 to comlete the 8or&, including the
recti#ication o# an6 de#ective 8or& and tra##ic control.
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3.0 ST!CT!13 M1I6T4616C4 7* 6S!*1C4#
!71#S
Fnsur#aced roads are those 8ithout a bituminous sur#acing. Earth (natural) and gravel roads
are included in this categor6. 1he maintenance o# an earth or gravel road di##ers #rom that o# a
bituminous sur#aced road onl6 8ith regard to the carriage8a6.
"&' Re(ra)e$$in(
Regravelling shall also include #irst alication o# gravel to earth roads.
3.1.1Materials
/aterials shall coml6 8ith %lause '.2 o# the +eci#ication #or Road and *ridge 9or&s, as
amended b6 this %lause and shall be aroved b6 the Engineer rior to incororation into the
8or&s.
Particle siEe distribution o# gravel sur#acing is given in 1able 2 belo82
TAB.E %
AS SIE/E SI0E PERCENTA2E PASSIN2
NOMINA. MA5IM6M SI0E
'7mm 7&,mm +&4,mm
13mm 100
3.'mm <0 B 100 100
".,'mm )0 B <' <0 @ 100 100
2.3)mm "' B ,0 '0 @ <0 <0 @ 100
0."2'mm 2' B "' 2' @ "' 30 @ )0
0.0,'mm 10 B 2' 10 @ 2' 10 @ 2'
Plastic characteristics #or the material shall be as #ollo8s2
(a) ?i>uid ?imit less than "'A
(b) Plasticit6 Inde7 ) @ 20A
(c) ?inear +hrin&age 3 @ 10A
3.1.2S(readin$ of 8ravel
1he e7isting sur#ace shall be reshaed be#ore lacing additional material. 1he e7isting sur#ace
shall be scari#ied to a deth o# '0mm. +uort #or the ne8 la6er must be ossible at the edges
to revent gravel #rom sreading out. 1he camber o# the graded sur#ace shall be bet8een " and
) er cent as sho8n on the dra8ings or as directed b6 the Engineer.
9here a diversion is not rovided, gravel transorted #rom borro8 its shall be tied onto
the shoulder o# the road. In such cases, 8arning signs shall be laced at both ends o# the
section 8here materials stoc&iles are located.
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1he road sur#ace shall be moistened, b6 sra6ing 8ater uni#orml6 over the 8idth o# the
avement. $ la6er o# gravel shall than be sread to a uni#orm thic&ness over the sur#ace, 8ater
added to obtain otimum moisture content, thoroughl6 mi7ed, comacted and trimmed to the
seci#ied lines and levels. $lternativel6, gravel 8ith the re>uired moisture content shall be
delivered to site, sread, comacted and trimmed to the seci#ied lines and levels.
3.1.3Com(action
%omaction shall be carried out 8ith an < to 10 tonne vibrating steel 8heeled@roller.
%omaction should commence as soon as the grader has shaed the sur#ace. Rolling shall start
at the outer edges o# the road and 8or& to8ards the centre o# the road. Rolling shall continue
until a %haracteristic 4alue o# 100A o# the /a7imum .r6 .ensit6 as determined b6
$+12<3.'.1.1 has been achieved.
3.1."Measurement and Pa;ment
1he units o# measurement #or regravelling shall include2 the solid volume o# gravel laced in
cubic metresC and the area o# avement trimmed and comacted in s>uare metres.
Regravelling, as measured above, shall be aid #or at the tendered unit rates. 1he rates shall be
comensation #or the #urnishing, mi7ing, lacing comaction and trimming o# all materials
including all labour, e>uiment, tools, signs and incidentals necessar6 to comlete the 8or&,
including the recti#ication o# an6 de#ective 8or& and tra##ic control.
"&% Fi$$in( and Pathin(
!illing and atching shall be carried out 8here heav6 grading or regravelling is not re>uired or
as directed b6 the Engineer. !illing and atching shall be used to reair otholes, ruts, so#t
sots and erosion@gullies. Patching shall be used on sur#aces 8ith sel# cementing gravels, or
gravels containing large lums o# materials, 8hich cannot be graded e##ectivel6, but shall not
be used to reair corrugations.
1he gravel used #or #illing and atching shall con#orm to +ub@%lause 3.1.1 o# this
+eci#ication.
*e#ore #illing and atching, all loose material and standing 8ater shall be removed #rom the
area. ?arge dee otholes shall have their sides cut bac& to vertical, and shall be deeened to
reach a sound base. I# the e7cavated area is dr6, it shall be lightl6 sra6ed 8ith 8ater. 1he
atching material shall be at otimum moisture content 1he atch shall be #illed in la6ers o#
less than 100mm at a time, and each la6er shall be comacted b6 hand or mechanical rammers.
1he atch shall be built u in the above manner and #inall6 #illed to aro7imatel6 30mm
above the sur#ace, sread and ra&ed to the correct line and level and comacted to give a
#inished sur#ace, slightl6 above the level o# the surrounding sur#ace o# the road.
1he unit o# measurement #or #illing and atching shall be the area o# the reair in s>uare
metres.
1he #illing and atching 8or&s, as measured above, shall be aid #or at the tendered unit rates.
1he rates shall be comensation #or the #urnishing, mi7ing, lacing comaction and trimming
o# all materials including all labour, e>uiment, tools, signs and incidentals necessar6 to
comlete the 8or& including the recti#ication o# an6 de#ective 8or& and tra##ic control.
"&" 2radin(
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3.3.1T;(es of 8radin$
?ight grading shall consist o# light trimming o# the sur#ace to remove corrugations and
roughness on a routine basis. In the dr6 season, loose material shall be bladed to8ards the
edge o# the road, and in the 8et season the material shall be graded to8ards the centre o# the
road.
(eav6 grading shall be carried out 8ith a grader o# at least 13'(P, and shall consist o#
scari#6ing and cutting into the bottom o# de#ormations and then shaing the sur#ace. (eav6
grading shall be ermitted onl6 8ith the rovision o# additional gravel material i# the thic&ness
o# remaining gravel is less than ,'mm.
I# additional gravel is re>uired, it shall con#orm to +ub@%lause 3.1.1 o# this +eci#ication.
3.3.2Cross9fall
1he cross@#all on gravel and earth roads shall be maintained bet8een " and ) er cent, or as
directed b6 the Engineer. $ camber board shall be available at site and shall be used at intervals
o# 100m or less to ensure that the cross@#alls are 8ithin the above limits.
3.3.38radin$ 7(erations
-rader oerators shall be s&illed and have e7erience oerating graders in the maintenance o#
gravel roads. 1he oerator shall ta&e recautions that the cro8n o# the road is not #lattened
and that lastic materials #rom the side drains are not deosited on the carriage8a6.
!or heav6 grading, the grader shall 8or& on one side o# the road at a time, and 8or& in asses
aro7imatel6 200m in length. -raders shall not sto at ;unctions or bends to cause a haEard
to users o# the road. 1he sur#ace shall be cambered to #all a8a6 #rom the cro8n at a sloe o# "
to ) er cent, and this shae shall be maintained over culverts. +uerelevated sections or bends
shall have a constant grade #rom shoulder to shoulder. In transitions #rom bends to straight
sections, the camber o# the outside hal# o# the road shall be reduced graduall6 to the normal
cross@sectional shae #or straight sections.
/aterials re>uiring increased moisture content shall be sra6ed 8ith 8ater to achieve otimum
moisture content and thoroughl6 mi7ed b6 the grader.
1he comaction e>uiment shall #ollo8 closel6 behind the grader once the road has been
shaed. Rolling shall start #rom the outer edge o# the road, and graduall6 8or& to8ards the
centre. 9ater shall be added as necessar6 to give the correct moisture content #or comaction.
$ll graders shall be #itted 8ith 6ello8 #lashing 8arning lights. !lashing lights and headlams
shall be s8itched on 8hen the grader is 8or&ing.
3.3."Measurement and Pa;ment
1he unit o# measurement #or heav6 and light grading shall be the area o# the avement in
s>uare metres. 1he unit o# measurement #or an6 additional gravel re>uired shall be the solid
volume o# material laced in cubic metres.
1he grading 8or&s, as measured above, shall be aid #or at the tendered unit rates. 1he rates
shall be comensation #or the #urnishing, mi7ing, lacing comaction and trimming o# all
materials including all labour, e>uiment, tools, signs and incidentals necessar6 to comlete
the 8or& including the recti#ication o# an6 de#ective 8or& and tra##ic control.
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".0 M1I6T4616C4 7* #!1I6184
+&' Side Drains
1he bottom o# side drains shall be maintained at a level o# at least '00mm belo8 the #ormation
level or as directed b6 the Engineer. $ll side drains that are too shallo8 and are not er#orming
roerl6 shall be deeened during the maintenance oerations as and 8here directed b6 the
Engineer. 1urnouts shall be constructed at #re>uent intervals as directed to control the volume
o# 8ater #lo8ing in drains. +tee sections o# drains sho8ing signs o# erosion shall be lined 8ith
concrete, masonr6, or rira 8here directed. $n6 damage to the lining shall be reaired during
maintenance oerations.
".1.1!emoval of Silt from Side #rains
+ilt shall be removed #rom the drains as directed b6 the Engineer. .rains shall be dug out to
their design grade so that 8ater does not ond and there is clear assage #or 8ater #lo8. 9aste
material shall be disosed o# #rom site in an area aroved b6 the Engineer.
1he unit o# measurement #or removal o# silt shall be the volume o# silt removed in cubic
metres.
".1.2Turn97uts
1urnouts shall be constructed so that the6 have a longitude gradient bet8een 1 in 100 and 1 in
'0, and shall be o# su##icient length to run out to Eero deth at the end. 1he location o#
turnouts shall be as detailed on the .ra8ings or as directed b6 the Engineer. 1he ;unction o#
side drains and turnouts shall have a minimum radius o# #ive metres. %are shall be ta&en in
construction o# turnouts 8here cultivations are ad;acent to the road. In such cases the
+uerintendent shall be re>uested to discuss the construction o# turnouts 8ith lando8ners.
1he unit o# measurement #or construction o# turnouts shall be the number constructed in units
o# one or more.
".1.33ined #rains
%lause ,.11 o# the +eci#ication #or Road and *ridge 9or&s shall al6 #or construction and
reair o# lined drains carried out as art o# the maintenance oerations.
+&% C*$)erts
%lauses ,.2 to ,.3 o# the +eci#ication #or Road and *ridge 9or&s shall al6 #or the
construction, relacement and reair o# culverts carried out as art o# the maintenance
oerations.
9here erosion has occurred in outlets and outlet channels o# culverts, an energ6 dissiating
structure shall be constructed as detailed on the dra8ings or as directed b6 the Engineer. 1his
includes #an discharge constructed in masonr6 or concrete, stone gabions or mattress
do8nstream o# the outlet.
$ll silt and debris shall be removed #rom culverts and bloc&ed inlets and outlets cleared as art
o# maintenance oerations. %ulverts shall be cleaned using aroriate long handled tools to
ensure that the invert is clear o# an6 obstruction or silt. 9aste material shall be disosed #rom
site in an area aroved b6 the Engineer. 1rees or branches bloc&ing inlets to culvert shall be
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cut or sa8n to #acilitate removal. 1he unit o# measurement shall be the volume o# material
removed in cubic metres.
Reair and reconstruction o# masonr6 head8alls #or culverts shall be carried out in accordance
8ith -rou 3 o# the +eci#ication #or Road and *ridge 9or&s.
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%.0 M1I6T4616C4 7* S273#4!S
/ethods used #or reair and maintenance o# earth and gravel shoulders shall generall6 be the
same used #or gravel and earth roads. +ur#ace de#ects 8ill generall6 be reaired b6 mechanical
grading methods. Isolated otholes 8ill generall6 be reaired using manual methods.
!or all shoulder grading the grader shall cut the shoulder such that 8hen comacted it is level
8ith the carriage8a6 edge and sloes a8a6 to the ditch at a steeer cross@#all than the
carriage8a6. +ediment #rom drainage ditches shall not be graded onto the shoulder.
9here the shoulder is lo8er than the carriage8a6, regravelling o# the shoulder shall be carried
out at the locations directed b6 the Engineer and in accordance 8ith %lause " o# this
+eci#ication. 9here heavier damage has occurred to the shoulders due to erosion or
8ashouts, reairs shall be carried out in accordance 8ith %lause ) o# this +eci#ication.
9here grassed shoulders e7ist, the6 shall be chec&ed to determine 8hether the shoulder level
has built u above the level o# the edge o# carriage8a6 and, 8here directed b6 the Engineer,
trimming o# the shoulder 8ill be underta&en. I# this has occurred, the shoulder shall be graded
to a cross@#all that 8hen the shoulder is comacted it is level 8ith the carriage8a6 edge and
sloes a8a6 to the ditch at a steeer cross@#all than the carriage8a6 9here there are bushes
and high grass gro8ing on the shoulder, these shall be cut as short as ossible.
1he unit o# measurement #or the maintenance o# shoulders shall be the area o# the shoulder in
s>uare metres. 1he unit o# measurement #or an6 additional gravel re>uired shall be the volume
o# material sulied and laced in cubic metres.
1he shoulder 8or&s, as measured above, shall be aid #or at the tendered unit rates. 1he rates
shall be comensation #or the #urnishing, mi7ing, lacing comaction and trimming o# all
materials including all labour, e>uiment, tools, signs and incidentals necessar6 to comlete
the 8or& including the recti#ication o# an6 de#ective 8or& and tra##ic control.
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'.0 S37P4S
+evere damage, 8hen a landslide or a 8ashout cuts the road, shall be reaired b6 a seci#ic
contract. ?ess severe damage shall be reaired as art o# maintenance 8or&. !or all slis and
settlements that a##ect the road, 8arning signs, cones and barriers shall be laced around the
site. In the case o# a landslide bloc&ing the road, all material shall be removed and carried
a8a6. +ide ditches shall be cleared o# all debris and shae o# the ditch shall be reinstated.
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).0 !71# *!6IT!4
1he reair, relacement or reinstatement o# all road #urniture, mar&ings, guardrails and osts
shall be carried out in accordance 8ith -rou < o# the +eci#ication #or Road and *ridge
9or&s.
.amaged &ilometre ost shall be relaced immediatel6. Gilometre osts shall be &et clear and
reainted and vegetation shall be cleared, so that the6 can be read #rom a moving vehicle.
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+.0 ,4!B 16# C216643
.amaged &erb and:or channel shall be relaced in accordance 8ith %lause ,.13 o# the
+eci#ication #or Road and *ridge 9or&s. .e#ective &erb and:or channel sections shall be
relaced i# otentiall6 dangerous to edestrians. +un&en and raised &erb and:or channel
sections shall be laced to roer lines and levels.
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..0 C76T!73 7* !71#SI#4 /484T1TI76
7&' /e(etation Remo)a$ and Trimmin(
4egetation shall be cleared to the distance #rom the edge o# the e7isting avement as detailed
in the scoe o# 8or&s or as directed b6 the Engineer. $ll vegetation shall be cut to height o#
less than 100mm and all trees removed shall be grubbed to a minimum deth o# 1'0mm.
9here directed b6 the Engineer, overhanging branches o# trees and shrubs shall be loed to
rovide a '.0m vertical clearance across the #ull tra##icable 8idth including at least 1.0m #rom
the outside o# the shoulders or bac& o# &erb. !oliage, 8hich inter#eres 8ith the maintenance o#
oen drains, #ree assage o# tra##ic and obstructs signs, is to be trimmed. +eedlings shall not be
allo8ed to develo 8ithin the #ormation, drains or at bridges and culvert sites.
In addition, vegetation shall be cut as directed b6 the Engineer 8hen2
-ro8th obstructs visibilit6 and reduces sight distance at intersections and curvesC
It encroaches around structuresC and
It reduces sight distance to road #urniture and signs.
1he unit o# measurement #or vegetation control shall be the area o# the area cleared in s>uare
metres.
1he vegetation 8or&s, as measured above, shall be aid #or at the tendered unit rates. 1he
rates shall be comensation #or all labour, e>uiment, tools, signs and incidentals necessar6 to
comlete the 8or& including the recti#ication o# an6 de#ective 8or& and tra##ic control.
7&% -er#iides
Fse o# herbicides is to be discouraged. (o8ever, 8here aroved b6 the Engineer, the6 shall
be used, sub;ect to an6 conditions that the Engineer ma6 seci#6. 1he %ontractor shall handle
and al6 herbicides in accordance 8ith the manu#acturerHs recommendations and ensure that
all ersonnel handling and al6ing herbicides coml6 8ith relevant legislation regulating the
use o# herbicides.
+ra6ing must not be carried out on 8ind6 da6s and it is the %ontractorHs resonsibilit6 to
ensure that sra6 dri#t does not occur onto ad;acent areas.
%omlete records shall be &et o# all herbicide sra6ing activities including mi7tures,
materials, alication rates, locations, time and 8eather conditions.
1he %ontractor shall be resonsible #or reinstatement, to their original condition, o# non@target
areas damaged b6 sra6ing activities.
1he unit o# measurement #or herbicide sra6ing shall be the area o# vegetation in s>uare
metres.
(erbicide sra6ing, as measured above, shall be aid #or at the tendered unit rates. 1he rates
shall be comensation #or the #urnishing and sra6ing o# the herbicide including all labour,
e>uiment, tools, signs, sa#et6 e>uiment and incidentals necessar6 to comlete the 8or&
including the recti#ication o# an6 de#ective 8or& and tra##ic control.
7&" C*ttin( of Trees
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1rees gro8ing 8ithin the road reserve shall not be cut do8n 8ithout the consent o# the
Engineer or aroval #rom the aroriate authorit6.
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10.0P!4MI< (C73# MI< 1SP213T) *7! P1TC2I68
'!&' Binder
Premi7 #or atching roads is reared b6 mi7ing a graded aggregate 8ith cutbac& bitumen or
%ationic $ggregate /i7ing (%$/) emulsion.
'!&% Preparation of C*t#ak Bit*men
%utbac& bitumen shall be reared b6 mi7ing &erosene oil 8ith <0:100 enetration bitumen.
*itumen shall be heated in a bitumen boiler to a temerature o# 1,' @ 1<0
0
%. Oen #ires shall
be e7tinguished and &erosene oil shall be added " litres at a time and stirred thoroughl6. 3)
litres o# &erosene oil are re>uired #or a barrel o# bitumen o# 1"0 litres to give a 20A cutbac&
(aro7imatel6). -enerall6 10 @ 20A &erosene oil b6 volume 8ould be ade>uate deending
uon the eriod that the remi7 is to be &et in storage be#ore use in atching. 1he higher
ercentage shall be used 8here longer storage is re>uired.
'!&" 2radation of A((re(ate
1he #ollo8ing gradation shall be used in rearation o# remi7.
TAB.E "
SIE/E SI0E 86&S&9 1 PASSIN2 8B: WEI2-T9
,'mm 100
13mm 30 B 100
3.'mm )0 B <0
).00mm 3' B )'
".,'mm ' B 20
0.0,'mm 0 B '
'!&+ ;*antit< of C*t#ak Bit*men
'A b6 8eight o# aggregate shall be used to give a 8or&able and durable mi7. (o8ever, i# the
#ines in the aggregate are on the high side o# the seci#ied >uantit6, the cutbac& bitumen ma6
be increased to )A.
*itumen emulsion ma6 be used as a relacement binder #or cutbac& bitumen. 1he emulsion
shall be %ationic $ggregate /i7ing (%$/) grade emulsion
'!&, Mi=in( and C*rin(
1he aggregate shall be dr6 and ma6 be heated i# necessar6. (ot cutbac& bitumen at a
temerature o# 1,' B 1<0
O
% shall be mi7ed thoroughl6 in a mi7er or b6 other aroved
methods until all the articles are coated. 1he mi7 shall be stoc&iled (and covered to revent
getting 8et in rain) #or a eriod o# 3 to 10 da6s so as to become su##icientl6 stable to 8ithstand
tra##ic.
'!&3 -and$in( On Site
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+etting o# remi7 occurs a#ter comaction. I# le#t covered and uncomacted in a stoc&ile the
remi7 should remain Ilive= and 8or&able.
Premi7 hardening er#ormance is deendant on the evaoration o# #lu7es and cutters #rom the
mi7. %omaction there#ore must be in la6ers less than 30mm. I# thic&er la6ers are used it is not
ossible #or the #lu7ing oils to evaorate and the mi7 is liable to shove and de#orm.
9here bitumen sur#ace dressing has to be carried out immediatel6 a#ter lacing the remi7,
then it is re#erable to use an emulsion based remi7 as this contains less cutting and #lu7ing
agents.
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11.0ST1BI3IS4# M1T4!I13 *7! P7T2734 16# 4#84
B!41, P1TC2I68
+tabilised material shall consist o# base material coml6ing 8ith %lause '.2 o# the +eci#ication
#or Road and *ridge 9or&s, 8ith t8o ercent b6 8eight o# 16e $ cement and %$/ emulsion
resulting in 2A residual bitumen content. 9ater shall be added, i# necessar6, to achieve
otimum moisture content.
1he emulsion, 8ater and cement must be added and mi7ed 8ith the base material in a manner
to roduce a homogeneous evenl6 coated mi7ture o# stabilised material at otimum moisture
content. $ll 8or&s carried out on the roadside shall be underta&en to minimise an6 disturbance
to native or other vegetation. ?andmar&s and oints o# historic interest also shall be rotected.
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