Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Name: ______________________________
Class: _______________
Class No.: ____________
Prepared by Mr. Chau Chi Keung, Richard Page 1
Modern College F.6 Chemistry (2009 – 10) Section 4C
Z+ Z−
N A Z + Z −e 2
E = k
E∝ +
r + r− 4π εo r
Example 1
Arrange and explain the following compounds in increasing order of boiling points
AlF3, AlCl3, AlBr3 and AlI3
AlI3 < AlBr3 < AlCl3 < AlF3. Going down the Group VII from F– to I–, the size of anion increases
and the electron cloud becomes easier to be distorted. It results in more polarization and the
compound will have more covalent characters. The greater the covalent character of the
compound and the lower the b.p. Thus AlI 3 would have the highest degree of covalent character
and hence the lowest b.p.
In some covalent bonds, there may be unequal sharing of the bonded electron pairs. Take
HCl molecule as an example.
It should be noted that pure ionic or covalent bonds are extreme cases. Actually there are
many compounds having intermediate types of bonding.
In general, the bond can be regarded as predominantly ionic when the difference in
electronegativity is greater than 1.7.
The product between the charge (q) and the distance between the two charges gives a
quantity called dipole moment (μ). That is,
µ = q × d (Mathematical treatments are not required in AL)
Dipole moments are usually expressed in Debye unit (D). For example, the dipole
moment of HCl molecule is 1.1 D.
Dipole moment can be used as a measure of the extent of bond polarization. In other
words, it reflects the polarity of a molecule (偶極矩是分子極性大小的指標).
It should be noted that dipole moment is a vector quantity (偶極矩是一向量).
The arrow points from +q towards –q.
For a molecule with more than one polar bond, the dipole moment is given by the
vector sum of the dipole moments of various polar bonds.
If the vector sum is zero, the dipole moment of the molecule is zero, and the
molecule will be described as non-polar.
The greater the resultant dipole moment, the more polar the molecule is.
The magnitude of dipole moment of a molecule is determined by three factors:
The difference in electronegativity between the bonded atoms and thus the degree of
ionic character of individual bonds. Take the hydrogen halides as examples:
Molecule HF HCl HBr HI
μ (D) 1.91 1.05 0.80 0.42
Shape of molecules.
Bond angle
Bond length (this affects value of d). For example:CH3Cl (1.87 D) and CH3F (1.81 D)
Octahedral SF6
On the other hand, there are some shapes which the dipole will not be cancelled out. The
molecules will have net dipole moments. For example:
Shape Molecule Dipole moment of Net dipole
individual polar bond moment
V-shaped H2O
Trigonal NH3
pyramidal
Tetrahedral CHCl3
The glass rod acquires positive charges by rubbing it with polythene sheet.
A jet of polar liquid can be deflected by an electric field.
The results obtained with a series of liquids are given below:
Molecules with marked deflection Molecules showing no (or slight) deflection
Trichloromethane (CHCl3) Tetrachloromethane (CCl4)
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) Benzene (C6H6)
Propanone Hexane (slight deflection)
Water (H2O)
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4