Оригинален научен труд

Original Scientific Article

DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY OF THE GASTEROMYCETE

FUNGI - ORDERS Phallales AND Sclerodermatales IN THE REPUBLIC
OF MACEDONIA
Mitko KARADELEV1, Katerina RUSEVSKA1 & Kristina STOJKOSKA2

Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, P.O. Box 162, Arhimedova 5, 1000 Skopje, the Repub-
1

lic of Macedonia
2
Macedonian mycological society, Mycological laboratory, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Arhimedova 5,
P.O.Box 162, 1000 Skopje, the Republic of Macedonia

ABSTRACT

Karadelev M., Rusevska K. & Stojkoska K. (2008): Distribution and ecology of the Gasteromycete fungi -
orders Phallales and Sclerodermatales in the Republic of Macedonia. Proceedings of the III Congress of Ecologists
of the Republic of Macedonia with International Participation, 06-09.10.2007, Struga. Special issues of Macedo-
nian Ecological Society, Vol. 8, Skopje.
This is the first paper on systematic research on the gasteromycetes belonging to orders Phallales and Scle-
rodermatales in the Republic of Macedonia. Within the researches in the Republic of Macedonia 15 species have
been recorded: Clathrus ruber, Mutinus caninus, Phallus hadriani, P. impudicus, Astraeus hygrometricus, Pisoli-
thus arhizus, Scleroderma areolatum, S. bovista, S. cepa, S. citrinum, S. meridionale, S. polyrhizum, S. septentri-
onale, S. verrucosum and Sphaerobolus stellatus. The following four species are new for Macedonia: Phallus had-
riani, Scleroderma bovista, S. cepa and S. polyrhizum. Two species are part of the Preliminary Red List of Macro-
mycetes in the Republic of Macedonia - Clathrus ruber and Mutinus caninus. Pisolithus arhizus is a species from
Appendix I of Bern Convention.

Introduction ner1939; Sylejmani 1980; Tortić 1988; Karadelev et

Systematic research on orders Phallales and
Sclerodermatales in the Republic of Macedonia has
not been conducted up till now and there are rela-
tively few mycological papers concerned only with
individual species of these orders. Publications mak-
ing reference to individual species are as follows:
Astraeus hygrometricus (Pilát & Lindtner 1939;
Tortić & Cekova 1975; Sylejmani 1980; Tortić 1988,
Karadelev & Stojanovska 2002-2003; Rusevska &
Karadelev, 2004.), Clathrus ruber (Pilát & Lindt-
ner, 1939; Sylejmani 1980; Tortić 1988; Karade-
lev 2000a; Karadelev et al. 2003a), Mutinus cani-
nus (Pilát & Lindtner 1939; Sylejmani 1980; Tortić
1988, Karadelev et al. 2002b; Rusevska & Kara-
delev 2004); Phallus impudicus (Sylejmani 1980;
Tortić 1988; Karadelev 2000d, Karadelev et al. 2002
a, b, c, 2003b, Karadelev & Rusevska, 2004); Piso-
lothus arhizus (Tortić 1988, Karadelev et al. 2003b,
Karadelev & Rusevska, 2004); Scleroderma areola-
tum (Karadelev et al. 2003b; Karadelev & Rusevs-
ka, 2004); S. citrinum (Karadelev 2000d; Karadelev
et al. 2003b, 2004a); S. verrucosum (Pilát & Lindt-
al., 2002b; Rusevska & Karadelev 2004) and Spha-
erobolus stellatus (Karadelev et al. 2003a.).
Materials and methods
The sources of this paper are exsiccates de-
posited in different collections, research notes of the
present authors. The previously published data are
also included so as to have the complete list of these
groups of fungi, while the most unpublished data are
from the period of 2000th to date. Some of the spec-
imens, as mentioned above, have been preserved at
the Botanical Department, Faculty of Science in Za-
greb, and in the National Collection of Fungi (FUN-
GI MACEDONICI) at the Institute of Biology, Fac-
ulty of Natural Science, Ss Cyril and Methodius
University in Skopje. The collections in the fungari-
um of the Botanical Department, Faculty of Science
in Zagreb, have been mostly collected and examined
by M. Tortić. All other species without any fungar-
ia marks in the text have been collected and deter-
mined by the present authors.
The identification of the species has been done

208
 Distribution and ecology of the Gasteromycete fungi - orders Phallales and Sclerodermatales...
according to Jülich (1984), Breitenbach & Kränz-
lin (1986), Pegler et al. (1995), Hansen & Knuds-
en (1997), Calonge (1998), Krieglsteiner (2000) and
Dähncke (2001). In a few cases, the names of the
species have been modified according to Index Fun-
gorum 2005 and http://www.mycobank.org/Myco-
Taxo.aspx. The species are reported alphabetically.
Under each fungal species data of geographical dis-
tribution, altitude, forest association, substrate, data
source and previous publica­tions are provided.
Marks and abbreviations:
leg. - legator (collector)
exs. - collections in which the dried material
(exsiccatum) is deposited
Ref. - references (sources of records of the
taxon)
vill. - village
Mt - mountain
BSRS - Biology students research society
* - new species for the Republic of Macedonia
Resultes
1. Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.) Morgan (Fig. 1)
Collection: BEO, herb. Karadelev, herb.
Sylejmani, MAK, PRM, SKO, ZA.
Ref.: Pilát & Lindtner 1939; Tortić & Cek-
ova 1975; Sylejmani 1980; Tortić 1988, Karadelev
& Stojanovska 2002-2003; Rusevska & Karadelev
2004.
substrate: soil
Bistra Mt: Lazaropole vill., footpath to St.
Gjorgija church, 1300 m, beech forest, 08.08.2005,
exs. MAK 05/5221; Sretkovo vill., 1000 m, beech
forest, 25.05.2007, exs. MAK 07/6887; Bogdan-
ci: 150 m, Querco cocciferae-Carpinetum ori-
entalis, 12.12.2005, exs. MAK 05/5512; Bolo-
van, above Strelishte, 200 m, Querco coccifer-
ae-Carpinetum orientalis, 26.05.2007, exs. MAK
07/6896; 24.11.2007, leg. Karadelev; Gjavato vill.,
Gjurov Dol, 60 m, Coccifero-Carpinetum oriental-
Fig. 1 Astraeus hygrometricus
Proceedings of the III Congress of Ecologists of Macedonia
is, 26.02.2007, exs. MAK 07/6850; Kozarnik, 200
m, meadow in Querco cocciferae-Carpinetum ori-
entalis, 03.01.2006, leg. Karadelev; around Kuca-
lat, 200-300 m, Querco cocciferae-Carpinetum ori-
entalis, 02.01.2003, leg. Karadelev; road to Pogana,
250 m, meadow, 10.07.1983, exs. MAK 83/7729;
350-370 m, dry grassy places, 06.09.1983, exs.
MAK 83/7728; Ranavec, 400 m, Querco coccifer-
ae-Carpinetum orientalis, 23.08.2006, leg. Kara-
dalev; Demir Kapija: Kaludjerska Chuka, 600 m,
meadow, 21.05.2005, exs. MAK 05/4908; road to
Chelevec vill, Querco cocciferae-Carpinetum orien-
talis, 10.12.2005, exs. MAK 05/5511; Dobra Voda
Mt: above Jagol Dolenci vill., Radilica, meadow in
Quercetum frainetto-cerris, 25.10.2007, exs. MAK
07/8228; Jagol Dolenci vill., meadow in Quercetum
frainetto-cerris, 850 m, 24.10.2007, leg. E. Mura-
ti; Popovjane vill., Quercetum-frainetto-cerris, 750-
800 m, 05.12.2007, exs. MAK 07/8549; Galichica
Mt: Trpejca vill., exs. MAK 05/7977; Gevgelija:
Davidovo vill., meadow, 08.10.1998, leg. Karade-
lev; Miravci vill., Argacho, 300 m, Querco coccifer-
ae-Carpinetum orientalis, 22.05.2005, leg. BSRS;
near Negorci vill., 80-200 m, Querco coccifer-
ae-Carpinetum orientalis, 09.04.2005, exs. MAK
05/4832; Gradishki Planini Mt: Kolitsko vill., 700
m, oak forest, 09.2005, exs. MAK 05/911; Jablani-
ca Mt: above Gorna Belica vill., Dupka, 1550-1750
m, beech forest, 10.07.2006, exs. MAK 06/5817; be-
tween Gorna Belica vill. and Vevchani vill., 1400-
1200 m, meadow, 11.07.2006; below Gorna Bel-
ica vill., Jankov Kamen, 1300 m, beech forest,
11.07.2006; Krstec, 1650 m, pasture, 12.07.2006,
leg. BSRS; Jakupica Mt: beech forest, 12.10.2007,
exs. MAK 07/8009; Gorno Vranovci vill., mead-
ow, 800 m, 08.11.1998, exs. MAK 98/6531; vicin-
ity of Kichevo: 800 m, oak forest (Quercus frai-
netto), 10.10.2005, exs. MAK 05/5329; Kochani:
dam Gratche, (above artificial lake Kochansko Eze-
ro), r. Velika Reka, 500 m, Querco-Carpinetum ori-
entalis, 22.04.2007, leg. BSRS; Kozhuf Mt: Hu-
Fig. 2 • Clathrus ruber ■ Pisolithus arhizus
209
Mitko KARADELEV et al.
ma vill., 09.1983, exs. MAK 83/7731; Poljana na
Aramiite, 10.09.1983, exs. MAK 83/7730; near
r. Stara Reka, azonal vegetation, 18.07.2005, exs.
MAK 05/5136; Marjanska Planina, Petkova Niva,
300 m, pasture, 06.04.2007, leg. Ljupčo Melovs-
ki; Konjsko vill., meadow, 600 m, 25.10.2007, leg.
Karadelev; vicinity of Kumanovo: D’lga vill., 650-
700 m, Querco-Carpinetum orientalis macedoni-
cum, 12.03.2003, leg. Stole Stojanov; Staro Nago-
richane, Algunja vill., deciduous forest (Quercus,
Crataegus), 04.2007, exs. MAK 07/6655; Mariovo
(Prilep): road to Vitolishte vill., oak forest (Quer-
cus trojana), 11.10.2005, exs. MAK 05/5422; Oso-
govski Planini Mt: Kalin Kamen, 1650 m, pasture,
09.05.2004, exs. MAK 04/4032; Stanci vill., 900-
970 m, deciduous forest (Carpinus, Betula, Fagus),
13.05.2007, exs. MAK 07/6706; Ponikva, between
Ivkov Preslap and Panagjur, 1550-1600 m, edge of
beech forest, 11.07.2007, exs. MAK 07/8434; Pas-
adzhikovo, beech forest, 1100 m, 20.10.2007, exs.
MAK 07/8118; Pelister Mt: Kazhani vill., 1000
m, Pinus nigra plantings with Quercus cerris and
Q. frainetto, 19.04.2002, leg. Karadelev; Prespa:
Slivnica vill., 1050 m, oak forest, 21.04.2002, leg.
Karadelev; above Mite Bogoevski children‘s resort,
950 m, oak forest (Quercus pubescens, Q. frainetto),
09.07.2006, exs. MAK 06/5834; vicinity of Skopje:
Kuchkovo vill., above St. Gjorgija monastery, 400
m, meadow with Juniperus oxycedrus, 24.02.2007,
exs. MAK 07/6640; below Kozhle vill. (between r.
Pcinja and r. Vardar), meadow in Juniperus excel-
sa forest, 19.10.2007, exs. MAK 07/8028; Skopska
Crna Gora Mt: above Chucher-Sandevo vill., 600
m, degradated oak forest (Querco-Carpinetum ori-
entalis), 06.10.1998, leg. Karadelev; Ljubanci vill.,
Zgurovci, 800 m, meadow, 02.10.2005, exs MAK
05/5436; Ljubanci vill., above St. Nikola monastery,
800 m, meadow, 24.04.2006, exs. MAK 06/1244;
Sveti Nikole: Pavleshenci vill., 500-550 m, oak for-
est, 11.2004, exs. MAK 04/4362;
Fig. 3 • Mutinus caninus ■ Sphaerobolus stellatus
210 Зборник на трудови од III Конгрес на еколозите од Македонија
2. Clathrus ruber P. Micheli: Pers. (Fig. 2)
Collection: BEO, herb. Sylejmani, MAK.
Ref.: Pilát & Lindtner 1939; Sylejmani 1980;
Tortić 1988; Karadelev 2000a; Karadelev et al.
2003a.
substrate: soil
Katlanovo: St. Bogorodica Monastery,
200m, Querco-Carpinetum orientalis, 23.10.2002,
exs. MAK 02/2874; r. Pchinja (Kumanovo): Bis-
limska Klisura, leg. Stole Stojanov.
3. Mutinus caninus (Huds.: Pers.) Fr. (Fig. 3)
Collections: MAK, herb. Sylejmani, PRM.
Ref: Pilát & Lindtner 1939; Sylejmani 1980;
Tortić 1988; Karadelev et al. 2002b; Rusevska &
Karadelev 2004.
substrate: soil
Bistra Mt: Lazaropole vill., footpath to
Sokolica, 1300-1400 m, deciduous forest (Fagus,
Corylus, Quercus), 06.08.2006, exs. MAK 06/5931.
4. *Phallus hadriani Vent.: Pers. (Fig. 4)
Collection: MAK.
substrate: soil
Kumanovo: Staro Nagorichane vill.,
25.10.2005, exs. MAK 05/799; Negotino: Iljo
Vilarov agriculture combinat‘s plantations, vine-
yard, 04.11.2002, exs. MAK 02/2998; Osogovs-
ki Planini Mt: Krupishte vill., Populus nigra plant-
ings, 21.10.2007, exs. MAK 07/8048; vicinity of
Skopje: around Markov Manastir, 400 m, Quer-
co-Carpinetum orientalis, 26.11.2006, exs. MAK
06/304; Valandovo: around monastery St. Gjorgi-
ja, 200 m, Querco cocciferae-Carpinetum orienta-
lis, 30.11.2005, leg.: Marija Dorolojkova.
5. Phallus impudicus L.: Pers. (Fig. 4)
Collection: MAK, herb. Karadelev, herb. ���
Sy-
lejmani.
Fig. 4 ■ Phallus hadrianii •Ph. impudicus
 Distribution and ecology of the Gasteromycete fungi - orders Phallales and Sclerodermatales...
Fig. 5 • Scleroderma areolatum ■ S. bovista
Ref.: Sylejmani 1980; Tortić 1988, Karade-
lev 2000d, Karadelev et al. 2002a, b, c, 2003b, Ka-
radelev & Rusevska, 2004.
substrate: soil
Bistra Mt: above Lazaropole vill., 1300-
1400 m, Calmintho grandiflorae-Fagetum,
01.08.2004, leg. BSRS; Lopushnik, Lopushnik, be-
low Kočo Racin Monument, 1500-1600 m, beech
forest, 06.08.2006, exs. MAK 06/5920; Bogdanci
and vicinity: Stojakovo vill., arable land, 10.1992,
leg. Karadelev; Jakupica Mt: Kitka Mt: above Gor-
no Kolichani vill., 700-900 m, Quercetum frainetto-
cerris, 19.10.1998, leg. Karadelev; Kozhuf Mt: be-
tween Visoka Chuka and Golema Poljana, 1200-1300
m, Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum, 10.07.1996,
leg. Karadelev; above r. Stragarnica, 1000 m, beech
forest, 17.07.1998, exs. MAK 98/4528; near Asan
Cheshma, 800 m, beech forest, 10.07.2004, leg. Ka-
radelev; Osogovo Mt: Ponikva, 1570-1480 m, beech
forest, 12.07.2007, exs. MAK 07/8439; Shar Plani-
na Mt: Popova Shapka, 1600 m, Calmintho gran-
diflorae-Fagetum, 04.07.1993, exs. MAK 93/1598;
vicinity of Skopje: Vodno, near Krushopek vill.,
800 m, deciduous forest, 16.10.2005, exs. MAK
05/5262;
6. Pisolithus arhizus (Scop.: Pers.) Rauschert
(Fig. 2)
Collection: BEO, MAK.
Ref.: Tortić 1988 - published as P. tinctorius
(Mich. ex Pers.) Cooker et Couch (syn. P. arenari-
us Alb. et Schw.), Karadelev et al. 2003b, Karadelev,
Rusevska 2004.
substrate: soil
Bistra Mt: above Ehloec vill., 700 m, oak for-
est (Quercus cerris), 14.10.2006, exs. MAK 06/6099;
Bogdanci: Pogana, 300 m, meadow, 30.10.1987,
exs. MAK 87/7737; Galichica Mt: between Ote-
shevo and Kale, 900-1000 m, Quercetum troja-
nae, 08.10.1988, leg. Karadelev; Gevgelija: Mirav-
ci vill., meadow in Querco cocciferae-Carpinetum
orientalis, 08.10.1988, leg. Karadelev; Probishtip:
Proceedings of the III Congress of Ecologists of Macedonia
Fig. 6 ■ S. cepa • S. citrinum
yard, 08.06.2007, exs. MAK 07/7150; Skopska Cr-
na Gora Mt: above Chucher-Sandevo vill., 600 m,
degradated oak forest (Querco-Carpinetum orienta-
lis), 06.10.1988, exs. MAK 98/4331; Ljubanci vill.,
around monastery St. Nikola, 800 m, at roadsides,
edges of Querco-Carpinetum orientalis, silicate soil,
11.09.2005, exs. MAK 05/5164; Zgurovci, meadow,
09.10.2005, exs. MAK 05/5506.
7. Scleroderma areolatum Ehrenb. (Fig. 5)
Collection: MAK.
Ref.: Karadelev et al. 2003b; Karadelev &
Rusevska 2004;
substrate: soil
Dobra Voda Mt: above Jagol vill., Quer-
cetum-frainetto-cerris, 01.11.2007, exs. MAK
07/8552; Jakupica Mt: Orashche vill., 800-900 m,
Quercetum frainetto-cerris, 15.07.1999, exs. MAK
99/2293; Osogovski Planini Mt: Konopnica vill.,
1100 m, oak and beech forest, 03.09.2002, exs.
MAK 02/4202; Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum,
03.09.2002, leg. Danijela Mitovska; Pelister Mt:
around Trnovo vill., 1200 m, Festuco heterophyl-
lae-Fagetum, 26.05.2002, leg. M. Karadelev; Ro-
tino vill., 1000 m, pasture, 26.10.2004, exs. MAK
04/4954; Skopska Crna Gora Mt: Ljubanci vill.,
near St. Nikola monastery, 800 m, Querco-Carpine-
tum orientalis, 09.10.2005, exs. MAK 05/545; road-
sides 01.2007, exs. MAK 07/7984; vicinity of Sko-
pje: Vodno, near Krushopek vill., 800 m, deciduous
forest, 16.10.2005, exs. MAK 05/5300.
8. *Scleroderma bovista Fr. (Fig. 5)
Collection: MAK.
substrate: soil
Bogdanci: Bolovan, 250 m, Juglando-Pla-
tanetum orientalis, 11.11.2006,exs. MAK 06/330;
Jablanica Mt: below Gorna Belica vill., 1300 m,
beech forest, 16.10.2005, exs. MAK 05/5304; Ko-
zhuf Mt: above Oreovica vill., 850 m, 19.07.1998,
exs. MAK 98/4525; Smrdliva Voda, 800 m, beech
211
Mitko KARADELEV et al.
forest, 23.10.2005, exs. MAK 05/788; Osogovski
Planini Mt: Konopnica vill., 1100 m, Festuco het-
erophyllae-Fagetum, 14.07.2003, leg. Danijela Mi-
tovska; Pelister Mt: Gjavato, 1000 m, Abieti-Fage-
tum, 09.10.2001, exs. MAK 01/168.
9. *Scleroderma cepa Pers.: Pers. (Fig. 6)
Collection: MAK.
substrate: soil
Galichica Mt: Trpejca vill., 22.10.2005, exs.
MAK 05/800, Pelister Mt: Gjavato, 1000 m, Abieti-
Fagetum, 09.10.2005, exs. MAK 01/5503; Skopje:
Gazi Baba, Botanical Garden (Faculty of Natural
Science and Mathematics), 250 m, park, 20.10.2006,
exs. MAK 06/6180; Skopska Crna Gora Mt:
Ljubanci vill., around monastery St. Nikola, 800
m, roadsides, grassy place, 11.09.2005, exs. MAK
05/5161; vicinity of Tetovo: 11.2007, exs. MAK
07/8355.
10. Scleroderma citrinum Pers. (Fig. 6)
Collection: MAK.
Ref.: Karadelev 2000d, Karadelev et al.
2003b, 2004a;
substrate: soil
vicinity of Bogdanci: 150 m, meadow,
05.07.1989 exs. MAK 89/4709; Dobra Voda Mt:
between Tuin vill. and Popovjani vill., 800-1100 m,
oak forest, 10.10.2002, exs. MAK 02/7981; Kozhuf
Mt: Konjsko vill., meadow, 05.10.1996, leg. M. Ka-
radelev; Nidze Mt: r. Prava Reka, 1400 m, Fago-
Pinetum sylvestris, 16.07.2002, exs. MAK 02/5498;
Skopje: Gazi Baba, 300 m, oak forest, 18.10.2006,
exs. MAK 06/6291; Skopska Crna Gora Mt:
Ljubanci vill., above St. Nikola monastery, 800-
900 m, edge of oak forest (Quercus and Carpinus),
29.10.2006, exs. MAK 06/6268; Tetovo: 450 m,
yard, 11.10.2006, exs. MAK 06/6069.
11. Scleroderma cf. meridionale Demoulin &
Malenç. (Fig. 8)
Collection: MAK
Fig. 7 • S. polyrhizum ■ S. septentrionale
212 Зборник на трудови од III Конгрес на еколозите од Македонија
substrate: soil
Bogdanci: 150 m, 12.12.2005, Querco cocci-
ferae-Carpinetum orientalis, exs. MAK 05/5505.
12. *Scleroderma polyrhizum J.F. Gmel.: Pers.
(Fig. 7)
Collection: MAK.
substrate: soil
Bogdanci: around Kuchalat, 200-300
m, Querco cocciferae-Carpinetum orientalis,
02.01.2003, exs. MAK 03/4749; Dobra Voda Mt:
above Jagol vill., 850 m, meadow in Quercetum
frainetto-cerris, 24.10.2007, exs. MAK 07/8229;
Kichevo: Rashtanski Pat, meadow, 06.11.2007, exs.
MAK 07/8354; Skopska Crna Gora Mt: Ljubanci
vill., Zgurovci, 800 m, forest edges (Querco-Carpin-
etum orientalis), 02.10.2005, exs. MAK 05/5508;
meadow, 09.10.2005, exs. MAK 05/1199; between
monastery St. Nikola and Zgurovci, 800, roadsides,
02.10.2005, exs. MAK 05/5507.
13. Scleroderma cf. septentrionale Jeppson (Fig.
7)
Collection: MAK.
substrate: soil
Skopska Crna Gora Mt: Ljubanci vill.,
above monastery st. Nikola, oak forest with Cas-
tanea plantings, 800 m, 29.08.2006, exs. MAK
06/5993.
14. Scleroderma verrucosum Bull.: Pers. (Fig. 8)
Collection: herb. Sylejmani; PRM; MAK.
Ref.: Pilát & Lindtner1939; Sylejmani 1980;
Tortić 1988; Karadelev et al., 2002b; Rusevska &
Karadelev 2004 - misappl. - published as S. areo-
latum).
substrate: soil
Demir Hisar: Smilevo vill., meadow,
06.11.2004, exs. MAK 04/4776; Galichica Mt: Grad-
ishte, 800 m, roadsides, grassy place, 10.11.2005,
exs. MAK 05/5324; Pljuska, 1000m, Quercetum frai-
netto-cerris, 15.09.2006, exs. MAK 06/7265; vicin-
Fig. 8 ■ S. meridionale • S. verrucosum
 Distribution and ecology of the Gasteromycete fungi - orders Phallales and Sclerodermatales...
ity of Kichevo: 800 m, oak forest (Quercus frainet-
to), 10.10.2005, exs. MAK 05/5336; Kumanovo: jmani 1980; Tortić 1988), Vodno Mt. (Pilát & Lindt-
Skachkovce vill., 500-700 m, Querco-Carpinetum
orientalis, 18.11.2002, exs. MAK 02/3032; Ogra-
zhden Mt: Suvi Laki, 1200 m, mixed forest (Pinus,
Quercus, Fagus), 23.10.2005, exs. MAK 05/4303;
Skopje and vicinity: Gazi Baba, Botanical Gar-
den (Faculty of Natural Science and Mathemat-
ics), 250 m, park, 22.05.2007, exs. MAK 07/6864;
19.06.2007, exs. MAK 07/7650; Matka, 250-300 m,
Querco-Carpinetum orientalis, 25.10.1998, leg. M.
Karadelev; Skopska Crna Gora Mt: Ljubanci vill.,
r. Ljubanska Reka, 800 m, roadsides, 18.09.2005,
exs. MAK 05/1170; above St. Nikola monastery,
800-900 m, deciduous forest (Carpinus, Cornus,
Corylus), 23.09.2007, exs. MAK 07/7987; around
monastery St. Nikola, 800 m, oak forest, 08.01.2006,
exs. MAK 06/5504; between monastery St. Nikola
and Zgurovci, 800 m, oak forest, 19.03.2006, leg. K.
Rusevska; Zgurovci, 800 m, 02.10.2005, exs. MAK
05/5448.
15. Sphaerobolus stellatus Tode: Pers. (Fig. 3)
Collection: MAK.
Ref.: Karadelev et al. 2003a.
substrate: Alnus, Asparagus acutifolius
Prespa Lake: island Golem Grad, 900 m,
Pruno webbii-Juniperetum excelsae, dry stem of As-
paragus acutifolius, 09.10.2000, exs. MAK 00/4643;
Strumica: near Koleshino vill., 300 m, Periplo-
co-Alnetum glutinosae, fallen branches of Alnus,
02.10.2002, exs. MAK 02/3632.
Discussion
From the total number (23 species) of these
orders known in Europe, within the researches in the
Republic of Macedonia, 15 species have been re-
corded.
Astraeus hygrometricus grows in sandy
soils, in mixed forests and fields, showing a great
ability of adaptation to any type of ecology, being
common in Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands
(Calonge, 1998). According to Pegler et al. (1995)
this cosmopolitan species occurring in mycorrhizal
associations with woody plants and Krieglstein-
er (2000) cited Pinus, Picea, Cedrus, Quercus, Fa-
gus as mycorrhizal partners. This species is known
from few localities in Macedonia (Karadelev & Sto-
janovska, 2002-2003). According to the current da-
ta it is very common species, known from many lo-
calities. (Fig. 1).
Clathrus ruber grows in rich soils, under
broad-leaved trees with fruiting in autumn; it is
widely dispersed on the Iberian and Balearic geog-
raphy, with a special preference for coastal regions
(Calonge, 1998). According to Pegler et al. (1995) in
Britain is rare species. In Macedonia is also rare spe-
Proceedings of the III Congress of Ecologists of Macedonia
cies known from three localities: Jakupica Mt. (Syle-
ner 1939), Pelister Mt. (Karadelev et al. 2003a).
Two localities, Katlanovo (oak forest) and Bislims-
ka Klisura are new (Fig. 2). According to Karadelev
(2000a) this species is a part of the Preliminary red
list of the macromycetes in the Republic of Macedo-
nia, in the category of particularly rare or rare spe-
cies.
Mutinus caninus grows in rich soils, parks
and gardens, fruiting in autumn (Calonge, 1998)
and according to Pegler et al., 1995 grows also on
soil in damp, deciduous woodland, decaying stumps
and rarely on rotting wood. In Macedonia is known
mainly from beech forests at three localities (Pilát &
Lindtner, 1939; Sylejmani, 1980; Tortić, 1988; Ka-
radelev et al. 2002b; Rusevska & Karadelev, 2004),
a data from Bistra Mt (deciduous forest) is a new
one. This species is incorporated in the Preliminary
red list of the macromycetes in Macedonia, in the
category of particularly rare or rare species (Karade-
lev, 2000) (Fig. 2).
Phallus hadriani grows in rich soil of parks
and gardens with fruiting in autumn and is wide-
spread in Europe (Calonge, 1998). In Macedonia it
is recorded from five localities in oak forests, Popu-
lus nigra plantings and vineyard. According to these
data it is rare species, which is published in this pa-
per for the first time (Fig. 2).
Ph. impudicus grows in rich soils of forests
and gardens, also among needle litter in spruce for-
ests, but also in hardwood forests, with fruiting in
autumn. This is common species, primarily at col-
line elevations (Breitenbach & Kränclin, 1986) and
according to Krieglsteiner (2000) it is distributed
from lowland to high-mountain zone. This species is
recorded from seven localities, two of them are new
(vicinity of Skopje and Osogovski Planini Mt), be-
tween 150 and 1700 m altitude. (Fig. 2)
Pisolithus arhizus grows in sandy soils, asso-
ciated with broad-leaved and coniferous trees, with
fruiting all the year, after the rains. It is common in
the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands (Calonge,
1998) but is very rare in Britain (Pegler et al., 1995).
According to Krieglsteiner (2000) its distribution in
Europe is from Mediterranean area to South Eng-
land, Scandinavia and Ukraina. It forms mycorrhiza
with deciduous and coniferous trees, in Central Eu-
rope especially with Betula and Pinus. In Macedonia
it is widespread, but not common species. It is ob-
served at eight localities, five of them are new. This
species is incorporated in Appendix I of Bern Con-
vention, and should be protected in future. (Fig. 2)
Scleroderma areolatum is abundant in the
northern and central Europe and becoming more
and more rare towards to the south, where it is re-
placed with S. verrucosum (Calonge, 1998). Accord-
ing to Pegler et al. (1995) is widespread, but occa-
213
Mitko KARADELEV et al.
sional throughout the British Isles. As mycorrhizal
partners Krieglsteiner (2000) cited oak, beech and
other trees. In the Republic of Macedonia it has been
noted at one locality - Bistra Mt. (Karadelev et al.
2003b) and six are new, mainly in oak and beech for-
ests. (Fig. 3)
Scleroderma bovista grows in chalky soil
in meadows, fields and mixed forests. According
Krieglsteiner (2000) mycorrhizal partners for this
species are follows: oak, linden, pine, cedar and
probably other trees. This widespread species in
Macedonia is registered in southern and eastern part.
It is observed at five localities and according data
till now the conclusion of its distribution can not be
drawn. (Fig. 3)
Scleroderma cepa grows in sandy soils, both
in open areas and forests. It is widespread in Iberi-
an Peninsula and Balearic Islands (Calonge, 1998).
According to Krieglsteiner (2000) it is rare in Cen-
tral Europe and mainly distributed in Western Eu-
rope. In Macedonia is registered on five localities,
in grassy places, published in this paper for the first
time. (Fig. 3)
Scleroderma citrinum grows in acid or san-
dy soils, in coniferous and broad-leaved forests.
This common and widespread species in Europe, in
Macedonia is known from one locality – Bistra Mt.
(Karadelev 2000d, Karadelev et al. 2003b, 2004a)
and seven are new records. (Fig. 3)
Scleroderma cf. meridionale is a typical
Mediterranean species, reported in Iberian Peninsu-
la and Balearic Islands, France, Italy and Morocco
(Calonge, 1998). Whereas it is registered at one lo-
cality and there is only one old example, more field
research and laboratory analyses are necessary.
Scleroderma polyrhizum grows in sandy
soil, under Quercus and Pinus, forming mycorrhizal
associations. According to Calonge, 1998 it is com-
mon in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands,
but it is rare in Britain and is known from Southern,
North America and from Europe, particularly around
the Mediterranean region (Pegler et al., 1995). This
is a new species for the mycobiota of the country, re-
corded in oak forests in following localities: Bog-
danci, Dobra Voda Mt., Kichevo and Skopska Crna
Gora Mt, with vertical distribution in lowland and
submontane zone. (Fig. 3)
Scleroderma cf. septentrionale is problem-
atic species, observed at one locality, for which are
need further laboratory analyses.
Scleroderma verrucosum grows on rich and
sandy soil, in deciduous woodlands, parkland, oc-
casionally on rotting wood. It is common and wide-
spread species in Europe, from Mediterranean area
to Arctic Circle. In Macedonia it is observed in var-
ious associations: mixed forest, oak forests, beech
forests, roadsides, parks. It is registered at nine lo-
calities, seven of them are new. According to data
214 Зборник на трудови од III Конгрес на еколозите од Македонија
available so far it is not rare species. (Fig. 3)
Sphaerobolus stellatus grows on rotten
wood and decomposing plant remains in forests, al-
so on dung. It is distributed in Europe, from Sicil-
ian to North Cape and Greenland (Jülich, 1984) and
according Pegler et al. (1995) this is widespread in
Britain. It is known from one locality - Pelister Mt.
(Karadelev et al. 2003a) and two localities are new
records: island Golem Grad (on Asparagus acutifo-
lius) and Koleshino vill. – Strumica (on Alnus). (Fig.
2).
Conclusions
Of the total number of 23 species of these
orders known in Europe, within the researches in
the Republic of Macedonia, the following 15 spe-
cies have been recorded: Astraeus hygrometricus,
Clathrus ruber, Mutinus caninus, Phallus hadriani,
P. impudicus, Pisolithus arhizus, Scleroderma areo-
latum, S. bovista, S. cepa, S. citrinum, S. meridion-
ale, S. polyrhizum, S. septentrionale, S. verrucosum
and Sphaerobolus stellatus. The following four spe-
cies are new for the Republic of Macedonia: Phal-
lus hadriani, S. bovista, S. cepa and S. polyrhizum.
Two species (Scleroderma cf. meridionale and Scle-
roderma cf. septentrionale ) need further investiga-
tions. Two species are part of the Preliminary Red
List of the Macromycetes in the Republic of Mace-
donia - Clathrus ruber and Mutinus caninus. Piso-
lithus arhizus is a species from Appendix I of Bern
Convention.
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Mitko KARADELEV et al.

ДИСТРИБУЦИЈА И ЕКОЛОГИЈА НА ГАСТЕРОМИЦЕТИ ОД РЕДОВИТЕ �������

PHALLA-
LES И SCLERODERMATALES ВО РЕПУБЛИКА МАКЕДОНИЈА

Катерина РУСЕВСКА1, Кристина СТОЈКОСКА2 и Митко КАРАДЕЛЕВ1

1
Институт за биологија, Природно-математички факултет, П.Фах 162, Архимедова 5, 1000 Скопје, Република
Македонија
2
Македонско миколошко друштво, Миколошка лабораторија, Природно-математички факултет, Архимедова 5,
П.Фах 162, 1000 Скопје, Република Македонија

Резиме

Ова се први податоци за систематски истражувања на гастеромицети од редовите Phallales и

Sclerodermatales во Република Македонија. Со цел да се презентира комплетна листа на видови во
трудот се вклучени и пртходно објавени податоци, додека најголем дел од необјавените податоците
се од истражувања вршени од 2000 година до денес. Од вкупно 23 вида регистрирани во Европа со
истражувањата во Република Македонија се регистрирани следните 15 вида: Astraeus hygrometricus,
Clathrus ruber, Mutinus caninus, Phallus hadriani, P. impudicus, Pisolithus arhizus, Scleroderma areolatum,
S. bovista, S. cepa, S. citrinum, S. meridionale, S. polyrhizum, S. septentrionale, S. verrucosum и Sphaerobolus
stellatus. Следните четири вида се нови за Р. Македонија: Phallus hadriani, Scleroderma bovista, S. cepa
и S. polyrhizum. За видовите Scleroderma cf. meridionale и Scleroderma cf. septentrionale се потребни
дополнителни истражувања. Видовите Clathrus ruber и Mutinus caninus се ставени во Прелиминарната
црвена листа на габи во Република Македонија, како посебно ретки или ретки видови габи. Видот
Pisolithus arhizus е предложен за заштита во Апендикс I од Бернската конвенција.

216 Зборник на трудови од III Конгрес на еколозите од Македонија