MINITAB: AN OVERVIEW

Rajender Parsad
I.A.S.R.I., Library Avenue, New Delhi 110 012
rajender@iasri.res.in

The functionality of MINITAB is accessible through interactive windows and menus, or
through a command language called session commands. There are three windows viz. Data
window, Session window and Project Manager. Data window is a worksheet in a spreadsheet
format, with rows and columns that intersect to form individual cells. A worksheet can
contain up to 4000 columns, 1000 constants, and up to 10,000,000 rows depending on
memory of the computer. The text output generated by the analyses is displayed in Session
window. The Project Manager contains folders that allow one to navigate, view, and
manipulate various parts of the project. Minitab has the advanced Design of Experiments
(DOE) capabilities. One can screen the factors to determine which are important for
explaining process variation. It can generate two-level full and fractional factorial designs,
and Plackett-Burman designs, Box-Behnken and central composite designs, simplex centroid
and simplex lattice designs and Taguchi orthogonal array designs. It also allows one to
perform one way analysis of variance, two-way analysis of variance for balanced data, test for
equality of variances, and generate various plots. Balanced ANOVA models with crossed or
nested and fixed or random factors can also be analyzed. The option General MANOVA
analyzes balanced or unbalanced MANOVA models with crossed or nested and fixed or
random factors. The analysis of covariance is also possible with option General MANOVA.
For initiatinfg the work on MINITAB. From thw Windows Taskbar, choose Start
ProgramsMINITAB 14 (MINITAB SOLUTIONS) MINITAB 14 (MINITAB 15).
Minitab opens with two main windows viz. Session Window and Data Window. The first
screen of MINITAB are shown as

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Under the Data Menu: the following options are available
Subset Worksheet - copies specified rows from the active worksheet to the new worksheet
Split Worksheet - splits or unstacks the active worksheet into two or more new worksheets
based on one or more "By" variables
Merge Worksheets - combines two worksheets into one new worksheet
Sort - sorts one or more columns of data
Rank - assigns rank scores to values in a column
Delete Rows - deletes specified rows from columns in the worksheet
Erase Variables - erases any combination of columns, stored constants and matrices
Copy - copies selections from one position in the worksheet to another; can copy entire
selections or a subset
Stack - stacks columns on top of each other to make longer columns
Unstack - unstacks (or splits) columns into shorter columns
Transpose Columns - switches columns to rows
Concatenate - combines two or more text columns side by side into one new column
Code - recode values in columns
Change Data Type - changes columns from one data type (such as numeric, text, or
date/time) to another
Display Data - displays data from the current worksheet in the Session window
Extract from Date/Time to Numeric/Text - extracts one or more parts of a date/time
column, such as the year, the quarter, or the hour, and saves that data in a numeric or a text
column.
In the worksheet, one can enter the data in columns numbered as C1, C2, . The names of
the variables can be written in the row below the row cotaining column numbers C1, C2,

Calc Menu has the following sub-options
Calculator - does arithmetic using an algebraic expression, which may contain arithmetic
operations, comparison operations, logical operations, and functions
Column Statistics - calculates various statistics based on a column you select
Row Statistics - calculates various statistics for each row of the columns you select
Standardize - centers and scales columns of data
Make Patterned Data - provides an easy way to fill a column with numbers or date/time
values that follow a pattern. See also Generating Patterned Data Overview for related
information.
Make Mesh Data - creates a regular (x,y) mesh to use for drawing contour, 3D surface and
wireframe plots, with the option to create the z-variable as well
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Make Indicator Variables - creates indicator (dummy) variables that you can use in
regression analysis. See also Generating Patterned Data Overview for related information.
Set Base - fixes a starting point for Minitab's random number generator
Random Data - displays commands for generating a random sample of numbers, sampled
either from columns of the worksheet or from a variety of distributions
Probability Distributions - displays commands that allow you to compute probabilities,
probability densities, cumulative probabilities, and inverse cumulative probabilities for
continuous and discrete distributions
Matrices - displays commands for doing matrix operations
The main menu for statistical data analysis Stat. Under this option, following suboptions are
available:
Basic Statistics
Regression
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
DOE (Design of Experiments)
Control Charts
Quality Tools
Reliability/Survival
Multivariate
Time Series
Tables
Nonparametrics
EDA (Exploratory Data Analysis)
Power and Sample Size

In Basic statistics, following sub-options can be used through selecting Stat > Basic Statistics
Select one of the following commands: Display Descriptive Statistics , Store Descriptive
Statistics , Graphical Summary, 1-Sample Z, 1-Sample t, 2-Sample t, Paired t, 1 Proportion, 2
Proportions, 1-Sample Poisson Rate, 2-Sample Poisson Rate, 1 Variance, 2 Variances,
Correlation, Covariance, Normality Test, Goodness-of-Fit Test for Poisson. Then further sub-
sub options can be used.

For performing regression analysis, from the menus choose Stat > Regression and then select
one of the following commands to fit a model relating a response to one or more predictors :
Regression - does simple, multiple and polynomial regression
Stepwise - does stepwise regression, forward selection, and backward elimination
Best Subsets - does best subsets regression
Fitted Line Plot - fits a simple linear or polynomial regression model and plots the
regression line through the actual data or the log10 of the data
Partial Least Squares - does partial least squares regression
Binary Logistic Regression - does logistic regression for a binary response variable
Ordinal Logistic Regression - does logistic regression for an ordinal response variable
Nominal Logistic Regression - does logistic regression for a nominal response variable
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For performing Analysis of variance, Choose: Stat > ANOVA. This option allows to perform
analysis of variance, test for equality of variances, and generate various plots. The analysis
can be carried out, using the suitable sub-option.

One-Way - performs a one-way analysis of variance, with the response in one column,
subscripts in another and performs multiple comparisons of means
One-Way (Unstacked) - performs a one-way analysis of variance, with each group in a
separate column
Two-way - performs a two-way analysis of variance for balanced data
Analysis of Means - displays an Analysis of Means chart for normal, binomial, or Poisson
data
Balanced ANOVA - analyzes balanced ANOVA models with crossed or nested and fixed or
random factors
General Linear Model - analyzes balanced or unbalanced ANOVA models with crossed or
nested and fixed or random factors. You can include covariates and perform multiple
comparisons of means.
Fully Nested ANOVA - analyzes fully nested ANOVA models and estimates variance
components
Balanced MANOVA - analyzes balanced MANOVA models with crossed or nested and
fixed or random factors
General MANOVA - analyzes balanced or unbalanced MANOVA models with crossed or
nested and fixed or random factors. You can also include covariates.
Test for Equal Variances - performs Bartlett's and Levene's tests for equality of variances
Interval Plot - produces graphs that show the variation of group means by plotting standard
error bars or confidence intervals
Main Effects Plot - generates a plot of response main effects
Interactions Plot - generates an interaction plots (or matrix of plots)

Minitab can also be used for generating the layout of designs for two-level full and fractional
factorial designs using Stat > DOE > Factorial. For generating Box-Behnken and central
composite designs, use Stat > DOE > Response Surface. Simplex centroid and simplex
lattice designs for mixture experiments can be obtained using Stat > DOE> Mixture.
Taguchi orthogonal arrays can be generated using Stat > DOE> Taguchi.

Minitab can perform principal components analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis,
discriminant analysis, and correspondence analysis. For performing multivariate data
analysis, choose: Stat > Multivariate and then any one of the following sub-options
depending upon the analysis required to be performed.
Principal Components - performs principal components analysis
Factor Analysis - performs factor analysis
Item Analysis - performs item analysis
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Cluster Observations - performs agglomerative hierarchical clustering of observations
Cluster Variables - performs agglomerative hierarchical clustering of variables
Cluster K-Means - performs K-means non-hierarchical clustering of observations
Discriminant Analysis - performs linear and quadratic discriminant analysis
Simple Correspondence Analysis - performs simple correspondence analysis on a two-way
contingency table
Multiple Correspondence Analysis - performs multiple correspondence analysis on three or
more categorical variables

Choosing: Stat > EDA performs exploratory data analysis to explore data before using more
traditional methods, or to examine residuals from a model. They are particularly useful for
identifying extraordinary observations and noting violations of traditional assumptions such
as nonlinearity or nonconstant variance. Following sub-options may be used:
Stem-and-Leaf - does a stem-and-leaf plot
Boxplot - does a box-and-whiskers plot
Letter Values - prints a letter-value display
Median Polish - uses median polish to analyze a two-way layout
Resistant Line - fits a line to data using a procedure that is resistant to outliers
Resistant Smooth - smoothes data (usually a time series)
Rootogram - prints a suspended rootogram

Minitab may also be used for Control Charts, Quality Tools, Reliability/Survival, Time
Series, Tables, Nonparametrics and Power and Sample Size. The other menus in Minitab are:
Graph, Editor, Tools, Windows and Help. Once we click on help, we get the following screen.


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Some practical exercises using MINITAB are given in the sequel.
t-test
Example 2.1: In a certain experiment to compare two types of pig foods A and B, the
following results of increase in weights were observed in same set of 8 pigs:
Food A: 49 53 51 52 47 50 52 53
Food B: 52 55 52 53 50 54 54 53
Can we conclude that food B is better than A?

Solution: Paired t-test is to be used here.
The data has to be entered in the worksheet of the MINITAB in the following manner in two
separate columns C1 and C2:
49 52
53 55
51 52
52 53
47 50
50 54
52 54
53 53

Steps: STAT BASIC STATISTICS PAIRED t Enter C1 in First sample and C2 in second sample
OK

Output: Paired T-Test and CI: C1, C2
Paired T for C1 - C2
N Mean St Dev SE Mean
C1 8 50.8750 2.1002 0.7425
C2 8 52.8750 1.5526 0.5489
Difference 8 -2.00000 1.30931 0.46291

95% CI for mean difference: (-3.09461, -0.90539)
T-Test of mean difference =0 (vs not =0): T-Value =-4.32 P-Value =0.003.

Correlation and Regression
Example 2.2: In diabetic rats the blood sugar and endogenous insulin levels were estimated.
Find out if there is correlation between these two parameters

Rat No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Blood Sugar (x) 156 102 134 184 198 203 123 176 mg%
Insulin (y) 16 21 18 11 10 8 20 11 IU
Solution: For obtaining the correlation coefficient using MINITAB from the menus choose:
Stat Basic Statistics Correlation Select two or more numeric variables Check the
box Display p-values and click button OK.

The output of the above example with MINITAB is
Pearson correlation of x and y =-0.984
P-Value =0.000
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To calculate Spearman's rank correlation coefficient using MINITAB, ensure that there are no
missing values in the data. If the data are not ranked, then use Data Rank and then compute
the Pearson's correlation on the columns of ranked data as explained earlier. Don't forget to
uncheck Display p-values as the p-value given here is not accurate for Spearman's r. Dont
use p-values to interpret Spearman's r.

To obtain the partial correlation using MINITAB:
1 Regress the first variable on the other variables and store the residuals.
2 Regress the second variable on the other variables and store the residuals.
3 Calculate the correlation between the two columns of residuals.

Example 2.3: Given the following data, fit a simple linear regression equation between y and
x
1
. Also fit a multiple linear regression equation with y as dependent and x
1
, x
2
, x
3
and x
4
as
independent variables.
Observation
No.
y x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4

1 78.5 7 26 6 60
2 74.3 1 29 15 22
3 104.3 11 56 8 20
4 87.6 11 31 8 47
5 95.9 7 52 6 33
6 109.2 11 55 9 22
7 102.7 3 71 17 6
8 72.5 1 31 22 44
9 93.1 2 54 18 22
10 115.9 21 47 4 26
11 83.8 1 40 23 34
12 113.3 11 66 9 12
13 119.4 10 68 8 12

For fitting a regression equation using MINITAB: From the menus choose:
StatRegressionSelect Response VariableSelect one or more independent variables.

Multiple Linear Regression
The output for the above example obtained using MINITAB is
Regression Analysis: y versus x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4

The regression equation is
y =53.6 +1.59 x
1
+0.661 x
2
+0.084 x
3
- 0.076 x
4

Predictor Coef SE Coef T P
Constant 53.6300 10.2700 5.22 0.001
x1 1.5887 0.2670 5.95 0.000
x2 0.6606 0.1140 5.79 0.000
x3 0.0845 0.2493 0.34 0.743
x4 -0.0758 0.1144 -0.66 0.526
RMSE (S) = 3.00032 R-Sq = 97.7% R-Sq(adj) = 96.5%

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Analysis of Variance
Source DF SS MS F P
Regression 4 3015.59 753.90 83.75 0.000
Residual Error 8 72.02 9.00
Total 12 3087.61

Source DF Seq SS
x1 1 1546.50
x2 1 1462.49
x3 1 2.64
x4 1 3.96


From the above example, it can be seen that 97.7% of the variation in y is explained by x
1
, x
2
,
x
3
and x
4
. Coefficients of x
1
and x
2
are significantly different from zero whereas that of x
3
and
x
4
are not.

ANOVA and ANCOVA
Example 2.4: A trial was designed to evaluate 15 rice varieties grown in soil with a toxic
level of iron. The experiment was in a RCB design with three replications. Guard rows of a
susceptible check variety were planted on two sides of each experimental plot. Scores for
tolerance for iron toxicity were collected from each experimental plot as well as from guard
rows. For each experimental plot, the score of susceptible check (averaged over two guard
rows) constitutes the value of the covariate for that plot. Data on the tolerance score of each
variety (Y variable) and on the score of the corresponding susceptible check (X variable) are
shown below:

Scores for tolerance for iron toxicity (Y) of 15 rice varieties and those the corresponding
guard rows of a susceptible check variety (X) in a RCB trial
Replication-I Replication-II Replication-III Variety
Number X Y X Y X Y
1. 15 22 16 13 16 14
2. 16 14 15 23 15 23
3. 15 24 15 24 15 23
4. 16 13 15 23 15 23
5. 17 17 17 16 16 16
6. 16 14 15 23 15 23
7. 16 13 15 23 16 13
8. 16 16 17 17 16 16
9. 17 14 15 23 15 24
10. 17 17 17 17 15 26
11. 16 15 15 24 15 25
12. 16 15 15 23 15 23
13. 15 24 15 24 16 15
14. 15 25 15 24 15 23
15. 15 24 15 25 16 16


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For performing the ANOVA for the above data using MINITAB: First enter the data in the
Worksheet of MINITAB in four columns C1: rep; C2: trt; C3: Y and C4: X. Now fFrom
menus choose Stat ANOVA General Linear Model. In the response variable Box,
enter the variable Y, in the model enter trt rep. Specify the terms for comparing means as trt
and the method for multiple comparisons. As the interest is in making all possible pairwise
treatment comparisons, select Tukey or Bonferroni method. Check the Box TEST for multiple
comparison output. If only ANOVA is to be performed, then C4 is not required. The out put
obtained is given in the sequel.

The usual analysis of variance without using the covariate (X variable) is as follows:
Source DF SS Mean Square F (F-calc) p(Pr>F)
Treatment 14 265.91 18.99 1.04 0.445
Replication 2 104.04 52.02 2.85 0.075
Error 28 510.62 18.24
Total 44 880.58

R-Square R-Sq(Adj) s (Root MSE) C.V. Y - Mean
0.4201 (42.01%) 8.88% 4.2704 21.5436 19.82222

Least Squares Treatment Means for yield are
Treatment Mean SE mean
1 16.33 2.466
2 20.00 2.466
3 23.67 2.466
4 19.67 2.466
5 16.33 2.466
6 20.00 2.466
7 16.33 2.466
8 16.33 2.466
9 20.33 2.466
10 20.00 2.466
11 21.33 2.466
12 20.33 2.466
13 21.00 2.466
14 24.00 2.466
15 21.67 2.466

Neither Bonferroni Simultaneous Tests nor Tukey Simultaneous Tests for making all possible
pairwise treatment comparisons resulted into p<0.05.


For performing analysis of covariance, in addition to the above, define covariate X in the
diaglog box. Using the covariate, analysis is the following:




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Source DF Seq SS Adj. SS Mean Square F (F-calc) p(Pr>F)
x 1 589.430 398.752 398.752 96.24 0.000
Treatment 14 156.797 152.561 10.897 2.63 0.015
Replication 2 22.480 22.480 11.240 2.71 0.084
Error 28 111.871 111.871 4.143
Total 44 880.58

R-Square R-Sq(Adj) s (Root MSE) C.V. Y - Mean
0.8730 (87.30%) 79.30% 2.03552 10.2689 19.82222

Term Coef SE Coef T P
Constant 114.673 9.673 11.85 0.000
x -6.0888 0.6207 -9.81 0.000

It is interesting to note that the use of a covariate has resulted into a considerable reduction in
the error mean square and hence the CV has also reduced drastically. This has helped in
catching the small differences among the treatment effects as significant. This was not
possible when the covariate was not used. The covariance analysis will thus result into a
more precise comparison of treatment effects. Least Squares Treatment Means for yield are
Treatment Mean SE mean
1 16.87 1.177
2 18.51 1.185
3 20.15 1.229
4 18.18 1.185
5 22.96 1.356
6 18.51 1.185
7 16.87 1.177
8 20.93 1.265
9 20.87 1.177
10 24.60 1.265
11 19.84 1.185
12 18.84 1.185
13 19.51 1.185
14 20.48 1.229
15 20.18 1.185

The probability of significance of pairwise comparisons among the least square estimates of
the treatment effects based on Tukey Simultaneous Tests are given below
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i/j 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 .
2 0.9994 .
3 0.8280 0.9994 .
4 1.0000 1.0000 0.9959 .
5 0.0930 0.5359 0.9754 0.4249 .
6 0.9994 1.0000 0.9994 1.0000 0.5359 .
7 1.0000 0.9994 0.8280 1.0000 0.093 0.9994 .
8 0.5536 0.9840 1.0000 0.9551 0.9945 0.9840 0.5536 .
9 0.5302 0.9789 1.0000 0.9418 0.9958 0.9789 0.5302 1.0000
10 0.0077 0.0930 0.5359 0.0622 0.9994 0.0930 0.0077 0.6586
11 0.8890 0.9999 1.0000 0.9992 0.9219 0.9999 0.889 1.0000
12 0.9959 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.651 1.0000 0.9959 0.9958
13 0.9504 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.8529 1.0000 0.9504 0.9999
14 0.7204 0.9959 1.0000 0.9829 0.9917 0.9959 0.7204 1.0000
15 0.7967 0.9992 1.0000 0.9949 0.9655 0.9992 0.7967 1.0000

9 10 11 12 13 14 15
9 .
10 0.6780 .
11 1.0000 0.3659 .
12 0.9945 0.1363 1.0000 .
13 0.9999 0.2713 1.0000 1.0000 .
14 1.0000 0.651 1.0000 0.9994 1.0000 .
15 1.0000 0.4762 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 .

Treatments 1 and 7 and 7 and 10 are found to be significantly different.

Combined Analysis of Data
For the data in Example 6.2 in Fundamentals of Design of Experiments given in Module 2:
Enter the data in Worksheet of MINITAB in 5 columns: C1: Year; C2: Rep; C3: blk; C4: trt;
C5: Yield. Here Yr, Rep, Blk and trt represent respectively denote the year, replication, block
and treatment.

At the first instance, split the worksheet for two years separately. This can be achieved by
selecting DataSplit Worksheet by Variable Yr. Now using the worksheet for Year 1,
choose from the menu: STATANOVA General Linear Model. In the response
variable Box, enter the variable yield, in Model enter Rep blk(rep) trt and Click OK.
The output obtained is given in the sequel.

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Analysis of Variance for yield: Year 1 (Using Adjusted SS for Tests)
Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P
rep 3 186.046 186.046 62.015 7.53 0.000
blk(rep) 24 1408.858 358.943 14.956 1.82 0.019
trt 48 3442.148 3442.148 71.711 8.7 0.000
Error 120 988.707 988.707 8.239
Total 195 6025.758

S = 2.87040 R-Sq = 83.59% R-Sq(adj) = 73.34%


Similarly, the analysis of data for second year can be performed, the results obtained are given
in the sequel.

Analysis of Variance for yield: Year 2 (Using Adjusted SS for Tests)
Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P
rep 3 176.399 176.399 58.800 11.81 0.000
blk(rep) 24 1287.011 556.491 23.187 4.66 0.000
trt 48 3353.212 3353.212 69.859 14.03 0.000
Error 120 597.305 597.305 4.978
Total 195 5413.927

S = 2.23104 R-Sq = 88.97% R-Sq(adj) = 82.07%

The interpretations are same as given in Example 2 Section 6. Equality of error variance can
be tested using F-test. As above, the errors are heterogeneous. Therefore, the data were
transformed by dividing each observation with corresponding root mean square error. For this
we create a new column of root mean square error in the worksheet and create a new variable
=original variable/sqrt(MSE) using CALCCALCULATOR. In addition to the above
steps, select new variable as response variable, enter model as yr rep(yr) blk( rep yr) trt
trt*yr, Define Yr in the Subdiaglog Box Random Factors. Now Click on Results and Check
on the Display expected mean squares and variance components. The results obtained are

General Linear Model: Transformed Variable versus yr, trt, rep, blk

Factor Type Levels Values
yr random 2 1, 2
rep(yr) random 8 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4
blk(yr rep) random 56 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7
trt fixed 49 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39,
40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49

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Analysis of Variance for transformed variable, using Adjusted SS for Tests
Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P
yr 1 4911.415 4911.415 4911.415 422.37 0.000 x
rep(yr) 6 58.828 58.828 9.805 2.80 0.023 x
blk(yr rep) 48 439.557 139.74 2.911 2.58 0.00
trt 48 968.42 968.42 20.175 7.40 0.00
yr*trt 48 130.857 130.857 2.726 2.41 0.00
Error 240 271.335 271.335 1.131
Total 391 6780.412
x Not an exact F-test.

S = 1.06328 R-Sq = 96.00% R-Sq(adj) = 93.48%

Expected Mean Squares, using Adjusted SS
Source Expected Mean Square for Each Term
1 yr (6) +4.0000 (5) +7.0000 (3) +49.0000 (2) +196.0000 (1)
2 rep(yr) (6) +7.0000 (3) +49.0000 (2)
3 blk(yr rep) (6) +5.2500 (3)
4 trt (6) +3.5000 (5) +Q[4]
5 yr*trt (6) +3.5000 (5)
6 Error (6)

Error Terms for Tests, using Adjusted SS

Source ErrorDF Error MS Synthesis of Error MS
1 yr 8.33 11.628 (2) +1.1429 (5) - 1.1429 (6)
2 rep(yr) 39.06 3.505 1.3333 (3) - 0.3333 (6)
3 blk(yr rep) 240.00 1.131 (6)
4 trt 48.00 2.726 (5)
5 yr*trt 240.00 1.131 (6)

It can easily be seen that the testing of random effects has been one in one step using
MINITAB.

Factorial Experiments:
The data given in Example 7.1 can be analyzed using MINITAB:
Enter the data in the worksheet of the MINITAB in 6 columns C1: Rep, C2: Block; C3:N;
C4: P; C5:K; C6: Yield.

Choose: StatANOVAGeneral Linear Model. Now in the Dialog Box define Yield as
Response Variable. In the model define rep block (rep) n k n*p n*k p*k n*p*k. Now Choose
comparisons, click the Radio Button of Pairwise Comparisons. In the Terms define n p k n*p
n*k p*k n*p*k, Check the boxes of Tukey Method and Test.




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Anal ysi s of Var i ance f or yi el d, usi ng Adj ust ed SS f or Test s

Sour ce DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P
r ep 3 15. 7187 15. 7187 5. 2396 10. 71 0. 000
bl k( r ep) 8 14. 5571 14. 1946 1. 7743 3. 63 0. 003
n 2 89. 1108 89. 1108 44. 5554 91. 05 0. 000
p 2 55. 9270 55. 9270 27. 9635 57. 14 0. 000
k 1 3. 2173 3. 2173 3. 2173 6. 57 0. 014
n*p 4 4. 2752 4. 2752 1. 0688 2. 18 0. 087
n*k 2 0. 7301 0. 7301 0. 3650 0. 75 0. 480
p*k 2 0. 1128 0. 1128 0. 0564 0. 12 0. 891
n*p*k 4 2. 1958 2. 1958 0. 5490 1. 12 0. 359
Er r or 43 21. 0427 21. 0427 0. 4894
Tot al 71 206. 8876

S = 0. 699547 R- Sq = 89. 83% R- Sq( adj ) = 83. 21%

The probability of significance of pairwise comparisons among levels of N based on Tukey
Simultaneous Tests are
i/j 40 80 120
40 .
80 0.0000 .
120 0.0000 0.0000 .

The probability of significance of pairwise comparisons among levels of P based on Tukey
Simultaneous Tests are
i/j 0 40 80
0 .
40 0.0000 .
80 0.0000 0.0121 .

The probability of significance of pairwise comparisons among levels of K based on Tukey
Simultaneous Tests are
Difference SE of Adjusted
K of Means Difference T-Value P-Value
40 -0 0.4228 0.1649 2.564 0.0139
Similarly the probability of significance of pairwise comparisons among levels of N*P, N*K,
P*K and N*P*K based on Tukey Simultaneous Tests can be obtained.
Diagnostics and Remedial Measures
Steps for carrying out these Diagnostics and Remedial Measures using MINITAB

First of all fit the model as per the design adopted using the options Stat ANOVA
General Linear Model from the menus and from the Dialog Box Select storage and store
residuals in a column in the worksheet. Once the residuals are stored on the worksheet, then
use the following steps.
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Testing Normality
From the menus choose: StatBasic StatisticsNormalityIn the Dialog Box. Select the
stored residual as variable in Variable list and then select one of the three tests viz. Anderson-
Darling, Ryan-J oiner and Kolmogrov-Smirnov tests and Click OK.
Test for Homogeneity of Variances
From the menus choose: StatANOVATest for Equality of VariancesIn the Dialog Box.
Select the stored residual in the Response Box and Treatment in the Factors Box and then
choose the confidence level and Click OK.
Transformations of Data
For making logarithmic, square root and arcsine transformation, one can use the
CalcCalculator. It is followed by storing the result in a variable by entering a target column
in the worksheet. Then define the functions that are to be used for transformation in the
Expression SubDialog Box. For logarithmic transformation, define LOGT (Column number
or variable name to be transformed) and Click OK. The transformed data will be stored in the
target column. For square root transformation, use SQRT (Column number or variable name
to be transformed) in the Expression SubDialog Box and for Arcsine transformation, use the
expression ASIN (sqrt of the column number in which data is given/100)*180*7/22. The
multiplication by 180*7/22 is done to convert the data from radians to degrees. If the original
data lies between 0 and 1, then do not divide by 100.
Now perform the analysis again and test normality and homogeneity of error terms. If the
errors are now normal and homogeneous, perform the analysis on the transformed data,
otherwise use an appropriate non-parametric test. For performing the non-parametric analysis,
from the menus choose: StatNonparametricsAppropriate test (Friedman, say)In the
Dialog Box select Response, Treatment and Block variables and Click OK.

Example 2.4: Suppose an entomologist is interested in determining whether four different
kinds of traps caught equivalent insects when applied to same field. Each of the traps is used
six times on the field and resulting data (number of insects per hour) are as shown below
alongwith mean, variance and range.

Treatment Replication Mean Variance Range
I II III IV V VI
i
Y
2
i
S

A 3 1 12 7 17 2 7 40.4 16
B 9 29 21 24 28 45 31 138.4 36
C 63 84 97 61 98 71 79 270.8 37
D 172 118 109 172 143 168 147 798.4 63

From the table it is clear that variances are heterogeneous and variance is proportional to
mean.

Obtain the residuals for testing the normality and homogeneity of error terms. The
residuals obtained are given below:
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I-194

Treatment Replication Mean Variance
I II III IV V VI 2
i
S
A -1.00 0.75 10.00 -1.25 3.25 -11.75 0 50.35
B -14.00 9.75 0.00 -3.25 -4.75 12.25 0 94.85
C -13.00 11.75 23.00 -19.25 12.25 -14.75 0 314.85
D 28.00 -22.25 -33.00 23.75 -10.75 14.25 0 650.20

Normality of error terms:
Anderson-Darling Test Ryan-Joiner Test Kolmogrov-Smirnov Test
Statistic
(AD)
p-value Statistic
(RJ)
p-value Statistic
(KS)
p-value
0.208 0.848 0.992 >0.100 0.110 >0.150

The errors were found to be normally distributed. Therefore, homogeneity of error
variances was tested using Bartlett's test.

Using MINITAB, we get the output as
Bartlett's Test (normal distribution)
Test statistic =8.32, p-value =0.040

The
. i
2
i
Y
S
are 5.77, 5.32, 3.43 and 5.43, indicating that variance is proportional to mean.
Therefore, square root transformation should be used. After application of square root
transformation, the residuals are
Treatment Replication Variance
I II III IV V VI 2
i
S
A -0.03614 -0.92542 1.05800 0.20614 0.98287 -1.28544 0.928
B -1.34939 0.87854 -0.40473 -0.12183 -0.42993 1.42735 0.999
C -0.28226 0.78841 0.99143 -1.08068 0.30794 -0.72483 0.694
D 1.66779 -0.74153 -1.64469 0.99637 -0.86087 0.58293 1.622

Normality of error terms on the transformed data:
Anderson-Darling Test Ryan-Joiner Test Kolmogrov-Smirnov Test
Statistic
(AD)
p-value Statistic
(RJ)
p-value Statistic
(KS)
p-value
0.391 0.353 0.984 >0.100 0.127 >0.150

The errors remain normally distributed after transformation. The results of homogeneity of
error variances using Bartlett's test are

Bartlett's Test (normal distribution): Test statistic =0.89, p-value =0.828
Hence, we conclude that the errors are normally distributed and have a constant variance after
transformation.
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I-195

The results of analysis of variance with original and transformed data are given in the sequel.
ANOVA: Original Data
Source DF Seq SS Adj. SS Mean Square F (F-calc) p(Pr>F)
Replication 5 689.0 689.0 137.8 0.37 0.86
Treatment 3 70828.5 70828.5 23609.5 63.80 0.00
Error 15 5551.0 5551.0 370.1
Total 23 77068.5

R-Square R-Sq(Adj) s (Root MSE)
92.80% 88.96% 19.2371


Tukey Simultaneous Tests for All Pairwise Treatment Comparisons
1 2 3 4
1 .
2 0.3525 .
3 0.0001 0.0013 .
4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 .


ANOVA: Transformed Data
Source DF Seq SS Adj. SS Mean Square F (F-calc) p(Pr>F)
Replication 5 5.055 5.055 1.011 0.71 0.622
Treatment 3 326.603 326.603 108.868 76.98 0.000
Error 15 21.214 21.214 1.414
Total 23 352.872

R-Square R-Sq(Adj) s (Root MSE)
93.99% 90.78% 1.18922

Tukey Simultaneous Tests for All Pairwise Treatment Comparisons
1 2 3 4
1 .
2 0.0091
3 0.0000 0.0003
4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0015 .

With transformed data treatments 1 and 2 are significantly different whereas with original
data, they were not.

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I-196
Probit Analysis
Example 1: Finney (1971) gave a data representing the effect of a series of doses of
carotene (an insecticide) when sprayed on Macrosiphoniella sanborni (some obscure
insects). The Table below contains the concentration, the number of insects tested at each
dose, the proportion dying and the probit transformation (probit+5) of each of the
observed proportions.

Concentration
(mg/1)
No. of
insects (n)
No. of
affected (r)
%kill (P) Log
concentration
(x)
Empirical
probit
10.2 50 44 88 1.01 6.18
7.7 49 42 86 0.89 6.08
5.1 46 24 52 0.71 5.05
3.8 48 16 33 0.58 4.56
2.6 50 6 12 0.41 3.82
0 49 0 0 - -
Steps for carrying out the Probit Analysis using MINITAB
For the data given in example 1, first enter the data in the Worksheet of MINITAB in three
coumns C1: dose; C2: total Insects; C3: Insects killed or affected. Now create a column C4
for logdose by using LOGT(C1) using menu Calc.

Now Choose Stat >Reliability/Survival >Probit Analysis.

From the dialog box; Choose the data format "Success/trial" or "Response/frequency". In the
present case, the data is in success trial format, therefore, enter C3, the column containing the
number of successes in Number of Successes box and C2, the total number of trials in
Number of Trials subbox. In the subbox for stress/stimulus enter C4, the column containing
the logdose. Since, there is only one stimulus, therefore, the subbox pertaining to Factor
(optional) may be left blank. Choose the distribution as normal.
The other options available on the dialog box are: Estimate, Graphs, Options, Results and
Storage.

Using the option Estimate, One can
- estimate percentiles for the percents you specify. These percentiles are added to the
default table of percentiles.
- estimate survival probabilities for the stress values you specify.

One can also change the method of estimation for the confidence intervals and the level of
confidence. The default option is two sided 95% fiducial intervals.

Other options may also be used, as and when required. For this example, we chose the
additional percentiles as 65 and survival probabilities for stress level 0.9 (logdose).




Minitab: An Overview
I-197
Probit Analysis: affect, total versus logdose
Di st r i but i on: Nor mal
Response I nf or mat i on
Variable Value Count
af f ect Success 132
Fai l ur e 111
t ot al Tot al 243

Estimation Method: Maximum Likelihood
Regr essi on Tabl e
Standard
Variable Coef Error Z P
Const ant - 2. 88746 0. 350134 - 8. 25 0. 000
l ogdose 4. 21320 0. 478303 8. 81 0. 000

Log- Li kel i hood = - 120. 052

Goodness-of-Fit Tests
Method Chi-Square DF P
Pear son 1. 72888 3 0. 631
Devi ance 1. 73897 3 0. 628

Tolerance Distribution: Parameter Estimates
Standard 95.0% Normal CI
Parameter Estimate Error Lower Upper
Mean 0. 685338 0. 0220962 0. 642030 0. 728646
St Dev 0. 237349 0. 0269451 0. 190001 0. 296497

Table of Percentiles

Standard 95.0% Normal CI
Percent Percentile Error Lower Upper
1 0. 133180 0. 0686394 - 0. 0013503 0. 267711
2 0. 197882 0. 0617254 0. 0769020 0. 318861
3 0. 238933 0. 0573944 0. 126442 0. 351423
4 0. 269813 0. 0541723 0. 163638 0. 375989
5 0. 294933 0. 0515787 0. 193840 0. 396025
6 0. 316313 0. 0493935 0. 219504 0. 413123
7 0. 335060 0. 0474969 0. 241967 0. 428152
8 0. 351845 0. 0458160 0. 262047 0. 441643
9 0. 367110 0. 0443030 0. 280278 0. 453943
10 0. 381162 0. 0429251 0. 297031 0. 465294
20 0. 485580 0. 0332991 0. 420314 0. 550845
30 0. 560872 0. 0274617 0. 507048 0. 614696
40 0. 625206 0. 0238086 0. 578542 0. 671870
50 0. 685338 0. 0220962 0. 642030 0. 728646
60 0. 745470 0. 0224241 0. 701519 0. 789420
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65 0. 776793 0. 0233958 0. 730939 0. 822648
70 0. 809804 0. 0249330 0. 760936 0. 858672
80 0. 885096 0. 0299366 0. 826422 0. 943771
90 0. 989513 0. 0389715 0. 913131 1. 06590
91 1. 00357 0. 0402991 0. 924581 1. 08255
92 1. 01883 0. 0417626 0. 936978 1. 10068
93 1. 03562 0. 0433947 0. 950564 1. 12067
94 1. 05436 0. 0452427 0. 965688 1. 14304
95 1. 07574 0. 0473792 0. 982882 1. 16860
96 1. 10086 0. 0499232 1. 00301 1. 19871
97 1. 13174 0. 0530936 1. 02768 1. 23580
98 1. 17279 0. 0573685 1. 06035 1. 28523
99 1. 23750 0. 0642153 1. 11164 1. 36336

Table of Survival Probabilities
95. 0%Nor mal CI
St r ess Pr obabi l i t y Lower Upper
0. 9 0. 182888 0. 122757 0. 258650

Interpretation: The goodness-of-fit tests (p-values = 0.631, 0.628) suggest that the
distribution and the model fits the data adequately. In this case, the fitting is done on normal
equivalent deviate only without adding 5. Therefore, log LD50 or lof ED50 corresponds to the
value of Probit=0. Log LD50 is obtained as 0.685338. Therefore, the stress level at which the
50% of the insects will be killed is (10
0.685338
=4.845 mg/l). Similarly the stress level at which
65% of the insects will be killed is (10
0.776793
=5.981 mg/l). At logdose =0.9, what percentage
of insects will be killed? Results indicate that 18.29% of the insects will be killed.
If there are more than one factor used for experimentation, then for the analysis of data follow
the same steps as in Example 1 with the addition that in the factor subbox define factor as f.