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Ti liu tham kho:
ANH VN CHUYN
NGNH C KH



Trong cch hc phi bit ly t hc lm ct H Ch Minh
(Ti liu lu hnh ni b trong lp)
TP. H CH MINH 06/2013
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Bi 1: Engineering whats it all about?
K thut ni v nhng iu g?
Task 2:
Enginering is largely a practical activity. It is about putting ideas into action.
Civil engineering is concerned with making briges, roads, airports, etc. Mechanical
engineering deals with the design and manufacture of tools and machines.
Electrical engineering is about the generation and distribution of electricity and its
many applications. Electronic engineering is concerned with developing
components and equipment for communications, computing, and so on.
Mechanical engineering includes marine, automobile, aeronautical, heating
and ventilating, and other. Electrical engineering includes electricity generating,
electrical installation, lighting, ect. Mining and medical engineering belong partly
to mechanical and partly to electrical.
Bi dch:
K thut l mt hot ng thc tin ln lao. N ni v vic bin tng
thnh hnh ng. K thut cng chnh lin quan ti vic lm cu, ng, sn bay,
vn vn K thut c kh lin quan ti vic thit k v ch to dng c v my
mc. K thut in ni v vic sn xut v phn phi in, v cc ng dng ca
n. K thut in t lin quan ti vic pht trin linh kin v thit b ca thng tin
lin lc, tin hc, vn vn
K thut c kh bao gm hng hi, xe c, hng khng, nhit thng gi, v
mt s khc. K thut in bao gm sn xut in,, lp t in, chiu sang, vn
vn K thut khai khong v y t thuc v mt phn ca c kh v mt phn ca
in.
Task 4:
Transport: Cars, trains, ships, and planes are all products of mechanical
engineering. Mechanical engineers also involved in support services such as roads,
rail track, harbours, and bridges.
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Food processing: Mechanical engineers design, develop, and make the
machines and the processing equipment for harvesting, preparing and preserving
the foods and drinks that fill the supermarkets.
Medical engineering: Body scanners, X - ray machines, life-support systems,
and other high tech equipment result from mechanical and electrical engineers
combining with medical experts to convert ideas into life-saving and life-
preserving products.
Buiding services: Electrical engineers provide all the services we need in our
homes and places of work, including lighting, heating, ventilation, air-
conditioning, refrigeration, and lifts.
Energy and power: Electrical engineers are concerned with the production
and distribution of electricity to home, offices, industry, hospitals, colleges and
schools, and the installation and maintenance of the equipment involved in these
processes.
Bi dch:
Vn ti: Xe hi, tu ha, tu thy v my bay tt c l sn phm ca k
thut c kh. Cc k s c kh cng lin quan ti cc dch v h tr chng hn nh
ng, ng ray, bn cng, v cu.
Ch bin thc phm: Cc k s c kh thit k, pht trin v lm cc my v
cc thit b x l t thu hoch, chun b v bo qun thc n v thc ung cung
cp cho cc siu th.
K thut y t: My qut c th, my chp X quang, h thng h tr cuc
sng, v cc thit b cng ngh cao l kt qu t cc k s c kh v cc k s in
kt hp vi cc chuyn vin y t chuyn di cc tng thnh cc cng c cp
cu v duy tr cuc sng.
Dch v xy dng: Cc k s in cung cp tt c cc dch v chng ta cn
trong nh v ni lm vic, bao gm nh sng, nhit, thng gi, iu ha khng
kh, s lm lnh v thang my.
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Nng lng v nng lng in: Cc k s in lin quan n vic sn xut
v phn phi in nh, cng s, khu cng nghip, bnh vin, i hc v trng
hc, v lp t v bo qun cc thit b lin quan n cc quy trnh trn.
Task 5: A B
1 marine a air-conditioning
2 aeronautical b roads and briges
3 heating and ventilating c body scanners
4 electricity generating d cables and switchgear
5 automobile e communications and equipment
6 civil f ships
7 electronic g planes
8 electrical installation h cars and trucks
9 medical i power stations
Bi dch:
A B Ni
1. hng hi a. iu ha khng kh 1 f
2. hng khng b. ng v cu 2 g
3. nhit v thng gi c. my qut c th 3 d
4. sn xut in d. dy cp v cng tc 4 i
5. xe c e. thng tin lin lc v thit b 5 h
6. cng trnh f. tu thy 6 b
7. in t g. my bay 7 e
8. lp t in h. xe hi v xe ti 8 d
9. y t l. nh my in 9 c
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Bi 3: Engineering materials
Vt liu k thut
Task 2


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Vt liu c tnh tnh cht S dng
Kim loi
Nhm
Nh, mm, d ko si, tnh dn cao,
chng n mn
My bay, b phn my,
thit b nu n.
ng
Rt d dt mng, dai v d ko s, tnh
dn cao, chng n mn.
Dy in, c bo mch,
ng.
ng thau (65%
ng, 35% km)
Chng n mn tt, c tt, d gia cng.
C th lm tng bn c hc. Vt dn
tt.
Van, vi, vt c, v
tu, tip im in.
Thp cacbon thp
(st cha 0.15%
n 0.3% cacbon)
C bn cao, d ko si, dai, dt
mng kh. Khng th tng b c
hc v ti. Chi ph thp. Chng n mn
km.
Cng dng chung.
Thp cacbon cao
(st ch 0.7% n
1.4% cacbon)
Cng nht trong cc loi thp cacbon
nhng ko si v dt mng km. C
th lm tng bn c hc v ti.
Dng c ct chng hn
nh ci khoan, ci gia,
ci ca.
Nha nhit do
ABS
bn va chm cao v dai, chng try
xc, nh v bn.
Nn bo h, b phn xe
hi, my in thoi,
dng c nh bp.
Acrylic
Cng (n hi), cng, rt bn, tinh
khit, c th nh bng d dng. C
th to hnh d dng.
Thn my bay, bn tm,
knh i.
Nylon Cng, dai, chng mi mn, t bi trn.
bi, bnh rng, v ca
cc my chy bng nng
lng in.
Nha nhit rn
Nha Epoxy
bn cao khi gia c, chng mi mn
v chng ha cht.
Cht kt dnh, np chp
cc linh kin in.
Nha Polyester
Cng (n hi), cng, d ko si.
Chng nhit v chng ha cht tt.
Khun, thn xe v
thuyn.
Urea
formaldehyde
Cng (n hi), cng, bn, d ko si,
chng nhit v l cht cch in tt.
V bc in, cht kt
dnh.
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Task 4
A B C
1 An alloy allows heat or current to flow easily
2 A thermoplastic remains rigid at high temperatures
3 Mild steel does not allow heat or current to flow easily
4 A conductor a metal contains iron and 0.7% to 1.4% carbon
5 An insulator a material becomes plastic when heated
6 High carbon steel an alloy contains iron and 0.15% to 0.3% carbon
7 Brass formed by mixing ether metals or elements
8 A thermosetting plastic consists of copper and zinc
1. An alloy An alloy
Formed by mixing other metals or
elements
2. A thermoplastic A material Becomes plastic when heated
3. Mild steel A metal
Contains iron and 0.15% to 0.3%
carbon
4. A conductor A material
Allows heat or current to flow
easily
5. An insulator A metarial
Does not allow heat or current to
flow easily
6. High carbon steel A metal
Contain iron anh 0.7% to 1.4%
carbon
7. Brass An alloy Consists of copper and zinc
8. A thermosetting plastic A material Remains rigid at high temperatures

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Nha l vt liu tng hp. Chng c th c lm mm v khun tr
thnh nhng vt dng hu ch. Chng c nhiu ng dng trong k thut. Nha
c chia lm 2 loi: Nha nhit do v nha nhit rn.
ABS l nha nhit do chng dai v bn. Bi v chng c b va chm
cao, chng c s dng nhng ni xy ra ti trng t ngt.
Nylon l nha nhit do cng, dai. Chng c s dng nhng ni t
chuyn ng (yn tnh), ni vn hnh c ma st thp.
Acrylic c th to hnh bng nhiu cch. Chng cng, bn v c s dng
nhiu.
Nha Polyester l nha nhit rn s dng c. N c mt s c tnh hu
ch.
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Bi 4: Mechanisms
C hc my (c cu my)


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1. Cam - a cam 2. Tap - Vi 3. Pendulum - Con lc
4. Foot pump - Bm chn 5. Escalator - Thang cun
C hc my
C hc my l mt phn quan trng trong i sng hng ngy. Chng cho
php chng ta lm cc cng vic n gin nh bt cng tc n, m vi, v m
ca. Chng cng gip chng ta s dng thang cun v thang my, di chuyn
bng xe hi, v bay t lc a ny sang lc a khc.
Cc c cu my ng vai tr quan trong trong cng nghip. Trong khi
mt s quy trnh cng nghip c h thng iu khin in t, n vn cn phi c
c cu my cung cp nng lng lm vic. Chng cung cp lc nhn
cc tm thp thnh thn xe hi, nng cc b phn ln t ni ny n ni khc,
to lc ln cht do qua khun ko si lm thnh cc ng.
Tt c cc c cu my u lin quan ti mt s loi chuyn ng. C 4
loi c bn ca chuyn ng l:
Chuyn ng quay: Bnh xe, bnh rng, v con ln u lin quan ti s
chuyn ng quay.
Dao ng, lc: Con lc ca mt ng h dao ng n ung a ti v
lui.
Tuyn tnh: Chuyn ng tuyn tnh ca mt my ct giy c dng
ct cnh ca t giy.
Chuyn ng tnh tin: Pit tong ca mt ng c t trong chuyn ng
tnh tin.
Nhiu c cu my lin quan n nhng thay i mt loi chuyn ng
ny thnh mt chuyn ng khc. V d, chuyn ng tnh tin ca mt pit tng
c thay i thnh chuyn ng quay bi trc khuu, trong khi a cam
chuyn i chuyn ng quay ca ng c thnh chuyn ng tnh tin cn n
cho s hot ng ca van.
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Task 4:
1. Copper is hingly conductive.
It is used for electric wiring.
2. Weight is measuded in Newtons.
Mass is measured in kilogams
3. Nylon is used for bearings.
It is self lubricating.
4. ABS has high impact strength.
It is used for safety helmets.
5. The foot pump is a class 2 lever.
The load is between the effort and the fulcrum.
6. Friction is essential in brakes.
Friction is a nuisance in an engine.
7. The upper surface of a beam is in compression.
The lower surface is in tension.
8. Concrete beams have steel rods near the lower surface.
Concrete is weak in tension.
1. Because copper is highly conductive, it is used for electric wiring.
Bi v ng c tnh dn cao, n c s dng lm dy dn in.
2. Weight is measuded in Newtons but mass is measured in kilogams.
Trng lng c o bng Newtons nhng trng lng c o bng kilograms
3. Because Nylon is self lubricating, it is used for bearings.
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Bi v Nylon t bi trn oc, n c s dng lm bi.
4. ABS has high impact strength, so it is used for safety helmets.
ABS c tnh sc bn va chm cao,v vy n c s dng lm nn bo him
5. The foot pump is a class 2 lever because the load is between the effort and the
fulcrum.
My bm chn l mt n by 2 cp v ti l gia im ta v lc tc dng
6. Friction is essential in brakes but friction is a nuisance in an engine.
Ma st l iu cn thit trong phanh nhng ma st l mt mi phin toi trong mt
ng c.
7. The upper surface of a beam is in compression but the lower surface is in
tension.
B mt trn ca mt ct l lc nn nhng b mt di hn l lc cng.
8. Concrete beams have steel rods near the lower surface because concrete is weak
in tension.
Dm b tng c thanh thp gn b mt di hn v b tng yu trong sc cng.

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A B
1. dao ng a. thay i 1 g
2. quay b. ming ln, ming mng, ming phng 2 d
3. tnh tin c. thang di chuyn 3 h
4. chuyn ng tuyn tnh d. i vng quanh v trn 4 f
5. bin i e. chuyn ng 5 a
6. chuyn ng f. i theo ng thng 6 e
7. thang cun g. di chuyn ti v lui 7 c
8. tm h. di chuyn ln v xung 8 b

Task 7:

Bnh cam c to thnh t nhng mu nh ca kim loi hoc nha, hoc
nhng mu ln hn lp li, gn vo trc quay. Cnh cam c gi vi bnh cam
bng trng lng ca chnh n hoc bng l xo. Khi bnh cam quay, cnh cam di
chuyn. Cch m cnh cam di chuyn v khong cch n di chuyn ph thuc vo
hnh dng ca cam. Cam quay trn l loi ph bin nht. Chng c s dng
chuyn i chuyn ng quay thnh chuyn ng tnh tin hoc dao ng.

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Bi 5: Forces in engineering
Cc lc trong k thut
Task 3:

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Cc lc trong k thut.
gii quyt vn con tu, chng ta cn phi xem xt cc lc tc ng
ln con tu (hnh 1). Trong lng, W, tc dng hng xung. chnh l trng
lc. Lc ni, B, tc dng hng ln. T con tu trng thi cn bng, cc lc
tng hp bng 0, v vy ln ca B v W cn phi bng nhau.
C mt lc khc rt quan trng trong k thut l mt lc c gy ra bi s
n hi. Mt v d r rt ca iu ny l mt l xo. Cc l xo chu tc dng lc
cng nhiu th chng cng dn ra nhiu. c tnh ny cung cp mt n v o
lng lc. Ci l xo c th c tnh theo n v Newton, l mt n v ca lc.
Ci khi hnh 2 c trng lng l 10 Newton. Trng lng trng thi cn bng
ko l xo i xung. cn bng, l xo ko ln chng li trng lng ca vt ci
khi. l lc i ln, F1, bng vi trng lng ca khi, W.
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C mt iu cn bit phn bit gia khi lng v trng lng mt cch
tuyt i r rng. Trng lng l i lng ca vt cht trong vt th. Khi lng
l mt lc tc ng ln vt th bi trng lc. Trng lng c o theo kilogram,
trong khi trng lng, bn cht ca lc, c o bng n v Newton.
Chng ta bit cc lc: lc ni, lc n hi, trng lc. Lc th 4 quan
trng trong k thut, l lc ma st. Lc ma st n gip trong mt vi trng
hp nhng cn tr mt s trng hp khc. Chng ta hy i n v d v lc trn
ci hp (hnh 3). u tin, l trng lng, W, trng lc, sau l phn lc, R,
vung gc vi mt phng. W v R lc tng hp c gng ko ci hp i xung
ng dc. N l lc ma st, F, tc dng i ln ng dc, iu ny lm n dng
trt i xung.
Task 4:

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Lc ma st trong my mc l c hi v lng ph. N l nguyn nhn lm cc
b phn chuyn ng b mn v sinh ra nhit ni m nhit khng c mong
mun. Cc k s gim ma st bng cch s dng vt liu c bng cao v t bi
trn b mt bng du v m. H cng s dng bi cu v bi a bi v nhng vt
ln gy ra t ma st vi nhng vt trt.
Language study:
1. A block of wood is placed on a flat surface.
2. A spring balance is attached to one end of the block.
3. A graclually in crearing is applied to the balance
4. The force at which the block just begins to move is noted.
5. The block is pulled along at a study spead.
6. The forces required to maintain movement is noted.
7. The two force are compared.

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Bi 6: The electric motor
ng c in
Task 2


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Bi dch:
Trong ng c in, 1 dng in v t trng to ra chuyn ng quay. iu
c th iu khin tt c cc loi my mc, t ng h eo tay n xe la. Mt
ng c c trnh by hnh 1 l ca mt my git. N l mt ng c chnh, ci
m c th chy bng dng in mt chiu hay dng in xoay chiu.
Mt dng in chy qua mt si dy sinh ra t trng quanh si dy. Nu
mt dng in i qua mt vng kn ca si dy cng vi mt thanh st xuyn qua
n (si dy), thanh st b nhim t. N c gi l nam chm in; mt u tr
thnh cc bc v mt u l cc nam, ph thuc vo cch dng in chy xung
quanh vng kn.
Nu bn t 2 cc nam chm kht nhau, cng cc v d, 2 cc bc th
y nhau, v cc cc khc nhau th ht nhau.
Trong ng c in n gin, nh mt ng c c trnh by hnh 2, mt
mu st vi mt vng dy kn bao quanh n, gi l phn ng, c t gia cc
bc v cc nam ca mt nam chm c nh, c xem nh l phn cm. Khi dng
in i quanh cun dy phn ng, thanh st tr thnh nam chm in.
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Lc ht v lc y gia cc ca phn ng v cc ca phn cm lm cho
phn ng quay. Dn n kt qu, cc bc ca phn cm gn vi cc nam ca phn
ng. Sau dng in i chiu cc bc ca phn ng tr thnh cc nam. Mt ln
nh vy na, lc ht v lc y gia cc cc ca phn ng v phn cm lm cho
phn cm quay. Phn ng tip tc quay cng vi chiu dng in, v v vy cc
cc ca t trng c o lin tc.
o chiu dng in, nhng u dy ca phn ng ni vi cc na khc
nhau ca mt vng ct gi l c gp. Dng in i vo v i ra c gp i qua
nhng khi carbon nh gi l chi than. Khi phn ng quay, mt na u tin ca
c gp i n tip xc vi chi than cung cp dng in, v sau na tip theo, v
vy chiu ca dng in c o chiu lin tc.

B phn Chc nng Ni
1. phn ng a. truyn chuyn ng quay t ng c 1 c
2. vng bi b. to ra mt trng in t 2 e
3. chi than c. chuyn i nng lng in quay 3 f
4. c gp d. o chiu dng in cho phn ng 4 d
5. iu khin trc e. h tr iu khin trc 5 a
6. phn cm cun dy f. cung cp dng in cho phn ng 6 - b


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Unit 9: Safety at work (An ton trong lm vic)
Task 3:
1. Wear protective clothing at all times.
2. Always wear eye protection when operating lathes, cutters, and grinders
and ensure the guard is in place.
3. Keep your workplace tidy.
4. The areas between benches and around machines must be kept clear.
5. Tools should be put away when not in use and any breakages and losses
reported.
6. Machines should be cleaned after use.
1. Mc qun o bo h tt c cc ln.
2. Lun lun eo knh bo v mt khi vn hnh my tin, my ct, v my
nghin v m bo ni lm vic c bo v.
3. Gi cho ni lm vic ca bn gn gng.
4. Cc vng gia cc bng gh v xung quanh my phi c gi sch.
5. Dng c cn c ct i khi khng s dng v bt k h hi v tn tht
phi bo co.
6. My mc cn c lm sch sau khi s dng.
Task 4:
Accident investigation
Whenever an accident occurs that results in an injury (medical case),
damage of equipment and material, or both, prompt accident investigation by the
immediate manager is required. A written preliminary investigation will be
completed by the end of the particular shift or business day on which the accident
occurred.
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In no event should there be a delay of more than 24 hours. Failure to comply
with this requirement may subject the immediate manager to disciplinary action up
to and including discharge.
Without adequate accident investigation data the Company may be subject
to costs, claims, and legal action for which it has no defence.
As a minium, the preliminary accident investigation report will include the
following:
1. Name, occupation, and sex of injured worker.
2. Place and date/time of accident.
3. Description of how the accident happened.
4. Immediate causes of the accident unsafe acts and unsafe conditions.
5. Contributing causes manager safety performance, lever of worker
training, inadequate job procedure, poor protective maintenance, ect.
6. Witness (es) name and department.
7. Corrective action taken when.
The employee who was injured and any employee(s) who witnessed the
incident should be separately interviewed as soon as possible. A copy of the report
must be submitted to the Manager Human Resources for review. Another copy of
the report is to be retained for a period of not less than the injured employees
length of employment plus five (5) years.
iu tra tai nn
Bt c khi no xy ra mt v tai nn th kt qu l mt chn thng (trng
hp y t), thit hi ca cc thit b v vt liu, hoc c hai, tai nn nhanh chng
iu tra bi ngi qun l ngay lp tc c yu cu. Mt vn bn iu tra s b
s c hon thnh vo cui cuc iu tra hoc cui ngy lm vic m xy ra
tai nn.
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Khng c trng hp cn phi c mt s chm tr hn 24 gi. Nu khng
tun th cc yu cu ny c th khin ngi qun l ngay lp tc x l ln n k
lut v bao gm c ui vic
Nu khng c y d liu iu tra tai nn Cng ty c th chu chi ph,
khiu ni, v khi kin m khng c bo v.
Ti thiu, bo co iu tra tai nn ban u s bao gm:
1. Tn, ngh nghip, v gii tnh ca ngi lao ng b thng.
2. a im v ngy / thi gian xy ra tai nn.
3. M t tai nn xy ra nh th no.
4. Nguyn nhn trc tip ca tai nn trong iu kin khng an ton v an
ton
5 Nguyn nhn ng gp - thc hin an ton qun l, trnh ca ngi lao
ng, quy trnh lm vic khng ng, bo tr bo h km, vv
6 Nhn chng (Nhiu nhn chng) - tn v b phn.
7 Hnh ng khc phc khi no.
Ngi lao ng b thng v bt k nhn vin (nhiu nhn vin) ngi
chng kin s c nn c phng vn ring cng sm cng tt. Mt bn sao ca
bn bo co phi c gi cho ngi qun l nhn s xem xt. Mt bn sao ca
bn bo co l c gi li trong thi gian khng t hn thi gian cc nhn vin
lm cng vic ny b thng cng vi nm (5) nm.
Task 7:1 Many accidents happen.
Workers carelessness.
2. Education can reduce accidents.
It is important that all workers receive training is basic safety.
3. Eye injuries can be serious.
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Goggles must be worn for grinding and cutting.
4. Safety gloves provide protection for the hands.
They preven burns.
They reduce the danger of cuts.
5. Safety shoes protect the feet against falling objects.
They prevent the feet getting caught in machinery.
6. Respirator should be worn in dusty conditions.
Dust can damage the lungs.
7. Safety gear exists for every danger.
Each year people are injured.
They refuse or forget to wear the right gear.
1. Many accidents happen because of workers carelessness.
2. Education can reduce accidents because it is important that all workers
receive training is basic safety.
3. Eye injuries can be serious so oggles must be worn for grinding and
cutting.
4. Safety gloves provide protection for the hands for example / because
they preven burns and they reduce the danger of cuts.
5. Safety shoes protect the feet against falling objects in addion / more over
they prevent the feet getting caught in machinery.
6. Respirator should be worn in dusty conditions because must can damage
the lungs.
7. Safety gear exists for every danger for example each year people are
injured because they refuse or forget to wear the righ.
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Bi 11: Washing machine - My git
Task 3:

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H thng iu khin trong nh
Hu ht cc thit b trong nh c mt s loi iu khin. V d, bn c th
iu khin m lng ca TV bng cch s dng 1 ci iu khin t xa. S khi
ca mt h thng iu khin l:
Ng vo c th l bt k mt di chuyn hay bt k mt s thay i trong mi
trng. V d, h nhit c th l nguyn nhn cho h thng gia nhit hot ng.
B iu khin c th thay i kch thc ca ng ra (v d, thay i m
thanh ca TV). Thng th ci ny lien quan n s thay i ca mt loi ng vo
thnh mt loi khc ca ng ra. V d, m ca s c th kch hot chung bo
trm.
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Ng ra c th nhiu loi. Mt h thng chung bo c th rung ci chung,
bt n, v gi tin nhn in thoi ti cnh st.
Hu ht cc h thng iu khin l mt vng kn (chu trnh kn). iu ny
ngha l chng kt hp mt cch kim tra ng ra l chnh xc. Ni cch khc,
chng c tn hiu hi tip. B iu nhit trong h thng gia nhit trung tm (hnh
2) cung cp tn hiu hi tip khng i ti b iu khin.
H thng iu khin ca mt my git hin i phi xem xt nhiu vn
khc nhau. Chng l v tr ca, mc nc, nhit nc, s ln git v x, v tc
quay lng git. Hu ht cc yu t ny oc quyt nh khi bn la chn ch
git no s dng.
Hnh 3 l s khi ca mt h thng iu khin my git.Bn c th nhn
thy rng y l mt h thng vng kn kh phc tp s dng tn hiu hi tip
kim tra mc nc, nhit nc, v tc quay lng git.
B iu khin l tri tim ca h thng. N nhn v gi tn hiu ra ngoi ci
m iu khin tt c cc hot ng ca my. N cng c kh nng chn on cc
li c th xy ra, dng chng trnh, v thng bo cho k s bo hnh l b li no.
N l mt ci my tnh nh, tinh vi, ging cc my tnh khc, s dng ngn ng
lp trnh.
Task 4:

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V tr ca
My s khng khi ng bt k chng trnh no tr khi ci ca c ng
v kha hon ton. Khi ci ca oc kha, n (ng kn) hon thnh mch in
ci ny nung nng mt u cm bin nhit . Ci ny n ra khi n nng ln, y
ci kha c kh vo ng ch v ng cng tc. Cng tc truyn tn hiu ti b
iu khin rng l ca ng v kha. Ch khi n nhn oc tn hiu s khi
ng b iu khin cho chng trnh git.
Mc nc
Khi chng trnh git bt u n m van ci m cho php nc vo.
Thng c hai trong s cc loi van, 1 nc nng, v mt nc lnh. Mi ci phi
c iu khin mt cch ring bit ph thuc vo nhit nc cn thit cho
chng trnh. Van c vn hnh theo nguyn tc in t, ngha l chng m v
ng in.
Mc nc tng ln c kim tra bng cm bin o mc nc. p sut ca
khng kh trong ng nha tng ln khi n c nn bi nc tng. Cm bin p
sut gi thng bo cho b iu khin khi p sut t c v b iu khin s dng
thng tin ny quyt nh khi ng van cho nc vo.
Nhit nc
Cm bin nhit , mt loi ca nhit k - ci c gn bn trong lng git,
i lng o nhit nc v gi tn hiu ti b iu khin. B iu khin s
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snh n vi nhit cn thit cho chng trnh s dng. Nu nhit nc 5 qu
thp, b iu khin s ng cng tc gia nhit. Cm bin nhit tip tc kim tra
nhit v truyn thng bo cho b iu khin. Khi nhit chnh xc t c,
b iu khin tt cng tc nhit v chuyn n giai on tip ca chng trnh.
ng h
B iu khin bao gm mt b nh - ci m ni mi giai on ca chng
trnh ko di bao lu. Thi gian c th khc nhau t mi chng trnh. ng h
in t c lp vo b iu khin gi b nh ca thng tin b iu khin trong
mi gian on ca mi chng trnh git l chnh xc bao lu.
Tc lng git
Trong sut chu k git v x ca chng trnh, lng git quay vi tc
khc nhau. Hu ht cc my s dng ba tc quay khc nhau: 53 vng / pht cho
git, 83 vng / pht cho phn phi ti trc khi vt, 100 vng / pht cho vt.
B iu khin gi tn hiu ti ng c to ra tc quay ny. ng c
khi ng mt cch chm chp, sau dn dn tng tc . Cm bin tc , mt
my pht tc, gi thng bo ti b iu khin, nh tc quay t c. B
iu khin s dng thng tin ny iu khin nng lng ng c v iu khin
tc quay ca lng git trong sut thi gian.
Task 9:

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1. The temperature sensor measures the water temperature which is a type of
thermometer. ( Cm bin nhit i lng o ca nhit - ci ny l mt loi
ca nhit k).
2. The temperature sensor fits inside the washer drum and signals the water
temperature to the control unit. (Cm bin nhit oc gn bn trong lng git
v gi tn hiu nhit nc ti b iu khin).
3. The control unit compares the water temperature with the temperature
which is needed for the programme being used. (B iu khin so snh nhit
nc vi nhit ci cn thit cho chng trnh ang c s dng).
4. If the water temperature is too low, the control unit will switch on the
heater. (Nu nhit nc qu thp, b iu khin s bt cng tc gia nhit).
5. The temperature sensor continues to check the temperature and keeps the
control unit informed. (Cm bin nhit tip tc kim tra nhit v gi li
thng bo cho b iu khin).
6. When The correct temperature is reached, the control unit switches off
the heater and the control unit moves on to the next stage of the programme. (Khi
nhit chnh xc t , b iu khin tt cng tc gia nhit v b iu khin
chuyn sang giai on tip theo ca chng trnh).

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Bi 13: Lasers
Task 2:


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Lasers (khuch i nh sng bi s kch thch pht ra ca bc x)
l nhng thit b khuch i nh sng v to ra chm nh sng c cng
rt mnh, c hng v n sc. Chng c th trng thi rn, kh,
bn dn hoc cht lng.
Khi lasers c pht minh vo nm 1960, mt s ngi ngh chng
c s dng nh tia cht. Trong nhng nm 1980, nc M tin
hnh th nghim cng vi lasers nh mt thit b chng li tn la ht
nhn. Ngy nay, chng c s dng pht hin mc tiu. Nhng mt
phn c qun i s dng, chng c nhiu ng dng trong k thut,
thng tin lin lc, y hc, v ngh thut.
Trong k thut, chm sng lasers y nng lng c th tp trung
trn mt din tch nh. Chm sng ny c th lm nng, tan chy hoc
bc hi vt liu trong mt cch rt chnh xc. Chng c th s dng
khoan kim cng, ct hnh dng phc tp trong vt liu t nha n
thp, dng cho hn im v cho k thut x l b mt, chng hn nh
lm cng cnh qut tuabin trong ng c my bay. Chm tia lasers cng
c th c s dng o lng v sp xp cu trc.
Lasers l l tng cho cng ngh thng tin trong khng gian. nh
sng lasers c th mang nhiu knh thng tin hn nh sng c bc sng
ngn bi v n c tn s cao. Ngoi ra, n c th di chuyn xa m khng
mt i sc bn tn hiu. Lasers cng c th c s dng ghi v c
thng tin. a CD c c bng tia lasers.
Trong y hc, chm lasers c th iu tr cc t bo b h hng
trong mt phn nh ca mt giy m khng lm tn hi n cc t bo
khe mnh. Chng c th s dng trong gii phu mt rt chnh xc.
Trong ngh thut, Lasers c th cung cp bui trnh din tuyt vi
ca nh sng. Bui ha nhc pop thng i km vi trnh din lasers.
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Task 7, Task 8:
a. Nha nng b cng bc phi i qua ci khun to thnh mt chiu di
lin tc ca ng.
b. Trc vt quay cng bc nha i vo b phn lm nng.
c. Cc ht nha c trn ln v c t trong phu.
d. Cc ng ng c lm lnh v ct n di ph hp.
e. Nha nng chy
Sp xp: 1- c, 2 b, 3 e, 4 a, 5 d
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Unit 22 : Corrosion n mn

Task 2:
Corrosion
A major consideration in engineering design is maintenance. One of the
commonest causes of failure in the long term is corrosion. This is any
deterioration in the component's appearance or physical properties.
Corrosion covers a number of processes whereby a metal changes state as a
result of some form of interaction with its environment. It often occurs where
water, either as a liquid or vapour in air of high humidity, is present.
In general, corrosion becomes worse when impurities are present in damp
conditions. It never starts inside a material, and there will always be surface
evidence that indicates corrosion exists, although close examination may be
needed.
A common example of corrosion is the rusting of steel where a conversion
of metallic iron to a mixture of oxides and other compounds occurs. This not only
changes the appearance of the metal but also results in a decrease in its cross-
section.
It is imperative that a design takes into account whether a material will be
affected in a particular environment and, if corrosion is likely, at what rate.
Many factors can intervene in a way to restrain its progress. An example is
aluminium and its alloys which perform satisfactorily in many engineering and
domestic applications when exposed to air and water. This is due to the rapid
production of a tough adherent film of oxide which protects the metal from further
attack so that corrosion halts.
Mt vn quan trng trong thit k k thut l bo tr. Mt trong nhng
nguyn nhn ph bin nht ca h hng trong thi gian di l n mn. l bt k
s xung cp hnh dng bn ngoi ca b phn hoc tnh cht vt l.
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n mn bao trm nhiu quy trnh, theo mt kim loi thay i trng thi l
kt qu ca mt s hnh thc tng tc vi nhau v mi trng ca n. N thng
xy ra ni nc, hoc l mt cht lng hoc l hi nc trong khng kh c m
cao, c tn ti.
Ni chung, n mn tr nn ti t hn khi cc tp cht tn ti trong iu kin
m t. N khng bao gi bt u bn trong mt vt liu, v s lun c nhng
bng chng b mt chng t s c mt ca n mn, mc d kim tra cht ch c
th cn thit.
Mt v d ph bin ca s n mn l g thp hp, nhng ni chuyn i ca
st kim loi thnh hn hp ca cc oxit v cc hp cht khc xy ra. iu ny
khng ch thay i hnh dng bn ngoi ca kim loi m cn l kt qu lm gim
tit din mt ct ngang ca n.
iu quan trng rng mt thit k cn c xem xt cho d mt vt liu s
b nh hng trong mt mi trng c th no , v nu n mn l c, th n
cp no.
Nhiu yu t c th can thip mt cch hn ch tin trnh ca n. Mt v
d l nhm v hp kim ca n m tho ng s dng trong nhiu k thut v ng
dng trong nh khi tip xc vi khng kh v nc. iu ny l nguyn nhn sn
xut ra nhanh mt lp dai dnh cht ca xt ci ny bo v kim loi t s tn
cng mnh hn v vy s n mn ngng li.
Task 5:
A B
1. reduction in cross-section a. corrosion
2. insulation breakdown b. bearing failure
3. overtightening c. excessive heat
4. overloading a circuit d. Shearing in metal
5. carelessness e. loss of strength
6. impurities f. shearing in bolts
7. lack of lubrication g. blown fuses
8. friction h. short circuits
9. repeated bending i. accidents
10. overrunning an electric motor j. wear and teax in machinery
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A B Ni
1. gim tit din mt ct ngang a n mn 1 e
2. vt cch in h hng b. h hng 2 h
3. xit qu cht c. nhit nng ln 3 f
4. dng in qu ti d. kim loi b t 4 g
5. thiu thn trng e. mt i bn 5 i
6 . tp cht f. bu lng b t 6 a
7. thiu bi trn g. 7 j
8. ma st h. dng in ngn mch 8 c
9. b i b li i. tai nn 9 d
10. ng c chy qu ti j. mi mn v x rch my 10 b


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Unit 28: Robortic
(Khoa hc ngi my)

Task 3
The manipulator ,
This is the bit which actually does the mechanical work, and in this case it is
anthropomorphic (i.e. of human-like form), resembling an arm.
The power supply
For heavy-duty hydraulic or pneumatic machines this will be a compressor.
In smaller, lightweight versions which use electrical stepper motors rather than
hydraulics or pneumatics, this would be omitted.
The computer
The controlling computer is fitted with appropriate interfaces. These may
include digital inputs, digital outputs, ADCs (analoguelo to - digital converters),
DACs (digital - to - analogue converters), or stepper motor control ports. These
control the various compressors, stepper motors, and solenoids, and receive signal
from the manipulator's sensors.
Tay my
y l phn ci m thc s lm vic ca c kh, v trong trng hp ny
n l thuyt hnh ngui (ngha l hnh dng ging con ngi), tng t nh mt
cnh tay.
Cung cp nng lng in
i vi ti trng nng, ngun cung cp nng lng s l my thy lc hoc
kh nn. Trong phin bn nh hn, ti trng nh s dng in ng c bc tt hn
so vi thy lc hoc kh nn, iu ny s c b qua.
My tnh
Cc my tnh iu khin c trang b vi cng giao tip ph hp. Ci ny
c th bao gm u vo tn hiu s, u ra tn hiu s, ADCs ( chuyn i tn hiu
tng t thnh tn hiu s), DACs ( chuyn i tn hiu s thnh tn hiu tng t),
hoc cng iu khin ng c bc. Ci ny iu khin cc my nn kh, ng c
bc, v cun dy in khc nhau, v nhn c tn hiu t cc cm bin ca tay
my.

Task 4:
Work volume
Robots are multifunctional so an important design issue for the manipulator
is its 'work volume': the volume of space into which it can be positioned. The
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greater the work volume, the more extensive the range of tasks it can be
programmed to carry out.
As a human being, your work volume consists of all the places your hands
can reach. Most industrial robots have a much more limited work volume because
they are bolted to the floor. Even with the same limitation applied, however, the
human body is a very flexible machine with a work volume described very
approximately - by a cylinder about 2.2 m high with a radius of about 1.8 m and a
domed top.
Degrees of freedom
In order to achieve flexibility of motion within a three - dimensional space, a
robot manipulator needs to be able to move in at least three dimensions. The
technical jargon is that it requires at least three 'degrees of freedom'. Figs 2a-d
show a number of the more common types of robot manipulator mechanisms. Each
has the requisite three degrees of freedom, allowing either linear or rotational
movement.
Khng gian lm vic.
Ngi my l a chc nng v vy mt vn thit k quan trng i vi tay
my l th tch lm vic ca n: th tch ca khong khng m n c th xc nh
v tr. Th tch lm vic cng ln, phm vi cng vic n c th lp trnh thc
hin c m rng hn.
Nh mt con ngi, th tch lm vic ca bn bao gm tt c cc ni tay ca
bn c th t c. Hu ht cc ngi my cng nghip c gii hn khng gian
lm vic nhiu bi v chng c bt bu lng xung sn. Ngay c vi cng mt
gii hn p dng, th, c th con ngi l mt c my rt linh hot vi mt th tch
lm vic c m t xp x bng mt hnh tr cao khong 2,2 m vi bn knh
khong 1,8 m v mt mi vm pha trn.
Bc t do
t c s linh hot ca chuyn ng trong mt khng gian ba chiu,
mt tay my ngi my cn c kh nng di chuyn trong t nht ba phng. Thut
ng k thut ni rng n i hi t nht ba bc t do. Hnh 2.a-d trnh by mt s
loi ph bin ca c hc tay my ngi my. Mi ci i hi ba bc t do, cho
php chuyn ng tuyn tnh hoc chuyn ng quay.

Task 5
Common types of manipulator
Fig. 2a is the simplest. Its three degrees of freedom are all linear and at right
angles to each other, so they correspond to the three Cartesian co-ordinates.
Driving it presents no mathematical difficulties, since each degree of freedom
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controls a single Cartesian co-ordinate without affecting the others. Fairly
obviously, the work volume of the Cartesian manipulator is a cube.
Cc loi tay my ph bin
Hnh 2a l loi n gin nht. Tt c ba bc t do ca n l tuyn tnh v
vung gc vi nhau tng i mt, do chng tng ng vi ba trc to
Cc. Lm cho n hot ng khng kh khn trnh by v ton hc, t mi bc
t do iu khin mt trc m khng nh hng n nhng trc khc. Kh r rng,
khng gian lm vic ca tay my Cc l mt hnh lp phng.

Task 6
Text 1
The second type of manipulator, shown in Fig.2.b, is called a cylindrical
manipulator because of the shape of its work volume. It has one rotational and two
linear degrees of freedom. Because of the rotational aspect, however, the maths
needed to position it becomes more involved, which mean that for a given response
speeds a faster processor is necessary.
Text 2
Fig.2.c shown the spherical manipulator which has two rotational and one
linear degrees of freedom. The work volume is indeed a sphere, and once again
the complexity of positioning the device increases.
Text 3
The final type of manipulator has three rotational degrees of freedom. This is
the most complex type to control, but it has increased flexibility. Fig.2.d shows this
type of manipulator - the anthropomorphic arm. The work volume of a practical
manipulator of this form is shown in Fig.3. You will notice that it is basically
spherical but has missing portions due to the presence of the arm itself and because
the rotations cannot achieve a full 360 degrees. The scallops on the inner surface
are caused by constraints imposed by the joints.
Text 1
Loi th hai ca tay my, trnh by hnh 2b, c gi l mt tay my hnh
tr bi v hnh dng khng gian lm vic ca n. N c mt bc t do quay v hai
bc t do tuyn tnh. Bi v tn ti bc t do quay, nn, ton hc cn thit xc
nh v tr n tr nn lin quan nhiu hn, ci ny ngha l vi mt tc phn ng
cho trc cn mt b vi x l nhanh hn l iu cn thit.
Text 2
Hnh 2.c trnh by mt tay my hnh cu ci ny c hai bc t do quay v
mt bc t do tuyn tnh. Th tch lm vic ca n thc s l mt hnh cu, v mt
ln na s phc tp ca vic xc nh v tr thit b c tng ln.
Text 3
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Cc loi cui cng ca tay my c ba bc t do quay. y l loi phc tp
nht iu khin, nhng linh hot c tng ln. Hnh 2d trnh by loi tay
my ny ci tay my dng hnh ngi. Th tch lm vic ca mt tay my thc t
dng ny c trnh by trong hnh 3. Bn ch rng v c bn l hnh cu nhng
c nhng phn b mt i bi v s tn ti ca chnh ci tay v bi v chuyn ng
quay khng th t c 360 y . Cc dng v s ca b mt bn trong c
to ra bi rng buc p t nhng khp ni vi nhau.

Task 10
Stepper motors are useful wherever accurate control of movement is
required. They are used extensively in robotics and in printers, plotters and
computer disk drives, all of which require precise positioning or speed. In a plotter,
for example, by using two motors running at 90 degrees to each other, they can be
used to drive a pen an exact distance in all directions. In robotics, they are used to
position manipulators exactly where required.

A stepper motor does not run in the same way as a normal DC motor, i.e.
continuously rotating. Instead, it runs in a series of measured steps. Theses steps
are triggered by pulses from a computer, each pulse making the motor turn either
in a forward or a reverse direction by an exact interval, typically 1.8, 2.5, 3.75, 7.5
15, or 30 degrees. Accuracy is within 3% to 5% of the last step.

The rotor in a stepper motor is constructed from several permanent magnets
with north and south poles. The stator is wound into a series of electromagnets,
usually four, which can be switched on and off. Figs.5.a and b illustrate the
operation of a permanent magnet-type stepper motor. When current is applied to
the stator coils, it creates the pole arrangement shown in Fig.5.a. Poles 1 and 2 are
north. Hence, the rotor south pole is attracted to both of them and settles in the mid
position as shown. When the stator currents are changed to produce the pole
arrangement shown in Fig.5.b. pole 1 has south polarity. This repels the rotor
which moves to the new position as shown. Each polarity change on the stator
causes the rotor to move (in this case) 45 degrees.

Stepper motors can be divided into two groups. The first one works without
a permanent magnet. The second one has a permanent magnet, usually located on
the rotor.

Variable reluctance motors form the first group. As there is no permanent
magnet, the variable reluctance motor has practically no detent torque. The rotor
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spins freely and gives good acceleration and high speed if lightly loaded.
Applications include micropositioning tables.
The second group comprise the permanent magnet motor, the hybrid motor,
and the disc magnet motor. The permanent magnet type offers high dynamic torque
at low speed and large step angles. This is a low cost motor used extensively in low
inertia applications such as computer peripherals and printers.

The hybrid type combines features of both types mentioned above. It has
good speed/torque characteristics and micro-stepping capability. Steps of 1.8
degrees are possible.

Disc magnet motors can be made very small and are very efficient. One of
their first applications was in quartz-controlled watches.

ng c bc l hu ch bt c ni no i hi s chnh xc v iu khin
ca chuyn ng. Chng c s dng rng ri trong khoa hc ngi my v my
in, my v v cc a my tnh, tt c u i hi chnh xc v xc nh v tr hay
tc . Trong mt my v, v d, bng cch s dng hai ng c chy 90 vi
nhau, chng c th c s dng iu khin mt ci bt vi mt khong cch
chnh xc trong tt c cc hng. Trong khoa hc ngi my, chng c s dng
nhng ni yu cu chnh xc v tr tay my.

Mt ng c bc khng chy ging nh l mt ng c DC bnh thng,
ngha l quay lin tc. Thay vo , n chy trong mt lot cc bc o. Nhng
bc c gy ra bi cc xung t mt my tnh, mi xung lm cho ng c quay
tin hoc o hng bng mt khong cch chnh xc, thng thng 1.8, 2.5, 3.75,
7.5, 15, hoc 30 . chnh xc trong phm vi 3% n 5% ca bc cui cng.

Phn quay trong mt ng c bc c xy dng t nam chm vnh cu
vi cc cc bc v cc nam. Phn ng yn c qun vo mt lot cc nam chm
in, thng l bn, ci ny c th c bt v tt cng tc. Hnh 5a v b minh ha
hot ng ca mt loi ng c bc nam chm vnh cu. Khi dng in c p
dng cho cc cun dy phn ng yn, n to ra s sp xp cc trnh by hnh
5a. Cc 1 v 2 l pha bc. Do , phn quay cc nam ht c hai cc v ti n nh
v tr gia nh th hin. Khi cc dng phn ng yn c thay i to s sp
xp cc th hin trong hnh 5b. Cc 1 c phn cc nam. Ci ny y phn quay di
chuyn n v tr mi nh th hin. Mi thay i cc trn phn quay l nguyn
nhn phn quay di chuyn (trong trng hp ny) 45 .

Trn Ngc Anh

ng i khng kh v ngn sng cch ni, m kh v lng ngi ngi ni e sng.
Trang 43
ng c bc c th c chia thnh hai nhm. Nhm u tin lm vic m
khng c mt nam chm vnh cu. Nhm th hai c mt nam chm vnh cu,
thng nm trn phn quay.

ng c t tr bin thin dng nhm u tin. V khng c nam chm vnh
cu, ng c t tr bin thin thc t khng c cht t hm m-men xon. Rotor
quay mt cch t do v cho kh nng tng tc tt v tc cao nu ti nh nhng.
ng dng bao gm vic xc nh v tr nh trn cc bn my.

Nhm th hai bao gm cc ng c nam chm vnh cu, ng c kt hp,
v ng c nam chm a. Cc loi nam chm vnh cu a ra ng lc m-men
xon cao tc thp v gc bc tin ln. y l mt ng c vi chi ph thp
c s dng rng ri trong cc ng dng qun tnh thp nh thit b ngoi vi my
tnh v my in.

Cc loi kt hp bao gm cc tnh nng ca c hai loi c cp trn.
N c c im l tc /m-men xon tt v kh nng bc nh. Cc bc 1,8
l c th.

ng c nam chm a c th c thc hin rt nh v rt c hiu qu.
Mt trong nhng ng dng u tin ca h l ng h iu khin thch anh.