Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials 1

Chapter 14
Nonlinear Materials
14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials
14.2 Step-by-Step: Belleville Washer
14.3 Step-by-Step: Planar Seal
14.4 evie!
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials 2
Section 14.1
Basics of Nonlinear
Materials
Key Concepts
"inear vers#s Nonlinear
Materials
$lasticity
"inear $lasticity
%yperelasticity
Plasticity
Plasticity
&iel' Criteria
%ar'enin( #les
Plasticity Mo'els
%yperelasticity
e)#ire' *est +ata
Strain $ner(y ,#nctions
%yperelasticity Mo'els
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials 3
Linear/Nonlinear
Materials
When the stress-stain relation of a
-aterial is linear. it is calle' a linear
material. other!ise the -aterial is
calle' a nonlinear material.
,or a linear -aterial. the stress-strain
relation is e/presse' by %oo0e1s la!.
in !hich t!o in'epen'ent -aterial
para-eters are nee'e' to co-pletely
'e2ne the -aterial.
3rthotropic an' anisotropic linear
elasticity are also available in
4Wor0bench5.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials 4
Elastic/Plastic Materials
6f the strain is totally recovere'
after release of the stress. the
behavior is calle' elasticity.
3n the other han'. if the strain is
not totally recoverable 7i.e.. there
is no resi'#al strain after release
of the stress8. the behavior is
calle' plasticity an' the resi'#al
strain is calle' the plastic strain.
91: $lastic
-aterial.
92: Plastic
-aterial.
93: Plastic strain.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials ;
Hysteresis
*he ter- hysteresis is #se' for the
ener(y loss in a -aterial '#rin(
stressin( an' #nstressin(.
Most of -aterials have -ore-or-less
hysteresis behavior. %o!ever. as lon(
as it is s-all eno#(h. !e -ay ne(lect
the hysteresis behavior.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials <
%yperelastic
-aterial.
Hyperelasticity
Nonlinear non-hysteresis elasticity are
characteri=e' by that the stressin( c#rve an'
the #nstressin( c#rve are coinci'ent: the
ener(y is conserve' in the cycles.
Challen(e of i-ple-entin( nonlinear elastic
-aterial -o'els co-es fro- that the strain
-ay be as lar(e as 1>>? or even 2>>?.
s#ch as r#bber #n'er stretchin( or
co-pression.
@''itional consi'eration is that. #n'er s#ch
lar(e strains. the stretchin( an' co-pression
behaviors -ay not be 'escribe' by the sa-e
para-eters.
*his 0in' of s#per-lar(e 'efor-ation
elasticity is (iven a special na-e:
hyperelasticity.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials A
Nonlinear non-hysteresis elasticity are
characteri=e' by that the stressin( c#rve an'
the #nstressin( c#rve are coinci'ent: the
ener(y is conserve' in the cycles.
Challen(e of i-ple-entin( nonlinear elastic
-aterial -o'els co-es fro- that the strain
-ay be as lar(e as 1>>? or even 2>>?.
s#ch as r#bber #n'er stretchin( or
co-pression.
@''itional consi'eration is that. #n'er s#ch
lar(e strains. the stretchin( an' co-pression
behaviors -ay not be 'escribe' by the sa-e
para-eters.
*his 0in' of s#per-lar(e 'efor-ation
elasticity is (iven a special na-e:
hyperelasticity.
PLASTICITY
Idealized Stress-Strain
Cure
91: 6'eali=e'
stress-strain
c#rve.
92: 6nitial
yiel' point
7or elastic
li-it8.
93: *he stress-
strain relation
is ass#-e'
linear before
&iel' point.
an' the initial
slope is the
&o#n(1s
-o'#l#s.
94: When the
stress is
release'. the
strain
'ecreases !ith
a slope e)#al
to the &o#n(1s
-o'#l#s.
Plasticity behavior typically occ#rs in
'#ctile -etals s#bBect to lar(e
'efor-ation. Plastic strain res#lts fro-
slips bet!een planes of ato-s '#e to
shear stresses. *his 'islocation
'efor-ation is a rearran(e-ent of ato-s
in the crystal str#ct#re.
@ stress-strain c#rve is not s#Ccient to
f#lly 'e2ne a plasticity behavior. *here are
t!o a''itional characteristics that -#st be
'escribe': a yiel' criterion an' a
har'enin( r#le.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials D
Yield Criteria
4Wor0bench5 #ses von Mises criterion as the yiel' criterion. that is.
a stress state reaches yiel' state !hen the von Mises stress is
e)#al to the current uniaxial yield strength . or
*he yiel'in( initially occ#rs !hen . an' the Ec#rrentE #nia/ial yiel'
stren(th -ay chan(e s#bse)#ently.
6f the stress state is insi'e the cylin'er. no yiel'in( occ#rs. 6f the
stress state is on the s#rface. yiel'in( occ#rs. No stress state can
e/ist o#tsi'e the yiel' s#rface.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials F

1
=
2
=
3

*his is a von Mises yiel'
s#rface. !hich is a cylin'rical
s#rface ali(ne' !ith the a/is
an' !ith a ra'i#s of . !here is
the c#rrent yiel' stren(th.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials 1>
Hardenin! "ules
6f the stress state is on the yiel' s#rface an' the stress state contin#es
to Ep#shE the yiel' s#rface o#t!ar'. the si=e 7ra'i#s8 or the location of
the yiel' s#rface !ill chan(e. *he r#le that 'escribes ho! the yiel'
s#rface chan(es its si=e or location is calle' a hardening rule.
Gine-atic har'enin( ass#-es that. !hen a stress state contin#es to
Ep#shE a yiel' s#rface o#t!ar'. the yiel' s#rface !ill chan(e its
location. accor'in( to the Ep#sh 'irection.E b#t preserve the si=e of the
yiel' s#rface.
6sotropic har'enin( ass#-es that. !hen a stress state contin#es to
Ep#shE a yiel' s#rface. the yiel' s#rface !ill e/pan' its si=e. b#t
preserve the a/is of the yiel' s#rface.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials 11

91: Gine-atic
har'enin( ass#-es
that the 'iHerence
bet!een tensile yiel'
stren(th an' the
co-pressive yiel'
stren(th re-ains a
constant of .

92: 6sotropic
har'enin( ass#-es
that the tensile yiel'
stren(th an' the
co-pressive yiel'
stren(th re-ain
e)#al in -a(nit#'e.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials 12
92: *o co-plete a
'escription of
plasticity -o'el. yo#
-#st incl#'e its linear
elastic properties.
Plasticity Models in #or$%enc&
91: C#rrently.
4Wor0bench5
provi'es si/
plasticity
-o'els.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials 13
HYPE"ELASTICITY
Test 'ata Needed (or
Hyperelasticity
6n plasticity or linear elasticity. !e #se a stress-strain c#rve to
'escribe its behavior. an' the stress-strain c#rve is #s#ally obtaine'
by a tensile test. Since only tension behavior is investi(ate'. other
behaviors 7co-pressive. shearin(. an' vol#-etric8 -#st be 'ra!n
fro- the tensile test 'ata.
When the strain is lar(e. all the -o'#li 7tensile. co-pressive. shear.
an' b#l08 can not ass#-e si-ple relations.
*herefore. to 'escribe hyperelasticity behavior. !e nee' follo!in(
test 'ata: 7a8 a set of #nia/ial tensile test 'ata. 7b8 a set of #nia/ial
co-pressive test 'ata. 7c8 a set of shear test 'ata. an' 7'8 a set of
vol#-etric test 'ata if the -aterial is co-pressible.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials 14
6t is possible that a set of test 'ata is obtaine' by s#perposin( t!o sets of
other test 'ata. ,or e/a-ple. the set of #nia/ial co-pressive test 'ata
can be obtaine' by a''in( a set of hy'rostatic co-pressive test 'ata to a
set of e)#ibia/ial tensile test 'ata.
91: Inia/ial
co-pressive
test.
92: $)#ibia/ial
tensile test.
93: %y'rostatic
co-pressive
test.
=
+
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials 1;
91: Inia/ial
test 'ata.
92:
$)#ibia/ial
test 'ata.
93: Shear
test 'ata.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials 1<
Hyperelasticity
Models in
#or$%enc&
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.2 Belleville Washer 1A
Section 14.2
Belleville Washer
Pro%le) 'escription
Stress-strain
c#rve of the
steel in this
case.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.2 Belleville Washer 1D
4> --
22 --
*he Belleville
!asher is -a'e of
steel. !ith
thic0ness of 1.>
--.
We !ill co-press the
Belleville sprin( by 1.> --
an' then release it
co-pletely.
@ force-'isplace-ent c#rve
!ill also be plotte'.
We !ill e/a-ine the
resi'#al stress after the
sprin( is co-pletely
release'.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.2 Belleville Washer 1F
*orce-ersus-'isplace)ent Cure
91: *he c#rve
is )#ite
'iHerent
bet!een
loa'in( an'
#nloa'in(.
93: "et1s e/plore the
resi'#al stress at
this point !hen the
e/ternal force is
co-pletely
release'.
92: *here is no practice #se of
this section. 6t is the force
re)#ire' to p#ll the sprin( bac0
to its ori(inal position.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.2 Belleville Washer 2>
"esidual Stress
91: esi'#al
e)#ivalent
stress.
92: esi'#al hoop stress.
Note that the top s#rface
is 'o-inate' by tension.
!hile the botto- s#rface
is 'o-inate' by
co-pression.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.3 Planar Seal 21
Section 14.3
Planar Seal
Pro%le) 'escription
91: Inia/ial
test.
92: Bia/ial
test.
93: Shear
test.
*he seal is #se' in the 'oor
of a refri(erator. *he seal is
a lon( strip. an' !e !ill
-o'el it as a plane strain
proble-.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.3 Planar Seal 22
.D>>
1.1>>
.333 .;>>
.133
.133
.D<A
R.1;>
R.1;>
R.2>>
R.2>>
R.>;>
R.>;>
Init: in.
92: Steel
plate.
91: #bber
seal.
93: Steel
plate.
94: *he #pper
plate is
'isplace' >.D;E
'o!n!ar'.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.3 Planar Seal 23
"esults
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.3 Planar Seal 24
@ force-vers#s-
'isplace-ent c#rve.
Note that the force
#nit sho#l' be rea'
lbfJin instea' of lbf.