printf() and scanf()

The Screen Output Function: printf()

The most common output function
Used to write information to the screen
Format: printf(<format string>);
Where: <format string>- string that begins and ends with
double quotes
The <format string> may contain two types of items:
String
Escape sequence
The Screen Output Function: printf()
String
A sequence of characters that will be printed on the
screen
Example: printf(Think Positive!);
Escape Sequence
Starts with the escape code \.
Escape code is a character that indicates that a
following character in a data stream is not to be
processed in the ordinary way.
Example: printf(Think\t Positive!\n);
Escape Sequences
\a audible bell
\n newline (line feed)
\t tab
\r carriage return
\f form feed
\v vertical tab
\ double quote
\\ backslash
The Screen Output Function: printf()
An extended printf() format is:
Format: printf(<format string>, <argument list>);
Where: <format string>- string that begins and ends with
double quotes
<argument list> - list of variables, constants,
expressions, or function calls whose values will
be printed
The <format string> may contain two types of items:
Strings and/or escape sequence
Format specifiers
The Screen Output Function: printf()
Strings and/or escape sequence
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
printf(You are\n\n);
printf(\tmy \SUNSHINE\!);
return 0;
}
You are
my SUNSHINE !_
The Screen Output Function: printf()
Format Specifiers
Define the way to display the arguments that follow the
<format string>
Starts with a percent sign %
Example:
printf(The product of 11 and 10 is %d.\n 11*30);
The product of 11 and 10 is 330.
_
printf(The product of %i and %i is %i.\n,11,30,11*30);
The product of 11 and 30 is 330.
_
printf Format Specifiers
%c a single character
%s string of characters
%i decimal integer
%e scientific notation
%f decimal floating point
%o octal (base 8)
%d decimal (base 10) integer
%u unsigned decimal
%x hexadecimal (base 16)
%% prints a % sign
Setting Field Width and Justification
Format Description
Controls the number of
decimal places displayed
by printf() as well as the
width output.
Display a double (a
decimal number with
double precision) data in
any format
Examples: 123, 45, 6789
and Total:
COLUMNS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3
4 5
6 7 8 9
T o t a l :
Setting Field Width and Justification
To set the width of the output field in which
data is printed out right justified, place an
integer (whole number) between the % and
the format specifier,
Format:
%<fieldwidth specifier> <format specifier>;
For example, to set a 7-character field width,
type %7d
Setting Field Width and Justification
For example,
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{ printf (%10d\n, 123);
printf (%10d\n, 4567);
printf (%10d\n, 89);
printf (%7d\n, 89);
printf (%5d\n, 89);
printf (%d\n, 123);
scanf(%c);
return 0;
}
COLUMNS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 2 3
4 5 6 7
8 9
8 9
8 9
1 2 3
Setting Field Width and Justification
You can force the data to be left-justified by
placing a minus sign(-) directly after the %
sign
Format:
%<- fieldwidth specifier> <format specifier>;
For example, % -10s will left-justify a string in
a ten-character field
Setting Field Width and Justification
For example,
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{ printf (%10d\n, 123);
printf (% -10d\n, 123);
printf (% -10d\n, 4567);
printf (% -5d%-3s%-2c,
LEFT, X, Y);
printf (%-5d %-3s, LEFT,
X, );
scanf(%c);
return 0;
}
COLUMNS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 2 3
1 2 3
4 5 6 7
L E F T X Y
L E F T X
Setting Decimal Places
The number of decimal places of floating point
numbers (numbers with decimal parts) can be
specified by placing a decimal point after the field-
width specifier, followed by the decimal places you
want to display
Format:
%<fieldwidth specifier>.<no. of decimal places><format specifier>;
For example, %10.3f displays a number at least ten
characters wide with three decimal places
Setting Decimal Places
For example,
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{ printf (%f\n, 123.4567);
printf (%10.3f\n, 123.4567);
printf (%10.0f\n, 123.4567);
printf (%10f\n, 123.4567);
printf (%5.2f\n, 123.4567);
printf (%5i\n, 123.4567);
return 0;
}
COLUMNS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 2 3 . 4 5 6 7 0 0
1 2 3 . 4 5 7
1 2 3
1 2 3 . 4 5 6 7 0 0
1 2 3 . 4 6
1 2 3 . 4 5 6 7 0 0
Formatting String Constants
Decimal point format can also be used on string
constants
Format:
%<fieldwidth specifier>.<maximum field length>s;
For example, %6.9s displays a string of at least six
characters and not more than nine
If the string is longer than the maximum field width,
the characters are truncated off the right end.
Formatting String Constants
For example,
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{ clrscr();
printf (%s\n, Special!);
printf (%4.7s\n, Special!);
printf (%7.0s\n, Special!);
printf (%7.4\n, Special!);
printf (%10s\n, Special!);
return 0;
}
COLUMNS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
S p e c i a l !
S p e c i a l
S p e c
S p e c i a l !
The Basic Data Types and their Sizes
Example, the code:
double a=3.14;
printf(%le \n,a);
printf(% .2le \n,a);
printf(% .4le \n,a);
a=500.777777777;
printf(%lf \n,a);
printf(% .2le \n,a);
printf(% .4le \n,a);
Will produce
3.140000e+00
3.14e+00
3.1400e+00
5.007778e+02
5.01e+02
5.0078e+02
The INPUT Function: scanf()
Same syntax as the printf(), the only
difference is that the series of characters only
contains the format specifier that will be used
to interpret the value passed by the user
Format
scanf(<format string>, <address1>, <addr>, )
Where: format string is preceded by a %sign and
tells scanf() what type of data is to be read next
Scanf() Format Specifiers
%d, %i Read a decimal number
%o Read an octal number
%x Read an hexadecimal number
%c Read a single character
%s Read a string or sequence of characters
%f Read a float value
%e Read a double value
%h Read a short integer
%u Read an unsigned decimal
The INPUT Function: scanf()
All the variables used to receive values through scanf()
must be passed by their addresses
All arguments must be pointers to the variables used as
arguments
Examples:
scanf(%d, &salary); /*waits for you to type an integer which
can be stored at the address associated with the variable salary
*/
scanf(%d%d, &a,&b); /*waits you to type in two integer values
separated by a space(or a tab or a Enter keypress) */
scanf(%d); /* a technique in still holding onto the
User screen for you to view your output, because if you dont, the
program will immediately go back to the IDE screen when it is
done with program execution */
The INPUT Function: scanf()
The presence of other characters in the
control string or <format string> are
significant
A white-space character causes scanf() to skip
over one or more white-space characters in the
input stream (i.e. %s %s)
A non-white-space character causes scanf() to
read and discard a matching character
(i.e. %s, %s, &x, &y)