Microwave Engineering Design Manual-20080219-A

Microwave Engineering Design Manual Chapter 1 Basic Knowledge
Document No. Product Name OptiX XXX

Intended Audience Product Version
VxxxRxxx or
x.xx.xx.xxPxx
Compiled by
Optical Network
n!ineerin! Dept.
Document Version V".#
$icrowa%e n!ineerin! Desi!n $anual
Prepared by
XXX Date 200X-XX-XX
Re%iewed by Date
Re%iewed by Date
Appro%ed by Date
&uawei 'ec(nolo!ies Co.) *td.
All Ri!(ts Reser%ed.
2014-08-08 uawei con!idential" #o spreading without per$ission" %age 2 o! 8&
Microwave Engineering Design Manual Con!identialit' (evel) *nternal
Re%ision &istory
Date Version Description Aut(or
200X-XX-XX +,", -e.uired -e.uired
'able o+ Contents
C(apter " ,asic -nowled!e........................................................................................................... .
1"1 /ssu$ption o! the 0ield"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 4
1"2 Methods o! Designing Microwave -ela' Circuits"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""4
1"2"1 Method o! Ma1ing a %ro!ile +iew o! the -ela' Circuit""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""4
1"2"2 0or$ula !or Calculating the Distance Between 2tations""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3
1"2"4 0or$ula !or Calculating the 0ree 2pace (oss""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3
1"2"4 Deter$ining the /ntenna eight and the Clearance o! the -ela' Circuit"""""""""""""""""""5
1"2"6 Calculating the eight Di!!erence 7 in 2pace Diversit'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""&
1"2"3 Calculating the /ntenna /8i$uth""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 10
1"2"5 Calculating the /ntenna Elevation"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""11
1"2"8 -elation Curve Between 2ignal 0ading and the 0re.uenc' and -ain"""""""""""""""""""""11
1"2"& 2electing 0re.uencies and %olari8ation Modes !or Circuit 2ections""""""""""""""""""""""""12
1"2"10 /llocating Microwave 0re.uencies""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 14
1"2"11 /llocating 9ualit' *nde,es in the Circuit Design"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""13
1"2"12 Method o! Calculating the 9ualit' *nde,es o! a Circuit""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""13
1"2"14 -adiation 2a!et' 2tandards o! Microwave /ntennas"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""18
C(apter / Common Data............................................................................................................... "0
2"1 %ara$eters o! Microwave E.uip$ent"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 1&
2"2 Co$$on Microwave /ntenna %ara$eters""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 42
2"4 0eeder %ara$eters"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 48
2"4 Co$$on %ara$eters o! Ca:les""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 44
2"6 %rotection /rea o! (ightning /rresters"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 62
2"3 Calculation Method and Co$$on Data o! (ightning %rotection ;rounding -esistance"""""66
2"5 Material %roportions""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 3&
2"8 2u:division o! Microwave 0re.uenc' Bands in the <2/""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""50
C(apter 1 xamples o+ Desi!nin! and Calculatin! $icrowa%e Circuits...................................21
4"1 Calculating the #ecessar' %ara$eters o! the =wo -ela' 2ections""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""56
4"2 Calculating the /ntenna Elevation"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 55
4"2"1 Calculating the /8i$uth o! /ntennas"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""58
4"2"2 Calculating the /8i$uth o! /ntennas"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""58
4"2"4 Calculating the =rue #orth /8i$uth o! the /ntennas""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""5&
4"4 Calculating the (oss on the 0eeder"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 84
4"4 Calculating the 0ree 2pace (oss o! -ela' 2ections"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""84
4"6 Calculating the -2( o! -ela' 2ections""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 84
4"3 Calculating the 0ading Margin (evel o! -ela' 2ections"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""86
4"5 Calculating the >utage %ro:a:ilit' o! -ela' 2ections ?hen 0ading Margin *s Considered
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 83
4"8 Calculating the >utage %ro:a:ilit' o! -ela' 2ections ?hen >ther 0actors /re Considered
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 83
4"& Calculating the -e.uired *nde,es o! the Circuit /ccording to -elated *=<--2
-eco$$endations""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 85
4"10 Conclusion""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 85
4"10"2 -adiation 2tandards"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 88
Ob3ecti%e4 =his docu$ent is used as the design guide and $anage$ent re!erence o!
general $icrowave pro@ects !or the design personnel and $anage$ent personnel that
are engaged in $icrowave co$$unication pro@ects" =he docu$ent is a si$pli!ied
version developed !or the eas' use in engineering" 0or the details o! the principles
$entioned in this docu$entA re!er to the docu$ents on $icrowave surve' and design"
Application scope4 =his docu$ent is $ainl' applied in s$all capacit' $icrowave
trans$ission pro@ects that are used !or general ;2M pro@ects" *t provides the
in!or$ation o! general pro@ects"
Version4 =his docu$ent is the initial version" =he version nu$:er is +1"0"
C(apter " ,asic -nowled!e
"." Assumption o+ t(e 5ield
=he situations in the engineering !ield di!!er" /ssu$e that the design personnel have
ac.uired the !ollowing in!or$ation o! the !ieldA !or !acilitating the calculation)
=he $icrowave !re.uenc' within the area in design are di!!erent !ro$ the e,isting
$icrowave !re.uencies"
=he agree$ent on the location o! the $icrowave site has :een achieved"
=he custo$er re.uires that the capacit' o! the $icrowave s'ste$ is s$aller than
the s$all-and-$ediu$ capacit'A that isA 44 M:itBs or 480 channels"
"./ $et(ods o+ Desi!nin! $icrowa%e Relay Circuits
/!ter an engineering design tas1 is deter$inedA select several !easi:le route solutions
:' re!erring to the $ap with a scale o! 1)60A000 or greater according to the
re.uire$ents o! the tas1" Deter$ine whether the routes $eet the re.uire$ents
theoreticall' in the later design" 2elect the technical solution that co$plies with the
design .ualit' re.uire$entA has proper engineering .uantit'A and is cost-e!!ective"
Modi!' and su:$it the !or$al design solution according to the site surve'" /!ter the
solution is approvedA it is the !inal solution o! the pro@ect" =he !ollowing descri:es the
design that !ollows the site selection"
"./." $et(od o+ $akin! a Pro+ile View o+ t(e Relay Circuit
2tep1 2et the plane coordinates o! the $icrowave antennas"
Deter$ine the accurate locations o! the :ase stations or set the accurate plane
coordinates o! the $icrowave antennasA :' re!erring to the topographic $ap with a
scale o! 1)60A000 Cor 1)2A6000A or greaterD" Mar1 the two points where $icrowave
rela' stations will :e :uiltA and connect the two points" /ssu$e that one point is the
trans$it end =A and the other point is the receive point -" 2tarting !ro$ point =A $ar1
the points :etween points = and - :' leaving a space o! 0"2 1$ to 4 1$ Cor longer
depending on the actual conditionsD :etween the points" -ecord the altitudes
Cincluding the heights o! :uildings or treesD Cunit) $D o! the points and the distance
:etween each point and point = Cunit) 1$DA including the altitude o! point - and the
distance :etween point = and point -"
*n additionA record the !ollowing para$eters o! each point)
1D Map title
2D Map nu$:er
4D ;eographic na$e o! the area
4D Coordinates Cplane coordinatesA latitude and longitudeD o! the station
6D Convergence angle :etween the grid north and the true north or the $agnetic
northA including the o!!set direction
3D Contour $ap o! the area o! the stationA $ar1ed with the $agnetic north
2tep2 Draw the pro!ile coordinates diagra$ o! the rela' station"
-e!er to the !ollowing !or$ula)
E Cd1,d2DBC2aKD ------ C6"1D
?hereA
) /ssu$e a rela' section with the distance :etween stations :eing d Cd E d1 F d2D"
Deter$ine a proper value !or the e.uivalent earth radius coe!!icient K o! the pro!ile"
=he pro!ile indicates the trans$ission space a:ove the ground" re!ers to the
e.uivalent height Cunit) $D a:ove the ground" *n nor$al trans$ission conditionsA K E
4B4" *! 'ou need to draw the pro!ile when K E KM*#A K E 2B4"
?hereA
d1) distance :etween the o:stacle Cor the re!lection point in !lat areasD and point =
Cunit) 1$D
d2) distance :etween the o:stacle Cor the re!lection point in !lat areasD and point -
Cunit) 1$D
a) earth radiusA usuall'A a E 3450 1$
K) e.uivalent earth radius coe!!icient" *! 'ou need to draw the pro!ile in nor$al
trans$ission conditionsA K E 4B4" *! 'ou need to draw the pro!ile in the worst
$eteorological trans$ission conditionsA K E 2B4"
#ote)
%roper distance :etween ad@acent points) ?hen the slope gradient changes within
a:out G10 $A 'ou can e,tend the distance :etween two ad@acent points" *n this caseA
the ne,t point is usuall' at where the gradient propert' CFB-D changes" ?hen the
gradient changes rapidl'A the distance :etween ad@acent points is a:out 0"2 1$"
?hen the gradient changes slowl'A the distance :etween ad@acent points is a:out 4
1$ or longer" =hose records are the original records o! the rela' sections" Hou can
draw the pro!ile diagra$ o! the rela' section according to the records" *n this wa'A 'ou
can draw the pro!ile diagra$s o! all the sections involved in the pro@ect"
=he altitude o! point = o! the rela' section is the altitude o! the tower o! the $icrowave
station or the :uilding where the tower is located" /ccording to the recordsA deter$ine
the top o! the tower as the highest point in the pro!ile diagra$ and the lowest point in
the records as the lowest point in the pro!ile diagra$" *n this wa'A all the data in the
pro!ile can :e shown in the diagra$"
"././ 5ormula +or Calculatin! t(e Distance ,etween 6tations
/ssu$e that the trans$it and receive ends o! a rela' section are stations = and -
respectivel'"
=he distance :etween station = and station - is ( 1$"
Case 1) ?hen the coordinates o! station = and station - in the plane rectangular
coordinates s'ste$ Cunit) 1$D o! a 1)60A000 topographic $ap are = IH=A X=J and
- IX-A H-JA the calculation !or$ula is as !ollows)
(=-- C1$D E ICH- - H=D
2
F CX- - X=D
2
J
1B2
---------- C6"2D
Case 2) ?hen the coordinates o! station = and station - in the latitude and
longitude coordinates s'ste$ Cunit) degreeD o! a 1)60A000 topographic $ap are
= IHK=A XK=J and - IXK-A HK-JA the calculation !or$ula is as !ollows)
(=-- C1$D E IC>2
-1
IC>2CHK--HK=DJ , C>2CXK- - XK=DJ , 3450 , LB180 ---------- C6"4D
?hereA
H= and X=) a:scissa and ordinate o! point = in the plane rectangular coordinates
s'ste$
HK= and XK=) longitude and latitude o! point = in the latitude and longitude coordinates
s'ste$
"./.1 5ormula +or Calculatin! t(e 5ree 6pace *oss
#ote) =he !ollowing calculation is :ased on the plane rectangular coordinates s'ste$"
=he !or$ula !or calculating the !ree space loss in point-to-point trans$ission is as
!ollows)
(=M- E 20lgC4L(BND ---------- C6"4D
?hereA
(=M-) !ree space !ading :etween two line-o!-sight points = and - Cunit) dBD
() distance :etween points = and - unit) 1$
N) wavelength o! the electro$agnetic wave Cunit) $D" =he corresponding !re.uenc' is
in e,pressed in 8"
=he preceding !or$ula is usuall' e,pressed in the !ollowing !or$)
(=M- E 42"6 F 20lg!M8 F 20lg(1$
E &2"6 F 20lg!;8 F 20lg(1$ ---------- C6"6D
?hereA
!M8A !;8) !re.uenc' Cunit) M8 and ;8D
() distance :etween stations Cunit) 1$D
"./.. Determinin! t(e Antenna &ei!(t and t(e Clearance o+ t(e Relay Circuit
I. Calculatin! t(e Clearance o+ t(e Relay Circuit in 7ndulated Areas or 8ater
6ystem Areas
Calculating the clearance o! the rela' circuit
/ssu$e the heights o! the trans$it and receive antennas are h= and h- respectivel'A
according to the develop$ent and planning conditions o! the local area"
=he !or$ula !or calculating the clearance is as !ollows)
E ICh=,d2 F h-,d1DBdJ - hs - Cd1,d2DB2a1 ---------- C6"3D
?hereA
) propagation clearance o! the centerline o! the ra' :etween the trans$it and
receive points a:ove the o:stacle in the pro!ile Cunit) $D
h=) altitude o! the center o! the trans$it antenna = in the pro!ile Cunit) $D
h-) altitude o! the center o! the receive antenna - in the pro!ile Cunit) $D
d1) hori8ontal distance :etween the trans$it antenna = to the o:stacle in the pro!ile
Cunit) $D
d2) hori8ontal distance :etween the receive antenna - to the o:stacle in the pro!ile
Cunit) $D
d) d E d1Fd2
a) e.uivalent earth radius Cunit) $D
K) e.uivalent earth radius coe!!icient" *n nor$al trans$ission conditionsA K E 4B4"
hs) altitude o! the top o! the o:stacle in the pro!ile" *n additionA add 4 $ growth $argin
o! the :ushes to the altitude o! the area that has no trees" /dd a proper growth $argin
o! the trees to the altitude o! the area that has treesA according to the date when the
pro!ile diagra$ is co$plete"
#ote)
=he o:stacle point 2 in the pro!ile is the highest point where the trans$ission
clearance o! the circuit is the s$allest and that is located :e'ond the point that is
15"1D
2
BN to the antenna $outh o! the antenna" Be!ore the antenna height is
deter$inedA 'ou can select the o:stacle point in the near !ield o! the antenna"
hs) altitude o! the o:stacle point Cunit) $D
D) dia$eter o! the antenna Cunit) $D
N) operating wavelength that corresponds to the center !re.uenc' o! the $icrowave
channel Cunit) $D
'able "." Clearance standards
- Value
Re9uirement
o+ Clearance
Obstacle 'ype
-$IN .:1 Description
Kni!e edge O 0 O 0 K) e.uivalent
earth radius
coe!!icient
KM*#) K value
that
corresponds to
0"1P
0) !ree space
clearance
0lat ground and others O 0"60
0 C3$ - 6D
1B2
Q Q 0
C3$ - 1D
1B2
#ote)
$ E 1A 2
$ re!ers to the inter!erence lo:e nu$:er" ?hen K E KM*#A $ should ta1e the s$allest
value" %revent the $icrowave e.uip$ent !ro$ wor1ing at a high-power lo:e when K E
4B4"
0 E C1B4D
1B2
CNd1d2BdD
1B2
E CNd1d2B4dD
1B2
E C1B4D
1B2
01
*n the !or$ulaA 01 re!ers to the !irst 0resnel 8one radius o! the rela' circuit"
=he inter!erence lo:e indicates that during the $icrowave trans$issionA the
electro$agnetic wave is re!lected :' the ground sur!ace o! the irregularities in the
at$osphere" =he -2( changes periodicall' when the antenna height is increased"
<se curves to show the periodic change o! the -2( and those curves are called
inter!erence lo:es" =he inter!erence lo:es change periodicall' according to the
antenna height" 0ro$ the lowest lo:e to the highest lo:eA the inter!erence lo:es are
nu$:ered !ro$ 1" =hat isA $ E 1A 2A 4A RA n"
-esult
?hen the result co$plies with the clearance standardsA the propagation clearance o!
the rela' circuit $eets the design re.uire$ents" =he assu$ed antenna heights are
the actuall' re.uired antenna heights"
?hen the result does not co$pl' with the clearance standardsA re-assu$e the
antenna heights h= and h-" -e-calculate the value o! until it co$plies with the
standards" *n this caseA the assu$ed antenna heights are the actuall' re.uired
antenna heights"
II. 5lat or 8ater 6ystem Areas
*n this caseA the idea !or calculating the clearance is as !ollows)
/ssu$e the antenna heights h= and h-" /t the sa$e ti$eA control the heights o! the
antennasA so that the K values o! the electro$agnetic wave are KM*# and 4B4
respectivel'" =he re!lection point is alwa's on the ground near the lower antenna
when the K value changes !ro$ KM*# to 4B4" =his can reduce the ground re!lection and
sta:ili8e the -2("
?hen the distance :etween stations is onl' a !ew 1ilo$etersA 'ou $a' not do the
preceding calculation" Hou onl' need to consider enough clearance to $eet the
design re.uire$ents" =he $ethod !or calculating the re!lection point is as !ollows"
-e!er to the !ollowing !or$ulas and 0igure 1"1"
C E Ch=- h-DBCh= F h-D Cassu$e) h= S h-D --------- C6"5D
M E d2BC4a1DCh= F h-D ---------------------------------- C6"8D
?hereA
C and $) $iddle para$eters
h= and h-) altitudes o! the trans$it and receive antennas Cunit) $D
>:tain para$eter : in 0igure 1"1 :ased on para$eters c and $"
Hou can calculate d1 and d2 :' using the !ollowing !or$ulas)
d1 E d C1 F :DB2 -------------------- C6"&D
d2 E d - d1 ------------------------ C6"10D
0 0"1 0"4 0"4 0"6 0"3 0"5 0"8 0"& 1"0 %ara$eter $
0"1
0"2
0"4
0"4
0"6
0"3
0"5
0"8
0"&
1"0
%ara$eter :
0"2
0"&
0"8
0"5
0"3
0"6
0"4
0"4
0"2
0"1
%ara$eter c
:
5i!ure "." Dia4gra$ !or calculating the para$eters o! a re!lection point
?hen the re!lection points are at the points where K E KM*# and K E 4B4A the assu$ed
antenna heights co$pl' with the clearance standards" =he antenna heights are the
re.uired antenna heights"
*! the assu$ed antenna heights $eet onl' the condition that K E KM*#A 'ou need to use
space diversit' to overco$e the insta:ilit' o! the rela' circuit caused :' ground
re!lection" =he !ollowing section descri:es the $ethod o! calculating the height
di!!erence :etween the antennas that appl' space diversit'"
2014-08-08 uawei con!idential" #o spreading without per$ission" %age & o! 8&
"./.; Calculatin! t(e &ei!(t Di++erence <& in 6pace Di%ersity
?hen the rela' circuit passes water s'ste$s where the re!lection coe!!icient T is not
less than 0"5A 'ou need to consider using space diversit'"
I. Calculatin! t(e antenna (ei!(ts 8(en - = -
$IN

=he antenna heights h= and h- Cunit) $D should :e calculated when K E KM*# and the
o:stacle or re!lection point has enough clearance"
II. Calculatin! t(e antenna (ei!(ts w(en +adin! in t(e relay section is
considered
1D K-t'pe !ading
K E 4B4) 7h- E C56 , dDBC!Ch= - h2 - d
2
=-re!lectionB15DD Cunit) $D ----- C1-11D
K E U) 7h- E 125 , dBC! , Ch= - h2DD Cunit) $D ------------------------ C6"11D
2elect the s$aller value o! 7h= !ro$ CaD and C:D as the height di!!erence
7h-K"
?hereA
h2) altitude o! the re!lection point Cunit) $D
d=-re!lection point) distance !ro$ the trans$it end to the re!lection point Cunit) $D
!) center !re.uenc' used in the pro@ect Cunit) ;8D
=he $eanings o! the s'$:ols in the !or$ula are the sa$e as those in the previous
!or$ulas"
2D Duct t'pe !ading
V E e,p I0"0021 , 7hwaveguide , ! ,W0"4dJ ------------ C1-14D
?hereA
V) coe!!icient related to space diversit'" =he value 0"3 is usuall' used !or calculating
7hwaveguideA when the co$prehensive !actors such as diversit' e!!ects and invest$ent
are considered"
!or$ulas"
4D Calculating the $ini$u$ height di!!erence
Deter$ine the $ini$u$ height di!!erence 7h- Cunit) $D according to the
$a@or causes !or the deep !ading on the circuit"
(i1ewiseA calculate the $ini$u$ height di!!erence 7h= Cunit) $D in the other
direction"
4D /ntenna heights in engineering
Main antennas are installed at the heights o! h= and h-A and diversit' antennas are
installed at the heights o! Ch=-7h=D and Ch--7h-D"
"./.> Calculatin! t(e Antenna A?imut(
/ssu$e that the true north a8i$uth o! station = relative to station - is X=M-X-M="
1D Case 1)
?hen the coordinates o! station = and station - in the plane rectangular coordinates
s'ste$ Cunit) 1$D o! a 1)60A000 topographic $ap are = IH=A X=J and - IH-A X-J CX)
north-south ordinateY H) east-west a:scissaDA the calculation !or$ula is as !ollows)
XK=M- E tg
-1
IZCX= - X-DZBZCH= - H-DZJ --------------- C6"12D
/ccording to the result o! !or$ula C14DA ta1e point = as the center o! a unit circle"
Modi!' the result o! the previous !or$ula according to the .uadrant position o! the ra'
in the plane rectangular coordinates s'ste$" Calculate the angle :etween the grid
north and the true north o! point =" =he result is the true north a8i$uth X=M-"
XK
[
-M= E tg
-1
IZCX- - X=DZBZCH- - H=DZJ --------------- C6"14D
(i1ewiseA 'ou can calculate the true north a8i$uth X-M= :' ta1ing point B as the
center o! a unit circle"
2D Case 2)
?hen the coordinates o! station = and station - in the latitude and longitude
coordinates s'ste$ Cunit) degreeD o! a 1)60A000 topographic $ap are = IHK =A XK=J and
- IHK-A XK-JA the calculation !or$ula is as !ollows)
XKK=M- E tg
-1
IZCX= - X-D , 3450000ZBZCH= - H-D , 3450000ZJ ------- C6"14D
/ccording to the result o! !or$ula C13DA ta1e point / as the center o! a unit circle"
in the plane rectangular coordinates s'ste$" =he result is the true north a8i$uth X=M-"
XKK-M= E tg
-1
IZCX- - X=D , 3450000ZBZCH- - H=D , 3450000ZJ ------- C6"16D
/ccording to the result o! !or$ula C6"16DA ta1e point - as the center o! a unit circle"
in the plane rectangular coordinates s'ste$" =he result is the true north a8i$uth X-M="
"./.2 Calculatin! t(e Antenna le%ation
\=M- E ICh- - h=DBd - CdB2a1DJ , 65"4
0
---------- C6"13D
\=M- E ICh= - h-DBd - CdB2a1DJ , 65"4
0
---------- C6"15D
?hereA
\=M-) elevation o! the antenna center at station - relative to the antenna center at
station = Cunit) degreeD
\-M=) elevation o! the antenna center at station = relative to the antenna center at
station - Cunit) degreeD
!or$ulas"
#ote) =he elevation o! the antenna considers the hori8ontal line e,tending !ro$ the
antenna as the re!erence line" =he angle :etween the hori8ontal line and the upper
direction line is the elevation angle and is e,pressed in F" =he angle :etween the
hori8ontal line and the lower direction line is the depression angle and is e,pressed in
-"
"./.@ Relation Cur%e ,etween 6i!nal 5adin! and t(e 5re9uency and Rain
=he !ollowing curve diagra$ is o:tained !ro$ concerned statistics docu$ents"
?hen the operating !re.uenc' is !i,edA heavier rain!all can cause severer !ading"
?hen !ading is severeA severe :it errors occur on the circuit and the circuit is
interrupted"
?hen 'ou deter$ine the operating !re.uenc' o! a $icrowave rela' circuitA consider
the e!!ects o! the local rain!all and allow enough anti-!ading $argin !or the circuit to
ensure the -2( is higher than the threshold level even when rain !ading occurs on the
circuit"
/ccording to the e,perienceA a!ter 'ou learn the $a,i$u$ rain intensit' and rain
distri:ution at the local placeA 'ou need to chec1 the values according to the actual
distance :etween stations" Ensure that the rain attenuation does not reduce the
trans$ission $argin o! the circuit to 26 dB and lower"
2"6 4 4"56 6 3 5"6 10 12 16 20 24 40 40
0"001
0"002
0"006
0"01
0"02
0"06
0"1
0"2
0"6
1
2
6
10
20
100
0re.uenc' C;8D
5i!ure "." -ain attenuation-!re.uenc' curve
"./.0 6electin! 5re9uencies and Polari?ation $odes +or Circuit 6ections
0re.uenc' selection is :ased on the nu$:er o! trans$ission channelsA
co$$unication networ1 planningA current situations o! e,isting co$$unication linesA
and local conditions"
<se the two-!re.uenc' s'ste$ to !ull' utili8e the !re.uenc' resources" =hat isA use
one operating !re.uenc' on ever' other station in the sa$e direction o! a $icrowave
lin1" /ppl' vertical polari8ation and hori8ontal polari8ation ever' channel"
/ppl' di!!erent polari8ation $odes !or ad@acent channels on the sa$e lin1 "
/ppl' the sa$e polari8ation $ode !or the trans$it end and receive end o! the sa$e
station in a rela' section"
/ppl' alternate polari8ation section :' section" C=his can reduce the !ront-to-:ac1
inter!erence o! the antenna"D
/ppl' alternate polari8ation ever' other section" C=his can reduce over-reach
inter!erence"D
#ote) ?hen the signal route is de!lected !ro$ the $ain direction o! the antennaA the
polari8ation decoupling ratio o! the antenna is greatl' reduced" ?hen it rains or !ading
occursA the polari8ation decoupling capa:ilit' o! the s'ste$ is reduced"
"./."# Allocatin! $icrowa%e 5re9uencies
=he allocation o! $icrowave !re.uencies co$plies with *=<--2 -eco$$endations
and the concerned re.uire$ents !or !re.uenc' allocation and channel arrange$ent o!
China"
Operatin!
5re9uency
AB&?C
Occupied
5re9uency
,and
A$&?C
Capacity
A$bit:sC
Center
5re9uency
+# o+ t(e
5re9uency
,and
A$&?C
Number
o+
Operatin!
C(annels
Center
5re9uencies +n
and +Dn o+ t(e nt(
C(annel
6e9uence
Number n
o+ t(e
C(annel
1"6
1425 to
1640
2"048
2,2"048
8"448
1458"6
24
12
3
!n E !0 - 61"6 F n
!Kn E !0 F 4"6 F n
n E 1A 4A 6A
RA 45
n E 2A 3A
10A RA 43
n E 4A 12A
20A RA 44
2
1500 to
1&00
8"448
2,8"448
1808
3
!n E !0 - 108"6 F
14n
!Kn E !0 F 10"6 F
14n
24&0 to
23&0
2683
1&00 to
2400
2101 12
!n E !0 - 208 F
14"6n
!Kn E !0 F 6 F 14n
1&00 to
2400
44"438
2,44"438
2101 3
!n E !0 - 208 F 2&n
!Kn E !0 F 6 F 2&n
2400 to
2600
2"048
2,2"048
24&4
40
20
!n E !0 - 85 F n
!Kn E !0 F 5 F n
n E 1A 4A 6A
RA 5&
n E 1A 6A &A
RA 55
Operatin!
5re9uency
AB&?C
Occupied
5re9uency
,and
A$&?C
Capacity
A$bit:sC
Center
5re9uency
+# o+ t(e
5re9uency
,and
A$&?C
Number
o+
Operatin!
C(annels
Center
5re9uencies +n
and +Dn o+ t(e nt(
C(annel
6e9uence
Number n
o+ t(e
C(annel
4
4400 to
4800 2,44"438
14&"234
46&2"0
3
!n E !0 - 208 F 2&n
!Kn E !0 F 6 F 2&n 4800 to
4200
4004"6
3
6&26 to
3426
2,44"438
14&"234
3156 8
!n E !0 - 26&"46 F
2&"36n
!Kn E !0 - 5"41 F
2&"36n
3440 to
5110
14&"234 3550 8
!n E !0 - 460 F 40n
!Kn E !0 - 6 F 40n
5
5126 to
5426
8"448
2,8"448
44"438
5256
20
10
6
!n E !0 - 164 F 5n
!Kn E !0 F 5 F 5n
n E 1A 2A 4A
RA 20
n E 1A 4A 6A
RA 1&
n E 1A 6A &A
RA 15
5426 to
5526
5656
8
5526 to
8256
44"438
2,44"438
8000 8
!n E !0 - 281"&6 F
2&"36n
!Kn E !0 F 2&"45 F
2&"36n
8200 to
8600
2"048
8"448
2,8"448
44"438
2,44"438
8460
12
3
!n E !0 - 161"314 F
11"332n
!Kn E !0 F 11"332n
n E 1A 2A 4A
RA 12
n E 1A 4A 6A
RA 11
8600 to
8560
8"448
2,8"448
832&"6 3
!n E !0 - 125"6 F
16n
!Kn E !0 F 22"6 F
16n
Operatin!
5re9uency
AB&?C
Occupied
5re9uency
,and
A$&?C
Capacity
A$bit:sC
Center
5re9uency
+# o+ t(e
5re9uency
,and
A$&?C
Number
o+
Operatin!
C(annels
Center
5re9uencies +n
and +Dn o+ t(e nt(
C(annel
6e9uence
Number n
o+ t(e
C(annel
11
10500 to
11500
8"448
44"438
2,44"438
14&"234
11200 12
!n E !0 - 626 F 40n
!Kn E !0 F 6 F 40n
14
12560 to
14260
2"048
8"448
2,8"448
2,8"448
44"438
2,44"438
12&&3
13
8
!$ E !0 - 253"6 F
28n F 5$
!K$ E !0 - 10"6 F
28n F 5$
!n E !0 - 246 F 14n
!Kn E !0 F 21 F 14n
!n E !0 - 26& F 28n
!Kn E !0 F 6 F 28n
n E 1 or 2
$ E 1A 2A
4A 4
n E 1A 2A 4A
RA 13
n E 1A 2A 4A
RA 8
16
14600 to
16460
] 10
2,8"448
44"438
11501C!rD
40
16
!$ E !r - 2538"6 F
28n F 5$
!K$ E !r - 4308"6 F
28 C# - nD F 5$
!n E !r - 2800 F
14n
!Kn E !r F 4340 - 14
C# - nD !n E !r -
2583 F 28n
!Kn E !r F 4323 - 28
C# - nD
n E 1A or
16n E 16
# E 16
$ E 1A 2A
4A 4
n E 1A 2A 4A
RA #
C#Q40D
n E 1A 2A 4A
RA #
C#Q16D
18
15500 to
1&500
14&"234
2,8"448
44"438
8"448
2,2"048
2"048
18500
8
46
!n E !0 - 1000 F
110n
!Kn E !0 F 10 - 110n
!n E !0 - 1000 F
25"6n
!Kn E !0 F 10 F
25"6n
n E 1A 2A 4A
RA 8
n E 1A 2A 4A
RA 46
"./."" Allocatin! Euality Indexes in t(e Circuit Desi!n
*=<-=2 ;"821 speci!ies di!!erent levels o! re!erence circuits and the re.uire$ents !or
the da$age o! the di!!erent levels o! re!erence circuits" Based on the co$$on
application scenariosA the re.uire$ents !or the $ediu$-and-s$all capacit'
$icrowave circuit uses the re.uire$ents !or the trans$ission .ualit' o! the $icrowave
rela' circuit s'ste$ in the local networ1 that are stated in ;"821" /ccording to the
e,perience in the circuit designA i! the circuit BE- per!or$ance o! the s$all-and-
$ediu$ capacit' $icrowave circuit is within the allocated inde, rangeA the .ualit' o!
the circuit $eets the re.uire$ent"
-e.uire$ents !or allocating the .ualit' inde,es !or a s$all-and-$ediu$ $icrowave
circuit are as !ollows)
C=he internal !adingA inter!erenceA and other degrading !actors o! the s'ste$ are
considered"D
1D -e.uire$ent o! the degraded $inute CDMD when BE- S 1,10
^3
) BE-10
^3
Q
1"6(B1260
2D -e.uire$ent o! the DM when BE- S 1,10
^4
) BE-10
^4
Q 0"04(B1260
"./."/ $et(od o+ Calculatin! t(e Euality Indexes o+ a Circuit
Hou can calculate the BE- inde, o! each digital section o! a rela' circuit as !ollows C/
rela' section in a ;2M s'ste$ is a digital section"D)
1D Calculate the -2( when no !ading occurs on the rela' circuit"
%- E %= - (=- - (=K F ;= - (=-- F ;- - (-K - (-- ------------ C1-20D
?hereA
%-) -2( when no !ading occurs on the circuit Cunit) dB$D
%=) -2( at the receive end o! the $icrowave rela' section Cunit) dB$D
(=- and (--) loss o! the splitterBco$:iner s'ste$s at the trans$it end and receive end
o! the rela' section Cunit) dBD
(=K and (-K) loss o! the !eeder s'ste$s at the trans$it end and receive end o! the
rela' section Cunit) dBD
;= and ;-) antenna gain at the trans$it end and receive end o! the rela' section
Cunit) dBD
(=--) !ree space loss o! the rela' section Cunit) dBD
2D Calculate the outage pro:a:ilit' when no !ading occurs on the rela' circuit"
_0 E K9!
B
d
c
------------ C1-21D
?hereA
_0) outage pro:a:ilit' that corresponds to the receiver threshold level when no !ading
occurs on the rela' circuit
K) environ$ent condition !actor
9) terrain condition !actor
!) operating !re.uenc' o! the rela' circuit Cunit) ;8D
B and C) constant !actors related to cli$ateA seasonsA and geograph'
d) distance :etween stations on the rela' circuit Cunit) 1$D
'able "." %ara$eters !or calculating the outage pro:a:ilit' o! a rela' circuit
'errain 'ype
$ountainous
Area
&illy Area Coastal:5lat Area
6wamp:
*akes:6ea
%ro!ile t'pe / B C D
K9 1"052,10
^2
2"56,10
^4
2"88,10
^4
2"34,10
^4
B 1 1 1 1
C 1"4 1"8 2"2 4"2
-e$ar1s
=he statistics in this ta:le are o:tained !ro$ a lot o! $icrowave propagation tests
:' concerned institutes o! China"
4D Calculate the !ading $argin when no !ading occurs on a rela' circuit"
7MBE-E10-3 E %- - %BE-E10-3 -------------------- C1-22D
7MBE-E10-4 E %- - % BE-E10-4 -------------------- C1-24D
?hereA
7MBE-E10-3) di!!erence :etween the !ree space -2( CK E 4B4D and the threshold level
when the BE- is 10
^3
7MBE-E10-4) di!!erence :etween the !ree space -2( CK E 4B4D and the threshold level
when the BE- is 10
^4
%-) -2( o! the rela' section Cunit) dB$D
%BE-E10-3) threshold level o! the rela' section when the BE- is 10
^3
Cunit) dB$D
%BE-E10-4) threshold level o! the rela' section when the BE- is 10
^4
Cunit) dB$D
4D Calculate the outage pro:a:ilit' when !ading occurs on the rela' circuit"
_BE-E10-3 E K9!
B
d
c
10
C^7MBE-E10-3B10D
E _010
C^7MBE-E10-3B10D
-------------------- C1-24D
_BE-E10-4 E K9!
B
d
c
10
C^7MBE-E10-4B10D
E _010
C^7MBE-E10-4B10D
-------------------- C1-26D
?hereA
_BE-E10-3) outage pro:a:ilit' that corresponds to the threshold level o! the rela' section
when the BE- is 10
^3
_BE-E10-4) outage pro:a:ilit' that corresponds to the threshold level o! the rela' section
when the BE- is 10
^4
10
C^7MBE-E10-3B10D
) antilogarith$ !ading $argin that corresponds to the threshold level o!
the rela' section when the BE- is 10
^3
10
C^7MBE-E10-4B10D
) antilogarith$ !ading $argin that corresponds to the threshold level o!
the rela' section when the BE- is 10
^4
6D Calculate the outage pro:a:ilit' o! the rela' circuit when other !actors are
considered"
_`BE-E10-3 E _010
C^C7MBE-E10-3

-

4DB10D
-------------------- C1-23D
_`BE-E10-4 E _010
C^C7MBE-E10-4

-

4DB10D
-------------------- C1-25D
?hereA
^C7MBE-E10-3-4DB10
is ^C7MBE-E10-3 - 4DB10"
%K) outage pro:a:ilit' o! the rela' circuit when other !actors are considered
3D Conclusion
-e!er to the circuit .ualit' standards"
*! %K is not $ore than 1"6(B1260 CBE- E 10
^3
D and 0"04(B1260 CBE- E 10
^4
DA the circuit
$eets the .ualit' re.uire$ents"
"./."1 Radiation 6a+ety 6tandards o+ $icrowa%e Antennas
I. Radiation 6a+ety 6tandards
-adiation standards di!!er in di!!erent countries and regions" *n ChinaA the
Regulations for Electromagnetic Radiation Protection is used as the radiation
standardsA that isA the average !ield .uantit' o! the electro$agnetic radiation !ield in
pu:lic environ$ent in an' consecutive si, $inutes within 24 hours should co$pl' with
the re.uire$ents listed in the !ollowing ta:le"
5re9uency Ran!e A$&?C 40 to 4000 4000 to 16000
lectric 5ield 6tren!t( AV:mC C12Da C0"22C!D
1B2
Da
$a!netic 5ield 6tren!t( AA:mC C0"042Da C0"001C!D
1B2
Da
Power Density A8:m
/
C 0"4 !B5600
6peci+ic Absorption Rate Aw:k!C 0"02
a) not li$ited and !or re!erence onl'
!) !re.uenc' Cunit) M8D
II. Calculatin! t(e Power Density o+ $icrowa%e Circuits
Calculate the power densit' %/ at a rando$ point Cpoint /D near the pro!ile o! the
$icrowave rela' section" =he power densit' o! the pro!ile with a radius !ro$ point / to
the center o! the $icrowave antenna within the headroo$ o! the near !ield o! the
antenna Cthe area with a distance o! 15"1D
2
BN !ro$ the antennaD is not greater than
the corresponding average power densit' C!B5600 ?B$
2
D and the speci!ic a:sorption
rate is 0"02 wB1g" =he electro$agnetic radiation co$plies with the standards"
C(apter / Common Data
/." Parameters o+ $icrowa%e 9uipment
=he data provided in this section is e,tracted !ro$ the docu$ents provided :' the
corresponding co$panies and can :e used as the re!erence o! trial calculation" 0or
the data that is re.uired !or the engineering design in an actual pro@ectA re.uest the
suppliers to provide the !or$al docu$ents"
I. ricsson Products
Ericsson has the largest $icrowave product line and supplies a series o! $icrowave
products o! various capacities" =he !ollowing ta:le lists the products that are widel'
used"
No.
Operatin!
5re9uency
C(aracF
teristics
2." B&? to 2.2
B&?
2.2 B&? to @.;
B&?
"; B&? "@ B&?
1 Model M*#*-(*#K5-E M*#*-(*#K8-E M*#*-(*#K16-E M*#*-(*#K18-E
2
2tandard
co$pliance o!
!re.uenc'
setting
*=<-- -EC
4
Channel
:andwidth
4"6 M8B2,E1A 5 M8B4,E1A 14 M8B8,E1A co$pliant with *=<
-eco$$endations
4
Channel
capacit'
2,E1A 4,E1A 8,E1A 15,E1 C13,E1FE1D
6
Modulation
sche$e
C-9%2K
3
Data
inter!erence
2 M:itBsA 120 oh$s :alanced or 56 oh$s un:alancedA co$pliant with
;"504
5 (ine code DB4 or /M*
8
>utput
i$pedance
120 oh$s :alanced or 56 oh$s un:alanced
&
Ca:le !or
connecting the
*D< and the
>D<
/ single coa,ial ca:leA Belden &&14 C-;-8DA or a
ca:le o! the sa$e t'pe
Ma,i$u$ length) 400 $
2014-08-08 uawei con!idential" #o spreading without per$ission" %age 1& o! 8&
No.
Operatin!
5re9uency
C(aracF
teristics
2." B&? to 2.2
B&?
2.2 B&? to @.;
B&?
"; B&? "@ B&?
10
%ower suppl'
and power
consu$ption
20 + to 52 + DC
1F0 non-protection) 42 ?A 62 ? when 2/+ is usedA 32 ? when 0/# is
used
1F1 protection) 88 ?A &8 ? when 2/+ is usedA 108 ? when 0/# is used
11
>utput power
o! the
trans$itter
F21B28
dB$
F20B23
dB$
F26 dB$ F24 dB$
12
2ta:ilit' o!
trans$itted
and received
!re.uencies
G3 %%$
14
=hreshold
signal level o!
the receiver
BE- E 10
^4
)
2,E1) ^&1 dB$
4,E1) ^88 dB$
8,E1) ^86 dB$
15,E1) ^82 dB$
BE- E 10
^3
)
2,E1) ^88 dB$
4,E1) ^86 dB$
8,E1) ^82 dB$
15,E1) ^5& dB$
BE- E 10
^4
)
2,E1) ^&1 dB$
4,E1) ^88 dB$
8,E1) ^86 dB$
15,E1) ^82 dB$
BE- E 10
^3
)
2,E1) ^88 dB$
4,E1) ^86 dB$
8,E1) ^82 dB$
15,E1) ^5& dB$
BE- E 10
^4
)
2,E1) ^&0 dB$
4,E1) ^85 dB$
8,E1) ^84 dB$
15,E1) ^81 dB$
BE- E 10
^3
)
2,E1) ^85 dB$
4,E1) ^84 dB$
8,E1) ^81 dB$
15,E1) ^58 dB$
14
2ervice
channel
CoptionalD
Data inter!erence)
-2-242 C+24D serial standard inter!ace
16
/$:ient
te$perature
*ndoor)
^6bC to F46bC
>utdoor)
^60bC to F30bC
>perating te$perature)
^40bC to F66bC
No.
Operatin!
5re9uency
C(aracF
teristics
2." B&? to 2.2
B&?
2.2 B&? to @.;
B&?
"; B&? "@ B&?
13
-elative
hu$idit'
*ndoor) 6P to &6P
>utdoor) 8P to 100P
15
/pplica:le
height
6000 $
18
Mechanical
characteristics
Di$ensions)
-adio unit) 421 $$ CwidthD , 230 $$ CdepthD , &5 $$ CheightD
/ccess $odules)
44 $$ , 484 $$ , 280 $$
88 $$ , 484 $$ , 280 $$
153 $$ , 484 $$ , 280 $$
1& ?eight
*ndoor unit)
-adio unit) 4B5B8 1g
20 #M inter!ace 2#M%A 0ar2canA rela' Cdr' contactDA and supported :' #M
21
Man-$achine
inter!ace
%orta:le M*C->2=/- C*=
22 0ault locating
/uto$atic diagnosisA (ED displa'
/lar$s C*D<A >D<A ca:lesA othersD
II. &arris Products
arris is a :ig supplier o! $icrowave radio co$$unication products in <2/" =he
co$pan' has advanced technologies and good $anu!acturing capa:ilities" =he
!ollowing ta:les list the relevant products"
1D MicrostarM5A 8 ;8 Cco$pliant with CE%= standardsD
No.
Operatin!
5re9uency
C(aracF
teristics
2.""# B&? to 2.2/;
B&?
2.2/; B&? to @./2;
B&?
@./2; B&? to @.2;#
B&?
1 Model MicrostarM Cco$pliant with CE%= standardsD
No.
Operatin!
5re9uency
C(aracF
teristics
2.""# B&? to 2.2/;
B&?
2.2/; B&? to @./2;
B&?
@./2; B&? to @.2;#
B&?
2
2tandard
co$pliance o!
!re.uenc'
setting
*=<-- -EC"!486-6B483-4c-eport1066-1
4
Channel
:andwidth
4,2 M:itBs) 5 M8
8,2 M:itBs) 14 M8
3,2 M:itBs) 28 M8
44 M8F2,2 M:itBs) 28 M8
4
Channel
capacit'
6
Modulation
sche$e
3
Data
inter!erence
5 (ine code DB4 or /M*
8
>utput
i$pedance
&
Ca:le !or
connecting the
*D< and the
>D<
/ single coa,ial ca:leA Belden &&14 C-;-8DA or a ca:le o! the sa$e
t'pe
10
%ower suppl'
and power
consu$ption
21 + to 30 + DCA the positive or negative pole :eing grounded
#on-protection)
4B8,2 M:itBs) 36 ?
13,2 M:itBsA 44 M:itBs) 50 ?
%rotection)
4B8,2 M:itBs) 120 ?
13,2 M:itBsA 44 M:itBs) 140 ?
11
>utput power o!
the trans$itter
12
2ta:ilit' o!
trans$itted and
received
!re.uencies
No.
Operatin!
5re9uency
C(aracF
teristics
2.""# B&? to 2.2/;
B&?
2.2/; B&? to @./2;
B&?
@./2; B&? to @.2;#
B&?
14
=hreshold signal
level o! the
receiver
BE- E 10
^4
)
4,2 M:itBs) ^8&"6 dB$
8,2 M:itBs) ^8&"6 dB$
13,2 M:itBs) ^84"6 dB$
44 M8 F 2,2 M:itBs) ^84 dB$
BE- E 10
^3
)
4,2 M:itBs) ^85"6 dB$
8,2 M:itBs) ^84"6 dB$
13,2 M:itBs) ^81"6 dB$
44 M8 F 2,2 M:itBs) ^81 dB$
14
2ervice channel
CoptionalD
Digital service channel) !ourA including one +0 channel with D=M0 and
one data channel
Data inter!ace) -2-242 C+24D or -2-424 C+10D
16
/$:ient
te$perature
13
-elative
hu$idit'
*ndoor) &6P
>utdoor) 100P Cwithout condensationD
15
/pplica:le
height
6000 $
18
Mechanical
characteristics
/ntenna connection) ?--112 waveguideA C%--112; !lange
*0 ca:le connector) t'pe-#A !e$ale
Ca:inet)
*D<) 484 $$ E*/ or E=2* ca:inet
>D<) pole or ca:inet
Di$ensions)
*D<) 484 $$ CwidthD , 400 $$ CdepthD , 146 $$ CheightD
>D<) 213 $$ CwidthD , 410 $$ CdepthD , 481 $$ CheightD
1& ?eight
*D<) 8"6 1g C4B8B13,2 M:itBsA 44 M8D
>D<) 12"6 1g
20 #M inter!ace 2#M%A 0ar2canA rela' Cdr' contactDA and supported :' #M
No.
Operatin!
5re9uency
C(aracF
teristics
2.""# B&? to 2.2/;
B&?
2.2/; B&? to @./2;
B&?
@./2; B&? to @.2;#
B&?
21
Man-$achine
inter!ace
%orta:le M*C->2=/- C*=
22 0ault locating
/lar$ C*D<A >D<A ca:lesA othersD
#ote) =he Microstar Cco$pliant with CE%= standardsD product is o! the sa$e
!re.uenc' with the MicrostarM Cco$pliant with CE%= standardsD product" Most
characteristics o! the$ are the sa$e e,cept !or the !ollowing ite$s"
2D MicrostarM5A 8 ;8 Cco$pliant with CE%= standardsD
No.
Operatin! 5re9uency
C(aracteristics
6ame as t(e +re9uency o+ $icrostar$
1 Model MicrostarM Cco$pliant with CE%= standardsD
2 Channel :andwidth
8,2 M:itBs) 5 M8
13,2 M:itBs) 14 M8
44 M8 F 2,2 M:itBs) 14 M8
4
>utput power o! the
trans$itter
F22"6 dB$ at the antenna inter!ace Cnon-protectionD
F24"0 dB$ at the power a$pli!ier inter!ace
4
=hreshold signal level o!
the receiver
BE- E 10
^4
)
8,2 M:itBs) ^82"6 dB$
13,2 M:itBs) ^5&"6 dB$
44 M8 F 2,2 M:itBs) ^5& dB$
BE- E 10
^3
)
8,2 M:itBs) ^80"6 dB$
13,2 M:itBs) ^55"6 dB$
44 M8 F 2,2 M:itBs) 55dB$
4D Micro2tar (14B16B18B24 ;8 Cco$pliant with CE%= standardsD
No.
Operatin!
5re9uency
C(aracteristics
"/)2;# $&?
to "1)/;#
$&?
".).## $&?
to ";)12#
$&?
"2)2## $&?
to "0)2##
$&?
/")/## $&?
to /1)>##
$&?
1 Model Microstar( Cco$pliant with CE%= standardsD
No.
Operatin!
5re9uency
C(aracteristics
"/)2;# $&?
to "1)/;#
$&?
".).## $&?
to ";)12#
$&?
"2)2## $&?
to "0)2##
$&?
/")/## $&?
to /1)>##
$&?
2
2tandard co$pliance
o! !re.uenc' setting
14 ;8) *=<-- -EC"04&5-4
16 ;8) *=<-- -EC"0343-4
18 ;8) *=<-- -EC"06&6-4
24 ;8) *=<-- -EC"0345-2-ecA E=E4001&8A M=% 140& Calso
applica:le to other !re.uenc' plansD
4 Channel :andwidth
4,2 M:itBs) 5 M8
8,2 M:itBs) 14 M8
3,2 M:itBs) 28 M8
44 M8 F 2,2 M:itBs) 28 M8
4 Channel capacit'
4B8B13,2 M:itBs
44 M8 F 2,2 M8
6 Modulation sche$e 402K
3 Data inter!erence
2 M:itBs) 120 oh$s :alanced or 56 oh$s un:alanced
44 M:itBs) 56 oh$s un:alanced Cco$pliant with *=<-=
-EC"504D
5 (ine code
8 >utput i$pedance
&
Ca:le !or connecting
the *D< and the >D<
/ single coa,ial ca:leA Belden &&14 C-;-8DA or a ca:le o! the
sa$e t'pe
10
%ower suppl' and
power consu$ption
21 + to 30 + DCA the positive or negative pole :eing grounded
2tandard output power) 40 ?
11
>utput power o! the
trans$itter
2tandard
>ptional
/t the antenna inter!ace)
14B16B18 ;8) F18 dB$
24 ;8) F15 dB$
14B16B18 ;8) F25 dB$
24 ;8) F15 dB$
12
2ta:ilit' o! trans$itted
and received
!re.uencies
Better than G6 %%$
No.
Operatin!
5re9uency
C(aracteristics
"/)2;# $&?
to "1)/;#
$&?
".).## $&?
to ";)12#
$&?
"2)2## $&?
to "0)2##
$&?
/")/## $&?
to /1)>##
$&?
14
=hreshold signal level
o! the receiver
BE- E 10
^4
)
2,2"048 M:itBs) ^84 dB$
4,2"048 M:itBs) ^82 dB$
8,2"048 M:itBs) ^80 dB$
13,2"048 M:itBs) ^58 dB$
BE- E 10
^3
)
2,2"048 M:itBs) ^82 dB$
4,2"048 M:itBs) ^80 dB$
8,2"048 M:itBs) ^58 dB$
13,2"048 M:itBs) ^53 dB$
14
2ervice channel
CoptionalD
>rderwire) with D=M0 signaling
16 /$:ient te$perature
*ndoor)
0bC to F60bC
>perating te$perature)
^10bC to F66bC
>utdoor)
^44bC to F66bC
>perating te$perature) ^40bC to F66bC
13 -elative hu$idit'
*ndoor) &6P
>utdoor) 100P Cwithout condensationD
15 /pplica:le height 6000 $
18
Mechanical
characteristics
/ntenna connection) ?--112 waveguideA C%--112; !lange
*0 ca:le connector) t'pe-#A !e$ale
Ca:inet)
*D<) 484 $$ E*/ or E=2* ca:inet
>D<) pole or ca:inet
Di$ensions)
*D<) 484 $$ CwidthD , 400 $$ CdepthD , 146 $$ CheightD
>D<) 213 $$ CwidthD , 410 $$ CdepthD , 481 $$ CheightD
No.
Operatin!
5re9uency
C(aracteristics
"/)2;# $&?
to "1)/;#
$&?
".).## $&?
to ";)12#
$&?
"2)2## $&?
to "0)2##
$&?
/")/## $&?
to /1)>##
$&?
1& ?eight
*D<) 8"6 1g C4B8B13,2 M:itBsA 44 M8D
>D<) 12"6 1g
20 #M inter!ace
Digital service channel) 1&"2 1:itBs as'nchronous data channel
Data inter!ace) -2-242 C+24D or -2-424 C+10D
2#M%A 0ar2can=MA 2tar2can=MA rela' Cdr' contactD
21
Man-$achine
inter!ace
%orta:le Micro2tar C*= inter!ace
22 0ault locating
*D<A >D<A ca:les
4D ;ala,' 18B24B23B48 ;8 co$plies with CE%= standards C2=M-1A 166 M:itBsD
and Mega2tar 166 6B3B5B8B11 ;8 Co$ittedD Ce.uip$ent o! large-capacit'
s'ste$sD
III. PFCO$ Products
%-C>M is an /$erican co$pan' engaged in radio spread spectru$ technologies"
=he !ollowing ta:les list the $icrowave products that are widel' used"
1D Digital $icrowave series
No.
Operatin!
5re9uency
Per+ormance
Parameter
2."/; B&? to @.;
B&?
"/.2; B&? to
"1./; B&?
"../; B&? to
";.1; B&?
1 Model =E(-(*#K5 =E(-(*#K14 =E(-(*#K16
2
2tandard co$pliance o!
!re.uenc' setting
*=<
-eco$$endations
*=<
-eco$$endations
*=<
-eco$$endations
4 Channel :andwidth
1,E1) 14"6 M8
2,E1) 4"6 M8
4,E1) 5 M8
8,E1) 14 M8
13,E1) 28 M8
4 Channel capacit' 1,E1A 2,E1A 4,E1A 8,E1A or 13,E1
6 Modulation sche$e 202K or 402K
3 ='pe o! the receiver Dou:le-conversion
5 *0 140 M8
No.
Operatin!
5re9uency
Per+ormance
Parameter
2."/; B&? to @.;
B&?
"/.2; B&? to
"1./; B&?
"../; B&? to
";.1; B&?
8 BE- without !ading
Q 10
^11
Cwithout 0ECD
Q 10
^14
Cwith 0ECD
& Data inter!erence Co$pliant with *=<-= ;"504
10 (ine code DB4
11 >utput i$pedance 56 oh$s un:alanced B#CA or 120 oh$s :alanced BD-24
12
Ca:le !or connecting the
*D< and the >D<
-;-8 or ho$ogeneous coa,ial ca:le
Connector) t'pe-# C$aleDA 60 oh$sA un:alanced
14
%ower suppl' and power
consu$ption
20 + to 30 + DCA the positive or negative pole :eing
grounded
1F0 non-protection) 1,E1 to 4,E1) 60 ?
8,E1 to 13,E1) 36 ?
1F1 protection) 1,E1 to 4,E1 110 ?
8,E1 to 13,E1) 140 ?
14
>utput power o! the
trans$itter
2tandard output power
igh output power
CoptionalD
igher output power
CoptionalD
F22 dB$
F25 dB$
F15 dB$
F22 dB$
F25 dB$
F15 dB$
F22 dB$
F25 dB$
16
2ta:ilit' o! the
trans$itted !re.uenc'
G0"00046P G0"00046P G0"00046P
13
=hreshold signal level o!
the receiver
^&0 dB$
^8& dB$
^84 dB$
^81 dB$
^58 dB$
^8& dB$
^83 dB$
^84 dB$
^80 dB$
^55 dB$
^8& dB$
^83 dB$
^84 dB$
^80 dB$
^55 dB$
15
2ervice channel
CoptionalD
>rderwire phone) DB&
Data) 0 :itBs to &300 :itBsA -2-242A -2-422B424A DB&
#M2) user-de!ined :it rateA DB&
No.
Operatin!
5re9uency
Per+ormance
Parameter
2."/; B&? to @.;
B&?
"/.2; B&? to
"1./; B&?
"../; B&? to
";.1; B&?
18 /$:ient te$perature
*D<)^10bC to F60bC
>D<) ^40bC to F30bC
1& -elative hu$idit'
*D<) &6P CF60bCD
>D<) 100P Call-weather operationD
20 /pplica:le height Q 4600 $
21
Mechanical
characteristics
*D<) 8& $$ , 484 $$ , 235 $$ C1-<D
>D<) 44 $$ , 484 $$ , 246 $$ C1-<D
22 ?eight
*D<) 4"6 1g C1-<DA 3"4 1g C2-<D
>D<) 4"& 1g
#ote) 1-< E 5 inches
=he !ollowing ta:le lists the di!!erence :etween the preceding t'pes and other t'pes
o! the series o! e.uip$ent"
No.
Operatin!
5re9uency
C(aracF
teristics
"2.2 B&? to
"0.2 B&?
/"." B&? to
/1.> B&?
/..; B&? to
/>.; B&?
12.# B&? to
10.; B&?
1 Model =el-(in118 =el-(in124 =el-(in123 =el-(in148
2
2tandard co$pliance
o! !re.uenc' setting
18;8) *=<-- -EC"+686
24;8) *=<-- -EC"+345
23;8) *=<-- -EC"#B/
48;8) *=<---EC"+54&
4
>utput power)
2tandard
igh
F15 dB$
F22 dB$
4 0re.uenc' sta:ilit' G0"00046P
No.
Operatin!
5re9uency
C(aracF
teristics
"2.2 B&? to
"0.2 B&?
/"." B&? to
/1.> B&?
/..; B&? to
/>.; B&?
12.# B&? to
10.; B&?
6
=hreshold signal level
o! the receiver
1,E1) ^88 dB$ ^8& dB$ ^88 dB$ ^&4 dB$
2,E1) ^86 dB$ ^83 dB$ ^86 dB$ ^&0 dB$
4,E1) ^82 dB$ ^84 dB$ ^82 dB$ ^85 dB$
8,E1) ^5& dB$ ^55 dB$ ^5& dB$ ^81 dB$
13,E1) ^53 dB$ ^54 dB$ ^53 dB$ ^58 dB$
2D 2pread spectru$ $icrowave series
$odel Ar*ink " Ar*ink/G " Ar*ink.G "
E.uip$ent
inde,
0re.uenc'
arrange$ent
2"4 ;8
6"5
;8
2"4 ;8
6"5
;8
2"4
;8
6"5
;8
#u$:er o!
channels
4 3 2 2 2 2
>ccupied
:andwidth
40 M8
40
M8
80 M8
80
M8
80
M8
80
M8
=rans$itter
2tandard
power
F8 dB$
F20
dB$
F20
dB$
F16
dB$
F20
dB$
F16
dB$
>ptional
power
F25
dB$
/d@ust$ent
range
10 dB
10
dB
10 dB
10
dB
10 dB 10 dB
=rans$it *0 200 M8
-eceiver
Ma,i$u$
received
power
^40
dB$
^40
dB$
40 dB$
^40
dB$
40
dB$
^40
dB$
itless 0 dB$
BE- C10
^3
D
threshold
^&1
dB$
^8&
dB$
^84
dB$
^82
dB$
^81
dB$
^5&
dB$
-eceive *0 480 M8
Co$$on
inde, Data rate E1 2,E1
4,E1
or
4,E1
*nter!ace
+"46 C63-538:psAE1DB;"504
E1
;"504 E1
;"504
E1
Modulation sche$e E1BD>B2K63-538 KBDB%2K 139/M 139/M
$odel Ar*ink " Ar*ink/G " Ar*ink.G "
2pread spectru$ $ethod Direct se.uence spread spectru$
#u$:er o! spreading codes 2 13 13
;ain S 10 dB
?idth , depth , height 440 $$ , 460 $$ , 440 $$
?eight 2"5 1g 4"3 1g 4"3 1g
Control
and alar$
indication
*ntelligent spread spectru$
$icrowave
Controlled :' so!twareB#M2
(ED indicator %owerA s'nchroni8ationA trans$ittingBreceivingA alar$
(ED displa' (in1 status o! original para$eters
#M s'ste$ Ele$ent $anage$ent
%ower
suppl'
inde,
/C &0 + to 230 + /CA 60B30 8
DC 20 + to 63 + DC
%ower consu$ption 66 ? to 86 ?
?eight 4"3 1g
Mode$
and -0
unit
*0 ca:le Ma,i$u$ length) 160 $
2torage te$perature ^40bC to 30bC
/ltitude 4300 $
u$idit' 0P to &6P Cwithout condensationD
-0 unit
=e$perature ^40bC to 30bC
-ainproo! level 100 $$BhA 4 inchBh
/./ Common $icrowa%e Antenna Parameters
I. $icrowa%e Antennas o+ C(ina lectronic Industry $inistry No.10 Researc(
Institute
$odel
Operatin!
5re9uency
AB&?C
Antenna
Diameter
AmC
Bain
Ad,iC
,eam
8idt(
AHC
XPD
Ad,C
5rontFtoF
,ack Ratio
A"@#HI.;HC
$aximum
V68R
Ad,C
Polari?ation
Decouplin!
Ratio
2ingle
polari8ation
M-10-51D
5"126 to
5"526
1"0 46"21 2"82 40 43 1"08
M-10-51D
5"126 to
5"526
1"2 43"5& 2"46 40 48 1"08
M-10-51D
5"126 to
5"526
1"8 40"41 1"63 40 62 1"05
M-10-51D
5"126 to
5"526
2"0 41"42 1"41 40 64 1"05
M-10-51D
5"126 to
5"526
4"2 46"40 0"88 40 65 1"03
Dual polari8ation
M-18-512
5"126 to
5"526
1"8 40"11 1"63 40 62 1"08 40
M-20-512
5"126 to
5"526
2"0 41"12 1"41 40 64 1"08 40
M-42-512
5"126 to
5"526
4"2 46"20 0"88 40 65 1"05 40
igh-per!or$ance
single polari8ation
M-;20-51D
5"126 to
5"526
2 41"24 1"41 40 34 1"05
M-;42-51D
5"126 to
5"526
4"2 46"40 0"88 40 38 1"03
igh-per!or$ance
dual polari8ation
M-;20-512
5"126 to
5"526
2 41"04 1"41 40 34 1"08 40
M-;42-512
5"126 to
5"526
4"2 46"10 0"88 40 38 1"05 40
$odel
Operatin!
5re9uency
AB&?C
Antenna
Diameter
AmC
Bain
Ad,iC
,eam
8idt(
AHC
XPD
Ad,C
5rontFtoF
,ack Ratio
A"@#HI.;HC
$aximum
V68R
Ad,C
Polari?ation
Decouplin!
Ratio
igh-per!or$ance
dual polari8ation
with rado$es
M-;20-512
5"126 to
5"526
1"8 40"4 1"6 40 26 1"05 40
M-;42-512
5"126 to
5"526
4"0 44"8 0"& 40 40 1"03 40
2ingle
polari8ation
M-10-51D
8"200 to
8"560
1"0 43"40 2"48 40 48 1"08
M-10-51D
8"200 to
8"560
1"2 45"&8 2"05 40 61 1"08
M-10-51D
8"200 to
8"560
1"8 41"60 1"48 40 62 1"05
M-10-51D
8"200 to
8"560
2"0 42"41 1"24 40 64 1"05
M-10-51D
8"200 to
8"560
4"2 43"60 0"58 40 6& 1"03
Dual polari8ation
M-18-512
8"200 to
8"560
1"8 40"40 1"48 40 62 1"08 40
M-20-512
8"200 to
8"560
2"0 42"21 1"24 40 64 1"08 40
M-42-512
8"200 to
8"560
4"2 43"40 0"58 40 6& 1"05 40
igh-per!or$ance
single polari8ation
M-;20-82D
8"200 to
8"600
2 42"26 1"23 40 36 1"05
M-;42-82D
8"200 to
8"600
4"2 43"40 0"5& 40 3& 1"03
igh-per!or$ance
dual polari8ation
M-;20-822
8"200 to
8"600
2 42"06 1"23 40 36 1"08 40
$odel
Operatin!
5re9uency
AB&?C
Antenna
Diameter
AmC
Bain
Ad,iC
,eam
8idt(
AHC
XPD
Ad,C
5rontFtoF
,ack Ratio
A"@#HI.;HC
$aximum
V68R
Ad,C
Polari?ation
Decouplin!
Ratio
M-;42-822
8"200 to
8"600
4"2 43"10 0"5& 40 3& 1"05 40
2ingle
polari8ation
M-10-115D
11"50 to
12"60
1"0 4&"64 1"54 40 60 1"08
M-12-115D
11"50 to
12"60
1"2 41"12 1"44 40 64 1"08
M-18-115D
11"50 to
12"60
1"8 44"34 0"&3 40 63 1"08
M-20-115D
11"50 to
12"60
2"0 46"63 0"85 40 65 1"05
M-42-115D
11"50 to
12"60
4"2 4&"34 0"64 40 31 1"05
Dual polari8ation
M-18-1152
11"50 to
12"60
1"8 40"40 0"&3 40 63 1"08 40
M-20-1152
11"50 to
12"60
2"0 42"21 0"85 40 65 1"08 40
M-42-1152
11"50 to
12"60
4"2 43"40 0"64 40 31 1"05 40
igh-per!or$ance
single polari8ation
M-;20-115D
11"50 to
12"60
2 46"45 0"85 40 35 1"05
M-;42-115D
11"50 to
12"60
4"2 4&"64 0"64 40 50 1"05
igh-per!or$ance
dual polari8ation
M-;20-822
11"50 to
12"60
2 46"25 0"85 40 35 1"08 40
M-;42-822
11"50 to
12"60
4"2 4&"44 0"64 40 50 1"08 40
#ote) =he antennas with !re.uencies higher than those listed in the preceding ta:le
are seldo$ applied in China and are o!ten used in research" =he antennas with
higher !re.uencies in application are $anu!actured :' the vendors !ro$ other
countries"
II. Andrew Antennas
$odel
Operatin!
5re9uency
AB&?C
Antenna
Diameter
Am:+tC
Bain
Ad,iC
,eam
8idt(
AHC
5rontFtoF
,ack Ratio
A"@#HI.;HC
XPD
Ad,C
$aximum
V68R
ARe+lection
*ossC Ad,C
Ad3ustable An!le
A&ori?ontal:VerticalC
%X4-36
3"426 to
5"126
1"2B4 46"& 2"5 68 40 1"08 C28"4D
%X3-36
3"426 to
5"126
1"8B3 4&"6 1"5 34 40 1"05 C2&"4D
%X8-36
3"426 to
5"126
2"4B8 42"0 1"4 33 44 1"03 C40"5D
%4-36
3"426 to
5"126
1"2B4 43"0 2"5 68 40 1"08 C28"4D
%3-36
3"426 to
5"126
1"8B3 4&"6 1"5 34 40 1"03 C40"5D
%8-36
3"426 to
5"126
2"4B8 42"4 1"4 33 40 1"03 C40"5D
%/-X3-36
3"426 to
5"126
1"8B3 48"4 1"8 6& 40 1"08 C28"4D
%/-X8-36
3"426 to
5"126
2"4B8 41"2 1"4 30 40 1"08 C28"4D
%/-X3-36
3"426 to
5"126
4"0B10 44"3 1"1 30 40 1"03 C40"5D
2ingle-polari8ed standard antenna C3"426 ;8 to 5"126 ;8D
='pes o! the antenna connector) C%-145;A %D-50A and <;-444BB<
%/-3-36
3"426 to
5"126
1"8B3 48"8 1"8 6& 40 1"03 C40"5D
%/-8-36
3"426 to
5"126
2"4B8 40"8 1"4 30 40 1"03 C40"5D
%/-3-36
3"426 to
5"126
4"0B10 44"3 1"0 34 40 1"03 C40"5D
5"56 ;8 to 8"6 ;8 E-series +alu(ine antenna
+%2-55
5"56 to 8"6
C?-112B-84D
0"3B2
41"4
to
42"1
4"3 40 40 1"16 C24"1D G16bBG60b
+%4-55
5"56 to 8"6
C?-112B-84D
1"2B4
45"6
to
48"4
2"2 46 42 1"16 C24"1D G16bBG20b
+%3-55
5"56 to 8"6
C?-112B-84D
1"8B3
41"4
to
42"5
1"6 60 42 1"16 C24"1D G6bBG6b
$odel
Operatin!
5re9uency
AB&?C
Antenna
Diameter
Am:+tC
Bain
Ad,iC
,eam
8idt(
AHC
5rontFtoF
,ack Ratio
A"@#HI.;HC
XPD
Ad,C
$aximum
V68R
ARe+lection
*ossC Ad,C
Ad3ustable An!le
+%2-55
5"56 to 8"6
C?-112B-84D
0"3B2
40"4
to
41"1
4"3 64 40 1"16 C24"1D G16bBG60b
+%4-55
5"56 to 8"6
C?-112B-84D
1"2B4
43"5
to
45"6
2"2 32 42 1"16 C24"1D G16bBG20b
+%3-55
5"56 to 8"6
C?-112B-84D
1"8B3
40"3
to
40"8
1"6 34 42 1"16 C24"1D G6bBG6b
+%X2-55
5"56 to 8"6
C?-112B-84D
0"3B2
2&"8
to
40"4
4"3 64 40 1"40 C15"5D G16bBG60b
+%X4-55
5"56 to 8"6
C?-112B-84D
1"2B4
43"3
to
45"4
2"2 30 42 1"16 C24"1D G16bBG20b
+%X3-55
5"56 to 8"6
C?-112B-84D
1"8B3
40"6
to
40"5
1"6 34 42 1"16 C24"1D G6bBG6b
+%4-115
11"5-12"2
C?-56B-120D
1"2B4
40"&
to
41"1
1"5 30 42 1"20 C20"8D G16bBG20b
+%1-140
12"5-14"26
C?-56B-120D
0"4B1
2&"0
to
2&"4
6"0 63 40 1"20 C20"8D G16bBG60b
+%2-140
12"5-14"26
C?-56B-120D
0"3B2
46"1
to
46"6
2"8 31 42 1"20 C20"8D G16bBG20b
+%4-140
12"5-14"26
C?-56B-120D
1"2B4
41"2
to
41"3
1"4 35 42 1"20 C20"8D G16bBG20b
+%3-140
12"5-14"26
C?-56B-120D
3B1"8
44"8
to
46"1
0"& 50 42 1"20 C20"8D G6bBG6b
+%1-142
14"26-16"46
C?-32B-140D
0"4B1
40"80
to
41"4
4"6 60 40 1"20 C20"8D G16bBG60b
+%2-142
14"26-16"46
C?-32B-140D
0"3B2
43"2
to
43"8
2"4 32 42 1"20 C20"8D G16bBG60b
$odel
Operatin!
5re9uency
AB&?C
Antenna
Diameter
Am:+tC
Bain
Ad,iC
,eam
8idt(
AHC
5rontFtoF
,ack Ratio
A"@#HI.;HC
XPD
Ad,C
$aximum
V68R
ARe+lection
*ossC Ad,C
Ad3ustable An!le
+%4-142
14"26-16"46
C?-32B-140D
1"2B4
42"2
to
42"8
1"2 38 42 1"20 C20"8D G16bBG20b
+%3-142
14"26-16"46
C?-32B-140D
3B1"8
46"5
to
43"4
0"8 51 42
1"20
C20"8Db
G6bBG6b
/.1 5eeder Parameters
=he $icrowave e.uip$ent over 10 ;8 is co$$onl' used in engineering" =his t'pe
o! $icrowave e.uip$ent integrates antennasA high-!re.uenc' devicesA $ultiple,ersA
and other devices" *n this caseA !eeders are not used" (ow-!re.uenc' $icrowave
e.uip$ent need large-si8e antennas and high-!re.uenc' devices :ecause the
wavelength is long" =here!oreA low-!re.uenc' $icrowave e.uip$ent is split-$ount
e.uip$ent" /ntennas and high-!re.uenc' devices are installed at di!!erent places" *n
this caseA long !eeders are re.uired" =his section descri:es onl' the !eeder s'ste$
and co$$on !i,ing accessories applied to 5B8 ;8 $icrowave e.uip$ent"
Elliptical !eeders are si$ple in co$position and !le,i:le in usage and thus are widel'
used"
I. Composition o+ lliptical 5eeder 6ystems
/ntenna inter!ace C!eeder connecting to the !langeD ^ Coptional) :ent rectangular
!eeder or rigid twist waveguideD ^ upper sealing section o! the !eeder ^
ellipticalBrectangular converter ^ elliptical !eeder ^ ellipticalBrectangular converter ^
lower sealing section o! the !eeder ^ Coptional) :ent rectangular !eeder or rigid twist
waveguideD ^ trans$itBreceive inter!ace o! the splitter at the transceiver ^ transceiver
=he length o! the elliptical !eeder depends on the distance :etween the antenna and
the e.uip$ent" =he other co$ponents e,cept the optional co$ponents $ust :e
con!igured with the corresponding rein!orcingA sealingA and grounding $aterials" Hou
can re.uire the $anu!acturer to provide those $aterials"
1D =he characteristics o! E?%34 and E?34 waveguides are provided as !ollows)
Model
igh-.ualit' waveguide E?%34
2tandard waveguide E?34
Electrical per!or$ance
Ma,i$u$ !re.uenc' range) 6"4 ;8 to 5"56 ;8 C=he connection o! rectangular
waveguides is li$ited in application"D
Cut-o!! !re.uenc' !or the e=E11 $ode) 4"42 ;8
;roup dela' when the cut-o!! !re.uenc' is 5"4 ;8) 124 nsB100!t or 408 nsB100$
-ated pea1 power when the cut-o!! !re.uenc' is 5"4 ;8) 105 1? C134 series
connectorsD
30 1? C234 series connectorsD
Mechanical characteristics
Mini$u$ :ending radius) inch C$$D
Ma,i$u$ twisting angle) degreeB!t CdegreeB$D) 1 C4D
2i8e o! the @ac1et) 1"88 inch , 1"08 inch C45"8 $$ , 25"4 $$D
?eight) 0"4& l:B!t C0"54 1gB$D
/ttenuatorA average powerA and group velocit'
5re9uency AB&?C
Attenuation d,:"##+t
Ad,:"##mC
Rated A%era!e Power
Ak8C
Broup Velocity AJC
3"& 1"62 C6"10D 4"14 58"0
5"1 1"4& C4"&D 4"21 5&"4
5"6 1"46 C4"53D 4"44 81"5
5"56 1"44 C4"3&D 4"41 84"0
#ote) =he attenuation values listed in the preceding ta:le are o:tained when the
a$:ient te$perature is 24bC and +2?- is 1A whereas the rated average power
within G6P is :ased on the condition when +2?- is 1 and the a$:ient te$perature
is 42bC C105"3b0D"
2i8e o! !langes
$odel and Pattern * Ainc(:mmC 8 Ainc(:mmC A Ainc(:mmC
8ei!(t
Alb:k!C
134DCA 134DC=A
1342CA 1342CM
Cthe pattern o! the circular
!lange with a seal ring
o$ittedD
6"4B146 4"4B84 4"4B8"4 4"6B1"3
134DEA 134DE=
Cthe pattern o! the
rectangular !lange with a
seal ring o$ittedD
6"4B146 4"4B84 4"4B8"4 4"6B1"3
234DEA 234DE=
Cthe pattern o! the
seal ring o$ittedD
6"4B142 4"4B84 4"4B8"1 4"4B1"6
1342EMA 1342EA 2342EA
2342EM
Cthe pattern o! the
seal ring o$ittedD
6"4B144"6 4"4B84 4"4B8"3 4"6B1"3
>rdering in!or$ation o! waveguides
igh-.ualit' !eeders
5re9uency
AB&?C
5eeder
'ype
5lan!e 'ype
Ad3ustable
Connector
5ixed
'uned
6ealin!
8indow
Connector
/FInc( A#.>F
$eterC
Permanent
'wist
8a%e!uide
V68R ".#>
ARe+lection
*oss4 1#.2 d,C
5"126 to
5"56
E?%34-51
<;-444B<
ddd
C%-145;
C%-112; %D-50
%D-84
134DC=
134DE=
2342CM
1342C
1342E
2342CM
1342EM
2342EM
66000/-145
66001-145
66001-112
224403-50
0145%/0240BC
0145%C0240CC
0112%C0240C/
0145M0300C
0112M0300/
3"426 to
5"126
E?%34-36
<;-444B<
ddd
C%-145; %D-50
%D-50
134DC=
134DE=
1342C
1342E
1342EM
1342CM
66000/-145
66001-145
224403-50
0145%/0240BB
0145%C0240CB
0145M0300B
0145M%0300%B
/ccessories o! standard !eeders
5re9uency
AB&?C
5eeder
'ype
5lan!e 'ype
Ad3ustable
Connector
5ixedF'uned
Connector
6ealin!
8indow
Connector
/FInc( A#.>F$eterC
Permanent 'wist
8a%e!uideARe+lection
*oss4 1#.2 d,C
3"426 to
5"560
E?34
<;-444B<
ddd
C%-145;
%D-50
134DC
134DE
1342E
1342EM
66000/-145
66001-145
224403-50
0145%/0240B2
0145%C0240C2
0145M03002
5"126 to
5"56
E?34 C%-112; %D-84 234DE
2342E
2342EM
66001-112
0112%C0240CC
0112M0300C
*n additionA there are other accessories including rein!orcingA groundingA li!tingA and
waterproo!ing co$ponents"
2D =he characteristics o! E?%55 and E?55 waveguides are provided as !ollows)
Model
2tandard waveguide E?55
Ma,i$u$ !re.uenc' range) 3"1 ;8 to 8"6 ;8 C=he connection o! rectangular
;roup dela' when the cut-o!! !re.uenc' is 5"8 ;8) 128 nsB100!t or 41& nsB100$
-ated pea1 power when the cut-o!! !re.uenc' is 5"8 ;8) 34 1?
2i8e o! the @ac1et) 1"52 inch , 1"00 inch C44"8 $$ , 26"4 $$D
?eight) 0"46 l:B!t C0"35 1gB$D
5re9uency AB&?C
Ad,:"##mC
Rated A%era!e
Power Ak8C
Broup Velocity AJC
3"& 1"&5 C3"43D 4"04 52"&
3"1 2"43 C5"56D 2"62 34"4
5"6 1"84 C3"00D 4"23 5&"0
8"6 1"50 C6"68D 4"61 84"1
is 42bC C105"3b0D"
2i8e o! !langes
$odel and Pattern * Ainc(:mmC 8 Ainc(:mmC A Ainc(:mmC
8ei!(t
Alb:k!C
155DCA 155DC=A 155DC%A
155DCMA 155DCM=A 1552CA
1552CM
Cthe pattern o! the circular
o$ittedD
4"6B116 2"5B3& 2"56B3&"8 2"8B1"4
155DEA 115DE=A 155DEM=
Cthe pattern o! the rectangular
o$ittedD
4"8B122 2"5B3& 2"56B3&"8 2"8B1"4
1552EA 1552EM
Cthe pattern o! the rectangular
o$ittedD
4"6B116 2"5B3& 2"56B3&"8 2"8B1"4
>rdering *n!or$ation o! ?aveguides
igh-.ualit' !eeders
5re9uency
AB&?C
5eeder
'ype
5lan!e
'ype
Ad3ustable
Connector
5ixedF'uned
Connector
6ealin!
8indow
Connector
/FInc( A#.>F
$eterC
Permanent
'wist
8a%e!uide
V68R#>
ARe+lection
*oss4 1#.2
d,C
5"126 to
5"56
E?%55-
51
<;-
61B<
ddd
C%-
112;
%B-84
%D-84
%D-50
155DC=
155DE=
155DCM=
155DEM=
255DEM=
1552C 1552E
1552CM
1552EM
66000/-112
66001-112
2444&8-84
224403-84
224403-50
0112%/0240
B/
0112%C0240
C/
0112MK0300
K/
0112M030
0/
0145M030
0C
5"526 to
8"6
E?%55-
51
<;-
61B<
ddd
C%
-112;
%B-84
%D-84
%D-50
155DC=
155DE=
155DCM=
155DEM=
255DEM=
1552C
1552E
1552CM
1552EM
66000/-
112
66001-112
2444&8-84
224403-84
224403-50
0112%/024
0BB
0112%C024
0CB
0112MK030
0KB
0112M03
00B
0145M03
000a
aC5"526-8"4
;8 onl'D
5"126 to
8"6
E?%55-
51?
<;-
61B<
ddd
C%
-112;
%B-84
%D-84
%D-50
155DC=
155DE=
155DCM=
155DEM=
255DEM=
1552C
1552E
1552CM
1552EM
66000/-
112 66001-
112
2444&8-84
224403-84
224403-50
0112%/024
0BC
0112%C024
0CC
0112MK030
0KC
0112M03
00C
0145M03
00E
2tandard !eeders
5"126 to
8"6
E?55
<;-61B<
ddd
%B-84
C%-112; %D-84
155DC
155DCM
155DE
155DEM
1552C
1552CM
1552E
1552CM
66000/-112
2444&8-84
66001-112
224403-84
0112%/0240BC
0112MK0300KC
0112%C0240CC
0112M0300C
#ote) <se washers to protect !langes" <se <; plugs or protection !langes to seal the
!langes"
*n additionA there are other accessories including rein!orcingA groundingA !oldingA
li!tingA waterproo!ingA and sealing co$ponents"
4D =he characteristics o! E?86 waveguides are provided as !ollows)
Model
Ma,i$u$ !re.uenc' range) 5"5 ;8 to &"8 ;8 C=he connection o! rectangular
;roup dela' when the cut-o!! !re.uenc' is &"2 ;8) 142 nsB100!t or 436 nsB100$
-ated pea1 power when the cut-o!! !re.uenc' is &"2 ;8) 48"& 1?
2i8e o! the @ac1et) 1"2& inch , 0"88 inch C42"8 $$ , 22"4 $$D
?eight) 0"44 l:B!t C0"60 1gB$D
5re9uency AB&?C
Ad,:"##mC
Rated A%era!e
Power Ak8C
Broup Velocity AJC
5"5 4"42 C14"20D 1"15 64"4
5"& 4"01 C14"10D 1"23 65"3
8"1 4"58 C12"40D 1"44 30"4
8"6 4"46 C11"41D 1"43 36"3
&"8 2"&4 C&"30D 15"2 56"3
is 42bC C105"3b0D"
2i8e o! !langes
$odel and
Pattern
* Ainc(:mmC 8 Ainc(:mmC A Ainc(:mmC 8ei!(t Alb:k!C
186BC
Cthe pattern o! the
rectangular !lange
with a seal ring
o$ittedD
4"56B121 2"1B62 4"6B8& 2"0B0"&
>rdering *n!or$ation o! ?aveguides
igh-.ualit' !eeders
5re9uency
AB&?C
5eeder
'ype
5lan!e
'ype
7nad3ustable
Connector
6ealin!
8indow
Connector
/FInc( A#.>F$eterC
Permanent 'wist
8a%e!uide V68R
".#> ARe+lection
*oss4 1#.2 d,C
8"6 to &"8 E?86 <;-4&B<
ddd
186BC 66000/-&0 00&0%/024B2
#ote) <se washers to protect !langes" <se <; plugs or protection !langes to seal the
!langes"
*n additionA there are other accessories including rein!orcingA groundingA !oldingA
li!tingA waterproo!ingA and sealing co$ponents"
/.. Common Parameters o+ Cables
=his section descri:es the structure and per!or$ance o! the -0 ca:les that are widel'
used in China"
=he ca:les co$pl' with ;B1223&-&0" 0or the t'pes and structures o! the ca:lesA re!er
to the !ollowing ta:les"
I. 6tructure and Per+ormance o+ t(e 6KV 6eries ;#Fo(m Coaxial R5 Cables
N
o.
$odel
Inner
Conductor
Insulation *ayer
Outer
Conductor
Outer Lacket *en!t(
C(ara
cterist
Imped
ance
Num
ber:D
iamet
er
Out
er
Dia
met
er
Am
mC
$aterial
Outer
Diamet
er
AmmC
Patter
n
$ax
imu
m
Out
er
Dia
met
er
Am
mC
No
min
al
'(i
ckn
ess
Am
mC
$in
imu
m
'(i
ckn
ess
Am
mC
Outer
Diameter
AmmC
Pro
du
cti
on
*e
n!t
(
AmC
$i
ni
mu
m
Ca
ble
*e
n!t
(
$a
r!i
n
Am
C
1 2'v-60-1 5B0"0& 0"25 %ol'eth'lene
0"85G0"0
6
2ingle
Braid
1"40 0"2& 0"20 1"&G0"10
60
to
200
4 60G4"6
2 2'v-60-2-1 5B0"16 0"46 %ol'eth'lene 1"6G0"1
2ingle
Braid
2"10 0"44 0"40 2"&G0"10
60
to
200
4 60G4"6
4 2'v-60-2-2 1B0"38 0"38 %ol'eth'lene 2"2G0"1
2ingle
Braid
4"10 0"63 0"40 4"0G0"20
100
to
200
6 60G2"6
4 2'v-60-4 1B0"&0 0"&0 %ol'eth'lene 4"0G0"16
2ingle
Braid
4"86 0"33 0"46 6"0G0"26
100
to
200
6 60G2"6
6 2'v-60-6-1 1B1"45 1"45 %ol'eth'lene 4"3G0"20
2ingle
Braid
6"60 0"&0 0"30 5"0G0"40
100
to
200
6 60G2"6
N
o.
$odel
Inner
Conductor
Insulation *ayer
Outer
Conductor
Outer Lacket *en!t(
C(ara
cterist
Imped
ance
Num
ber:D
iamet
er
Out
er
Dia
met
er
Am
mC
$aterial
Outer
Diamet
er
AmmC
Patter
n
$ax
imu
m
Out
er
Dia
met
er
Am
mC
No
min
al
'(i
ckn
ess
Am
mC
$in
imu
m
'(i
ckn
ess
Am
mC
Outer
Diameter
AmmC
Pro
du
cti
on
*e
n!t
(
AmC
$i
ni
mu
m
Ca
ble
*e
n!t
(
$a
r!i
n
Am
C
3 2'v-60-6-2 1B1"45 1"45 %ol'eth'lene 4"3G0"20
Dou:le
Braid
3"20 0"&0 0"30 5"8G0"40
100
to
200
6 60G2"6
5 2'v-60-5-1 5B0"53 2"28 %ol'eth'lene 5"4G0"26
2ingle
Braid
8"60 1"0 0"50 10"2G0"40
60
to
100
6 60G2"6
8 2'v-60-5-2 5B0"53 2"28 %ol'eth'lene 5"4G0"26
Dou:le
Braid
&"40 1"0 0"50 11"2G0"40
60
to
100
6 60G2"6
II. 6tructure and Per+ormance o+ t(e 6KV 6eries 2;Fo(m and "##Fo(m Coaxial
R5 Cables
N
o.
$
o
d
el
Inner
Condu
ctor
Insula
tion
*ayer
Outer
Condu
ctor
Outer
Lacket
*en!t(
C(
ar
act
eri
sti
c
Im
pe
da
nc
e
AMC
$i
ni
m
u
m
In
su
lat
io
n
R
es
ist
an
ce
Ak
M:
k
mC
$aximum
Attenuati
on
Constant
Ad,:mC
$
ax
im
u
m
7
sa
bl
e
5r
e9
ue
nc
y
A$
&
?C
C
al
cu
lat
in
!
8
ei
!(
t
Ak
!:
k
mC
N
u
m
be
r:
Di
a
m
et
er
O
ut
er
Di
a
m
et
er
Am
mC
$
a
t
e
ri
al
O
ut
er
Di
a
m
et
er
Am
mC
P
a
tt
e
r
n
$a
xi
mu
m
Ou
ter
Di
am
ete
r
Am
mC
No
mi
na
l
'(
ic
kn
es
s
Am
mC
$i
ni
m
u
m
'(
ic
kn
es
s
Am
mC
O
ut
er
Di
a
m
et
er
Am
mC
Pr
od
uct
ion
*e
n!t
(
Am
C
$i
ni
mu
m
Ca
ble
*e
n!t
(
$a
r!i
n
Am
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62
III. 6tructure and Per+ormance o+ t(e 6KV 6eries 2;Fo(m and "##Fo(m Coaxial
R5 Cables
/.; Protection Area o+ *i!(tnin! Arresters
I. Protection Area o+ a 6in!le *i!(tnin! Arrester
1"6h
h
h,
ha
%rotection area on the
hori8ontal plane
r
46
hB2
1D Hou can calculate the radius o! the protection area on the ground o! a lightning
arrester according to the !ollowing !or$ula)
r E 1"6h
?hereA
r) protection radius Cunit) $D
h) height o! the lightning arrester Cunit) $D
2D Hou can calculate the protection radius on the hori8ontal plane at a height o! h,
where the protected o:@ect is located according to the !ollowing !or$ula)
?hen h, O hB2)
r , E Ch - h,Dp E hap
?hereA
r,) protection radius o! the lightning arrester on the hori8ontal plane at a height o! h,
Cunit) $D
h,) height o! the protected o:@ect Cunit) $D
h) e!!ective height o! the lightning arrester Cunit) $D
p) in!luence coe!!icient o! height
?hen h Q 40 $A p E 1
?hen 40 $ ] h Q 120 $A p E 6"6Bh
1B2
=he s'$:ols in the !ollowing !or$ulas have the sa$e $eanings"
?hen h, ] hB2)
r , E C1"6h - 2h,Dp
II. Protection Area o+ 'wo *i!(tnin! Arresters wit( t(e 6ame &ei!(t
h,
%rotection area on
the hori8ontal plane
1D Hou can calculate the protection area o! the outer side o! the two lightning
arresters :' using the !or$ulas that are used !or calculating the protection area
in the case o! one lightning arrester"
2D =he protection area :etween the two lightning arresters is deter$ined :' the arc
that passes the verte,es o! the two lightning arresters and the lowest point > on
the upper edge o! the protection area" =he radius o! the arc is -0" %oint > is the
verte, o! the lightning arrester" Hou can calculate the height h0 o! point >
according to the !ollowing !or$ula)
h0 E h - DB5p
?hereA
h0) height o! the lowest point on the upper edge o! the protection area :etween the
two lightning arresters
D) distance :etween the two lightning arresters Cunit) $D
Hou can calculate the $ini$u$ width at one side o! the protection area that is
:etween the two lightning arresters on the hori8ontal plane at the height o! h,
according to the !ollowing !or$ula)
:, E 1"6 Ch0 - h,D
?hereA
:,) $ini$u$ width at one side o! the protection area Cunit) $D
?hen D E 5hapA :, E 0"
/!ter :, is 1nownA 'ou can draw the protection area :etween the two lightning
arresters :' re!erring to the previous !igure"
=he ratio o! the distance :etween the two lightning arresters and the height o! the
lightning arrester should not :e $ore than 6"
III. Protection Area o+ 'wo *i!(tnin! Arresters wit( Di++erent &ei!(ts
D
D
!
h2 h1
1D Hou can calculate the outer protection area o! the two lightning arresters with
di!!erent heights :' using the !or$ulas used !or calculating the protection area in
the case o! one lightning arrester"
2D =o calculate the protection area :etween the two lightning arresters with di!!erent
heightsA do as !ollows)
- Calculate the protection area o! lightning arrester 1 that is the higher"
- Draw a hori8ontal line !ro$ the verte, o! lightning arrester 2 that is the
lower" =he line intersects the upper protection edge o! lightning arrester 1 at
point 4"
- Consider point 4 as the verte, o! the e.uivalent lightning arrester 4 and
calculate the protection area :etween lightning arresters 2 and 4 according to
the $ethod descri:ed in the previous section" Hou can calculate the height o! the
arc that passes point 2A point 4A and the lowest point on the upper edge o! the
protection area as !ollows)
! E D`B5p
?hereA
!) arc height C$D
DK) distance :etween lightning arrester 2 and e.uivalent lightning arrester 4 Cunit) $D
p) the sa$e as :e!ore
/.> Calculation $et(od and Common Data o+ *i!(tnin!
Protection Broundin! Resistance
I. 5ormula o+ Calculatin! t(e Resistance o+ a 6in!le Broundin! ,ody in
7ni+orm 6oil
1D +ertical grounding :odies
;rounding pipes
0igure 1"1 shows a grounding pipe that is :uried underground"
d
t
l
;round sur!ace
5i!ure "." +ertical grounding :odies
=he !or$ula !or calculating the resistance o! a single grounding :od' is as !ollows)
- E IVBC2LeDJ , (nC4eCe F 2tDBCdCe F 4tDDD ------- C2-1D
?hereA
-) resistance o! the grounding pipe Cunit) fD
V) soil resistivit' Cunit) fg$D
e) length o! the vertical grounding pipe Cunit) $D
d) dia$eter o! the vertical grounding pipe Cunit) $D
t) :urial depth !ro$ the ground sur!ace to the top o! the grounding pipe Cunit) $D
2ection steel grounding :odies
*! section steel is used as grounding :odies instead o! steel pipesA replace d in
!or$ula C2-1D with the e.uivalent dia$eter"
/D 0lat steel) d E :B2 C:) length o! the !lat steelD
BD E.ual angle steel) d E 0"84: C:) length o! the angle steelD
CD <ne.ual angle steel) d E 0"51 , a: Ca
2
F :
2
DD
1B4
Ca and :) side lengths o! the angle
steelD
=he !or$ulas !or calculating the resistance o! the section steel grounding :odies are
as !ollows)
0lat steel)
- E IVBC2LeDJ , (n CC8eCe F 2tDBC:Ce F 4tDD ------------ C2-2D
E.ual angle steel)
- E IVBC2LeDJ , (n CC4"81eCe F 2tDDBC:Ce F 4tDD ----- C2-4D
<ne.ual angle steel)
- E IVBC2LeDJ , (n CC6"3eCe F 2tDDBCCe F 4tDCa:Ca
2
F :
2
D
1B4
D --- C2-4D
2D ori8ontal grounding :odies
;rounding conductur
0igure 2"1 shows a hori8ontal grounding conductor :uried underground"
t
d
l
;round sur!ace
5i!ure /." ori8ontal grounding conductors
?hen lSd and tSdA 'ou can calculate the grounding resistance according to the
!ollowing !or$ula)
- E IVBC2LeDJ , (nCe
2
BC:tDD--------C2-6D
?hereA
-) resistance o! the hori8ontal grounding conductor Cunit) fD
e) length o! the hori8ontal grounding conductor Cunit) $D
d) dia$eter o! the hori8ontal grounding conductor Cunit) $D
t) :urial depth !ro$ the ground sur!ace to the hori8ontal grounding conductor Cunit) $D
0lat steel grounding :odies
*! the grounding conductor is replaced :' the !lat steel grounding :od'A use the
e.uivalent dia$eter to replace dA that isA d E :B2 C:) length o! the !lat steelD"
?hen *S: and tS:A 'ou can calculate the grounding resistance o! the !lat steel
grounding :od' according to the !ollowing !or$ula)
- E IVBC2LlDJ , (n C2e
2
BC:tDD ---------- C2-3D
4D /nnulus grounding :odies
*n certain casesA to save the spaceA 'ou can :ur' the conductor or !lat sheet into an
annulus" 2ee 0igure 4"1"
t
d
;round sur!ace
D
D
5i!ure 1." -ing grounding conductors
-ing grounding conductors
?hen the :urial length is t $etersA 'ou can calculate the grounding resistance o! the
ring grounding conductor according to the !ollowing !or$ula)
- E IVBC2L
2
DDJ , (n C8Ld
2
BCdtDD --- C2-5D
?hereA
-) grounding resistance o! the ring grounding conductor Cunit) fD
D) dia$eter o! the ring grounding conductor Cunit) $D
d) dia$eter o! the ring grounding conductor Cunit) $D
t) :urial depth !ro$ the ground sur!ace to the ring grounding conductor Cunit) $D
-ing !lat steel grounding :odies
=o calculate the grounding resistance o! the ring !lat steel grounding :od'A re!er to the
!or$ula !or calculating the grounding resistance o! the ring grounding conductor and
use the e.uivalent dia$eter 0"6: to replace :"
- E IVBC2L
2
DDJ , (nC8Ld
2
BCdtDD --- C2-8D
?hereA
:) length o! the cross-section o! the !lat steel Cunit) $D
%late grounding :odies
%late grounding :odies re!er to the circular or rectangular $etal plates that are :uried
underground" 2ee 0igure 4"2"
t
D
;round sur!ace
5i!ure 1./ %late grounding :odies
Circular plate grounding :odies
=o calculate the grounding resistance o! the circular plate grounding :od'A use the
!ollowing !or$ula)
- E VBC4DD -------------------------------- C2-&D
?hereA
-) grounding resistance o! the circular plate grounding :od' Cunit) fD
D) dia$eter o! the circular plate Cunit) $D
2.uare plate grounding :odies
=o calculate the grounding resistance o! the s.uare plate grounding :od'A use the
!ollowing !or$ula)
- E 0"22VBa ------------------------------------- C2-10D
?hereA
a) length o! the s.uare Cunit) $D
-eticular grounding :odies
=o calculate the grounding resistance o! the reticular grounding :od'A use the
!ollowing !or$ula)
- E 0"44VBC/D
1B2
F 0"16&V,"(n C8/BChda10
4
DDBe ------- C2-11D
?hereA
-) grounding resistance o! the reticular grounding :od' Cunit) fD
/) total area o! the reticular grounding :od' Cunit) $
2
D
e) length o! the reticular grounding :od' Cunit) $D
d) dia$eter o! the reticular grounding :od' Cunit) $D
h) :urial depth !ro$ the ground sur!ace to the reticular grounding :od' Cunit) $D
II. 'otal Resistance o+ $ultiple Broundin! ,odies
=he grounding straps o! $ultiple grounding :odies are insulated !ro$ soil"
=he !or$ula !or calculating the total resistance o! $ultiple vertical grounding :odies o!
the sa$e t'pe is as !ollows)
-# E -1BCnh1D ----------------------------------- C2-12D
?hereA
-#) total resistance o! the vertical grounding :odies o! the sa$e t'pe Cunit) fD
-1) resistance o! one vertical grounding :od' Cunit) fD
n) nu$:er o! the vertical grounding :odies
h1) utili8ation coe!!icient o! the vertical grounding :od'
A:N #.; " ".; / /.; 1 "#
h 0"46 0"64 0"3 0"54 0"5& 0"86
/ppro,i$ate
to 1
=he relation :etween the utili8ation coe!!icient ChD o! the vertical grounding :od' and
aBe is shown in the !ollowing ta:le Ce) length o! the vertical grounding :od'Y a) space
:etween vertical grounding :odiesD"
=he total resistance o! $ultiple hori8ontal grounding :odies o! the sa$e t'pe is as
!ollows)
-n E -2BCnh2D ---------------------------------- C2-14D
?hereA
-n) total resistance o! the hori8ontal grounding :odies o! the sa$e t'pe Cunit) fD
-2) resistance o! one hori8ontal grounding :od' Cunit) fD
n) nu$:er o! the hori8ontal grounding :odies
h2) utili8ation coe!!icient o! the hori8ontal grounding :od'
0or the utili8ation coe!!icients o! the parallel-strap hori8ontal grounding :od' and the
radial grounding conductorA re!er to the !ollowing two ta:les"
1D =he grounding straps o! $ultiple grounding :odies are not insulated !ro$ soil"
?hen n vertical grounding :odies are connected :' a hori8ontal grounding :od'A
calculate the total grounding resistance as !ollows)
- E -1-2BI-1h2F -2h1 nJ ---------------------- C2-14D
?hereA
-) total grounding resistance o! the n vertical grounding :odies connected :' a
hori8ontal grounding :od' Cunit) fD
-1) grounding resistance o! one vertical grounding :od' Cunit) fD
-2) grounding resistance o! the connecting strap :etween the vertical grounding
:odies Cunit) fD
h1) utili8ation coe!!icient o! the vertical grounding :od'
h2) utili8ation coe!!icient o! the connecting strap
n) nu$:er o! the vertical grounding :odies
'able "." <tili8ation coe!!icient o! the parallel strap hori8ontal grounding :od'
*en!t( o+
ac(
Broundin!
6trap
Number o+
&ori?ontal
Broundin!
,odies
7tili?ation Coe++icient o+ t(e Parallel 6trap &ori?ontal
Broundin! ,ody 8(en t(e 6pace Is o+ t(e 5ollowin! Value
1 2"6 6 10 16
16 2 0"34 0"56 0"84 0"&2 0"&3
6 0"45 0"4& 0"3 0"54 0"5&
10 0"26 0"45 0"4& 0"34 0"52
26 6 0"46 0"46 0"66 0"33 0"54
10 0"24 0"41 0"44 0"65 0"33
60 2 0"3 0"3& 0"58 0"88 0"&4
6 0"44 0"4 0"48 0"68 0"36
10 0"2 0"25 0"46 0"43 0"64
#ote)
?idth o! the hori8ontal grounding strap) 20 $$ to 40 $$
Burial depth o! the hori8ontal grounding strap) 0"4 $ to 0"8 $
'able "./ <tili8ation coe!!icient o! the radial grounding conductor
*en!t( o+
t(e Radial
Conductor
AmC
7tili?ation Coe++icient o+ '(ree:5our:5i%e Radial Broundin! Conductors
4 4 6
<tili8ation Coe!!icient o! =hreeB0ourB0ive -adial ;rounding Conductors ?hen the
Dia$eter *s o! the 0ollowing +alue
1 2 1 2 1 2
2"6 0"53 0"54 0"34 0"31 0"6 0"48
6 0"58 0"53 0"35 0"36 0"64 0"61
10 0"81 0"5& 0"5 0"6& 0"65 0"66
16 0"82 0"8 0"52 0"5 0"6& 0"65
20 0"84 0"82 0"56 0"54 0"32 0"3
#ote) ?hen !lat steel is used as the radial strapA the e.uivalent dia$eter is :B2 C: is
the length o! the !lat steelD"
0or the relation :etween the values h1 and h2 and the settingBnu$:er o! the vertical
grounding :odiesA re!er to the !ollowing to ta:les"
'able ".1 <tili8ation coe!!icient o! in-line arranged vertical grounding :odies
a:N
Number o+ Vertical
Broundin! ,odies
7tili?ation Coe++icient
O" A7tili?ation Coe++icient
o+ t(e Vertical Broundin!
,odyC
O/ A7tili?ation Coe++icient
o+ t(e Connectin! 6trapC
1 2 0"86 0"&
4 0"58 0"82
6 0"5 0"56
10 0"3 0"32
20 0"4& 0"42
2 2 0"& 0"&4
4 0"85 0"&
6 0"8 0"85
10 0"54 0"56
16 0"5 0"35
20 0"3& 0"6&
4 2 0"&4 0"&6
4 0"& 0"&4
6 0"83 0"&4
10 0"8 0"84
20 0"55 0"38
#ote)
a) space :etween the vertical grounding :odies
e) length o! the vertical grounding :od'
'able ".. <tili8ation coe!!icient o! rectangle-shape arranged vertical grounding :odies
a:N
Number o+ Vertical
Broundin! ,odies in
ac( Column
7tili?ation Coe++icient
O" A7tili?ation Coe++icient
o+ t(e Vertical Broundin!
,odyC
O/ A7tili?ation Coe++icient
o+ t(e Connectin! 6trapC
1 4 0"6 0"56
4 0"46 0"36
3 0"4 0"3
10 0"46 0"66
20 0"26 0"6
40 0"2 0"4
2 4 0"3 0"8
4 0"66 56
3 0"6 0"5
10 0"4 0"33
20 0"4 0"31
4 4 0"56 0"&
4 0"5 0"86
3 0"36 0"8
10 0"63 0"56
#ote)
a) space :etween the vertical grounding :odies
e) length o! the vertical grounding :od'
=he colu$n space is supposed to :e !our to eight $eters"

2D 2oil resistivit'
'able "." -esistivit' o! various t'pes o! soil
'ype Name
Approximation
o+ 6oil
Resisti%ity
AMPmC
Ran!e o+ 6oil Resisti%ity in Various Cases
AMPmC
8et Area
ABeneral
Area and
&ea%y Rain
AreaC
Dry Area
A*i!(t Rain
Area and
Desert
AreaC
Broundwater
wit( 6alt and
Alkali
2oil Kaolin 10 6 to 20 10 to 100 4 to 10
%eatA $arliteA
swa$pland
20 10 to 40 60 to 400 4 to 40
Mashed charcoal 40 - - -
Blac1landA garden
soilA china cla'A
$al$
60 40 to 100 60 to 400 10 to 40
Cla' 30 40 to 100 60 to 400 10 to 40
2and' cla' 100 40 to 400 80 to 1000 10 to 40
(oess 200 100 to 200 260 40
Cla' with sandA
sand
400 100 to 1000 S 1000 40 to 100
2and on the river
:each
- 400 - -
Coal - 460 - -
2ton' soil 400 - - -
-ed weathered
cla' in the upper
la'er and red roc1
in the lower la'er
600 Chu$idit')
40PD
- - -
2ton' soil in the
sur!ace la'erA
gravel in the
lower la'er
300 Chu$idit')
16PD
- - -
2and
2andA gravel 1A000 260 to 1000
1000 to
2600
-
2and :ed with a
depth o! $ore
than 10 $A
grassland with a
deep water ta:le
1A000 - - -
Cla' with a depth
o! $ore than 1"6
$A stratu$ with
$an' roc1s
1A000 - - -
-oc1
;ravelA $acada$ 6A000 - - -
-oc1' stone 6A000 - - -
;ranite 200A000 - - -
Concrete *n water 40 to 66 - - -
*n wet soil 100 to 200 - - -
*n dr' soil 600 to 1400 - - -
*n dr' at$osphere 12000 to 18000 - - -
Mine Metallic ore 0"01 to 1 - - -
'able "./ -elation :etween soil resistivit' Ca:out 16P $oisture contentD and te$perature
'emperature AHCC 6oil Resisti%ity AMPmC
20 52
10 &&
0 CwaterD 148
0 CiceD 400
^6 5&0
^16 4A400

'able ".1 -elation :etween soil resistivit' and hu$idit'
$oisture Content ARatio o+
$oisture and 8ei!(tC
Resisti%ity AMPmC
2and' Cla' 2and
0 10A000A000 -
2"6 1A600 4A000A000
6 440 60A000
10 186 2A100
16 106 340
20 34 2&0
40 42 -

'able ".. -esistivit' o! various t'pes o! water
'ype Name
Approximation o+
Resisti%ity AMPmC
'ype Name
Approximation o+
Resisti%ity AMPmC
?ater
2ea water 1 to 6 ?ater
2trea$
water
60 to 100
(a1e waterA
pool water
40 -iver water 40 to 300
?ater in $ud
and peat
16 to 20
?aste
water
400
2pring 40 to 60
Distilled
water
1A000A000
;roundwater 20 to 50

'able ".; -elation :etween soil resistivit' and the salt content in sand
6alt Content AJC 6oil Resisti%ity AMPmC
0 105
0"1 18
1 4"3
6 1"&
10 1"4
20 1

4D 2eason-correcting coe!!icient o! soil resistivit'
/!!ected :' the cli$ate Cincluding te$perature and hu$idit'DA the soil resistivit' is
di!!erent in ever' $onth o! a 'ear" =o ensure that the grounding resistance $eets the
re.uire$ents when the soil resistivit' reaches the highestA 'ou need to use the
season-correcting coe!!icient K"
V E V
[
i -------- C2-16D
?hereA
V) soil resistivit' used !or calculating grounding resistance
V
[
) soil resistivit' tested in di!!erent $onths o! a 'ear" =a:le 1"1 lists the season-
correcting coe!!icients in the twelve $onths o! a 'ear in Bei@ing !or re!erence"
K) season-correcting coe!!icient o! soil resistivit'

'able "." 2eason-correcting coe!!icients in Bei@ing
Area " / 1 . ; > 2 @ 0 "# "" "/
Bei@ing
CF22bC
to 12bCD
1"08 1 0"&3 1"46 1"42 1"42 1"42 1"&4 1"8 1"3 1"42 1"46
0or the season-correcting coe!!icients in other areasA re!er to =a:le 1"2" Hou can
select a proper season-correcting coe!!icient according to the weather conditions"
'able "./ 2eason-correcting coe!!icients in various t'pes o! areas
8eat(er Condition
'ype I
Area
'ype II
Area
'ype III
Area
'ype IV
Area
?eather inde,
/verage low
te$perature
Cjanuar'D
^20bC to ^
16bC
^16bC to ^
10bC
^10bC to
0bC
0bC to 6bC
/verage high
te$perature
Cjul'D
F13bC to
F18bC
F18bC to
F22bC
F22bC to
F24bC
F24bC to
F23bC
/verage rain!all
C$$D
400 600 600 400 to 600
0ree8e-up Cda'D 1&0 to 150 ] 160 ] 100 0
2eason-correcting
coe!!icient
/ngle steel
grounding :od'
Clength) 1"6 $ to
2"6 $Y :urial
depth) 0"6 $ to
0"8 $D
1"8 to 2"0 1"6 to 1"8 1"4 to 1"3 1"2 to 1"4
Band steel or
wire steel
grounding :od'
C:urial depth) 0"8
$D
4"6 to 5"0 4"6 to 4"6 2"0 to 2"6 1"6 to 2"0
Band steel or
wire steel
grounding :od'
C:urial depth) 0"4
$D
3"0 to 8"0 4"6 to 6"6 2"6 to 4"0 2
4D Methods o! reducing the grounding resistance
Che$ical $ethods)
Che$icals are added into soil to reduce the grounding resistance" /dding salt C#aclD
is the $ost cost-e!!ective" Hou can use the la'ering $ethod or the irrigation $ethod"
*n this wa'A the grounding resistance that is not a!!ected $uch :' te$perature or
hu$idit' can :e reduced to 1B3 to 1B4 in the sand' soil and to 2B6 to 1B4 in the sand'
cla'" Che$icals can corrode the grounding :od'" =he validit' period is two 'earsA that
isA the salt needs to :e added again ever' two 'ears" =he a$ount o! added salt is 1B2
o! the initial a$ount"
a" (a'ering $ethod
Dig a round hole with a dia$eter o! 0"6 $ around each grounding pipe" Bur' the
grounding pipes Clength) 2"6 $A dia$eter) 60 c$A thic1ness) 6 $$D" Ensure that the
:urial depth o! the grounding pipes is 0"5 $ to 1 $" /t a depth o! 1B4 o! the length o!
the grounding pipe a:ove the grounding pipesA that isA a:out 30 c$ to 80 c$ deep
!ro$ the ground sur!aceA appl' si, to eight la'ers o! salt and each la'er is 2 c$ to 4
c$ deep" =hen appl' a la'er o! conductive hu$usA 10 c$ deep" =a$p the salt and
water the salt properl' C1 1g salt to 1^2 liter waterD" -epeat the operations and appl'
another seven la'ers o! salt" Each grounding pipe needs 40 1g to 40 1g salt" <se
40,4 galvani8ed !lat steel to solder ad@acent grounding pipes at the top" <se also the
40,4 galvani8ed !lat steel to connect to the grounding :ar in the e.uip$ent roo$ or
the lightning protection down-lead on the tower" =o !acilitate testsA 'ou can use three
:olts to connect the 40,4 galvani8ed ter$inals reserved in the e.uip$ent roo$"
:" *rrigation $ethod
=his $ethod is used when the grounding resistance is high and $an' holes are
re.uired" Dig !ive to si, holes with a dia$eter o! 1 c$ that have a space o! 20 c$
:etween each other in di!!erent directions on the grounding pipe" 0ill saturated salt
solution in the grounding pipe" Each pipe needs 20 1g to 40 1g salt" >ne 1ilogra$ o!
salt needs to :e dissolved in 1 1g to 2 1g water" <se galvani8ed !lat steel to solder
ad@acent grounding pipes at the top as the grounding electrode" =he $aterials are the
sa$e as those used in the previous $ethod"
%ol'$eric $aterials and inorganic $aterials are used !or the long-acting che$ical
resistance reduction $ethod"
a" <rea !or$aldeh'de resin resistance reducing agent
CaD 0or$ula
$aterial Name 6peci+ications
Dosa!e
Ak!C
Proportion AJC 5unction
<rea !or$aldeh'de
resin solution
+iscosit') 6
centipoise to 8
centipoise
%roportion) a:out
1"15
4"0 14 Cresin) 3"5D ost cr'stal
%ol'vin'l alcohol
resin
%ol'$eri8ation
degree) 1560
0"88 4 /gent
<rea *ndustrial product 0"44 1"4 Cross-lin1ing agent
2odiu$ :isul!ite
C#a2>4D
*ndustrial product or
reagent
0"4 1"4 2olidi!ied agent
2odiu$ chloride
C#aclD
*ndustrial product 1"8 to 2 3 Electrol'te
?ater 22 54 2olvent
C:D <sage
/" Co$pound the pol'vin'l alcohol resin into a solution at a concentration o! 10P"
%ol'vin'l alcohol resin dissolves slowl'" =here!oreA 'ou need to dip it into water a da'
:e!ore and then use water to dilute the pol'vin'l alcohol resin" Hou need to add water
and heat the pol'vin'l alcohol resin when the pol'vin'l alcohol resin dissolves" 2tir
the solution so that the pol'vin'l alcohol resin dissolves ho$ogeneousl'" ?ait until
the solution returns to roo$ te$perature" /dd urea into the solution"
B" Dissolve all the sodiu$ chloride C#aclD into the ho$ogeneous electrol'te :' using
1B2 o! the water used in the previous step"
C" <se little water to dissolve the sodiu$ :isul!ite C#a2>4D"
D" Mi, all the solutions and then add the solidi!ied agent" /ppl' the solution around
the grounding :odies" /!ter the solution is solidi!iedA :ac1!ill and ta$p the soil"
:" /cr'la$ide resistance reducing agent
CaD 0or$ula
Dosa!e
Ak!C
/cr'la$ide ?hite powder 0"& 4 ost cr'stal
#K#-di$eth'l acr'l
a$ide
?hite powder 0"0& 0"44 Cross-lin1ing agent
/$$oniu$
persul!ate
?hite powder 0"02 0"1 *nitiating agent
=riethanole$ine +iscous li.uid 0"0& 0"4 *nitiating agent
2odiu$ chloride
C#aclD
*ndustrial product 4"6 16 Electrol'te
?ater 18 58 2olvent
C:D <sage and precautions
/" <se 16 1g water to dissolve the sodiu$ chloride"
B" <se 2 1g water to dissolve the acr'la$ide" ?ait until the solution returns to roo$
te$perature"
C" <se little water to dissolve the #K#-di$eth'l acr'l a$ide to $ush' and then speed-
dissolve the #K#-di$eth'l acr'l a$ide"
D" <se little water to dissolve the a$$oniu$ persul!ate"
Mi, all the solutions e,cept !or the a$$oniu$ persul!ate solution" /!ter the solution is
ho$ogeneousl' $i,edA add the a$$oniu$ persul!ate solution" /ppl' the solution
around the grounding :odies" /!ter the solution is solidi!iedA :ac1!ill and ta$p the soil"
C=he use o! grounding :odies and grounding strips is the sa$e as that in other
$ethods"D
c" %ol'acr' la$ide resistance reducing agent
CaD 0or$ula
Dosa!e
Ak!C
%ol'acr' la$ide
solution
+iscosit') 5P 2"3 &"4 Cresin) 0"3D ost cr'stal
Bleaching powder
E!!ective sodiu$
content) 28P to
40P
0"13 0"6 2olidi!ied agent
2odiu$ chloride
C#aclD
*ndustrial product 4 10 Electrol'te
0ine earth 13 65 /gent
4"6 16
?ater 3 22 C40PD 2olvent
C:D <sage and precautions
/" <se 6 1g water to dissolve the resin" /dd sodiu$ chloride C#aclD to dissolve the
resin into ho$ogeneous solution"
B" <se the re$aining water to dissolve the :leaching powder"
C" Mi, the resin solution with the earth and then add the :leaching powder solution"
/ppl' the solution around the grounding :odies" /!ter the solution is solidi!iedA :ac1!ill
and ta$p the soil"
=he pol'acr' la$ide resistance reducing agent is cost-e!!ective and should :e widel'
used"
Construction $ethods o! long-acting resistance reducing agents)
;rounding :odies can :e in a shape o! :arA plateA or line and can :e :uried
hori8ontall' or verticall'" *n either :urial $odeA ensure that the grounding :odies are
placed at the center o! the resistance reducing agent and that the resistance agent
and electrode resistance reducing agent are in good contact with the soil"
/.2 $aterial Proportions
$aterial Name Proportion A!:cm
1
C
Dielectric 6tren!t(
AkV:mmC
Relati%e Dielectric
Constant Q
#o" 400 and #o" 400
as:estos ce$ent
2"0 1"6 5
/s:estos paper 1"0 to 1"4 2 to 6
/s:estos :a1elite 1"3 to 1"8 3 to 14 2"0 to 2"6
#atural asphalt 1"1 to 1"4 14 to 13 2 to 4
Dr' ca:le paper 0"8 3 to & 2"4 to 4"6
>iled ca:le paper 10 to 26 4"4 to 4"5
/ir 0"00121 4 to 4 1
Beeswa, 0"&3 8 to 16 2"8 to 2"&
+arnished cloth 1"1 to 1"4 40 to 40 4"6 to 6
=rans!or$er oil 0"86 to 0"8& 6 to 18 2 to 2"6
Mica Carti!icial $icaD 2"2 16 to 40 4"3 to 3
Mar:le 2"5 4"6 to 6"6 8 to 10
>rganic glass 1"18 15 to 18 4"2 to 4"3
%ara!!in 0"& to 0"&4 16 to 40 2"2 to 2"4
%ol'vin'l chloride C%+CD
plastics
1"48 46 4"1 to 4"6
Muscovite $ica 2"8 to 4"2 120 to 200 3 to 5"6
%hlogopite $ica 2"6 to 2"5 30 to 126 4 to 6"6
;lass 2"6 to 2"5 10 to 40 6"6 to 10
Cera$ics 2"4 to 2"5 18 to 26 6 to 5"6
*nsulation paper 1"2 to 1"4 4 to 11 4"6
-u::er 1"16 to 1"4 8 to 10 2"4 to 4"6
Material #a$e %roportion CgBc$
4
D
-esistance
Coe!!icient V0 at
20bC Coh$g$$
2
B$D
=e$perature Coe!!icient
o! -esistance k C1BbCD
Copper 8"&6 0"0156 4"0,10
-4
2ilver 10"66 0"13 4"0,10
-4
/lu$iniu$ 2"5 0"02& 4"0,10
-4
=in 5"4 to 5"6 0"12 4"4,10
-4
(ead 11"44 to 11"45 0"21 4"2,10
-4
linc 5"1 0"03 4"&,10
-4
*ron 5"83 0"1 to 0"4 &"0,10
-4

/.@ 6ubdi%ision o+ $icrowa%e 5re9uency ,ands in t(e 76A
P ,and * ,and 6 ,and X ,and - ,and E ,and V ,and 8 ,and
2
u:
:a
nd
0re
.uen
c'
C;
8D
2
u:
:a
nd
0re
.uen
c'
C;
8D
2
u:
:a
nd
0re
.uen
c'
C;
8D
2
u:
:a
nd
0re
.ue
nc'
C;
8D
2u
::
an
d
0re.
uenc
'
C;8
D
2u
::a
nd
0re.u
enc'
C;8D
2u
::a
nd
0re.u
enc'
C;8D
2u
::a
nd
0re.
uenc
'
C;8
D
266
0"4&
p
c
i
'
t
s
,
1
!
8
0"4&
0"43
6
0"61
0"52
6
0"58
0"&
0"&6
2"&
1"46
1"46
1"66
e
!
t
c
.
'
g
s
a
w
h
8a
d
1"66
1"36
1"86
2
2"4
2"3
2"5
2"&
4"1
4"4
4"5
4"&
4"2
6"2
a
.
'
d
:
r
c
i
s
,
!
1
6"2
6"6
6"56
3"2
3"26
3"&
5
8"6
&
&"3
10
10"2
6
10"&
p
s
e
c
u
t
.
r
$
n
i
a
10"&
12"2
6
14"2
6
14"2
6
16"4
6
15"2
6
20"6
24"6
23"6
28"6
40"5
44
43
a
:
c
d
e
43
48
40
42
44
43
a
:
c
d
e
43
48
60
62
64
63
63
100
#ote)
1 28^X' C4"& ;8 to 3"2 ;8DA C :and in the previous ta:le"
2 Ku^K. C16"46 ;8 to 24"6 ;8D
C(apter 1 xamples o+ Desi!nin! and Calculatin!
$icrowa%e Circuits
E,a$ple)
*n a ;2M pro@ectA $icrowave can onl' :e used !or connecting B2C to B=21 and
B=21A due to environ$ental !actors" Design the $icrowave rela' circuit that connects
B2C to B=21 and B=21" C=he $a,i$u$ local rain!all is 16 $$Bh" =he local place has
onl' the 4 ;8 $icrowave circuit" =he three stations are connected in a chain CB2C-
B=21-B=22D" =he $icrowave circuit applies the $icrowave !re.uenc' o! 8 ;8"D
2olutions)
1D Mar1 the points where B2CA B=21A and B=22 are located on the topographic
$ap with a scale o! 1)60A000 "
2D -ead the plane rectangular coordinates Cunit) degreeD and altitudes Cunit) $D o!
the pointsA !or e,a$ple)
- B2C C2&84"40A 15544"86DA 446
- B=21 C2&85"&0A 15564"44DA 650
- B=22 C22&&2"36&A 15531"24DA 630
4D -ecord the data o! B2C-B=21 and B=21-B=22 in the $icrowave trans$ission
pro!ile diagra$" -e!er to =a:le 1"1 and =a:le 1"2"
'able "." Data o! the B2C-B=21 pro!ile 1m
No. d" AkmC Altitude AmC Remarks
1 0 446 /t the B2C point
2 1 434
4 2"6 4&0
4 4"8 450
6 4"2 483
3 4"8 462
5 6"3 640
8 5"4 430
& 8"1 480
10 &"2 640
11 11"6 650 /t the B=21 point
#ote) d1 re!ers to the distance :etween B=21 and B2C"
'able "./ Data o! the B=21-B=22 pro!ile 2m
No. d" AkmC Altitude AmC Remarks
1 0 650 /t the B=21 point
2 1"4 480
4 2"6 666
4 4"1 658
6 4"8 60&
3 6"5 443
5 3"0 620
8 3"2 438
& 3"4 485
10 5"2 608
11 8"4 630 /t the B=22 point
#ote) d1 re!ers to the distance :etween B=22 and B=21"
4D Draw the previous two pro!ile diagra$s on the sa$e coordinates diagra$ CK E
4B4D"
/:scissa) 1 c$ E 2 1$
>rdinate) 1 c$ E 20 $
5i!ure .." Diagra$ o! B2C-B=21 and B=21-B=22 pro!iles C1D
=he !ollowing para$eters can :e o:tained !ro$ the pro!ile diagra$s)
B2C-B=21 pro!ile)
/ltitude o! B2C) 446 $
/ltitude o! B=21) 650 $
Distance :etween B2C and B=21) d E 11"6 1$
Distance :etween the B2C and the o:stacles) d1 E 4"8 1$A d2 E 3"5 1$
/ltitude o! o:stacles) hs E 640 $
B=21-B=22 pro!ile)
/ltitude o! B=21) 650 $
/ltitude o! B=22) 630 $
Distance :etween B2C and B=21) d E 8"4 1$
(ocations o! o:stacles) d1 E 4"1 1$A d2 E 4"4 1$
/ltitude o! o:stacles) hs E 658 $
1." Calculatin! t(e Necessary Parameters o+ t(e 'wo Relay
6ections
Calculate the distance :etween stations o! the two rela' sections as !ollows)
d B2C-B=21 E CC2&85"&0 - 2&84"40D
2
F C15564"44 - 15544"86D
2
D
1B2
E 11"6 C1$D
d B=21-B=22 E CC2&&2"36& - 2&85"&0D
2
F C15531"24 - 15564"44D
2
D
1B2
E 8"4 C1$D
Calculate the !ree space clearance o! rela' sections"
=he pro!ile diagra$s show that the $ountains are the onl' o:stacles on the
trans$ission lin1" *rregular re!lections e,istA :ut the receive end does not receive the
inter!erence level that a!!ects the .ualit' o! the received signal" =here!oreA the e!!ects
o! the o:stacles can :e neglected" Do the calculation o! the two pro!iles :' assu$ing
that the' have onl' the o:stacles o! $ountains"
Calculate the !ree space clearance 0 at the o:stacles in the rela' sections"
0B2C-B=21 E C1B4D
1B2
C01D E CNd1d2BC4dDD
1B2
E C4 , 10
8
, 4"8 , 3"5BC4 , 11"6 , 8 , 10
&
DD
1B2
E
0"185 C$D
0B=21-B=22 E C1B4D
1B2
C01D E CNd1d2BC4dDD
1B2
E C4 , 10
8
, 4"1 , 4"4BC4 , 8"4 , 8 , 10
&
DD
1B2
E
0"134 C$D
Hou can esti$ate the clearance o! the two rela' sections according to the clearance
standards" =he clearance $eets the re.uire$ent i! it is $ore than the corresponding
0"
*n the pro!ileA draw a line to connect the point 6 $ to 10 $ a:ove the o:stacle point
Cto prevent the error in drawing and the :ushes on the pea1 !ro$ a!!ecting the
co$$unicationD to the perpendicular lines that pass the two points respectivel'" Keep
the two intersection points the lowest to the groundA and at the sa$e ti$eA ensure the
co$$unication conditions" =he heights o! the two points are the antenna heights in
the co$$unication direction" 2ee 0igure 1"1"
/:scissa) 1 c$ E 2 1$
>rdinate) 1 c$ E 20 $
5i!ure "." Diagra$ o! B2C-B=21 and B=21-B=22 pro!iles C2D
Hou can calculate the heights o! the antennas according to 0igure 1"1"
hB2CMB=21) 41 $
hB=21MB2C) 22 $
hB=21MB=22) 22 $
hB=22MB=21) 23 $
Calculate the clearance at the o:stacles according to the antenna heights"
0irstA calculate the clearance o! the B2C-B=21 section"
CB2C-B=21D4B4 E CChB2CMB=21,d2D F ChB=21MB2C,d1DDBd - hs - d1,d2B2a1 E CCC446 F 41D , 3"5D F
CC650 F 22D , 4"8DDB11"6 - C640 F 4D - 4"8,3"5B2B3450B1000BC4B4D
E ^8"68 C$D
CB2C-B2=1D2B4 E CCC446F41D , 3"5D F CC650 F 22D , 4"8DDB11"6 - C640 F 4D - 4"8 ,
3"5B2B3450B1000BC2B4D E ^8"68 C$D
CB2C-B=21D2B4 E CCC446 F 41D , 3"5D F CC650 F 22D , 4"8DDB11"6 - C640 F 4D - 4"8 ,
3"5B2B3450B1000BU E ^8"68 C$D
=he antenna heights o! the B2C-B=21 section are not enough" *ncrease the antenna
heights :' C8"68 F 4D $ to C8"68 F 6D $"
*ncrease the antenna heights :' 12 $ and calculate the clearance o! the B2C-B=21
section again"
CB2C-B=21D4B4 E CChB2CMB=21 , d2D F ChB=21MB2C , d1DDBd - hs - d1 , d2B2a1 E CC446 F 44D , 3"5 F
C650 F 44D , 4"8DB11"6 - C640 F 4D - 4"8 , 3"5B2B3450B1000BC4B4D E 4"415 C$D
CB2C-B2=1D2B4 E CC446 F 44D , 3"5 F C650 F 44D , 4"8DB11"6 - C640 F 4D - 4"8 ,
3"5B2B3450B1000BC2B4D E 4"415 C$D
CB2C-B=21D2B4 E CC446 F 44D , 3"5 F C650 F 44D , 4"8DB11"6 - C640 F 4D - 4"8 ,
3"5B2B3450B1000BU E 4"415 C$D
/!ter the ad@ust$entA hB2CMB=21 is 44 $ and hB=21MB2C is 44 $A which co$plies with the
clearance standards" =he antenna heights are applica:le" *n this caseA the altitudes o!
the antennas are 488 $ and 304 $ respectivel'"
Calculate the clearance o! the B=21-B=22 section"
CB=21-B=22D4B4 E CCh B=21MB=22 , d2D F ChB=22MB=21 , d1DDBd - hs - d1 , d2B2a1 E CC650 F 22D , 4"2
F C630 F 23D , 4"1DB8"4 - C658 F 4D - 4"1 , 4"2B2B3450B1000BC4B4D E 8"04 C$D
*t shows that the antennas in the B=21-B=22 section have a clearance o! 8"04 $"
=here!oreA 'ou need to lower the antennas :' 4 $ to 6 $" *! the antenna heights are
reduced :' 4 $ eachA the antenna heights h B=21MB=22 and h B=22MB=21 are 18 $ and 22
$ respectivel'" 2u:stitute the values into the !or$ula !or calculating the clearance"
CB=21-B=22DU E CCh B=21MB=22 , d2D F ChB=22MB=21 , d1DDBd - hs - d1 , d2B2aU E CC650 F 18D , 4"2
F C630 F 22D , 4"1DB8"4 - C658 F 4D - 4"1 , 4"2B2B3450B1000BU E 4"04 C$D
=he data $eets the re.uire$ents !or circuit trans$ission" =he corresponding altitudes
hB=21MB=22K and hB=22MB=21K are 68& $ and 684 $ respectivel'"
=he calculation results o! the antenna heights are as !ollows)
0or the B2C-B=21 sectionA the antenna heights hB2CMB=21 and hB=21MB2C are 44 $ and
44 $ respectivel'A and the corresponding altitudes are 488 $ and 304 $ respectivel'"
0or the B=21-B=22 sectionA the antenna heights hB=21MB=22 and hB=22MB=21 are 18 $
and 22 $ respectivel'A and the corresponding altitudes are 688 $ and 682 $
respectivel'"
1./ Calculatin! t(e Antenna le%ation
\B2CMB=21 E CChB=21MB2CK - hB2CMB=21KDBd - CdB2a1DD , 65"4b
E CC304 - 488DBC11"6 , 1000D - 11"6BC2 , 3450 , 4B4DD , 65"4b
E 0"64&1&b
E 0b4K1"41n
\B=21MB2C E CChB2CMB=21K - hB=21MB2CKDBd - CdB2a1DD , 65"4b
E CC488 - 304DBC11"6 , 1000D - 11"6BC2 , 3450 , 4B4DD , 65"4b
E ^0"31355b
E ^0b4K4"2n
#ote)
*! the angle is positiveA it indicates that the angle is an elevation angle" *! the angle is
negativeA it indicates that the angle is a depression angle" =he hori8ontal line is
considered as 8ero degrees" =he angle a:ove the hori8ontal line is positiveA and the
angle :elow the hori8ontal line is negative"
(i1ewiseA 'ou can calculate the elevation o! the two antennas o! the B=21-B=22
section"
\B=21MB=22 E CC682 - 688DBC8"4 , 1000D - 8"4BC2 , 3450 , 4B4D , 65"4b
E ^0"03&42b
E ^0b4K&"&n
\B=22MB=21 E CC688 - 682DBC8"4 , 1000D - 8"4BC2 , 3450 , 4B4D , 65"4b
E 0"01442b
E 0b0K48n
1./." Calculatin! t(e A?imut( o+ Antennas
/ccording to the $ap with a scale o! 1)60A000 A the relations :etween the stations in a
plane rectangular coordinates s'ste$ are shown in 0igure 1"1" Hou can calculate the
a8i$uth o! the antennas" 2ee 0igure 1"1"
5i!ure "." /8i$uth relations :etween stations
1././ Calculatin! t(e A?imut( o+ Antennas
Calculate the grid north a8i$uth XK o! the stations in the plane rectangular coordinates
s'ste$
XKB2CMB=21 E &0b F tg
-1
C7XB7HD
E &0b F tg
-1
C2&85"&0 - 2&84"40B15564"44 - 15544"86D
E &0b F 5"422b
E &5"422b
E &5b1&K1&n
XKB=21MB2C E 250b F tg
-1
C7XB7HD
E 250b F tg
-1
C2&85"&0 - 2&84"40B15564"44 - 15544"86D
E 250b F 5"422b
E 255"422b

E 255b1&K1&n
XKB=21MB=22 E &0b - tg
-1
C7XB7HD
E &0b - tg
-1
C2&&2"36& - 2&85"&0B15531"24 - 15564"44D
E &0b - 11"4&0b
E 58b"40K18n
XKB=22MB=21 E 250b - tg
-1
C7XB7HD
E 250b - tg
-1
C2&&2"36& - 2&85"&0B15531"24 - 15564"44D
E 250b - 11"4&0b
E 268b40K18n
1./.1 Calculatin! t(e 'rue Nort( A?imut( o+ t(e Antennas
=rue north a8i$uth) angle !or$ed when the a,is o! the ra' rotates cloc1wise !ro$ the
true $eridian to the re.uired direction" (i1ewiseA the angle !or$ed when the a,is o!
the ra' rotates !ro$ the $agnetic north $eridian to the re.uired direction is called the
$agnetic north a8i$uthA and the angle !or$ed when the a,is o! the ra' rotates !ro$
the grid north $eridian to the re.uired direction is called the grid north a8i$uth"
=here!oreA the a8i$uth calculated previousl' is the grid north a8i$uth o! the point" *n
co$$unications engineeringA the true north direction is relativel' sta:le" =here!oreA
the true north a8i$uth is alwa's used to indicate the a8i$uth o! antennas" =he
$agnetic north a8i$uth is used to indicate the a8i$uth o! antennas !or the
convenience o! construction in certain cases" =he !ollowing descri:es how to
calculate the true north a8i$uth o! antennas"
0igure 1"1 shows the relations :etween the true north $eridianA $agnetic $eridianA
and a,is $eridian on a 1)60A000 $ap"
0ind the !ollowing legend at the corner o! the 1)60A000 topographic $ap where the
$icrowave stations are located" =he legend shows the relations :etween the true
north $eridianA $agnetic $eridianA and a,is $eridian" =he $ar1s o! aA a1A a2A :A :1A
and :2 in 0igure 1"1 indicate the angles :etween the true north $eridianA $agnetic
$eridianA and a,is $eridian"
/ssu$e that the !ollowing data is o:tained !ro$ 0igure 1"1)
B2C) a E 1b4K24nA : E 4K42n" a F : E 1b5K63nA which is the angle :etween the true
$eridian and the a,is $eridian"
B=21) a1 E 2b0K12nA :1 E 3K18n" a1 F :1 E 2b3K40nA which is the angle :etween the
$agnetic $eridian and the a,is $eridian"
B=22) a2 E 10K24nA :2 E 8K40n" a2 F :2 E 18K64nA which is the angle :etween the true
$eridian and the a,is $eridian"
=rue
$eridian
=rue
$eridian
=rue
$eridian
Magnetic
$eridian
Magnetic
$eridian
Magnetic
$eridian
/,is
$eridian
/,is
$eridian
/,is
$eridian
5i!ure "." -elations :etween the true $eridianA $agnetic $eridianA and a,is $eridian o! stations
/ccording to the grid north a8i$uth calculated earlierA the assu$ed dataA and the
relative positions shown in 0igure 1"1A 'ou can calculate the true north a8i$uth o! the
antennas as !ollows)
XB2CMB=21 E &0b F tg
-1
C7XB7HD F a F :
E &0b F tg
-1
C2&85"&0 - 2&84"40B15564"44 - 15544"86D F a F :
E &0b F 5"422b F 1b5K63n
E &5"422b F 1b5K63n
E &8b25K16n
/ccording to the grid north a8i$uth calculated earlierA the assu$ed dataA and the
relative positions shown in 0igure 1"1A 'ou can calculate the true north a8i$uth o! the
antennas as !ollows)
XB=21MB2C E 250b F tg
-1
C7XB7HD F :1
E 250b F tg
-1
C2&85"&0 - 2&84"40B15564"44 -15544"86D F 3K18n
E 250b F 5"422b F 3K18n
E 255"422b F 3K18n
E 255b26K45n
XB=21MB=22 E &0b - tg
-1
C7XB7HD F :1
E &0b - tg
-1
C2&&2"36& - 2&85"&0B15531"24 - 15564"44D F 3K18n
E &0b - 11"4&0b F 3K18n
E 58b43K43n
XB=22MB=21 E 250b - tg
-1
C7XB7HD - a2 - :2
E 250b - tg
-1
C2&&2"36& - 2&85"&0B15531"24 - 15564"44D - 18K64n
E 250b - 11"4&0b - 18K64n
E 268"1&6b
#ote) 7X and 7H indicate the a:solute values o! 7X and 7H respectivel'"
'able "." (ist o! Circuit %ara$eters
#ote) =he na$es and data listed in the !ollowing ta:le are assu$ed and $a' :e
inconsistent with actual situations"
6tation Name
Pro3ect Name
,6C ,'6" ,'6/
2tation Code XX1 XX2 XX4
2tation #a$e ji,i Daliang (a$o
;eographic #a$e (a$a Count' Dong@ing Count' Ke@ia Count'
1)60A000 Map Code 8-4&-46-B 8-4&-45-D 8-4&-43-/
Distance Between 2tations
C1$D
11"6 8"4
%lane
-ectangular
Coordinates
X 2&84"40 2&85"&0 2&&2"36&
H 15544"86 15564"44 15531"24
(atitude and
(ongitude
Coordinates
(ongitude E 101b25"031K E 101b40"031K E101b44"820K
(atitude # 23b63"401K # 23b60"424K # 23b44"324K
2tation /ltitude
C$D
446 650 630
/ntenna
eight C$D
44 44 18 22
Clearance C$D
K E 2B4 4"415 4"04
K E 4B4 4"415 4"04
K E U 4"415 4"04
%ro!ile ='pe
Mountainous
areas
Mountainous areas
=rans$ission ='pe / /
R9uipment selectionS
I. Determinin! t(e Operatin! 5re9uency o+ t(e 9uipment and t(e
'ransmission Capacity o+ Relay 6ections
*t is learnt on site that no $icrowave s'ste$s that con!lict with 5 ;8 $icrowave
s'ste$s e,ist at the three sites in the near !uture or !uture planning" *n additionA to
prevent the $icrowave signal !ro$ :eing unsta:le in the case o! heav' rain at the
local areas and to $eet the re.uire$ents o! ;2M trans$ission capacit' Ceach :ase
station needs to add 2,2 M:itBs !or e,pansionDA use 5 ;8 $icrowave s'ste$s !or the
two rela' sections constructed :' the three stations" =he B2C-B=21 section uses 4,2
M:itBs per channelA and the B=21-B=22 section uses 1,2 M:itBs per channel"
II. Determinin! t(e 5eeder *en!t( o+ Relay 6ections
/!ter the site locations and antenna heights are deter$inedA 'ou need to deter$ine
the length o! the !eeders o! each station" =he length o! the !eeders o! each station is
as !ollows)
( B2CMB=21 E antenna height F length o! the tower :ridge F distance :etween the
e,terior wall o! the e.uip$ent roo$ and the inter!ace o! the indoor unit F error $argin
in the surve'
E 44 F 12 F 13 F 2 E 54 C$D
( B=21MB2C E antenna height F length o! the tower :ridge F distance :etween the
e,terior wall o! the e.uip$ent roo$ and the inter!ace o! the indoor unit F surve' error
$argin
E 44 F 10 F 3 F 2 E 62 C$D
( B=21MB=22 E antenna height F length o! the tower :ridge F distance :etween the
$argin
E 18 F 10 F 3 F 2 E 43 C$D
( B=22MB=21 E antenna height F length o! the tower :ridge F distance :etween the
$argin
E 22 F 14 F 6 F 2 E 44 C$D
igh-!re.uenc' !eeders include rectangular waveguides and elliptical corrugated
waveguides" =he rectangular waveguide has a co$plicated structure and poor
!le,i:ilit'" =here!oreA the elliptical corrugated waveguide is used in engineering" =he
structure o! the elliptical corrugated waveguide is descri:ed earlier" =he !ollowing
descri:es how to select the co$ponents o! the waveguide"
=he t'pe o! the elliptical corrugated waveguide depends on the operating !re.uenc'
and the inter!ace t'pe" =he si8e o! the antenna depends on the -2( o! the rela'
section" =here!oreA the speci!ications o! the inter!ace are not !i,ed" /!ter the si8e o!
the antenna and other inde,es are deter$ined through calculationA 'ou can select the
inter!ace !lange o! the !eeder according to the re.uire$ent o! the antenna inter!ace"
=he rectangular waveguide !lange deter$ines the speci!ications o! the inter!ace" =he
sa$e pro:le$ e,ists in the !eeder connecting to the $icrowave radio" =he receive
!eeder and trans$it !eeder respectivel' connect the trans$it port o! the :ranching
s'ste$ and the receive port o! the coupler to the antenna" =he t'pe o! the inter!ace
!lange depends on the inter!ace o! the h':rid coupler" <suall'A the two !langes are the
sa$e" =he !lange is selected a!ter the t'pe o! the ellipticalBrectangular converter is
deter$ined" =he ellipticalBrectangular converter is selected according to concerned
!eeder docu$ents"
#ote) =wo !eeders are used onl' when the dual-polari8ed antenna is used" ?hen the
single-polari8ed antenna is usedA onl' one !eeder is re.uired" *n this caseA the input
and output ports at the trans$it end and the receive end o! the $i,er in the :ranching
s'ste$ at the $icrowave e.uip$ent side are connected to one !eeder" =he t'pe o!
the !lange at the inter!ace depends on the t'pe o! the inter!ace !lange o! the $i,er"
?hen 'ou discuss technical $atters with suppliersA $a1e a clear re.uire$ent !or the
!eeder inter!aces" =his pro:le$ see$s $inor :ut alwa's loo$s large once it occurs in
engineering" %a' special attention to the pro:le$"
1.1 Calculatin! t(e *oss on t(e 5eeder
/!ter the !eeder s'ste$ is deter$inedA the loss o! the entire !eeder can :e 1nown"
#or$all'A the supplier should provide the loss inde,es o! the co$ponents or the total
loss inde, o! all the !eeder accessories" <suall'A the total loss inde, o! all the !eeder
accessories is a:out 2 dB" /s provided :' the supplierA the trans$itted signal level is
tested at the output port o! the trans$itterA and the received signal level is tested at
the input port o! the receiver" =here!oreA 'ou need to 1now the insertion loss :etween
the output port o! the trans$itter and the input port o! the coupler and :etween the
input port o! the receiver and the output port o! the splitter" ?hen the docu$ents
provided :' the suppliers do not include the in!or$ationA as1 the suppliers to provide
the in!or$ation" =he insertion loss depends on the nu$:er o! channels provided :'
the s'ste$A according to e,perience" ?hen the s'ste$ provides onl' one channelA
the loss is the least and is a:out 1 dB" ?hen a new channel is added to the s'ste$A
the loss at the trans$it end and the receive end is increased :' 0"2 dB respectivel'"
=here!oreA the loss o! a channel is as !ollows)
=he insertion loss :etween the output port o! the trans$itter and the input port o! the
coupler is 1 dB" C=his value $ust :e o:tained !ro$ the supplier during the
engineering"D
=he insertion loss :etween the output port o! the splitter and the input port o! the
receiver is 1 dB" C=his value $ust :e o:tained !ro$ the supplier during the
engineering"D
=he total loss o! the accessories o! one !eeder is 2 dB" C=his value $ust :e o:tained
!ro$ the supplier during the engineering"D
Hou can calculate the trans$ission loss !ro$ the trans$itter to the trans$it antenna
and the trans$ission loss !ro$ the receive antenna to the receiver as !ollows)
(=CB2CMB=21D dB E insertion loss !ro$ the output port o! the trans$itter to the input port o!
the coupler F total loss on the accessories o! one !eeder F assu$ed loss on the
!eeder in the design
E 1 F 2 F 54 , 0"04&
E 3"655 CdBD
(-CB2CMB=21D dB E insertion loss !ro$ the input port o! the receiver to the output port o!
the coupler F total loss o! the accessories o! one !eeder F loss on the !eeder Ci!
designedD
E 1 F 2 F 54,0"04&
E 3"655 CdBD
(i1ewiseA
(=CB=21MB2CD dB E 1 F 2 F 44 , 0"04& E 4"333 CdBD
(-CB=21MB2CD dB E 1 F 2 F 44 , 0"04& E 4"333 CdBD
(=CB=21MB=22D dB E 1 F 2 F 18 , 0"04& E 4"882 CdBD
(-CB=21MB=22D dB E 1 F 2 F 18 , 0"04& E 4"882 CdBD
(=CB=22MB=21D dB E 1 F 2 F 22 , 0"04& E 4"058 CdBD
(-CB=22MB=21D dB E 1 F 2 F 22 , 0"04& E 4"058 CdBD
1.. Calculatin! t(e 5ree 6pace *oss o+ Relay 6ections
(CB2CMB=21D0 dB E 42"6 F 20lg!M8 F 20lgd1$
E 42"6 F 20lg5000M8 F 20lg11"61$
E 141"38 CdBD
(i1ewiseA
(CB=21MB=22D 0dB E 42"6 F 20lg5000M8 F 20lg8"41$
E 128"86 CdBD
1.; Calculatin! t(e R6* o+ Relay 6ections
/!ter the loss o! the !eeder s'ste$ and the !ree space propagation loss are
deter$inedA 'ou can select the antennaA deter$ine the antenna gainA and calculate
the -2( C%rD o! the rela' sections" =he calculation $ethods are descri:ed in this
section"
I. 6electin! Antennas) $icrowa%e 'ransmitters) and $icrowa%e Recei%ers
/ccording to the distance :etween stations and environ$ental conditionsA select the
1"2-$ dual-polari8ed high-per!or$ance antenna" =he t'pes o! the antenna inter!aces
are C%-145; and %D-50" =he antenna gain is 46"& dB"
=he trans$itted power o! the selected Ericsson $icrowave trans$itter is 28 dB$"
?hen BE- is 10
^4
and each channel carries 4,E1A the threshold -2( o! the selected
Ericsson $icrowave receiver is ^88 dB$" ?hen BE- is 10
^4
and each channel
carries 2,E1A the threshold -2( o! the selected Ericsson $icrowave receiver is ^&1
dB$" ?hen BE- is 10
^3
and each channel carries 4,E1A the threshold -2( o! the
selected Ericsson $icrowave receiver is ^86 dB$" ?hen BE- is 10
^3
and each
channel carries 2,E1A the threshold -2( o! the selected Ericsson $icrowave receiver
is ^88 dB$"
II. Calculatin! t(e R6* o+ Relay 6ections
%rCB2CMB=21D E %B2C = Ctrans$itted power o! the selected $icrowave e.uip$entD -
(=CB2CMB=21D dB F ;B2C = Cgain o! the selected antennaD - (CB2CMB=21D0 dB F ;B=21 - Cgain o! the
selected antennaD - (-CB=21MB2CD dB
E 28 dB $ - 3"655 dB F 46"& dB - 141"38 dB F 46"& dB - 4"333 dB
E ^44"124 dB$
(i1ewiseA
%rCB=21MB=22D E 21 dB $ - 4"882 dB F 46"& dB - 141"38 dB F 46"& dB - 4"058 dB
E ^43"84 dB$
1.> Calculatin! t(e 5adin! $ar!in *e%el o+ Relay 6ections
I. Calculatin! t(e 5adin! $ar!in *e%el o+ t(e ,6CF,'6" 6ection
BE- E 10
^4
)
MBE-E10-4 E %r - %= Cthreshold level o! the $icrowave receiverD
E %rCB2CMB=21D - %= Cthreshold level o! the $icrowave receiverD
E ^44"124 dB$ - C^88 dB$D
E 44"855 dB$
BE- E 10
^3
)
MBE-E10-3 E %r - %= Cthreshold level o! the $icrowave receiverD
E ^44"124 dB$ - C^86 dB$D
E 41"855 dB$
II. Calculatin! t(e 5adin! $ar!in *e%el o+ t(e ,'6"F,'6/ 6ection
BE- E 10
^4
)
7MBE-E10-4 E %r - %= Cthreshold level o! the $icrowave receiverD
E %rCB=21MB=22D - %= Cthreshold level o! the $icrowave receiverD
E ^43"84 dB$ - C^&1 dB$D
E 45"855 dB$
BE- E 10
^3
)
7MBE-E10-3 E %r - %= Cthreshold level o! the $icrowave receiverD
E ^44"124 dB$ - C^88 dB$D
E 44"855 dB$
III. Calculatin! t(e Outa!e Probability o+ Relay 6ections 8(en No 5adin!
Occurs
Calculate the outage pro:a:ilit' o! the B2C-B=21 section"
=he B2C-B=21 section is in $ountainous areasA and the !ollowing values are 1nown
according to the previous calculation and concerned outage pro:a:ilit' ta:les)
K9 E 1"052,10
^2
A B E 1A C E 1"4A ! E 5 C;8DA d E 11"6
=here!oreA
_CB2CMB=21D0 E K9!
BK
d
cK
E 1"052 , 10
^2
, 5 , 11"6
1"4
E 146
(i1ewiseA
_CB=21MB=22D0 E K9!
BK
d
cK
E 1"052 , 10
^2
, 5 , 8"4
1"4
E 1"156
1.2 Calculatin! t(e Outa!e Probability o+ Relay 6ections
8(en 5adin! $ar!in Is Considered
I. Calculatin! t(e Outa!e Probability o+ t(e ,6CF,'6" 6ection 8(en 5adin!
$ar!in Is Considered
BE- E 10
^4
)
_CB2CMB=21D E K9!
B
d
c
10
C^7MBE-E10-4B10D
E 146 , 10
C^44"855B10D
E 4"515 , 10
^4
BE- E 10
^3
)
_CB2CMB=21D E K9!
B
d
c
10
C^7MBE-E10-3B10D
E 146 , 10
C^41"855B10D
E &"412 , 10
^4
II. Calculatin! t(e Outa!e Probability o+ t(e ,'6"F,'6/ 6ection 8(en 5adin!
BE- E 10
^4
)
_CB=21MB=22D E K9!
B
d
c
10
C^7MBE-E10-4B10D
E 1"156 , 10
C^45"855B10D
E 1"&13 , 10
^6
BE- E 10
^3
)
_CB=21MB=22D E K9!
B
d
c
10
C^7MBE-E10-3B10D
E 1"156 , 10
C^44"855B10D
E 4"822 , 10
^6
1.@ Calculatin! t(e Outa!e Probability o+ Relay 6ections
8(en Ot(er 5actors Are Considered
I. Calculatin! t(e Outa!e Probability o+ t(e ,6CF,'6" 6ection 8(en Ot(er
5actors Are Considered
BE- E 10
^4
)
_KCB2CMB=21D E K9!
B
d
c
10
CC^7M-4DBE-E10-4B10D
E 146 , 10
CC^44"855-4DB10D
E 146 , 10
C^41"855B10D
E &"412 ,
10
^4
BE- E 10
^3
)
_KCB2CMB=21D E K9!
B
d
c
10
E 146 , 10
CC^41"855-4DB10D
E 1"858 , 10
^2
II. Calculatin! t(e Outa!e Probability o+ t(e ,'6"F,'6/ 6ection 8(en Ot(er
5actors Are Considered
BE- E 10
^4
)
_KCB=21MB=22D E K9!
B
d
c
10
E 1"156 , 10
CC^45"855-4DB10D
E 4"822 , 10
^6
BE- E 10
^3
)
_KCB=21MB=22D E K9!
B
d
c
10
E 1"156 , 10
CC^44"855-4DB10D
E 1"&13 , 10
^6

1.0 Calculatin! t(e Re9uired Indexes o+ t(e Circuit
Accordin! to Related I'7FR6 Recommendations
E,perience shows that in the case o! s$all-capacit' circuitsA the other inde,es $eet
the re.uire$ents as long as the BE- inde, o! the circuit $eets the re.uire$ent"
=here!oreA 'ou onl' need to ensure that the BE- o! the rela' section $eets the
re.uire$ent in a s$all-scale pro@ect"
I. Calculatin! t(e Re9uired Indexes o+ t(e ,6CF,'6" 6ection
P allow BE-E-4 Q C1"6(B1260D E 1"6 , 11"6B1260 E 1"48 , 10
^2
^4
II. Calculatin! t(e Re9uired Indexes o+ t(e ,'6"F,'6/ 6ection
P allow BE-E-4 Q C1"6(B1260D E 1"6 , 8"4B1260 E &"&3 , 10
^4
^4
1."# Conclusion
=he calculation results indicate the !ollowing relations :etween the actual BE- o! the
circuit and the re.uired inde,es o! the circuit"
I. Calculatin! t(e Outa!e Probability o+ t(e ,6CF,'6" 6ection 8(en 5adin!
BE- E 10
^4
)
_KCB2CMB=21D E &"412 , 10
^4
Q P allow BE-E10-4 E 1"48 , 10
^2
BE- E 10
^3
)
_KCB2CMB=21D E 1"858 , 10
^2
Q P allow BE-E10-3 E 4"38 , 10
^4
II. Calculatin! t(e Outa!e Probability o+ t(e ,'6"F,'6/ 6ection 8(en 5adin!
BE- E 10
^4
)
_KCB=21MB=22D E 4"822 , 10
^6
Q P allow BE-E10-4 E &"&3 , 10
^4
BE- E 10
^3
)
_KCB=21MB=22D E 1"&13 , 10
^6
Q P allow BE-E10-3 E 2"33 , 10
^4
=he results show that the inde,es o! the circuit $eet the re.uire$ents"
III. Calculatin! t(e lectroma!netic Radiation Intensity o+ t(e Circuit
=he radiated !ield strength o! the circuit is in inverse proportion to the distance awa'
!ro$ the antenna" =he radiated power o! the $icrowave trans$itter is a:out 1 ?"
=here!oreA the radiated !ield strength is considered onl' in the area that is close to the
antenna !ront Cnear !ieldD especiall' when the $icrowave antenna is installed on a
roo!top o! or a low $ast" =he !ollowing !igure shows the near-!ield headroo$ o! the
antenna"
15"1D
2
B
10D
5D
D
2C4B4D
20
20
=he space that is 15"1D
2
BN e,tended !ro$ the antenna $outh within the :oundar'
lines is the propagation space that $ust :e guaranteed" /ccording to the u'gens-
0resnel principleA $ost o! the radiated !ield strength o! the antenna is in this space"
=here!oreA when the re.uired propagation space o! the $icrowave antenna is
guaranteedA the electro$agnetic radiation in an' area outside the space co$plies
with the electro$agnetic radiation sa!et' standards"
=he ta:le in the !ollowing section lists the standards o! the sa!e space"
1."#./ Radiation 6tandards
-adiation standards di!!er in di!!erent countries and regions" *n ChinaA the
Regulations for Electromagnetic Radiation Protection is used as the radiation
standardsA that isA the average !ield .uantit' o! the electro$agnetic radiation !ield in
pu:lic environ$ent in an' consecutive si, $inutes within 24 hours should co$pl' with
the re.uire$ents listed in the !ollowing ta:le"
0re.uenc' -ange CM8D 40 to 4000 4000 to 16000
Electric 0ield 2trength C+B$D C12Da C0"22C!D
1B2
Da
Magnetic 0ield 2trength C/B$D C0"042Da C0"001C!D
1B2
Da
%ower Densit' C?B$
2
D 0"4 !B5600
2peci!ic /:sorption -ate CwB1gD 0"02
a) not li$ited and !or re!erence onl'
!) !re.uenc' Cunit) M8D
*n engineeringA when the space !ield strength propagation principle is !ollowedA the
electro$agnetic radiation sa!et' standards are $et"
#or$all'A $icrowave antenna are high !ro$ the ground" =here!oreA the sa!et'
standards o! electro$agnetic radiation can :e $et"


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