DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE

SRM MEDICAL COLLEGE HOSPITAL AND RESEARCH CENTER

EXERCISES ON EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS

a. Epidemiology

(Odds Ratio, Relative risk, Sensitivity & Specificity, Incidence & Prevalence
Tuberculosis, Filarial and Malarial Indices)

b. Biostatistics

(Mean, Median & Mode, Mean Deviation, Standard Deviation)

c. Vital Statistics, Demography and Family Planning

(Birth and death rates, Growth rates, IMR, MMR and other MCH Indicators)

d. Environmental Health

(Horrock’s Apparatus / Chlorination of well)

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 EPIDEMIOLOGY
1. In a case control study to find out the association of blindness with diabetes mellitus the
following result were obtained. Among the 300 diabetics 180 had blindness among 340 non
diabetics 140 had blindness.
Calculate the odd’s ratio & comment on what it means

2. 50 persons working in a chemical factory were followed up for 3 months, of whom 40

developed dermatitis. Another 50 persons who were NOT working in that factory were also
followed up for the same period, of whom 10 developed dermatitis.

a) What is the type of study conducted?

b) Calculate the Relative Risk and Attributable Risk?
c) Give your comments.

3. In a cohort study the results are tabulated as follows. From this data, calculate the
Relative Risk, Attributable Risk and the Population Attributable Risk

Diseased Not diseased Total

Exposed 2000 18000 20000
Not exposed 1600 78400 80000
Total 3600 96400 100000

4. In a study of cardio vascular disease and cigarette smoking a death rate of 2.27/1000
among heavy smokers was found as against 0.17/1000 among non-smokers.
Calculate the relative risk and Attributable risk.

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5. The following data is from a cohort study to study the association of oral contraceptive
use and Bacturia among women aged 16-19 Years.
Calculate the Relative Risk and comment on the same.

Bacturia
OC use
Yes No

Yes 27 {a} 455 {b}

No 77 {c} 1831 {d}

6. The following data is from a case-control study of pre- menopausal female nurses to find
out the association between Oral Contraceptive use and Myocardial Infarction. Calculate
the Odds Ratio and comment on the same.
.
Myocardial Infarction
Current OC use
Yes No

Yes 23 {a} 30 {b}

No 133 {c} 2816 {d}

7. A screening test for disease “X” was carried out among 600 people. The prevalence of
the disease was known to be 16% while the test was positive in 20% of the people. There
were 12 false negatives. Calculate the Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive
Value and Negative Predictive Value

8. A screening test for done for diabetes in a population of 10000 using random blood
glucose examination. The results are tabulated below. Calculate the Sensitivity,
Specificity, Positive Predictive Value and Negative Predictive Value

Diabetic Non Diabetic

RBS + 70 (a) 100 (b) 170

RBS - 80 (c) 9750 (d) 9830

150 9850 10000

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9. The following data compares the detection rates of breast cancer using two screening
methods – Breast-Self-Examination and Mammography.

Mammography Total
Physical
examination
+ ve - ve

+ ve 132 983 1115

- ve 45 63650 63695

Total 177 64633 64810

Calculate the Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Value, Negative Predictive

Value and the Prevalence of the disease as detected by mammography

10. A pregnancy test was carried out in 1000 women. 200 women were actually pregnant
out of whom, only 160 were picked up as positive by the test. 80 women who were test
positive were not pregnant.
Calculate the
a) Sensitivity b) Specificity
c) Positive predictive value d) Negative predictive Value and
e) Prevalence of pregnancy

11. In a PHC with a population of 30,000 the number of tuberculosis cases registered is as
follows:

TB cases Tuberculin positive Sputum positive

Registered 13200 90
Old cases 12400 75
New cases 800 15

Calculate the Incidence of Infection, Prevalence of Infection, Incidence of Disease,

and Prevalence of the Disease

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12. In a population of 10,000 there were 200 cases of TB as 01.1.05. There were 40 new
cases of TB during 2005. 15 TB patients were cured, 10 died and 5 migrated to another
country. Crude Death Rate for this community for 2005 was 10.

Calculate
a) Point prevalence rate for Jan’05, Dec’05 b) Period prevalence rate for 2005
c) Incidence rate in 2005 d) Proportional mortality rate
e) Case fatality rate and f) Disease specific death rate

13. In a PHC with a population of 30000, health workers collected 3960 peripheral blood
smears by active surveillance and another 400 slides by passive surveillance during the
year 2001.
The result of the estimate of the slides as follows:
Plasmodium Vivax 45
Plasmodium falciparum 12
Total slides positive for malarial parasite 57
Calculate the possible malarial indices and comment on the indices

14. A filarial survey was conducted covering 100 villages. 20,000 people were lab-tested
and also clinically examined. It was found that 350 people had only Microfilaria in peripheral
blood smear and150 people showed clinical manifestations without microfilaria in their
blood smears. Besides the above, 20 people had both clinical and laboratory evidence for
filaria. Calculate the following and give your comments
a) Microfilaria rate b) Filaria disease Rate c) Filarial endemicity Rate

15. In a PHC with a population 0f 50000, 3000 blood smears were collected and examined
for Malaria Parasite. 8 blood smears were found positive for Plasmodium Vivax and 2 blood
smears were positive for Plasmodium Falciparum. Calculate the various malarial indices
and give your comments.

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16. In a primary health centre with a population of 30,000, during the year 2000 the
following data are available under Malaria eradication programme.

a) Total no. of blood smears collected during house-to-house visits. 1200

b) Total no. of blood smears collected among patients attending P.H.C 300
c) No. of blood smears positive for P. Vivax. 50
d) No. of blood smears positive for P. falciparum. 20
e) No. of blood smears positive for both Pv and Pf 5
f) No. of patients given presumptive treatment 1000
g) No. of patients given radical treatment 70

Calculate the various Malaria parameters and give your comments

Suggest measures to improve the malaria eradication program

17. A routine survey for filariasis was carried out in a community health centre during the
year 2005. The following data was collected.

Population covered by CHC: 2, 00,000

No. of persons examined for night blood smear: 60,000
No. of persons with only micro filaria positive: 600
No. of persons showing only clinical signs of filariasis: 150
No. of persons with both mf positive and clinical signs: 20
Calculate the following and comment on the level of endemicity -
a. Microfilaria rate b. Filarial disease rate c. Filarial endemicity rate

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 BIOSTATISTICS

1. The following data on diastolic blood pressure measurements was obtained from ten
individuals. 84, 70, 82, 78, 72, 76, 96, 74, 88, 90 mm hg

Calculate
i. Measures of Central tendency (mean, median, mode)
ii. Measures of Dispersion (range mean deviation, standard deviation)

2. Calculate Range and Standard Deviation of the following data on protein content of local
Sorghum Varieties: 9, 8, 9, 9, 8, 9, 10, 9, 10

3. Find the Mean, Mean deviation, and SD of the following data on incubation periods of
whopping cough in 9 patients: 12, 13, 11, 8, 9, 7, 8, 10, 12 days

4. The following are the weight is kgs of randomly selected students: 60,42,41,53.
Calculate the mean and the standard deviation

5. Calculate the mean, median, mode and range from the following data on the I.Q of 10
individuals recorded in a psychiatric OPD: 150, 139, 120, 146, 111, 99, 114, 156, 111, 94

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 CHLORINATION

1. A circular well used for drinking purpose has the following measurements.

Height of the water column = 15 meters

Diameter of the well = 6 meters.

On Horrock’s test, the 3rd cup showed blue colour.

Calculate the amount of bleaching powder required to disinfect the well

2. A rectangular well used for drinking purpose has the following measurements.

Height of the water column = 15 meters

Breadth of the well = 6 meters
Width of the well = 4 meters

On Horrock’s test, the 4th cup showed blue colour.

Calculate the amount of bleaching powder required to disinfect the well

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 DEMOGRAPHY

1. Vital statistics for the year 2005 of a town with a population of 120000 is as follows

Total live births 4200

Total deaths 1500
Maternal deaths 10
Still births 15
Infant deaths 378
Deaths < 28 days of birth 210
Deaths < 7 days of birth 120

Calculate all possible vital rates

CBR, CDR, IMR, MMR, NMR, PMR, SB Rate, PNMR, and Growth Rate

2. In a town with a population of 100,000, the following statistics are available for the year
2006
No. of live births 4000
No. of infant deaths 240
No. of infant deaths within 28 days of birth 120
No. of infant deaths within 7 days of birth 60
No. of still births 20
Calculate all possible vital rates

3. The following date is available from the records of a Community Health Centre for the
years 1980 and 1990. Calculate the appropriate indices. What has been the impact of the
MCH and FP work between 80 and 90? What component of the MCH and FP do you think
has been responsible for the improvement?

1980 1990
Population 1,00,000 1,20,000
Live births 4,000 4,000
Fetal Deaths 200 150
Death < 7 days of birth 200 150
Neonatal deaths 300 250
Infant deaths 500 400
Maternal deaths 40 25

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4. The statistics of a town is given below. From these data calculate all the possible vital
indices and comment by comparing with the target for health for all by 2000.A.D.

Mid-year population 10000

Number of live births 200
Death due to various causes 150
Number of still births 20
Early Neo-natal deaths 5
Late Neo-natal Deaths 3
Post Neo-natal deaths 10
Death due to puerperal causes 1

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