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Digital Notch filter

by

on July 14, 2013

In some designs, it may be required to have a digital filter which attenuates a single frequency component with the rest of the frequencies pass through. Filtering out of the pow
frequency signals in a wireless communication receivers etc are some possible scenarios. Such filters are called notch filters and this post goes over the digital notch filter desc
by Hirano, K.; Nishimura, S.; Mitra, S.K., in Communications, IEEE Transactions on , vol.22, no.7, pp.964,970, Jul 1974

Filter Design
The transfer function of an analog notch filter is
, where
is the notch frequency and
is the width of the notch.
Converting to a digital filter using bilinear transformation,

Let

where.

Summarizing,

To find the frequency

where the response becomes zero

Re-arranging and representing in terms of

The value is,

.
To find the -3dB bandwidth frequency

After some math**,

** Note : Did not figure out the math.

Re-arranging and representing in terms of ,
.

The value is,

.

Representing as an All-Pass structure

The transfer function

represented with

and

is,

.
This can be alternately represented as,
,
where

Re-arranging,

Replacing

and ,

Block diagram
Multiple structures to implement the above equation is possible. One possible candidate having two delay elements and two multipliers is shown below.

Figure : Block diagram notch filter (Reference Figure 3(a) Hirano, K.; Nishimura, S.; Mitra, S.K., Design of Digi
vol.22, no.7, pp.964,970, Jul 1974)
Matab code
% Matlab code for plotting the frequency response of digital notch filter
% Implemented as all pass filter section
clear; close all
fs = 1e6;
fn = 200e3;
fb = 50e3;
omega0T = fn/(fs/2)*pi;
deltaT = fb/(fs/2)*pi;
a2 = (1-tan(deltaT/2))./(1+tan(deltaT/2));
a1 = (1+a2).*cos(omega0T);
B = [1 -a1 a2];
A = [a2 -a1 1];
[H1 W1] = freqz(B,A,1024,'whole');
[H2 W2] = freqz(1,1,1024,'whole');
H3 = (H1+H2)/2;
h = figure(1);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot([-512:511]/1024*fs/1e6,20*log10(fftshift(abs(H3))),'b-','LineWidth',4);
grid on; ylabel('amplitude, dB');
title('notch filter, fs=1MHz, fn=200kHz, fb=50kHz');
axis([-0.5 0.5 -50 10]);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot([-512:511]/1024*fs/1e6,(fftshift(angle(H3)*180/pi)),'m-','LineWidth',4);
grid on; xlabel('freq, MHz'); ylabel('angle, deg');
title('phase response');
axis([-0.5 0.5 -180 180]);

Figure : Notch filter frequency and phase response

Reference
Hirano, K.; Nishimura, S.; Mitra, S.K., Design of Digital Notch Filters, Communications, IEEE Transactions on , vol.22, no.7, pp.964,970, Jul 1974
doi: 10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092311
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1092311&isnumber=23820
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{ 2 comments read them below or add one }

Chien Wang July 15, 2013 at 10:36 am

Hi Krishna,
I enjoyed reading your articles a lot, however, lately I could not see the math equations due to mimetex error, the actual error message is something like Only dsplog.com
found the following solution:
If you install mimeTeX on one server and try to use it from another, you may instead see messages like
In this case, compile mimetex.cgi with the -DNOREFCHECK switch, e.g.,
cc -DAA -DNOREFCHECK mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi
and read the -DREFLEVELS=n discussion under compile options.
Please try and update your local mimeTeX server with -DNOREFCHECK, if you intent to us see the math equations.
Thanks and best regards,
Chien
Reply

Krishna Sankar July 15, 2013 at 2:57 pm

@Chien: Oh ! Thanks for letting know. I tried using multiple browsers (and computers) and was able to see the equations.
Can you please mail me the screenshot of the error krishna < $AT$> dsplog.com
In anycase, will check the mimeTex compile options and get this resolved.
Reply
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