PROJRCT REPORT

ON
GSM CONTROLLED ROBOT
In partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Submitted by
Aditya Saxena (!"#$%"$&
A'()t*'( Mi'(+a (!"#$%""#&
S,M, Fa(ad (!"#$%"#&
P+adee- .)/a+ (!"#$%"$$&
S)d(end) .)/a+ (!"#$%"0#&
Under the Guidance of
M+, Pan1a2 Ne3i

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
IMS ENGINEERING COLLEGE
NH-24, ADHYATMIK NAGA, DA!NA, GHA"IA#AD
MAY, 2$%&

DECLARATION
'(e here)* de+lare that thi, ,u)mi,,ion i, our own wor- and that, to the )e,t
of our -nowledge and )elief, it +ontain, no material pre.iou,l* pu)li,hed or written
)* another per,on nor material whi+h ha, )een a++epted for the award of an* other
degree or diploma of an* uni.er,it* or an* in,titute of higher learning, e/+ept where
due a+-nowledgment ha, )een made in the te/t01
Adit*a !a/ena 2$3%4&2%$$&4
A,huto,h Mi,hra 2$3%4&2%$%44
P4a5e6 Gha5ia)ad !0M0 6ahad 2$3%4&2%$4$4
Date6 27th Ma*, 2$%& 8radeep Kumar 2$3%4&2%$&&4
!udhendu Kumar 2$3%4&2%$744




C E R T I F I C A T E
This is to certify that the major project entitled GSM
CONTROLLED ROBOT submitted by Mr. Aditya Saxena
(0914321003), Mr. Ashutosh Mishra (0914321014), Mr. S.M. Fahad
(0914321040), Mr. Pradeep Kuar (0914321033) and Mr. Sudhendu
Kuar (09143210!4) to the IMS Engineering College, Ghaziabad toards
the partial fulfillment of the re!uirements for the aard of the "egree of
".#e$h (%&) is a bona fide record of the or# carried out by them under my
super$ision and guidance%

M+, Pan1a2 Ne3i M', Ann) G*7ind
A,,t0 8rofe,,or Head of Department
29le+tri+al and 9le+troni+, 9ngg4 29le+tri+al and 9le+troni+, 9ngg4
AC.NO8LEDGEMENTS
(e e/pre,, our profound ,en,e of gratitude to our guide, M+, Pan1a2 Ne3i,
A,,i,tant 8rofe,,or, Department of 9le+tri+al and 9le+troni+, 9ngineering, for hi,
,*,temati+ guidan+e and .alua)le ad.i+e,0 Hi, en+ouragement and ,ugge,tion, were of
immen,e help to u, throughout our pro:e+t wor-0
(e would li-e to e/pre,, our ,in+ere gratitude to M', Ann) G*7ind, 8rofe,,or
and Head of the Department of 9le+tri+al and 9le+troni+, 9ngineering, IM! 9NGG
;<==9G9, for her .alua)le ad.i+e, and help in +ompletion of thi, wor-0
(e would al,o li-e to than- all the fa+ult* and ,taff mem)er, of 9le+tri+al and
9le+troni+, 9ngineering Department, who e/tended full +ooperation for +ompletion of
thi, wor-0
(e ta-e thi, opportunit* to than- all our friend, who helped u, through their
patient di,+u,,ion, and ,ugge,tion and for their help at .ariou, ,tage, in +ompletion of
thi, wor-0
Adit*a !a/ena
A,huto,h Mi,hra
!0M0 6ahad
8radeep Kumar
!udhendu Kumar
ABSTRACT
You ma* ha.e ,een ,o man* land ro.er pro:e+t, li-e moon-wal-er and ro)o-.ehi+le0 Mo,t
pro)a)l* the* are remote +ontrolled 2either I or 64 or the* ma* )e automati+ guided
.ehi+le, 2AG>40 Thi, de.i+e i, al,o remote +ontrolled land ro.er )ut a, a remote +ontrol
one +an u,e hi, +ell phone that mean, he +an mo.e the land ro.er )* ,ending different
+ommand, from hi, +ell phone, not onl* that, he +an +ontrol it from an*where in the
world 2of +our,e where G!M ? ;DMA networ- i, a.aila)le40 Al,o thi, te+hnolog* doe,
not re@uire the .ehi+le to )e limited )* the length of the +a)le or in dire+t line of ,ight
with +ontroller 2a, with infrared ,et up4 and al,o well -nown #=A9T<<TH i, ,till
e/pen,i.e and ,hort range to )e +ommer+iall* .ia)le0 (e did a ma,,i.e field wor- )efore
,tarting thi, pro:e+t and we found that thi, de.i+e pro.ide, a ni+e platform to )e u,ed in
the field of ,ur.eillan+e, ,+ientifi+ re,ear+h, and of +our,e in ,ear+h and re,+ue operation0
<ur de.i+e wor-, with the help of ,ome )a,i+ +omponent, li-e mi+ro+ontroller
2ATB3!724, a DTM6 de+oder 2whi+h de+ode, dial tone, re+ei.ed from the +ell phone4
and d+ power ,uppl*0 Thi, de.i+e would ha.e al,o wor-ed with G8! te+hnolog* )ut with
the help of DTM6 te+hnolog* the +o,t ha, )een +ut down dra,ti+all*0
.ey9*+d'6 G8! te+hnolog*, DTM6 de+oder, G!M ? ;DMA networ-0
INDEX
", INTROD:CTIONCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC00CCC0C0C";$
%, HISTORYCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC00CCC00000C #;<
20%0 <#<TI;! HI!T<YCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC#
202 6I!T ;> I 89;I!I<N GAID9D (9A8<NCCCCCCC0C00 <
20& A!9 <6 ;> DAING (<=D (A IICCCCCCCCCC00C <
3. GSM TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTIONCCCCCCCCCC=;""
&0% G!M HI!T<YCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
&02 G!M !9>I;9!CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC00CCC>
&020%0 !H<T M9!!AG9 !9>I;9!CCCCCCCCCCCC0 0 >
&02020 MA=TIM9DIA M9!!AGING !9>I;9!CCCCCCCC0 0>
&0& N9T(<K A;HIT9;TA9CCCCCCCCCCCCC0000CC!
&04 G!M 9><=ATI<NCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC0C0C!
&040%0 G9N9A= 8A;K9T ADI< !9>I;9!CCCCCC00CC "
&04020 (I9=9!! A88=I;ATI<N 8<T<;<=CCCCCCC0C00""
4. BASIC OPERATIONCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC0"%
5. TECHNOLOGY USEDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC"$;"0
70%0 DAA= T<N9 MA=TI8=9 69DA9N;YCCCCCCCCCCC00"$
7020 T9=98H<N9 K9Y8ADCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC00"$
70&0 DTM6 K9Y8AD 69DA9N;I9!CCCCCCCCCCCCCC00"#
7040 DTM6 9>9NT 69DA9N;I9!CCCCCCCCCCC0CCCC"#
7070 %$ T<N9! E,F, A, #, ;, and DCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC00000 "0
6. PRELIMINARY DESIGNCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC00"<;%
G0%0 #=<;K DIAGAMCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC0"<
G020 D9!;I8TI<NCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC0"<
G0&0 B$7% MI;<;<NT<==9CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC000"=
G0&0%0 TH9 B$7%CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC0"=0
G0&020 A N<T9 <N <MCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC00"=
G040 DI6699NT MI;<;<NT<==9! IN MAK9TCCCCCCC">
G070 INT9= B$7%CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC00CC00C">
G0G0 D9I>ATI>9!CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC0">0
G0H0 A;HIT9;TA9CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC0CCCCC "!0

7. COMPONENTS USEDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC00C0%";%!
H0%0 INT<DA;TI<NCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC00CCC%"
H020 8<(9 !A88=YCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC000CCC%"
H0&0 TAN!6<M9CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC0000000000000000000000000000000%%
H040 #IDG9 9;TI6I9CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC0CC000%%
H070 ><=TAG9 9GA=AT<!CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC000%$
H0G0 MI;<;<NT<==9!CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC%#
H0G0%0 69ATA9!CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC0%#
H0G020 8IN DIAGAMCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC00%0
H0G0&0 D9!;I8TI<NCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC0CC0%0
H0H0 DTM6 D9;<D9 2;MBBH$4CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC0CC0%<
H0H0%0 69ATA9!CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC00C00%<
H0H020 8IN DIAGAMCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC0CC%=
H0B0 8<!ITI>9 ><=TAG9 9GA=AT<! 2=HB$$4CCCCCCCCC0C00%=
H0B0%0 69ATA9!CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC%=
H0B020 D9!;I8TI<NCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC00%=
H030 9;TI6I9 2IN4$$H4CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC00CCCCCC%>
H030%0 69ATA9!CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC000CCCCC0%>
H0%$0 ;<M8<N9NT! A!9DCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC00CCCCC%>
8. CIRCUIT DIAGRAMCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC$;$#
B0%0 INT<DA;TI<NCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC00CCCC$
B020 9I8=ANATI<N <6 ;I;AIT DIAGAMCCCCCCCCCCCC0$"
B020%0 H-#IDG9 ;I;AITCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC$%
B02020 <8T<;<A8=9!CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC00$$
9. APPLICATIONS CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC00$0;$=
30%0 !;I9NTI6I;CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC0$0
3020 MI=ITAY AND =A( 9N6<;9M9NTCCCCCCC0CCCCCC$0
30&0 !9A;H AND 9!;A9CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC0CCCCC$0
3040 9;9ATI<N J H<##YCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC00CCC$<
3070 6ATH9 IM8<>9M9NT J 6ATA9 !;<89CC00CCCCCCC00$<
3070%0 I !9N!<!CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC00CCCCCC00$<
307020 8A!!(<D 8<T9;TI<NCCCCCCCCCCCC00CCCC$<
3070&0 A=AM 8H<N9 DIA=9CCCCCCCCCCCCC00CC00C0$<
307040 ADDING A ;AM9ACCCCCCCCCCC00000000000000000000000000000000$=
APPENDIXCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC000C$>
8<GAM ;<D9CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC00C0CCCC$>
REFERENCECCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC00CCCC$!
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
adio +ontrol 2often a))re.iated to ?; or ,impl* ;4 i, the u,e of radio ,ignal,
to remotel* +ontrol a de.i+e0 The term i, u,ed fre@uentl* to refer to the +ontrol of model
.ehi+le, from a hand-held radio tran,mitter0 Indu,trial, militar*, and ,+ientifi+ re,ear+h
organi5ation, ma-e Ktraffi+L u,e of radio-+ontrolled .ehi+le, a, well0
A remote +ontrol .ehi+le i, defined a, an* mo)ile de.i+e that i, +ontrolled )* a
mean, that doe, not re,tri+t it, motion with an origin e/ternal to the de.i+e0 Thi, i,
often a radio +ontrol de.i+e, +a)le )etween +ontrol and .ehi+le, or an infrared +ontroller0
A remote +ontrol .ehi+le 2Al,o +alled a, ;>4 differ, from a ro)ot in that the ;> i,
alwa*, +ontrolled )* a human and ta-e, no po,iti.e a+tion autonomou,l*0
<ne of the -e* te+hnologie, whi+h underpin thi, field i, that of remote .ehi+le +ontrol0 It
i, .ital that a .ehi+le ,hould )e +apa)le of pro+eeding a++uratel* to a target areaM
maneu.ering within that area to fulfill it, mi,,ion and returning e@uall* a++uratel* and
,afel* to )a,e0
e+entl*, !on* 9ri+,,on relea,ed a remote +ontrol +ar that +ould )e +ontrolled )* an*
#luetooth +ell phone0 adio i, the mo,t popular )e+au,e it doe, not re@uire the .ehi+le to
)e limited )* the length of the +a)le or in a dire+t line of ,ight with the +ontroller 2a, with
the infrared ,et-up40 #luetooth i, ,till too e/pen,i.e and ,hort range to )e +ommer+iall*
.ia)le0
The o):e+t of thi, re,ear+h i, to de.elop a wheeled ro)ot to )e u,ed in the ,+ien+e +enter
of a mo)ile networ- ,er.i+e pro.ider a, an edu+ational and ad.erti,ing tool0 In the
,+ien+e +enter, the ro)ot will pla* the role of a NG!M Te+hnolog* Demon,trator1,
,howing the pu)li+ the importan+e and how to u,e the wirele,, te+hnologie, and ,er.i+e,
implemented therein0
<n the one hand, the ro)ot will wor- toward the 8u)li+ Ander,tanding of !+ien+e,
9ngineering and Te+hnolog* 28A!9T40 Awarene,, and under,tanding of the impa+t of
,+ien+e and te+hnolog* in peopleO, li.e, i, .er* important )oth for the people and
1
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
indu,trie, in.ol.ed in de.elopment of new te+hnologie,0 <n the other hand, the ro)ot will
promote the ,er.i+e, offered )* the G!M networ- ,er.i+e pro.ider and )oo,t the
+on,umption of tho,e ,er.i+e, +urrentl* not u,ed )* the general pu)li+0
The NG!M te+hnolog* demon,trator1 pro:e+t ha, mainl* )een initiated to addre,, the
+hallenge of ma-ing -nown +ertain te+hnologie, and ,er.i+e, offered )* MTN, one of the
three G!M networ- ,er.i+e pro.ider, in thi, +ountr*0 The pro:e+t entail, the de,ign and
+on,tru+tion of a remotel* +ontrolled mo)ile ro)ot, in whi+h mo,t of the late,t
tele+ommuni+ation te+hnologie, ,u+h a, G8! 2General 8a+-et adio !er.i+e4, MM!
2Multimedia Me,,aging !er.i+e,4, .oi+e re+ognition and phone we) )row,ing, i,
implemented0
The Glo)al !*,tem for Mo)ile ;ommuni+ation -nown a, G!M i, a te+hnolog* that
dominated mo)ile +ommuni+ation indu,tr* o.er the pa,t de+ade0 G!M originated from
9urope and ,pread into man* other +ountrie, to )e+ome a popular ,tandard for mo)ile
+ommuni+ation0 G!M ,tarted mainl* with .oi+e +ommuni+ation, offering few )a,i+
,er.i+e,, then data +ommuni+ation wa, introdu+ed, )ut due to ,low data rate, it wa, u,eful
to .er* few appli+ation,0 e,ear+h and de.elopment )rought a)out the different
e.olution, of G!M, namel* H!;!D 2High !peed ;ir+uit !wit+hed Data4, G8! 2General
8a+-et adio !er.i+e4 and 9DG9 29nhan+ed Data rate for G!M 9.olution40
8re,entl*, G!M networ- operator, pro.ide a wide range of ,er.i+e,, in+luding man* new
,er.i+e, ,u+h a, we) ,urfing, MM! 2Multimedia Me,,aging !er.i+e,4, and 9M!
29nhan+ed Me,,aging !er.i+e,40 There are a lot of u,eful te+hnologi+al produ+t,
de.eloped in the world to ma-e life mu+h ea,ier, produ+t, whi+h are not u,ed )* man*
,impl* )e+au,e the,e are not well -nown or not properl* under,tood0
8u)li+ under,tanding of ,+ien+e and te+hnolog* i, a .er* important a,pe+t of our modern
world0 !+ientifi+ di,+o.erie, and new te+hnologie, ,er.e the purpo,e of pu,hing )a+- the
frontier, of human ignoran+e and ma-e life and the a+tual wa* human, do thing, mu+h
,impler0 It i, therefore of little u,e -eeping them in la)oratorie, and li)rarie, alone0
Information on ,+ientifi+ di,+o.erie, and new te+hnologie, ,hould )e di,,eminated to the
general pu)li+ ,o that people +an )e aware of them and ma-e informed +hoi+e,0
2
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
Man* +ompanie, in.e,t ,ignifi+ant +apital in the de.elopment of new te+hnologie,, new
produ+t, or new ,er.i+e,, whi+h the* ha.e to +ommer+iali5e at the end0 It i, a ,eriou,
pro)lem for the,e +ompanie, when the pu)li+ i, not aware of the e/i,ten+e of the,e new
produ+t, on the mar-et, or when the pu)li+ i, not read* to u,e the new te+hnolog*0
Therefore edu+ating people a)out new te+hnologie,, their importan+e and their u,e i,
e/tremel* important for ,u+h +ompanie,0 The @ui+-er people +an )e edu+ated a)out new
te+hnologie,, the )etter for them,el.e,, for the +ompanie, de.eloping the,e te+hnologie,,
for the go.ernment and ,o+iet* in general0
In man* indu,trie,, the trend i, to automate all ,*,tem, and ma-e u,e of ma+hine, or
ro)ot, in mo,t of the +riti+al ,e+tion, of the produ+tion +hain, for tediou, wor- in order to
redu+e error,0 !in+e ro)oti+, i, @uite a fa,+inating and .er* attra+ti.e te+hnolog*, it i, a
good tool to u,e to edu+ate people a)out the u,e and importan+e of a te+hnolog* through
demon,tration,0
3
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
CHAPTER 2
HISTORY OF REMOTE CONTROLLED EHICLES
The de,ire of ma-ing life )etter and ea,ier i, part of human nature0 Man* +enturie, )efore
our era, man wa, alread* on hi, @ue,t for automation, mainl* for it, )eaut* and al,o
)e+au,e it +ould relea,e man from routine and anno*ing t*pe of wor-0 #uilding a ,*,tem
or a ma+hine that +ould do thing, without human inter.ention wa, and i, ,till .er*
fa,+inating0 The fir,t ro)oti+ +ompanie, and re,ear+h group, were formed in the G$O,0
During thi, period the fir,t indu,trial ro)ot, appeared on ,+ene in ,ome manufa+turing
plant, and ,in+e then, ro)oti+, ha, e.ol.ed ,ignifi+antl* and toda* we find ro)ot, almo,t
e.er*where in our e.er*da* li.e,0
%,", ROBOTICS HISTORY
The word ro)ot originate, from a ;5e+h word Nro)ota1 whi+h mean, tediou, la)or0 In
%32$, a ;5e+ho,lo.a-ian pla*wright Karel ;ape- in hi, pla* 0A0 2o,,umO, Ani.er,al
o)ot,4, introdu+ed the word ro)ot to the world0 =ong )efore the word ro)ot wa, u,ed, a
num)er of me+hani+al ,*,tem, or ma+hine, were alread* de.eloped 2Dowling, %33G40
In P&7$ #0; a )rilliant Gree- mathemati+ian Ar+h*ta, of Tarentum )uilt a me+hani+al
)ird propelled )* ,team and P2$$ #0; another Gree- in.entor and ph*,i+i,t ;te,i)u, of
Ale/andria de,igned water +lo+-, that mea,ured time a, a re,ult of the for+e of water
falling through it at a +on,tant rate, thi, re.olutioni5ed the wa* of mea,uring time from
the time gla,,e, that had to )e turned after all the ,and had run through 2#rief hi,tor* of
artifi+ial intelligen+e, 2$$440
In %437, =eonardo Da>in+i de,igned a me+hani+al de.i+e that loo-, li-e an armored
-night0 In %H&B, a 6ren+h in.entor Qa+@ue, de >au+an,on ,tarted )uilding automata0 He
)uilt three automata in all0 The fir,t one wa, a pla*er that +ould pla* twel.e ,ong,, the
,e+ond one +ould pla* a flute, a drum or tam)ourine, and the third one whi+h wa, the
mo,t famou,, wa, a du+- that +ould mo.e, @ua+-, flap it, wing, and e.en eat and dige,t
food0
4
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
The du+- wa, >au+an,onO, attempt at what he +alled Nmo.ing anatom*1 or modeling
human or animal anatom* with me+hani+,0 In %HH$, the !wi,, 8ierre Qa+@uet-Dro5 and
hi, ,on Henri-=oui, Qa+@uet-Dro5, +lo+- ma-er, and in.entor, of the modern wri,twat+h
,tarted ma-ing automata for 9uropean ro*alt*0 The* +reated three doll, ea+h, ha.ing a
uni@ue fun+tion0 <ne +ould write, another +ould pla* mu,i+, and the third one +ould draw
pi+ture,0 In %B3B, Ni-ola Te,la )uilt and demon,trated a remote +ontrolled ro)ot )oat at
Madi,on !@uare Garden 2#edini, %33340
Then in %32%, a ;5e+h writer Karel ;ape- introdu+ed the word No)ot1 in hi, pla*
N0A01 2o,,umO, Ani.er,al o)ot,40 In %32G, 6rit5 =ang relea,ed hi, mo.ie
NMetropoli,1, in whi+h NMaria1 the female ro)ot in the film wa, the fir,t ro)ot to )e
pro:e+ted on the ,il.er ,+reen0 In %34$, I,,a+ A,imo., a ,+ien+e fi+tion writer produ+ed a
,erie, of ,hort ,torie, a)out ro)ot, for !uper !+ien+e !torie, maga5ine0 The fir,t one wa,
NA ,trange pla*fellow1 later +alled No))ie10 It i, the ,tor* a)out a ro)ot and it, affe+tion
for a +hild that it i, )ound to prote+t0 A,imo. introdu+ed the term No)oti+,1 whi+h he
fir,t u,ed in hi, )oo- Nunaround1 in %3420 #ut A,imo.O, mo,t important +ontri)ution to
the hi,tor* of the ro)ot i, the +reation of hi, three law, of ro)oti+, 2Dowling, %33G4R
A ro)ot ma* not in:ure a human )eing, or, through ina+tion, allow a human to
+ome to harm0
A ro)ot mu,t o)e* the order, gi.en to it )* human )eing, e/+ept where ,u+h
order, would +onfli+t with the fir,t law0
A ro)ot mu,t prote+t it, own e/i,ten+e a, long a, ,u+h prote+tion doe, not +onfli+t
with the fir,t or ,e+ond law0
A,imo. later added a N5eroth law1 to the li,t, whi+h i, ,tated a, followR
A ro)ot ma* not in:ure humanit*, or, through ina+tion, allow humanit* to +ome to
harm0
In the G$O, a num)er of ro)oti+ re,ear+h +enter, and +ompanie, were formed, and the fir,t
indu,trial ro)ot, appeared on the ,+ene in the automoti.e indu,tr*0 !in+e the n, the field
of ro)oti+, ha, e.ol.ed a lot0 Mo,t of the re,ear+h fo+u, i, in the dire+tion of Ma+hine
and Artifi+ial intelligen+e at thi, a+tual time 2#rief hi,tor* of artifi+ial intelligen+e, 2$$440
5
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
202. THE FIRST REMOTE CONTROL EHICLE I PRECISION
GUIDED !EAPON"
Thi, propeller-dri.en radio +ontrolled )oat, )uilt )* Ni-ola Te,la in %B3B, i, the original
protot*pe of all modern-da* uninha)ited aerial .ehi+le, and pre+i,ion guided weapon,0 In
fa+t, all remotel* operated .ehi+le, in air, land or ,ea0 8owered )* lead-a+id )atterie,
and an ele+tri+ dri.e motor, the .e,,el wa, de,igned to )e maneu.ered along,ide a
target u,ing in,tru+tion, re+ei.ed from a wirele,, remote- +ontrol tran,mitter0 <n+e in
po,ition, a +ommand would )e ,ent to detonate an e/plo,i.e +harge +ontained within the
)oat, forward +ompartment0 The weapon, guidan+e ,*,tem in+orporated a,e+ure
+ommuni+ation, lin- )etween the pilotO, +ontroller and the ,urfa+e-running torpedo in an
effort to a,,ure that +ontrol +ould )e maintained e.en in the pre,en+e of ele+troni+
+ountermea,ure,0
2.3. USE OF REMOTE CONTROLLED EHICLES DURING
!ORLD !AR II"
During (orld (ar II in the 9uropean Theater the A0!0 Air 6or+e e/perimented with three
)a,i+ form, radio- +ontrol guided weapon,0 In ea+h +a,e, the weapon would )e dire+ted to
it, target )* a +rew mem)er on a +ontrol plane0 The fir,t weapon wa, e,,entiall* a
,tandard )om) fitted with ,teering +ontrol,0 The ne/t e.olution in.ol.ed the fitting of a
)om) to a glider airframe, one .er,ion, the G#-4 ha.ing a T> +amera to a,,i,t the
+ontroller with targeting0 The third +la,, of guided weapon wa, the remote +ontrolled #-
%H0
ItO, -nown that German* deplo*ed a num)er of more ad.an+ed guided ,tri-e weapon,
that ,aw +om)at )efore either the >-% or >-20 The* were the radio-+ontrolled Her,+helO,
H, 23&A and uhr,tahlS, !D%4$$I, -nown a, O6rit5 I,O )oth air-laun+hed, primaril*
again,t ,hip, at ,ea0
6
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
CHAPTER 3
GSM TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
The main fo+u, of thi, ,tud* i, to e,ta)li,h a wirele,, man-to-ma+hine +ommuni+ation
u,ing the e/i,ting 8=MN, and al,o implementing ,ome of the ,er.i+e, offered )* the
8=MN in order to ,how+a,e their u,efulne,,0
;urrentl*, all the 8=MN in !outh Afri+a and mo,t of the +ountrie, in the world are G!M
networ-,, therefore the wirele,, man-to-ma+hine +ommuni+ation a+hie.ed in the re,ear+h
i, done through 2)a,ed on4 G!M networ-,0 The ,e+tion )elow i, a general o.er.iew of
the G!M te+hnolog*, from it, origin, the t*pe of ,er.i+e, a.aila)le, the networ- ,tru+ture
and )riefl* how it operate,0
$,", GSM HISTORY
G!M i, a ,tandard for digital mo)ile telephon* de.eloped in 9urope to ,u),titute the
e/i,ting analog mo)ile telephon* te+hnolog* whi+h )* that time, wa, +onfronted to a
num)er of pro)lem, ,u+h a, in+rea,ed demand, +apa+it*, and in+ompati)ilit* with other
networ-,0
In %3B2, the ;onferen+e of 9uropean 8o,t, and Tele+ommuni+ation, 2;98T4 e,ta)li,hed
a ,tud* group who,e o):e+ti.e wa, to ,tud* and de.elop a pu)li+ land mo)ile ,*,tem for
9urope0 The group re,pon,i)le for thi, wor- wa, +alled NGroupe !pe+iale Mo)ile1
2G!M40 In %33$, pha,e I of the G!M ,pe+ifi+ation, wa, pu)li,hed and in %33% the
+ommer+ial ,er.i+e wa, ,tarted0 6rom that time, G!M gained worldwide popularit* and
G!M whi+h originall* wa, an a+ron*m for NGroupe !pe+iale mo)ile1, wa, later ,et to
,tand for Glo)al !*,tem for Mo)ile ;ommuni+ation0
The G!M re+ommendation, do not ,pe+if* the a+tual hardware re@uirement,, )ut in,tead
,pe+if* the networ- fun+tion, and interfa+e, in detail, guaranteeing the proper
interwor-ing )etween the +omponent, of the ,*,tem0 Thi, allow, hardware de,igner, to
7
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
u,e their +reati.it* to pro.ide the a+tual fun+tionalit* and at the ,ame time ma-e, it
po,,i)le for operator, to )u* e@uipment from different ,upplier,0
$,%, GSM SER?ICES
G!M offer, three +ategorie, of ,er.i+e,0 The fir,t +ategor* of ,er.i+e, i, related to the
tran,portation of data to or from an I!DN terminal0 The,e ,er.i+e, are referred to a,
)earer ,er.i+e,0 The ,e+ond +ategor* of ,er.i+e, i, referred to a, Tele-,er.i+e,0 Thi,
+ategor* in+lude, ,er.i+e, ,u+h a, telephon* and !M!0 The third +ategor* of ,er.i+e, i,
referred to a, ,upplementar* ,er.i+e,0 Thi, in+lude ,er.i+e, ,u+h a, +aller identifi+ation,
+all forwarding, +all waiting, multipart* +on.er,ation,, and )arring of outgoing +all,0
$,%,", S(*+t Me''a3in3 Se+7i5e'
!hort Me,,aging !er.i+e,, in ,hort !M!, i, a G!M Tele-,er.i+e whi+h allow, mo)ile
,u),+ri)er, to ,end and re+ei.e alphanumeri+ me,,age, up to %G$ +hara+ter, long, u,ing
their mo)ile phone,0 (hen non-latin alpha)et, are u,ed, the me,,age length i, redu+ed to
H$ +hara+ter,0 !M! wa, part of G!M pha,e % ,tandard0 It i, implemented )* adding a
node +alled !hort Me,,age !er.i+e, ;enter 2!M!;4 in a G!M networ-0 All me,,age,
from ,ender, are dire+ted to the !M!; )efore the* are forwarded to the re+ipient,, hen+e
!M! i, ,aid to )e a ,tore and forward ,er.i+e0
$,%,%, M)4ti/edia Me''a3in3 Se+7i5e'
Multimedia Me,,aging !er.i+e, 2MM!4 i, ,een a, an e.olution of !M! from the fa+t that
it ,upport, not onl* te/t )ut more media t*pe, ,u+h a, pi+ture, audio, and .ideo0 MM! i,
a ,tore and forward ,er.i+e )ut here, the me,,age i, tran,mitted .ia a data +hannel0 The
implementation of MM! in the G!M networ- re@uire, an additional node, the
Multimedia Me,,age !er.i+e, ;enter 2MM!;4 to handle the ,tore and forward fun+tion,
al,o the networ- ha, to )e G8! and (A8 +apa)le0
8
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
$,$, NET8OR. ARCHITECT:RE
The G!M networ- +an )e di.ided into three main ,u),*,tem,R the Mo)ile !tation
!u),*,tem whi+h i, u,ed )* the ,u),+ri)er, the #a,e !tation !u),*,tem whi+h +ontrol,
the radio lin- with the Mo)ile !tation, and the Networ- !u),*,tem whi+h mainl*
perform, the ,wit+hing of +all, )etween a mo)ile and other fi/ed or mo)ile networ-
u,er,0
Fi3)+e $,"6 GSM NET8OR. ARCHITECT:RE
The Mo)ile !tation ,u),*,tem and the #a,e !tation ,u),*,tem +ommuni+ate through the
air interfa+e, al,o -nown a, the air interfa+e or radio lin-0 In MGM%, the remote +ontrol
fun+tion .ia a mo)ile phone ha, )een implemented than-, to e/i,ting G!M networ-,0 All
!M! from a human operator to MGM% and .i+e .er,a, pa,,e, through the G!M networ-0
$,#, GSM E?OL:TION
I!DN +ompati)ilit* wa, one of the G!M ,pe+ifi+ation,, )ut from the data rate point of
.iew, the radio lin- impo,ed to G!M a data rate of 30G-)p,?time,lot, whi+h i, mu+h lower
+ompared to the G4-)p,?time,lot offered )* I!DN0 Therefore G!M +ould onl* offer low-
rate data ,er.i+e,0 G!M +ontinued to )e de.eloped to impro.e +apa+it*, @ualit*, +o.erage,
9
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
and mainl* data rate0 Man* te+hnologie, were then de.eloped to impro.e G!M data rate,
fir,t H!;!D, then G8!, 9DG9 and finall* (;DMA0 The te+hnologie, +ontri)uting to
the e.olution of G!M to higher data rate are +la,,ified a, 207 generation or G!M
e.olution0
$,#," Gene+a4 Pa51et Radi* Se+7i5e'
In the traditional G!M, data tran,mi,,ion i, done u,ing ;ir+uit !wit+hed Data 2;!D4
te+hni@ue, where)* the networ- allo+ate, one radio +hannel to a M! when data i, to )e
tran,mitted to the networ- and the radio +hannel remain o++upied for the +onne+tion time0
G!M Te+hnolog* Demon,trator =iterature e.iew 6O,atie-T,hwane Ani.er,it* of
Te+hnolog* %7 In G8!, data i, the form of pa+-et, and it i, tran,mitted through the air
interfa+e onl* when the need ari,e,0 The radio +hannel doe, not remain o++upied for the
data tran,fer time, )ut rather +an )e u,ed )* other,0
Fi3)+e $,%6 GSM;GPRS NET8OR. ARCHITECT:RE
The implementation of G8! in the G!M ar+hite+ture +an )e a+hie.ed )* adding two
new node,R the !er.ing G8! !upport Node 2!G!N4 and the Gatewa* G8! !upport
Node 2GG!N40 G8! will )e a)le to offer data rate up to %H%02-)p,, )ut +urrentl* it i,
limited to 4B-)p, 28ortolani, 2$$440 6igure 202 ,how, a G!M-G8! networ-0 G8!
te+hnolog* i, u,ed in thi, pro:e+t to +onne+t the MGM% to the internet0 It wa, al,o
intended to u,e it for data and pi+ture, tran,fer from MGM% to mo)ile phone,0
1#
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
$,#,%, 8i+e4e'' A--4i5ati*n P+*t*5*4
The (irele,, Appli+ation 8roto+ol 2(A84 i, a ,tandard de.eloped to lin- mo)ile phone,
to the internet0 It e,ta)li,he, the wa* a mo)ile phone ,hould +ommuni+ate with a ,er.er
in,talled in a mo)ile phone networ-, in order to ma-e +ontent from the internet ea,il*
a.aila)le on mo)ile terminal,0 (A8 a+tuall* define, the wa* +ontent from internet ,hould
)e filtered for mo)ile +ommuni+ation0
CHAPTER #
BASIC OPERATION
11
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
In order to +ontrol the ro)ot, *ou need to ma-e a +all to the +ell phone atta+hed to the
ro)ot 2through headphone4 from an* phone, whi+h ,end, DTM6 tune, on pre,,ing the
numeri+ )utton,0 The +ell phone in the ro)ot i, -ept in Tauto an,werT mode02 if the mo)ile
doe, not ha.e the auto an,wering fa+ilit* ,re+ei.e the +all )* T<KT -e* on the ro.er
+onne+ted mo)ile and then made it in hand,-free mode04 ,o after a ring, the +ell phone
a++ept, the +all0 Now *ou ma* pre,, an* )utton on *our mo)ile to perform a+tion, a,
li,ted in the ta)le0 The DTM6 tone, thu, produ+ed are re+ei.ed )* the +ell phone in the
ro)ot0 The,e tone, are fed to the +ir+uit )* head,et of the +ell phone0 The MTBBH$
de+ode, the re+ei.ed tone and ,end, the e@ui.alent )inar* num)er to the mi+ro+ontroller0
A++ording to the program in the mi+ro+ontroller, the ro)ot ,tart, mo.ing0 (hen *ou pre,,
-e* T2T 2)inar* e@ui.alent $$$$$$%$4 on *our mo)ile phone, Then ro)o mo.e to forward
and mo.e forward until *ou pre,, the 7 )utton whi+h i, a,,igned for ,top +ode0 A, we
pre,, 7 +ode ro)ot i, )e ,top automati+all*0 (hen we pre,, B +ode, from mo)ile then
o)o mo.e, to )a+-ward po,ition0 A, we pre,, G for right and pre,, 4 for left dire+tion0
#utton % and & for the +amera and ,ear+h light option0 (hen we pre,, % then +amera or
light i, on?off and i, ,ame for the &0 #a,i+all* % and & i, for on?off a+tion0 (e u,e it for
an* t*pe of on?off operation0
Fi3)+e #,"6 Head P(*ne C*nne5ti*n
CHAPTER 5
TECHNOLOGY USED
12
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
5.1. DUAL$TONE MULTI$FRE%UENCY &DTMF'
Dual-tone multi-fre@uen+* 2DTM64 ,ignaling i, u,ed for tele+ommuni+ation ,ignaling
o.er analog telephone line, in the .oi+e-fre@uen+* )and )etween telephone hand,et, and
other +ommuni+ation, de.i+e, and the ,wit+hing +enter0 The .er,ion of DTM6 u,ed for
telephone tone dialing i, -nown )* the trademar-ed term Tou+h-Tone 2+an+eled Mar+h
%&, %3B44, and i, ,tandardi5ed )* ITA-T e+ommendation D02&0 It i, al,o -nown in the
AK a, M640 <ther multi-fre@uen+* ,*,tem, are u,ed for ,ignaling internal to the
telephone networ-0
A, a method of in-)and ,ignaling, DTM6 tone, were al,o u,ed )* +a)le tele.i,ion
)road+a,ter, to indi+ate the ,tart and ,top time, of lo+al +ommer+ial in,ertion point,
during ,tation )rea-, for the )enefit of +a)le +ompanie,0 Antil )etter out-of-)and
,ignaling e@uipment wa, de.eloped in the%33$,, fa,t, una+-nowledged, and loud DTM6
tone ,e@uen+e, +ould )e heard during the +ommer+ial )rea-, of +a)le +hannel, in the
Anited !tate, and el,ewhere0
5.2. TELEPHONE (EYPAD
The +ontemporar* -e*pad i, laid out in a &/4 grid, although the original DTM6 -e*pad
had an additional +olumn for four now-defun+t menu ,ele+tor -e*,0 (hen u,ed to dial a
telephone num)er, pre,,ing a ,ingle -e* will produ+e a pit+h +on,i,ting of two
,imultaneou, pure tone ,inu,oidal fre@uen+ie,0 The row in whi+h the -e* appear,
determine, the low fre@uen+*, and the +olumn determine, the high fre@uen+*0 6or
e/ample, pre,,ing the N%1 -e* will re,ult in a ,ound +ompo,ed of )oth a G3H and a %2$3
hert5 2H54 tone0 The original -e*pad, had le.er, in,ide, ,o ea+h )utton a+ti.ated two
+onta+t,0 The multiple tone, are the rea,on for +alling the ,*,tem multi fre@uen+*0 The,e
tone, are then de+oded )* the ,wit+hing +enter to determine whi+h -e* wa, pre,,ed0
13
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
FIG:RE 0,"6 A DTMF Te4e-(*ne .ey-ad
5.3. DTMF (EYPAD FRE%UENCIES &!ITH SOUND CLIPS'
%2$3 H5 %&&G H5 %4HH H5 %G&& H5
G3H H5
% 2 & A
HH$ H5
4 7 G #
B72 H5
H B 3 ;
34% H5
F $ E D
5.4. DTMF EENT FRE%UENCIES
9.ent =ow 6re@0 High 6re@0
#u,* !ignal
4B$
H5
G2$ H5
Dial Tone
&7$
H5
44$ H5
ing)a+- Tone2A!4
44$ H5 4B$ H5
14
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
5.5. 15TONES )* +* A* B* C* ,-. D
The engineer, had en.i,ioned phone, )eing u,ed to a++e,, +omputer,, and ,ur.e*ed a
num)er of +ompanie, to ,ee what the* would need for thi, role0 Thi, led to the addition of
the num)er ,ign 2E, ,ometime, +alled o+tothorpe in thi, +onte/t4 and a,teri,- or O,tarO 2F4
-e*, a, well a, a group of -e*, for menu ,ele+tionR A, #, ; and D0 In the end, the lettered
-e*, were dropped from mo,t phone,, and it wa, man* *ear, )efore the,e -e*, )e+ame
widel* u,ed for .erti+al ,er.i+e +ode, ,u+h a, FGH in the Anited !tate, and ;anada to
,uppre,, +aller ID0
The A0!0 militar* al,o u,ed the letter,, rela)eled, in their now defun+t Auto.on phone
,*,tem0 Here the* were u,ed )efore dialing the phone in order to gi.e ,ome +all, priorit*,
+utting in o.er e/i,ting +all, if need )e0 The idea wa, to allow important traffi+ to get
through e.er* time0 The le.el, of priorit* a.aila)le were 6la,h <.erride 2A4, 6la,h 2#4,
Immediate 2;4, and 8riorit* 2D4, with 6la,h <.erride )eing the highe,t priorit*0
15
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
CHAPTER 6
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
6.1. BLOC( DIAGRAM"
FIG:RE <,"6 BLOC. DIAGRAM OF CELL PHONE OPERATED LAND RO?ER
6.2. DESCRIPTION"
A, ,hown in the a)o.e )lo+- diagram, fir,t )lo+- i, the ;ell 8hone0 !o, it a+t, a, a DTM6
generator with tone depending upon -e* pre,,ed0 DTM6 De+oder, i0e0 I; ;MBBH$
de+ode, the re+ei.ed tone J gi.e, )inar* e@ui.alent of it to the mi+ro +ontroller0 The
+ontroller i, programmed ,u+h that appropriate output i, gi.en to Motor Dri.er I; =23&D
whi+h will dri.e the two D; Motor, +onne+ted to it0 The +on+ept u,ed for dri.ing i,
UDifferential Dri.eO0 !o, ultimatel* the two motor, rotate phone a++ording to the -e*
pre,,ed on the -e*pad of the +ell0
16
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
6,3. 8#51 MICRO CONTROLLER
6.3.1. T/0 8#51
The B$7% de.eloped and laun+hed in the earl* B$V,, i, one of the mo,t popular mi+ro
+ontroller in u,e toda*0 It ha, a rea,ona)l* large amount of )uilt in <M and AM0 In
addition it ha, the a)ilit* to a++e,, e/ternal memor*0
The generi+ term VB/7%V i, u,ed to define the de.i+e0 The .alue of / defining the -ind of
<M, i0e0 /W$, indi+ate, none, /W&, indi+ate, ma,- <M, /WH, indi+ate, 98<M and
/W3 indi+ate, 998<M or 6la,h0
6.3.2. A -120 1- ROM
The earl* B$7%, namel* the B$&% wa, de,igned without an* <M0 Thi, de.i+e +ould run
onl* with e/ternal memor* +onne+ted to it0 !u),e@uent de.elopment, lead to the
de.elopment of the 8<M or the programma)le <M0 Thi, t*pe had the di,ad.antage of
)eing highl* unrelia)le0
The ne/t in line, wa, the 98<M or 9ra,a)le 8rogramma)le <M0 The,e de.i+e, u,ed
ultra.iolet light era,a)le memor* +ell,0 Thu, a program +ould )e loaded, te,ted and era,ed
u,ing ultra .iolet ra*,0 A new program +ould then )e loaded again0
An impro.ed 98<M wa, the 998<M or the ele+tri+all* era,a)le 8<M0 Thi, doe,
not re@uire ultra .iolet ra*,, and memor* +an )e +leared u,ing +ir+uit, within the +hip
it,elf0
6inall* there i, the 6=A!H, whi+h i, an impro.ement o.er the 998<M0 (hile the
term, 998<M and fla,h are ,ometime, u,ed inter+hangea)l*, the differen+e lie, in the
fa+t that fla,h era,e, the +omplete memor* at one ,tro-e, and not a+t on the indi.idual
+ell,0 Thi, re,ult, in redu+ing the time for era,ure0
17
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
6.4. DIFFERENT MICRO CONTROLLERS IN MAR(ET.
3 8I;- <ne of the famou, mi+ro +ontroller, u,ed in the indu,trie,0 It i, )a,ed on
I!; Ar+hite+ture whi+h ma-e, the mi+ro +ontroller pro+e,, fa,ter than other
mi+ro +ontroller0
3 INT9=-The,e are the fir,t to manufa+ture mi+ro +ontroller,0 The,e are not a,
,ophi,ti+ated other mi+ro +ontroller, )ut ,till the ea,ie,t one to learn0

3 ATM9=-AtmelO, A> mi+ro +ontroller, are one of the mo,t powerful in the
em)edded indu,tr*0 Thi, i, the onl* mi+ro +ontroller ha.ing %-) of ram e.en the
entr* ,tage0 #ut it i, unfortunate that in India we are una)le to find thi, -ind of
mi+ro +ontroller0
6.5. INTEL 8#51
Intel B$7% i, ;I!; ar+hite+ture whi+h i, ea,* to program in a,,em)l* language and al,o
ha, a good ,upport for High le.el language,0
The memor* of the mi+ro +ontroller +an )e e/tended up to G4-0
Thi, mi+ro +ontroller i, one of the ea,ie,t mi+ro +ontroller, to learn0
The B$7% mi+ro +ontroller i, in the field for more than 2$ *ear,0 There are lot, of )oo-,
and ,tud* material, are readil* a.aila)le for B$7%0
6.6. DERIATIES
The )e,t thing done )* Intel i, to gi.e the de,ign, of the B$7% mi+ro +ontroller to
e.er*one0 !o it i, not the fa+t that Intel i, the onl* manufa+ture for the B$7% there more
than 2$ manufa+ture,, with ea+h of minimum 2$ model,0 =iterall* there are hundred, of
18
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
model, of B$7% mi+ro +ontroller a.aila)le in mar-et to +hoo,e0 !ome of the ma:or
manufa+ture, of B$7% are
Atmel
8hilip,
Dalla,
P/45467
The 8hilip,U, B$7% deri.ati.e, ha, more num)er of feature, than in an* mi+ro +ontroller0
The +o,t, of the 8hilip, mi+ro +ontroller, are higher than the AtmelO, whi+h ma-e, u, to
+hoo,e Atmel more often than 8hilip,
D,55,7
Dalla, ha, made man* re.olution, in the ,emi+ondu+tor mar-et0 Dalla,O, B$7% deri.ati.e
i, the fa,te,t one in the mar-et0 It wor-, & time, a, fa,t a, an B$7% +an pro+e,,0 #ut we
are una)le to get more in India0
A2805
The,e people were the one to ma,ter the fla,h de.i+e,0 The* are the +heape,t mi+ro
+ontroller a.aila)le in the mar-et0 AtmelO, e.en introdu+ed a 2$pin .ariant of B$7% named
2$7%0 The AtmelO, B$7% deri.ati.e, +an )e got in India le,, than H$ rupee,0 There are lot,
of +heap programmer, a.aila)le in India for Atmel0 !o it i, alwa*, good for ,tudent, to
,ti+- with B$7% when *ou learn a new mi+ro +ontroller0
6.7. ARCHITECTURE
Ar+hite+ture i, mu,t to learn )e+au,e )efore learning new ma+hine it i, ne+e,,ar* to learn
the +apa)ilitie, of the ma+hine0 Thi, i, ,omething li-e )efore learning a)out the +ar *ou
+annot )e+ome a good dri.er0 The ar+hite+ture of the B$7% i, gi.en )elow0
19
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
The B$7% doe,nOt ha.e an* ,pe+ial feature than other mi+ro +ontroller0 The onl* feature i,
that it i, ea,* to learn0 Ar+hite+ture ma-e, u, to -now a)out the hardware feature, of the
mi+ro +ontroller0
The feature, of the B$7% are

4K #*te, of 6la,h Memor*
%2B / B-#it Internal AM
6ull* !tati+ <perationR % MH5 to 24 MH5
&2 8rogramma)le I?< =ine,
Two %G-#it Timer?;ounter,
!i/ Interrupt !our+e, 27 >e+tored4
8rogramma)le !erial ;hannel
=ow 8ower Idle and 8ower Down Mode,
2#
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
CHAPTER 7
COMPONENTS :SED
=,", INTROD:CTION
The pre,ent +hapter introdu+e, the operation of power ,uppl* +ir+uit, )uilt u,ing filter,,
re+tifier,, and then .oltage regulator,0 !tarting with an a+ .oltage, a ,tead* d+ .oltage i,
o)tained )* re+tif*ing the a+ .oltage, then filtering to a d+ le.el, and finall*, regulating to
o)tain a de,ired fi/ed d+ .oltage0 The regulation i, u,uall* o)tained from an I; .oltage
regulator unit, whi+h ta-e, a d+ .oltage and pro.ide, a ,omewhat lower d+ .oltage, whi+h
remain, the ,ame e.en if the input d+ .oltage .arie,, or the output load +onne+ted to the
d+ .oltage +hange,0
>oltage regulator, +ompri,e a +la,, of widel* u,ed I;,0 egulator I; unit, +ontain the
+ir+uitr* for referen+e ,our+e, +omparator amplifier, +ontrol de.i+e, and o.erload
prote+tion all in a ,ingle I;0 Although the internal +on,tru+tion of the I; i, ,omewhat
different from that de,+ri)ed for di,+rete .oltage regulator +ir+uit,, the e/ternal operation
i, mu+h the ,ame0 I; unit, pro.ide regulation of either a fi/ed po,iti.e .oltage, a fi/ed
negati.e .oltage, or an ad:u,ta)le ,et .oltage0
A fi/ed three-terminal .oltage regulator ha, an unregulated d+ input .oltage, >i, applied
to one input terminal, a regulated d+ output .oltage, >o, from a ,e+ond terminal, with the
third terminal +onne+ted to ground0
=,%, PO8ER S:PPLY
The a+ .oltage,
t*pi+all* 22$> rm,,
i, +onne+ted to a
tran,former, whi+h
21
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
,tep, that a+ .oltage down to the le.el of the de,ired d+ output0 A diode re+tifier then
pro.ide, a full-wa.e re+tified .oltage that i, initiall* filtered )* a ,imple +apa+itor filter
to produ+e a d+ .oltage0 Thi, re,ulting d+ .oltage u,uall* ha, ,ome ripple or a+ .oltage
.ariation0
A regulator +ir+uit remo.e, the ripple, and al,o remain, the ,ame d+ .alue e.en if the
input d+ .oltage .arie,, or the load +onne+ted to the output d+ .oltage +hange,0 Thi,
.oltage regulation i, u,uall* o)tained u,ing one of the popular .oltage regulator I; unit,0
=,$, TRANSFORMER
The potential tran,former will ,tep down the power ,uppl* .oltage 2$-2&$>4 to 2$-G>4
le.el0 Then the ,e+ondar* of the potential tran,former will )e +onne+ted to the pre+i,ion
re+tifier, whi+h i, +on,tru+ted with the help of opXamp0 The ad.antage, of u,ing pre+i,ion
re+tifier are it will gi.e pea- .oltage output a, D;, re,t of the +ir+uit, will gi.e onl* M!
output0
=,#, BRIDGE RECTIFIER
(hen four diode, are +onne+ted a, ,hown in figure, the +ir+uit i, +alled a, )ridge
re+tifier0 The input to the +ir+uit i, applied to the diagonall* oppo,ite +orner, of the
networ-, and the output i, ta-en from the remaining two +orner,0 =et u, a,,ume that the
tran,former i, wor-ing properl* and there i, a po,iti.e potential, at point A and a negati.e
potential at point #0 the po,iti.e potential at point A will forward )ia, D& and re.er,e )ia,
D40 The negati.e potential at point # will forward )ia, D% and re.er,e D20 At thi, time
D& and D% are forward )ia,ed and will allow +urrent flow to pa,, through themM D4 and
D2 are re.er,e )ia,ed and will )lo+- +urrent flow0
The path for +urrent flow i, from point # through D%, up through =, through D&,
through the ,e+ondar* of the tran,former )a+- to point #0 thi, path i, indi+ated )* the
,olid arrow,0 (a.eform, 2%4 and 224 +an )e o),er.ed a+ro,, D% and D&0 <ne-half +*+le
later the polarit* a+ro,, the ,e+ondar* of the tran,former re.er,e, forward )ia,ing D2 and
D4 and re.er,e )ia,ing D% and D&0
22
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
;urrent flow will now )e from point A through D4, up through =, through D2, through
the ,e+ondar* of T%, and )a+- to point A0 Thi, path i, indi+ated )* the )ro-en arrow,0
(a.eform, 2&4 and 244 +an )e o),er.ed a+ro,, D2 and D40
The +urrent flow through = i, alwa*, in the ,ame dire+tion0 In flowing through = thi,
+urrent de.elop, a .oltage +orre,ponding to that ,hown wa.eform 2740 !in+e +urrent
flow, through the load 2=4 during )oth half +*+le, of the applied .oltage, thi, )ridge
re+tifier i, a full-wa.e re+tifier0
<ne ad.antage of a )ridge re+tifier o.er a +on.entional full-wa.e re+tifier i, that with a
gi.en tran,former the )ridge re+tifier produ+e, a .oltage output that i, nearl* twi+e that of
the +on.entional full-wa.e +ir+uit0
Thi, ma* )e ,hown )* a,,igning .alue, to ,ome of the +omponent, ,hown in .iew, A and
#0 a,,ume that the ,ame tran,former i, u,ed in )oth +ir+uit,0 The pea- .oltage de.eloped
)etween point, I and * i, %$$$ .olt, in )oth +ir+uit,0 In the +on.entional full-wa.e
+ir+uit ,hownYin .iew A, the pea- .oltage from the +enter tap to either I or Y i, 7$$
.olt,0 !in+e onl* one diode +an +ondu+t at an* in,tant, the ma/imum .oltage that +an )e
re+tified at an* in,tant i, 7$$ .olt,0 The ma/imum .oltage that appear, a+ro,, the load
re,i,tor i, nearl*-)ut ne.er e/+eed,-7$$ .$lt,, a, re,ult of the ,mall .oltage drop a+ro,,
the diode0
In the )ridge re+tifier ,hown in .iew #, the ma/imum .oltage that +an )e re+tified i, the
full ,e+ondar* .oltage, whi+h i, %$$$ .olt,0 Therefore, the pea- output .oltage a+ro,, the
load re,i,tor i, nearl* %$$$ .olt,0 (ith )oth +ir+uit, u,ing the ,ame tran,former, the
)ridge re+tifier +ir+uit produ+e, a higher output .oltage than the +on.entional full-wa.e
re+tifier +ir+uit0
=,0, ?OLTAGE REG:LATORS

>oltage regulator, +ompri,e a +la,, of widel* u,ed I;,0 egulator I; unit, +ontain the
+ir+uitr* for referen+e ,our+e, +omparator amplifier, +ontrol de.i+e, and o.erload
23
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
prote+tion all in a ,ingle I;0 Although the internal +on,tru+tion of the I; i, ,omewhat
different from that de,+ri)ed for di,+rete .oltage regulator +ir+uit,, the e/ternal operation
i, mu+h the ,ame0 I; unit, pro.ide regulation of either a fi/ed po,iti.e .oltage, a fi/ed
negati.e .oltage, or an ad:u,ta)le ,et .oltage0
A power ,uppl* +an )e )uilt u,ing a tran,former +onne+ted to the a+ ,uppl* line to ,tep
the a+ .oltage to de,ired amplitude, then re+tif*ing that a+ .oltage, filtering with a
+apa+itor and ; filter, if de,ired, and finall* regulating the d+ .oltage u,ing an I;
regulator0 The regulator, +an )e ,ele+ted for operation with load +urrent, from hundred,
of milli ampere, to ten, of ampere,, +orre,ponding to power rating, from milliwatt, to
ten, of watt,0
A fi/ed three-terminal .oltage regulator ha, an unregulated d+ input .oltage, >i, applied
to one input terminal, a regulated d+ output .oltage, >o, from a ,e+ond terminal, with the
third terminal +onne+ted to ground0 The ,erie, HB regulator, pro.ide fi/ed po,iti.e
regulated .oltage, from 7 to 24 .olt,0 !imilarl*, the ,erie, H3 regulator, pro.ide fi/ed
negati.e regulated .oltage, from 7 to 24 .olt,0
6or I;,, mi+ro+ontroller, =;D --------- 7 .olt,
6or alarm +ir+uit, op-amp, rela* +ir+uit, ---------- %2 .olt,
=,<, MICROCONTROLLER
In our pro:e+t mi+ro+ontroller AT>!S0% i, u,ed0 (ho,e feature, and de,+ription i, gi.en
)elow0
=,<,", Feat)+e'
;ompati)le with M;!-7%Z 8rodu+t,
BK #*te, of In-!*,tem 8rogramma)le 2I!84 6la,h Memor*
40$> to 707> <perating ange
6ull* !tati+ <perationR $ H5 to && MH5
Three-le.el 8rogram Memor* =o+-
27G / B-)it Internal AM
&2 8rogramma)le I?< =ine,
Three %G-)it Timer?;ounter,
9ight Interrupt !our+e,
24
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
6ull Duple/ AAT !erial ;hannel
=ow-power Idle and 8ower-down Mode,
Interrupt e+o.er* from 8ower-down Mode
(at+hdog Timer
Dual Data 8ointer
8ower-off 6lag
=,<,%, PIN Dia3+a/
=,<,$, De'5+i-ti*n
The ATB3!72 i, a low-power, high-performan+e ;M<! B-)it mi+ro+ontroller with BK
)*te, of in-,*,tem programma)le 6la,h memor*0 The de.i+e i, manufa+tured u,ing
AtmelO, high-den,it* non.olatile memor* te+hnolog* and i, +ompati)le with the indu,tr*-
,tandard B$;7% in,tru+tion ,et and pin out0 The on +hip 6la,h allow, the program
memor* to )e reprogrammed in-,*,tem or )* a +on.entional non.olatile memor*
programmer0

25
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
#* +om)ining a .er,atile B-)it ;8A with in-,*,tem programma)le 6la,h on a monolithi+
+hip, the Atmel ATB3!72 i, a powerful mi+ro+ontroller whi+h pro.ide, a highl*-fle/i)le
and +o,t-effe+ti.e ,olution to man* em)edded +ontrol appli+ation,0
The ATB3!72 pro.ide, the following ,tandard feature,R BK )*te, of 6la,h, 27G )*te, of
AM, &2 I?< line,, (at+hdog timer, two data pointer,, three %G-)it timer?+ounter,, a ,i/-
.e+tor two-le.el interrupt ar+hite+ture, a full duple/ ,erial port, on-+hip o,+illator, and
+lo+- +ir+uitr*0 In addition, the ATB3!72 i, de,igned with ,tati+ logi+ for operation down
to 5ero fre@uen+* and ,upport, two ,oftware ,ele+ta)le power ,a.ing mode,0
The Idle Mode ,top, the ;8A while allowing the AM, timer?+ounter,, ,erial port, and
interrupt ,*,tem to +ontinue fun+tioning0 The 8ower-down mode ,a.e, the AM +ontent,
)ut free5e, the o,+illator, di,a)ling all other +hip fun+tion, until the ne/t interrupt or
hardware re,et0
=,=, DTMF DECODER (CM>>=&6

=,=,", Feat)+e'
=e,, than &7m( power +on,umption
Indu,trial temperature range
A,e, @uart5 +r*,tal or +erami+ re,onator,
Ad:u,ta)le a+@ui,ition and relea,e time,
%B-pin DI8, %B-pin DI8 9IAQ, %B-pin !<I;, 2$-pin
8=;;
;MBBH$;
8ower down mode
Inhi)it mode
#uffered <!;& output 28=;; pa+-age onl*4
;MBBH$; i, full* +ompati)le with ;MBBH$ for %B-pinDe.i+e, )* grounding pin, 7 J G0
=,=,% PIN Dia3+a/
26
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
=,>, POSITI?E ?OLTAGE REG:LATORS (L=>&
=,>,", Feat)+e'6
<AT8AT ;A9NT T< %07A
<AT8AT ><=TAG9! <6 7M 702M GM BM B07M 3M%2M %7M %BM 24>
TH9MA= <>9=<AD 8<T9;TI<N
!H<T ;I;AIT 8<T9;TI<N
<AT8AT TAN!ITI<N !<A 8<T9;TI<N
=,>,%, De'5+i-ti*n
The =HB$$ ,erie, of three-terminal po,iti.e regulator, i, a.aila)le in T<-22$, T<-
22$68,T<-& and D28AK pa+-age, and ,e.eral fi/ed output .oltage,, ma-ing it u,eful in a
wide range of appli+ation,0 The,e regulator, +an pro.ide lo+al on-+ard regulation,
eliminating the di,tri)ution pro)lem, a,,o+iated with ,ingle point regulation0

9a+h t*pe emplo*, internal +urrent limiting, thermal ,hut-down and ,afe area prote+tion,
ma-ing it e,,entiall* inde,tru+ti)le0 If ade@uate heat ,in-ing i, pro.ided, the* +an deli.er
27
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
o.er %A output +urrent0 Although de,igned primaril* a, fi/ed .oltage regulator,, the,e
de.i+e, +an )e u,ed with e/ternal +omponent, to o)tain ad:u,ta)le .oltage and +urrent,0
=,!, RECTIFIER ("N#=&
=,!,", Feat)+e'
Diffu,ed Qun+tion
High ;urrent ;apa)ilit* and =ow 6orward
>oltage Drop
!urge <.erload ating to &$A 8ea-
FIG:RE =,"6 IN#=
=ow e.er,e =ea-age ;urrent
=ead 6ree 6ini,h, oH! ;ompliant
=,"0 COMPONENTS :SED
Se/i5*nd)5t*+'6
MTBBH$ DTM6 de+oder
ATM9=B3!72
=M&7B <8AM8 A! A ;<M8AAT< 6< IN6A 9D INT9A8TI<N
HB$7 9GA=AT< I;
8; B%H <8T<;<A8=9 2G4 <8T< I!<=AT< T< 8<>ID9 I!<=ATI<N
N8N #9= %$$N2G4
8N8 #9= %$$8 274
Re'i't*+'6
2H$ <HM 2%$4
%K 244
28
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
2K2 274
%M <HM
&&$K, %$K, 22K 224
Ca-a5it*+'6
%$$$M6D 2&4
2H86 224
0$% M6D 2%4
%$ M6D 2%4
Mi'5e44ane*)'6
I
tal%
-&07HMH5 ;r*,tal
I
tal2
-%2MH5 ;r*,tal
M%, M2-G>, 7$-rpm geared D; motor
#att-G>, 407Ah )atter*
2 pin male and female +onne+tor
#A""9
=9D 2G4
#I-;<=<A =090D 224
HAND! 699 KIT 2&07 MM4
TY9! 224
In thi, pro:e+t we u,e I; B3,72 a, a main pro+e,,or to +ontrol all the ,en,orO, and output
motorO,0 In thi, pro:e+t we u,e two ,low ,peed d+ gear motor for forward, re.er,e, left
and right mo.ement0 (hen )oth the motor, rotate +lo+- wi,e then ro)ot mo.e forward0
(hen )oth the motor, rotate anti+lo+- wi,e then ro)ot mo.e, )a+-ward0 If one motor i,
forward and ,e+ond motor i, re.er,e then ro)ot from left to right po,ition0 If we +hange
the ,e@uen+e of motor then ro)ot turn, right to left
(e u,e ,low ,peed gear motor in thi, pro:e+t0 (or-ing .oltage of the,e motor, are 3 .olt
to %2 .olt d+0 (e u,e two power ,our+e in thi, pro:e+t0 <ne for the motorO, and ,e+ond for
the +ontroller +ir+uit0
29
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
6or +ontrolling a d+ motor we u,e H )ridge +ir+uit0 IN thi, pro:e+t we u,e four tran,i,tor
+ir+uit to +ontrol the mo.ement of d+ motor for forward and re.er,e mo.ement0
CHAPTER 8
CIRC:IT DIAGRAM
>,", INTROD:CTION
FIG:RE >,"6 CIRC:IT DIAGRAM
3#
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
The important +omponent, of thi, ro)ot are a DTM6 de+oder, mi+ro +ontroller and motor
dri.er0 A ;MBBH$ ,erie, DTM6 de+oder i, u,ed here0 All t*pe, of the ;MBBH$ ,erie, u,e
digital +ounting te+hni@ue, to dete+t and de+ode all the %G DTM6 tone pair, into a 4-)it
+ode output0 The )uilt-in dial tone re:e+tion +ir+uit eliminate, the need of pre-filtering0
(hen the input ,ignal, are gi.en at pin, %2IN[4 J 22IN-4, a differential input
+onfiguration i, re+ogni5ed to )e effe+ti.e, the +orre+t 4-)it de+ode ,ignal of the DTM6
tone i, tran,ferred to 2pin%%4 through 2pin%44 output,0 The pin%% to pin%4 of DTM6
de+oder are +onne+ted to the pin, of mi+ro +ontroller 28%04 to 8%0H40
The atmega%G i, an B-)it mi+ro +ontrol, ha, G4 -# 6la,h mi+ro +ontroller with % -#
AM0 it pro.ide, the following feature,R G4 -# of on-+hip 6la,h program memor* with
I!8 2In-!*,tem 8rogramming4 and IA8 2In-Appli+ation 8rogramming4, 6our B-)it I?<
port, with three high-+urrent 8ort % pin, 2%G mA ea+h4,Three %G-)it timer,?+ounter,0
<utput, from port pin, 8$0$ through 8$0& and 8$0H of the mi+ro +ontroller are fed to the
input, IN% through IN4 and ena)le pin, 29N% and 9N24 of motor dri.er =23&D I;,
re,pe+ti.el* to dri.e two geared d+ motor,0 !wit+h !% i, u,ed for manual re,et0 The mi+ro
+ontroller output i, not ,uffi+ient to dri.e the d+ motor,, ,o +urrent dri.er, are re@uired
for motor rotation0
The =23&D i, a @uad, high-+urrent, half-h dri.er de,igned to pro.ide )idire+tional dri.e
+urrent, of up to G$$mA at .oltage, from 407> to &G>0 It ma-e, it ea,ier to dri.e the d+
motor,0 The =23&D +on,i,t, of four dri.er,0 8in, IN% through IN4 and <AT% through
<AT4 are the input and output pin,, re,pe+ti.el* of dri.er % through dri.er 40 Dri.er, %
and 2, and dri.er & and 4 are ena)led )* ena)le pin %29N%4 and pin 3 29N24, re,pe+ti.el*0
(hen ena)le input 9N% 2pin%4 i, high, dri.er, % and 2 are ena)led and the output,
+orre,ponding to their input, are a+ti.e0 !imilarl*, ena)le input 9N2 2pin34 ena)le,
dri.er, & and 40
The motor, are rotated a++ording to the ,tatu, of IN% to IN4 pin, of =23&D whi+h in turn
are depending on output pin, of mi+ro +ontroller, .i50, 8$0$ - 8$0&0
31
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
>,%, E@PLAINATION OF CIRC:IT DIAGRAM
FIG:RE >,%6 H;BRIDGE CONNECTIONS
;olle+tor of )oth the tran,i,tor i, +onne+ted to the po,iti.e ,uppl* 3 .olt0 Thi, 3 .olt
,uppl* i, for the D; motor0 If we u,e %2 .olt motor then we u,e %2 .olt d+ ,uppl* here0
9mitter of )oth the tran,i,tor i, +onne+ted to the D; motor0 9mitter of the 8N8 tran,i,tor
i, +onne+ted to the emitter of N8N tran,i,tor0 ;olle+tor of )oth the 8N8 tran,i,tor i,
+onne+ted to the ground potential0 #a,e point of )oth tran,i,tor, i, :oined together0 <n
thi, point we gi.e a .oltage0
>,%,", H;B+id3e 5i+5)it
32
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T

FIG:RE >,$6 FOR8ARD OPERATION
If we gi.e a po,iti.e .oltage to the )a,e of left :un+tion and negati.e .oltage to the right
:un+tion then motor mo.e, to one dire+tion0 #e+au,e due to po,iti.e on )a,e N8N i, on
and due to negati.e on )a,e 8N8 i, on0 If left ,ide N8N i, on and right ,ide 8N8 i, on
then motor mo.e, to the one dire+tion0
FIG:RE >,#6 RE?ERSE OPERATION
If the .oltage i, re.er,e on the )a,e point then motorO, mo.e, to the re.er,e dire+tion
motor mo.e to the re.er,e dire+tion )e+au,e )a,e .oltage i, +hange0 Now left N8N and
right 8N8 are on and motor mo.e, to the re.er,e dire+tion0 Now when we atta+h the H-
)ridge to the logi+al output of the mi+ro-+ontroller0 !o to interfa+e the mi+ro-+ontroller
with thi, H )ridge we mu,t +onne+t an <8T<-;<A8=9 with the +ontroller0 <pto-
;oupler i, a ,pe+ial opti+all* i,olated de.i+e to interfa+e the input with output u,ing light0
<pto-;oupler pro.ide an ele+tri+al i,olation )etween the input and output +ir+uit0 <pto-
+oupler pro.ide, i,olation )etween the two power ,upplie,0 Mi+ro+ontroller power ,uppl*
33
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
i, 7 .olt d+ and motor ,uppl* i, .ar*ing from 3.olt to %2 .olt d+0 (ith the help of the
mi+ro+ontroller we pro.ide an opti+al i,olation )etween two power ,upplie,0
>,%,%, O-t*5*)-4e+'
In opto-+oupler there i, one input and one output and there i, no +onne+tion )etween
input and output0 <n input point there i, one infra-red =9D0 ;athode point of the =9D i,
+onne+ted to the re,i,tor % and further +onne+ted to the mi+ro+ontroller port,0 In thi,
pro:e+t we u,e two d+ motor, ,o we u,e two H )ridge +ir+uit with the four opto-+oupler0

FIG:RE >,06 RE?ERSE OPERATION
8in no 4$ of the +ontroller i, +onne+ted to the po,iti.e ,uppl* and pin no 2$ i, +onne+ted
to the ground pin0 8in no 3 i, for the re,et pin, on thi, pin we +onne+t a one re,i,tor and
+apa+itor to pro.ide an auto re,et +ir+uit0 (ith the help of the auto re,et +ir+uit mi+ro-
+ontroller re,et automati+all* and ,tart from the 5ero lo+ation e.er* time when power i,
on0
(hen ro)o mo.e, to forward then infra-red ,en,or i, a+ti.ate0 6or infra-red ,en,or, we
u,e one =M &7B op-amp a, a +omparator to ,en,e the interruption from an* o):e+t0 (hen
ro)ot mo.e, toward, forward then infra-red )eam i, refle+ted from the ,urfa+e and
re.er,e, )a+- to the photodiode0 8hotodiode i, +onne+ted through the re,i,tor in ,erie,0
(hen photodiode ,en,e a refle+ted light from the infra-red then photodiode re,i,tan+e
)e+ome +hange and +urrent flowing through the photodiode i, al,o +hange0 Thi, +hange
of .oltage i, +ompare in the +omparator and +onne+ted to the mi+ro+ontroller0 (e u,e =M
&7B a, a +omparator0 =m &7B i, a dual op-amp in,ide )ut we u,e one ,ide of op-amp0 6or
34
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
,etting a referen+e .oltage we u,e .aria)le re,i,tor 2pre,et4 with +omparator0 (ith the
help of thi, .aria)le re,i,tor we ,et the ,etting of infra-red dete+tion range0
CHAPTER 9
APPLICATIONS

9.1. SCIENTIFIC
emote +ontrol .ehi+le, ha.e .ariou, ,+ientifi+ u,e, in+luding ha5ardou, en.ironment,,
wor-ing in the Deep <+ean, and ,pa+e e/ploration0 The ma:orit* of the pro)e, to the
other planet, in our ,olar ,*,tem ha.e )een remote +ontrol .ehi+le,, although ,ome of the
more re+ent one, were partiall* autonomou,0 The ,ophi,ti+ation of the,e de.i+e, ha,
fueled greater de)ate on the need for manned ,pa+eflight and e/ploration0
9.2. MILITARY AND LA! ENFORCEMENT
Militar* u,age of remotel* +ontrolled militar* .ehi+le, date, )a+- to the fir,t half of 2$th
+entur*0 !o.iet ed Arm* u,ed remotel* +ontrolled Tele tan-, during %3&$, in the
(inter (ar and earl* ,tage of (orld (ar II0 There were al,o remotel* +ontrolled +utter,
and e/perimental remotel* +ontrolled plane, in the ed Arm*0
emote +ontrol .ehi+le, are u,ed in law enfor+ement and militar* engagement, for ,ome
of the ,ame rea,on,0 The e/po,ure to ha5ard, i, mitigated to the per,on who operate, the
.ehi+le from a lo+ation of relati.e ,afet*0 emote +ontrolled .ehi+le, are u,ed )* man*
poli+e department )om)-,@uad, to defu,e or detonate e/plo,i.e,0 !ee Dragon unner,
Militar* ro)ot0
35
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
Anmanned Aerial >ehi+le, 2AA>,4 ha.e undergone a dramati+ e.olution in +apa)ilit* in
the pa,t de+ade0 9arl* AA>, were +apa)le of re+onnai,,an+e mi,,ion, alone and then
onl* with a limited range0 ;urrent AA>, +an ho.er around po,,i)le target, until the* are
po,iti.el* identified )efore relea,ing their pa*load of weaponr*0 #a+-pa+- ,i5ed AA>,
will pro.ide ground troop, with o.er the hori5on ,ur.eillan+e +apa)ilitie,0
9.3. SEARCH AND RESCUE
AA>, will li-el* pla* an in+rea,ed role in ,ear+h and re,+ue in the Anited !tate,0 Thi,
wa, demon,trated )* the ,u++e,,ful u,e of AA>, during the 2$$B hurri+ane, that ,tru+-
=oui,iana and Te/a,0
9.4. RECREATION AND HOBBY
!ee adio-+ontrolled model0 !mall ,+ale remote +ontrol .ehi+le, ha.e long )een popular
among ho))*i,t,0 The,e remote +ontrolled .ehi+le, ,pan a wide range in term, of pri+e
and ,ophi,ti+ation0 There are man* t*pe, of radio +ontrolled .ehi+le,0 The,e in+lude on-
road +ar,, off-road tru+-,, )oat,, airplane,, and e.en heli+opter,0 The Oro)ot,O now
popular in tele.i,ion ,how, ,u+h a, o)ot (ar,, are a re+ent e/ten,ion of thi, ho))*0
!,0, F:RTHER IMPRO?EMENTS A F:T:RE SCOPE6
!,0,", IR Sen'*+'6
I ,en,or, +an )e u,ed to automati+all* dete+t J a.oid o),ta+le, if the ro)ot goe,
)e*ond line of ,ight0 Thi, a.oid, damage to the .ehi+le if we are maneu.ering it from
a di,tant pla+e0
!,0,%, Pa''9*+d P+*te5ti*n6
8ro:e+t +an )e modified in order to pa,,word prote+t the ro)ot ,o that it +an )e
operated onl* if +orre+t pa,,word i, entered0 9ither +ell phone ,hould )e pa,,word
36
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
prote+ted or ne+e,,ar* modifi+ation ,hould )e made in the a,,em)l* language +ode0
Thi, introdu+e, +onditioned a++e,, J in+rea,e, ,e+urit* to a great e/tent0
!,0,$, A4a+/ P(*ne Dia4e+6
#* repla+ing DTM6 De+oder I;;MBBH$ )* aS DTM6 Tran,+ei.er I;O ;MBBB$, DTM6
tone, +an )e generated from the ro)ot0 !o, a pro:e+t +alled Alarm 8hone
DialerS +an )e )uilt whi+h will generat e ne+e,,ar* alarm, for ,omething that i,
de,ired to )e monitored 2u,uall* )* triggering a rela*40 6or e/ample, a high water
alarm, low temperature alarm, opening of )a+- window, garage door, et+0 (hen the
,*,tem i, a+ti.ated it will +all a num)er of programmed num)er, to let the u,er
-now the alarm ha, )een a+ti.ated0 Thi, would )e great to get alert, of alarm
+ondition, from home when u,er i, at wor-0
!,0,#, Addin3 a Ca/e+a6
If the +urrent pro:e+t i, interfa+ed with a +amera 2e0g0 a (e)+am4 ro)ot +an )e
dri.en )e*ond line-of-,ight J range )e+ome, pra+ti+all* unlimited a, G!M networ-,
ha.e a .er* large range0
37
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
APPENDIX
PROGRAM CODE"
org $$$$h
mo. p%,E$ffh M Ma-e 8% a, i?p port
=%R
mo. a,p%
anl a,E$ffh
+:ne a,E$)$h,=2 MDTM6 o?pW 2
mo. p$,EBah MM% J M2 )oth 6orward l:mp =%
=2R
+:ne a,E$e$h,=& MDTM6 o?pW B
mo. p$,EB7h MM% J M2 )oth e.er,e l:mp =%
=&R
+:ne a,E7$h,=4 MDTM6 o?pW 7
mo. p$,EB$h MM% J M2 )oth <ff l:mp =%
=4R
+:ne a,E$d$h,=7 MDTM6 o?pW 4
38
G!M ;<NT<==9D <#<T
mo. p$,EBGh MM% W e. , M2 W 6wd l:mp =%
=7R
+:ne a,E3$h,=% MDTM6 o?pW G
mo. p$,EB3h MM% W 6wd , M2 W e. l:mp =%
end
REFERENCE"
httpR??en0wi-ipedia0org?wi-i?G!M
httpR??)oo-,0google0+o0in?)oo-,\i,)nWB%HH7BBH3G
httpR??www04gameri+a,0org?inde/0+fm\fu,ea+tionWpageJ,e+tionidW242
httpR??)oo-,0google0+o0in?)oo-,\i,)nWB%&%H&%4&I
;ell phone operated land ro.er N9le+troni+, 6or You1 Maga5ine, 9dition 2Qul*
2$%24
NDTM6 Te,ter1, U9le+troni+, 6or YouO Maga5ine, 9dition 2Qune 2$$&4
B$7% Mi+ro+ontroller,R An Appli+ation, #a,ed Introdu+tion - #* Da.id ;al+utt,
6rederi+- ;owan, Ha,,an 8ar+hi5adeh
The B$7% mi+ro+ontroller - #* Kenneth A*ala
DTM6 #a,ed emote !en,ing =andro.er X #* !hi.am Kati*ar
39