J apanese Era

MAIN OBJECTIVES
1. To prevent use of Philippines as an advance American military base.
2. To acquire staging areas and supply bases to enhance operations.
3. To secure communication lines from japanese home Island.


JAPANESE IN MANILA
January 2, 1942- Japanese Forces entered Manila

GEN. DOUGLAS MacARTHUR ESCAPED
March 11, 1942- under Pres. Roosevelt, Gen Douglas MacArthur left Corregidor and
went to Australia.
March 17, 1942 after landing in Australia, Gen. MacArthur promised to Filipino people
and said that I came Through and I Shall Return
USFIP( US FORCES in THE PHILIPPINES)
-Activated under the Command of Gen. Jonathan Wainrigth.


CORREGIDOR
the tadpole shaped defensive fort of three square miles of island at the mouth of Manila
Bay
had three supporting islands
Caballo
Carabao
El Fraile

FALL OF BATAAN
April 9, 1942 under Major General Edward "Ned" P. King, J r, Bataan surrendered to
Japanese Forces under the command of Lt. General Masaharu Homma.


DEATH MARCH (70 Km march)
o The infamous Bataan Death March was one of the greatest atrocities of World War II.
o More than 75,000 U.S. and Filipino soldiers were forced to become Prisoners of War.
o This was a 70-mile forced march of American and Filipino soldiers by Japanese forces.
o Phase One: March the prisoners 19 miles to Pampanga
Phase Two: Load the prisoners into 200 trucks to transport them 33 miles to a train
station
Phase Three: Prisoners march 8 more miles to Camp O'Donnell
BATAAN DEATH MARCH ROUTE
1. MARIVELES tp San Fernando, Pampanga (55 Km March)
2. San Fernando, Pampanga to Capas, Tarlac ( Travel by Train herded into BoxCart)
3. Capas, Tarlac to Camp O Donnel (Walk 7 Km to prison camp)

VOICE OF FREEDOM- radio station inside Malinta tunnel in Corregidor.

May 6, 1942- General J onathan Wainright broadcast the surrender of Corregidor and
all troops in the Philippines.


GOVERNMENT
JAPANESE MARTIAL LAW
January 3, 1942- Japan Established JAPANESE MILITARY ADMINISTRATION
under Gen. Masaharu Homma as Gen. Director and imposed Martial Law in the
Country.
Detention Camps became place of torture.
January 23, 1942- Central Administrative Organization established as replace in
Commonwealth Government.
o Jorge Vargas Chairman of Executive commission.
o The following was appointed as department heads:
1. Benigno Aquino, Sr.( interior),
2. Antonio de las Alas (finance),
3. Jose P. Laurel (justice)
4. Claro M. Recto (education, health, and public welfare)
5. Quintin Paredes (public works and communication)
6. Jose Yulo (Chief Justice of the Supreme Court)
7. Rafael Alunan(agriculture and commerce)
Feb. 17 , 1942
o Japanese educational Policies enacted through Military Order No.2
(promoting Filipino culture, spiritual enrichment among Filipino families,
propagation of Japanese language- Nipongo and the implementation of
GREATER EAST ASIA CO-PROSPHERITY SPHERE.)


Japanese Premier Hideki Tojo (January 21, 1942 )
o Established the Philippines for the Filipinos
o GREATER EAST ASIA CO-PROSPHERITY SPHERE- a long range economic
plan for Japanese conquered territories.

REFORMING THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
December 2, 1942- KALIBAPI (Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas),
Organization in the Service of the New Philippines was the only Political Party allowed
during this period.
o Jose Vargas Ex Officio
o Benigno Aquino-Director General
October 14, 1943- Proclamation of Philippine Independence and inauguration of
Republic of the Philippines.

PUPPET REPUBLIC (October 14, 1943)
Second Republic / Japanese Sponsored-Republic.

o Jose P. Laurel President
o Benigno Aquino, Sr-Vice President
o Antonio de las Alas -Minister of finance
o Claro M. Recto Minister of Foreign Affairs
o Quintin Paredes Minister of Agriculture and Commerce
o Jose Yulo - Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
o Teofilo Sison- Minister of Justice
o Jose Villa Acting Executive Secretary

GUERILLA Anti Japanese Movements
HUKBALAHAP- Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon / Peoples Anti- Japanese Army
(1942) lead by Luis Taruc of Partido Komunnista ng Pilipinas .
Founded in bounderies of Nueva Ecija and Tarlac mostly consisting Peasants and
Workers.
THE LEADER OF HUKS
1. LUIS TARUC
2. Castro Alejandrino
3. Bernardo Poblete
4. Eusebio Aquino
5. Felipa Culala
6. Lope Dela Rosa
7. Mariano Franco

Fundamental Spirit- Document guiding principles of the Huks
Iron Discipline- Document duties and priviliges of Huks soldier.
Katubusan ng Bayan- Principal Huk Publication


CULTURE
The arrival of the Japanese caused tremendous fear, hardships and suffering among the
Filipinos. The Filipino way of life was greatly affected during the Japanese period. The Filipinos
lost their freedom of speech and expression. The development of art was also stopped. Filipinos
greatly feared the "zoning". There were Filipinos spies hired by the Japanese to point those who
were suspected of being part of the guerilla movement. The Japanese made some changes in the
system of education.


ECONOMIC CONDITION
Many haciendas remained idle for a time
Rice production sank
Engaged in Buy and Sell
Mickey Mouse Money the currency used during the Japanese era
Malnutrition was rampant
Kangkong became a common food to fight hunger



SOCIAL CONDITION
People lived with fear from Japanese atrocities.
Many people died of starvation
Comport Women increased(Raped and abused by Japanese official)

FIVE MORTAL ENEMIES OF FILIPINO
1. Japanese Military
2. Diseases
3. The guerillas
4. Hunger
5. Japanese paid Filipino spies

LITERATURE
Victoria Abelardo has described Filipino writing during the Japanese occupation as
being pessimistic and bitter
The weekly Liwayway was placed under strict surveillance until it was managed by a
Japanese named Ishiwara. In other words, Filipino literature was given a break during
this period. Many wrote plays, poems, short stories, etc. Topics and themes were often
about life in the provinces.
Voice of Freedom - The only contact with the outside world was done with utmost
secrecy through the underground radio program.
Tagalog was favored by the Japanese military authority and writing in English was
consigned to a limbo.
Japanese were able to influence and encourage the Filipino in developing the vernacular
literature.
The only Filipino writers who could write freely were those who were living in the
United States.
Most writers and authors were lead to either go underground or write in Tagalog.


A. FILIPINO POETRY DURING THIS PERIOD
The common theme of most poems during the Japanese occupation was
nationalism, country, love, and life in the barrios, faith, religion and the arts.

Three types of poems emerged during this period. They were:
1. Haiku a poem of free verse that the Japanese like. It was made up of 17
syllables divided into three lines. The first line had 5 syllables, the second, 7 syllables,
and the third, five. The Haiku is allegorical in meaning, is short and covers a wide scope
in meaning.
2. Tanaga like the Haiku, is short but it had measure and rhyme. Each line had
17 syllables and its also allegorical in meaning.
3. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form).

B. FILIPINO DRAMA DURING THE JAPANESE PERIOD
The drama experienced a lull during the Japanese period because movie houses
showing American films were closed. The big movie houses were just made to show
stage shows. Many of the plays were reproductions of English plays to Tagalog. The
translators were Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Alberto Concio, and Narciso Pimentel. They
also founded the organization of Filipino players named Dramatic Philippines. A few of
playwriters were:
1. Jose Ma. Hernandez wrote PANDAY PIRA
2. Francisco Soc Rodrigo wrote SA PULA, SA PUTI
3. Clodualdo del Mundo wrote BULAGA (an expression in the game Hide and
Seek).
4. Julian Cruz Balmaceda wrote SINO BA KAYO?, DAHIL SA ANAK, and
HIGANTE NG PATAY.

C. THE FILIPINO SHORT STORY DURING THE JAPANESE PERIOD

The field of the short story widened during the Japanese Occupation. Many wrote
short stories. Among them were: Brigido Batungbakal, Macario Pineda, Serafin
Guinigindo, Liwayway Arceo, Narciso Ramos, NVM Gonzales, Alicia Lopez Lim,
Ligaya Perez, and Gloria Guzman.

The best writings in 1945 were selected by a group of judges composed of
Francisco Icasiano, Jose Esperanza Cruz, Antonio Rosales, Clodualdo del Mundo and
Teodoro Santos. As a result of this selection, the following got the first three prizes:
First Prize: Narciso Reyes with his LUPANG TINUBUAN
Second Prize: Liwayway Arceos UHAW ANG TIGANG NA LUPA
Third Prize: NVM Gonzales LUNSOD NAYON AT DAGAT-DAGATAN


Noteworthy writer of the period was Carlos P. Romulo who won the Pulitzer
Prize for his bestsellers I SAW THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES, I SEE THE
PHILIPPINES RISE and his MOTHER AMERICA AND MY BROTHER
AMERICANS.
Journalists include Salvador P. Lopez, Leon Ma. Geurrero, Raul Manglapuz and
Carlos Bulosan.
Nick Joaquin produced THE WOMAN WHO LOOKED LIKE LAZARUS.
Fred Ruiz Castro wrote a few poems.
F.B. Icasino wrote essays in The Philippine Review.


D. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH (1941-1945)

Because of the strict prohibitions imposed b the Japanese in the writing and
publishing of works in English, Philippine literature in English experienced a dark period.
The few who dared to write did so for their bread and butter or for propaganda.
Writings that came out during this period were journalistic in nature. Writers felt
suppressed but slowly, the spirit of nationalism started to seep into their consciousness.
While some continued to write, the majority waited for a better climate to publish their
works.

Carlos Bulosans works included THE LAUGHTER OF MY FATHER (1944),
THE VOICE OF BATAAN, 1943, SIX FILIPINO POETS, 1942, among
others.
Alfredo Litiatco published With Harp and Sling and in 1943, Jose P. Laurel
published Forces that Make a Nation Great.
The Commonwealth Literary Awards gave prizes to meritorious writers. Those
who won were:
1. LIKE THE MOLAVE by Rafael Zulueta da Costa (Poetry)
2. HOW MY BROTHER LEON BROUGTH HOME A WIFE by Manuel E.
Arguilla (Short Story)
3. LITERATURE AND SOCIETY by Salvador P. Lopez (Essay)
4. HIS NATIVE SOIL by Juan Laya (Novel)

President Manuel L. Quezons autobiography THE GOOD FIGHT was published
posthumously.
Radio broadcasts echoed the mingled fear and doubts in the hearts of the people.
Other writers of this period were Juan Collas (19440, Tomas Confesor (1945),
Roman A. de la Cruz and Elisa Tabuar.





EDUCATIONAL RE-ORIENTATION
The educational policy of Japan was Embodied in Military Order No. 2 dated
February 17, 1942.
The ff. points are included:
1. Propagation of Filipino Culture
2. The dissemination of the principleof the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity
Sphere
3. The spiritual rejuvenation of the Filipinos
4. The teaching and propagation of Niponggo
5. The diffusion of vocational and elementary education
6. The promotion of love of labor.
The educational system of the Japanese aims to create a friendly atmosphere
between the Japanese and the Filipinos and to erase the cultural influences of the
western countries like the British and Americans.
The Japanese gave priority in the reopening of the elementary schools because
they believed that the mind of the young could easily be mouled into the patterns of the
Japanese concept. Next to reopen were the vocational and normal schools and those
offering courses in agriculture, medicine, fisheries, and engineering.
Though schools were re-opened, no enthusiasm was shown by the Filipino in
returning to schools because they were suspicious of Japanese intention. The children
were also more interested in helping their parents earn due to severe economic
conditions.

THE JAPANESE INFLUENCES

Livelihood
The Filipinos learned to engage indifferent businesses like buy and sell and barter trade to
earn a living.
In Literature, Filipinos were encouraged to write on a condition that they would use
Tagalog as medium. However, the writers did not fully enjoyed the freedom of
expression
Entertainment




THE RAPE OF MANILA

Dec.26,1941 Manila was declared an open city.
April 9, 1942- The Americans was defeated by the Japanese.
Oct 20, 1944- Gen. McArthur returned.
Feb 3, 1945 American make their move to regain Philippines from the Japanese.
28 days battle of manila / rape of manila. comfort women the term used for the tens of
thousands of Filipina women who were forced into sex slavery by the Japanese Imperial
Government in World War II.
De La Salle University Taft avenue hold 40civilian ,1 father and 17 christian brothers but they
were accused of helping the American.. and so they were all massacred. Rape and Massacre in
Armita by Diosdado Lorenzo
Mar 3, 1945 The battle of Manila ended.
University of Sto. Tomas-where Americans and other foreign are imprisoned. Fort Santiago -
where men suspected of helping Americans are imprisoned and tortured. dungeon of fort
Santiago 600 corpses.
Baguio City where the head of Japanese Forces General Tomoyuki Yamashita stayed. General
Tomoyuki Yamashita was sentenced to death by the International Military Tribunal for the East
on Feb 23 1946 for the war crimes during World War II. He was hanged in Los Baos Laguna.