Based on the ASME Y14.5M Based on the ASME Y14.5M- -
1994 Dimensioning and 1994 Dimensioning and Tolerancing Standard Tolerancing Standard G D & T Geometrical Dimensioning & Tolerancing G D & T What is G D & T ? GD & T is a Standardised & precise mathematical language of Symbols, Rules, Definitions & conventions for Engineering drawings that more clearly defines the dimensional and tolerance requirements with respect to the actual function and relationship of features. GD & T is the grammar of engineering Drawing GD &T describes the products functional interfaces with mating parts and assemblies etc. GD &T provides documentation base for design of production and quality systems. GD &T is also a design philosophy on how to design and dimension the parts. GD & T encourages a dimension philosophy called Functional Dimensioning which means Define a part based on how it functions in the final product. G D & T Dimensioning Standards ASME Y14.5M-1994 American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Y14.5 --The standard number M--Indicate the standard is in Metric 1994--Year of approved History G D & T Basics Engineering Drawing: Engineering drawing is a document /tool that communicates the design and manufacturing information of a part. Drawing is the universal language of engineering. Engineering drawing provides the following information: a. Geometry of the part. ( Shape, Size and Form of the part). b. Critical functional relationship. c. Tolerances allowed for proper functioning. d. Material, Heat treatment and surface coating info. e. Part documentation information (Part No. and Rev. Level etc.) Engineering drawing should be precise and correct. Poor drawing results in : a. Wastage of Money, time and material. b. Unhappy Customers. G D & T What are Dimensions? Dimension is a numerical value expressed in appropriate units of measure and used to define the size, location, orientation, from, OR other geometric characteristics of the part. What are Tolerances? Tolerance is the total amount that feature of the part are permitted to vary from the specified dimension. Types of Tolerances: 1. Limit tolerance 2. Plus-minus tolerance a. Unilateral Tolerance b. Equal bilateral Tolerance c. Unequal bilateral or Limit Tolerance G D & T G D & T Benefits of G D & T ? Improves Communication : GD &T provides uniformity in drawing specifications and interpretation. Increases Production Tolerance: GD &T provides Bonus or Extra Tolerance for manufacturing. This extra tolerance can make a significant saving in production costs. Better Product Design: Dimensioning based on how the part will be functioning at the final stage G D & T 1) Feature & Size Feature: Any surface on a part or Physical Portion of a part. Feature of size: Can be used to establish an axis, Median Plane or Center point GD & T Important Terms G D & T 2) Basic dimension Basic dimension A basic dimension is a numerical value used to describe the theoretically exact size, profile orientation or location of a feature or datum target. These dimensions have no tolerance. They only locate the tolerance zone. These dimensions are enclosed in a rectangular box. GD & T Important Terms G D & T GD & T Important Terms 3) Feature Control Frame Defines Geometric Characteristics Symbol, Tolerance Value with Modifiers and Datum Information G D & T L S M 4) Modifiers MMC : Maximum Material Condition : For Hole --- Smallest diameter For shaft --- Largest diameter. LMC : Least Material Condition : For Hole --- Largest diameter For shaft --- Smallest diameter RFS : Regardless of Feature Size : If MMC or LLC is not mentioned tolerances are applied RFS . When the part deviates in size from the specified condition of MMC or LMC, equal amount of additional (BONUS) tolerance is added to the geometrical tolerance. GD & T Important Terms Other Modifiers Extreme Variations of Form Allowed By Size Tolerance 25.1 25 25 (MMC) 25.1 (LMC) 25.1 (LMC) 25 (MMC) 25.1 (LMC) MMC Perfect Form Boundary Internal Feature of Size Extreme Variations of Form Allowed By Size Tolerance 25 24.9 25 (MMC) 24.9 (LMC) 24.9 (LMC) MMC Perfect Form Boundary 25 (MMC) 24.9 (LMC) External Feature of Size G D & T 5) Geometric Characteristics GD & T Important Terms Symbols G D & T Symbols G D & T Symbols Dimensions G D & T Symbols Dimension G D & T Symbols Use - examples G D & T Tolerances of Form Straightness Flatness Circularity Cylindricity (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.4) (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.1) (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.2) (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.3) Form Characteristics are always individual ie not related to datum. Form controls do not directly control a features size. A features form tolerance must be less than its size tolerance G D & T 25 +/-0.25 0.1 Tolerance 0.5 Tolerance Straightness is the condition where an element of a surface or an axis is a straight line Straightness (Flat Surfaces) 0.5 0.1 It is the distance between two parallel planes spaced apart a distance equal to the straightness tolerance G D & T Straightness (Flat Surfaces) 24.75 min 25.25 max 0.5 Tolerance Zone 0.1 Tolerance Zone The straightness tolerance is applied in the view where the elements to be controlled are represented by a straight line In this example each line element of the surface must lie within a tolerance zone defined by two parallel lines separated by the specified tolerance value applied to each view. All points on the surface must lie within the limits of size and the applicable straightness limit. G D & T Straightness (RFS) 0.1 Outer Boundary (Max) MMC 0.1 Diameter Tolerance Zone Outer Boundary = Actual Feature Size + Straightness Tolerance In this example the derived median line of the features actual local size must lie within a tolerance zone defined by a cylinder whose diameter is equal to the specified tolerance value regardless of the feature size. Each circular element of the feature must be within the specified limits of size. However, the boundary of perfect form at MMC can be violated up to the maximum outer boundary or virtual condition diameter. G D & T Straightness (MMC) 15 14.85 15.1 Virtual Condition 15 (MMC) 0.1 Diameter Tolerance Zone 15.1 Virtual Condition 14.85 (LMC) 0.25 Diameter Tolerance Zone Virtual Condition = MMC Feature Size + Straightness Tolerance In this example the derived median line of the features actual local size must lie within a tolerance zone defined by a cylinder whose diameter is equal to the specified tolerance value at MMC. As each circular element of the feature departs from MMC, the diameter of the tolerance cylinder is allowed to increase by an amount equal to the departure from the local MMC size. Each circular element of the feature must be within the specified limits of size. However, the boundary of perfect form at MMC can be violated up to the virtual condition diameter. 0.1 M G D & T Flatness Flatness is the condition of a surface having all elements in one plane. Flatness must fall within the limits of size. The flatness tolerance must be less than the size tolerance. 25 +/-0.25 24.75 min 25.25 max 0.1 0.1 Tolerance Zone 0.1 Tolerance Zone In this example the entire surface must lie within a tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes separated by the specified tolerance value. All points on the surface must lie within the limits of size and the flatness limit. G D & T Circularity is the condition of a surface where all points of the surface intersected by any plane perpendicular to a common axis are equidistant from that axis. The circularity tolerance must be less than the size tolerance 90 90 0.1 0.1 Wide Tolerance Zone Circularity (Roundness) In this example each circular element of the surface must lie within a tolerance zone defined by two concentric circles separated by the specified tolerance value. All points on the surface must lie within the limits of size and the circularity limit. 0.1 G D & T Cylindricity Cylindricity is the condition of a surface of revolution in which all points are equidistant from a common axis. Cylindricity is a composite control of form which includes circularity (roundness), straightness, and taper of a cylindrical feature. 0.1 Tolerance Zone MMC 0.1 In this example the entire surface must lie within a tolerance zone defined by two concentric cylinders separated by the specified tolerance value. All points on the surface must lie within the limits of size and the cylindricity limit. G D & T Tolerances of Orientation Angularity Perpendicularity Parallelism (ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.6.3) (ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.6.2) (ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.6.4) Orientation Characteristics are always related to datum G D & T Datum definition ? Datums are imaginary perfect points, axes and planes established from actual part features. (Datum features). These perfect geometric references act as origins of measurement. These imaginary Datums do not exist in the real world. They are simulated with manufacturing and inspection equipments such as machine tables, chucks, surface plates, angle plates and vee blocks. We then orient or locate other feature surfaces, axes, centre planes or tangent planes from these simulated datum points, axes and planes. Datums define the sequence in which part is to contact the inspection equipment for dimension measurement. Datums define the part surfaces which are to contact the inspection equipment for dimension measurement. Some times instead of entire surfaces, Datum target points, Datum target lines or Datum target areas are used for establishing Datums. G D & T Datum. Important Terms G D & T Datum Targets. Important Terms G D & T Datum features are chosen based on part functionality and their interrelationships with mating features. Datum features should be Functional Representative of mating or seating features and or alignment edges. Accessible to those in manufacturing and inspection Repeatable from dept to dept Primary datum Plane: is established from at least 3 high points of contact on the actual part surface. (2 Rotational and 1 linear degree of freedom are arrested). Secondary datum plane: is established from at least 2 high points of contact on the actual part surface while the part maintains its high points of contact with primary datum plane. The secondary datum plane is simulated perpendicular to the first. One more rotational and one more linear degrees of freedom are arrested. Tertiary datum plane is constructed perpendicular to the first two. It is establishing from contacting at least one high point on the actual part surface. This is done while the part maintains its contact with the primary and datum feature simulators. The tertiary datum arrests the remaining linear degree of freedom. G D & T Interpretation of Datum G D & T Interpretation of Datum G D & T Angularity (Feature Surface to Datum Surface) Angularity is the condition of the planar feature surface at a specified angle (other than 90 degrees) to the datum reference plane, within the specified tolerance zone. A 20 +/-0.5 30 o A 19.5 min 0.3 Wide Tolerance Zone 30 o A 20.5 max 0.3 Wide Tolerance Zone 30 o The tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel planes oriented at the specified angle to the datum reference plane. 0.3 A G D & T Angularity is the condition of the feature axis at a specified angle (other than 90 degrees) to the datum reference plane, within the specified tolerance zone. A 0.3 A A 60 o The tolerance zone in this example is defined by a cylinder equal to the length of the feature, oriented at the specified angle to the datum reference plane. 0.3 Circular Tolerance Zone 0.3 Circular Tolerance Zone Angularity (Feature Axis to Datum Surface) NOTE: Tolerance applies to feature at RFS G D & T 0.3 Circular Tolerance Zone NOTE: Tolerance applies to feature at RFS Angularity is the condition of the feature axis at a specified angle (other than 90 degrees) to the datum reference axis, within the specified tolerance zone. 0.3 Circular Tolerance Zone A Datum Axis A Angularity (Feature Axis to Datum Axis) The tolerance zone in this example is defined by a cylinder equal to the length of the feature, oriented at the specified angle to the datum reference axis. NOTE: Feature axis must lie within tolerance zone cylinder 0.3 A o 45 G D & T 0.3 Circular Tolerance Zone NOTE: Tolerance applies to feature at RFS Angularity is the condition of the feature axis at a specified angle (other than 90 degrees) to the datum reference axis, within the specified tolerance zone. 0.3 Circular Tolerance Zone A Datum Axis A Angularity (Feature Axis to Datum Axis) The tolerance zone in this example is defined by a cylinder equal to the length of the feature, oriented at the specified angle to the datum reference axis. NOTE: Feature axis must lie within tolerance zone cylinder 0.3 A o 45 G D & T 0.3 A A 0.3 Wide Tolerance Zone A A Perpendicularity is the condition of the planar feature surface at a right angle to the datum reference plane, within the specified tolerance zone. Perpendicularity (Feature Surface to Datum Surface) 0.3 Wide Tolerance Zone The tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel planes oriented perpendicular to the datum reference plane. G D & T C Perpendicularity is the condition of the feature axis at a right angle to the datum reference plane, within the specified tolerance zone. Perpendicularity (Feature Axis to Datum Surface) 0.3 C 0.3 Circular Tolerance Zone 0.3 Diameter Tolerance Zone 0.3 Circular Tolerance Zone NOTE: Tolerance applies to feature at RFS The tolerance zone in this example is defined by a cylinder equal to the length of the feature, oriented perpendicular to the datum reference plane. G D & T Perpendicularity (Feature Axis to Datum Axis) NOTE: Tolerance applies to feature at RFS 0.3 Wide Tolerance Zone The tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel planes oriented perpendicular to the datum reference axis. Perpendicularity is the condition of the feature axis at a right angle to the datum reference axis, within the specified tolerance zone. A Datum Axis A 0.3 A G D & T 0.3 A A 25 +/-0.5 25.5 max 0.3 Wide Tolerance Zone A 24.5 min 0.3 Wide Tolerance Zone A Parallelism is the condition of the planar feature surface equidistant at all points from the datum reference plane, within the specified tolerance zone. Parallelism (Feature Surface to Datum Surface) The tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel planes oriented parallel to the datum reference plane. G D & T A 0.3 Wide Tolerance Zone Parallelism (Feature Axis to Datum Surface) 0.3 A A NOTE: The specified tolerance does not apply to the orientation of the feature axis in this direction Parallelism is the condition of the feature axis equidistant along its length from the datum reference plane, within the specified tolerance zone. The tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel planes oriented parallel to the datum reference plane. NOTE: Tolerance applies to feature at RFS G D & T A B Parallelism (Feature Axis to Datum Surfaces) A B 0.3 Circular Tolerance Zone 0.3 Circular Tolerance Zone 0.3 Circular Tolerance Zone Parallelism is the condition of the feature axis equidistant along its length from the two datum reference planes, within the specified tolerance zone. The tolerance zone in this example is defined by a cylinder equal to the length of the feature, oriented parallel to the datum reference planes. NOTE: Tolerance applies to feature at RFS 0.3 A B G D & T Parallelism (Feature Axis to Datum Axis) Parallelism is the condition of the feature axis equidistant along its length from the datum reference axis, within the specified tolerance zone. A 0.1 A 0.1 Circular Tolerance Zone 0.1 Circular Tolerance Zone Datum Axis A The tolerance zone in this example is defined by a cylinder equal to the length of the feature, oriented parallel to the datum reference axis. NOTE: Tolerance applies to feature at RFS G D & T Tolerances of Runout Circular Runout (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.7.1.2.1) Total Runout (ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.7.1.2.2) Runout Characteristics are always related to datum G D & T Datum feature Datum axis (established from datum feature Angled surfaces constructed around a datum axis External surfaces constructed around a datum axis Internal surfaces constructed around a datum axis Surfaces constructed perpendicular to a datum axis Features Applicable to Runout Tolerancing G D & T 0 + - Full Indicator Movement Maximum Minimum Total Tolerance Maximum Reading Minimum Reading Full Part Rotation Measuring position #1 (circular element #1) Circular Runout When measuring circular runout, the indicator must be reset to zero at each measuring position along the feature surface. Each individual circular element of the surface is independently allowed the full specified tolerance. In this example, circular runout can be used to detect 2- dimensional wobble (orientation) and waviness (form), but not 3-dimensional characteristics such as surface profile (overall form) or surface wobble (overall orientation). Measuring position #2 (circular element #2) Circular runout can only be applied on an RFS basis and cannot be modified to MMC or LMC. G D & T o 360 Part Rotation 50 +/- 2 o o As Shown on Drawing Means This: Datum axis A Single circular element Circular Runout (Angled Surface to Datum Axis) 0.75 A A 50 +/-0.25 0 + - NOTE: Circular runout in this example only controls the 2-dimensional circular elements (circularity and coaxiality) of the angled feature surface not the entire angled feature surface Full Indicator Movement ( ) The tolerance zone for any individual circular element is equal to the total allowable movement of a dial indicator fixed in a position normal to the true geometric shape of the feature surface when the part is rotated 360 degrees about the datum axis. The tolerance limit is applied independently to each individual measuring position along the feature surface. Allowable indicator reading =0.75 max. When measuring circular runout, the indicator must be reset when repositioned along the feature surface. Collet or Chuck G D & T As Shown on Drawing 50 +/-0.25 0.75 A Circular Runout (Surface Perpendicular to Datum Axis) o 360 Part Rotation 0 + - Datum axis A Single circular element NOTE: Circular runout in this example will only control variation in the 2-dimensional circular elements of the planar surface (wobble and waviness) not the entire feature surface The tolerance zone for any individual circular element is equal to the total allowable movement of a dial indicator fixed in a position normal to the true geometric shape of the feature surface when the part is rotated 360 degrees about the datum axis. The tolerance limit is applied independently to each individual measuring position along the feature surface. Means This: Allowable indicator reading =0.75 max. When measuring circular runout, the indicator must be reset when repositioned along the feature surface. A G D & T 0 + - Allowable indicator reading =0.75 max. Single circular element o 360 Part Rotation Means This: As Shown on Drawing 50 +/-0.25 0.75 A Datum axis A When measuring circular runout, the indicator must be reset when repositioned along the feature surface. Circular Runout (Surface Coaxial to Datum Axis) The tolerance zone for any individual circular element is equal to the total allowable movement of a dial indicator fixed in a position normal to the true geometric shape of the feature surface when the part is rotated 360 degrees about the datum axis. The tolerance limit is applied independently to each individual measuring position along the feature surface. NOTE: Circular runout in this example will only control variation in the 2-dimensional circular elements of the surface (circularity and coaxiality) not the entire feature surface A G D & T 0 + - Allowable indicator reading =0.75 max. Single circular element o 360 Part Rotation Means This: As Shown on Drawing 0.75 A-B Datum axis A-B When measuring circular runout, the indicator must be reset when repositioned along the feature surface. Circular Runout (Surface Coaxial to Datum Axis) The tolerance zone for any individual circular element is equal to the total allowable movement of a dial indicator fixed in a position normal to the true geometric shape of the feature surface when the part is rotated 360 degrees about the datum axis. The tolerance limit is applied independently to each individual measuring position along the feature surface. NOTE: Circular runout in this example will only control variation in the 2-dimensional circular elements of the surface (circularity and coaxiality) not the entire feature surface Machine center Machine center B A G D & T As Shown on Drawing 50 +/-0.25 Circular Runout (Surface Related to Datum Surface and Axis) o 360 Part Rotation 0 + - Datum axis B Single circular element The tolerance zone for any individual circular element is equal to the total allowable movement of a dial indicator fixed in a position normal to the true geometric shape of the feature surface when the part is located against the datum surface and rotated 360 degrees about the datum axis. The tolerance limit is applied independently to each individual measuring position along the feature surface. Means This: A Allowable indicator reading =0.75 max. When measuring circular runout, the indicator must be reset when repositioned along the feature surface. Collet or Chuck Stop collar 0.75 A B Datum plane A B G D & T 0 + Full Indicator Movement Total Tolerance Maximum Reading Minimum Reading Full Part Rotation - 0 + - Total Runout Maximum Minimum When measuring total runout, the indicator is moved in a straight line along the feature surface while the part is rotated about the datum axis. It is also acceptable to measure total runout by evaluating an appropriate number of individual circular elements along the surface while the part is rotated about the datum axis. Because the tolerance value is applied to the entire surface, the indicator must not be reset to zero when moved to each measuring position. In this example, total runout can be used to measure surface profile (overall form) and surface wobble (overall orientation). Indicator Path Total runout can only be applied on an RFS basis and cannot be modified to MMC or LMC. G D & T Full Part Rotation 50 +/- 2 o o As Shown on Drawing A 50 +/-0.25 0.75 A Means This: Datum axis A 0 + - The tolerance zone for the entire angled surface is equal to the total allowable movement of a dial indicator positioned normal to the true geometric shape of the feature surface when the part is rotated about the datum axis and the indicator is moved along the entire length of the feature surface. 0 + - NOTE: Unlike circular runout, the use of total runout will provide 3-dimensional composite control of the cumulative variations of circularity, coaxiality, angularity, taper and profile of the angled surface Total Runout (Angled Surface to Datum Axis) Collet or Chuck When measuring total runout, the indicator must not be reset when repositioned along the feature surface. (applies to the entire feature surface) Allowable indicator reading =0.75 max. G D & T 0 + - Total Runout (Surface Perpendicular to Datum Axis) As Shown on Drawing A 50 +/-0.25 0.75 A 35 10 0 + - Datum axis A Full Part Rotation 35 10 Means This: NOTE: The use of total runout in this example will provide composite control of the cumulative variations of perpendicularity (wobble) and flatness (concavity or convexity) of the feature surface. The tolerance zone for the portion of the feature surface indicated is equal to the total allowable movement of a dial indicator positioned normal to the true geometric shape of the feature surface when the part is rotated about the datum axis and the indicator is moved along the portion of the feature surface within the area described by the basic dimensions. When measuring total runout, the indicator must not be reset when repositioned along the feature surface. (applies to portion of feature surface indicated) Allowable indicator reading =0.75 max. G D & T Tolerances of Profile Profile of a Line (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.5.2b) Profile of a Surface (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.5.2a) Profile Characteristics may be or may not be related to datum G D & T 18 Max Profile of a Line 2 Wide Size Tolerance Zone 1 A B C A 17 +/- 1 1 Wide Profile Tolerance Zone C A1 20 X 20 A2 20 X 20 A3 20 X 20 B The profile tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel lines oriented with respect to the datum reference frame. The profile tolerance zone is free to float within the larger size tolerance and applies only to the form and orientation of any individual line element along the entire surface. Profile of a Line is a two-dimensional tolerance that can be applied to a part feature in situations where the control of the entire feature surface as a single entity is not required or desired. The tolerance applies to the line element of the surface at each individual cross section indicated on the drawing. 16 Min. G D & T Profile of a Surface is a three-dimensional tolerance that can be applied to a part feature in situations where the control of the entire feature surface as a single entity is desired. The tolerance applies to the entire surface and can be used to control size, location, form and/or orientation of a feature surface. Profile of a Surface 2 Wide Tolerance Zone Size, Form and Orientation A A1 20 X 20 A2 20 X 20 A3 20 X 20 C 2 A B C 23.5 23.5 Nominal Location The profile tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel planes oriented with respect to the datum reference frame. The profile tolerance zone is located and aligned in a way that enables the part surface to vary equally about the true profile of the feature. B G D & T Profile of a Surface A1 20 X 20 A2 20 X 20 A3 20 X 20 B C 50 B C 50 1 Wide Total Tolerance Zone (Bilateral Tolerance) The tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel planes oriented with respect to the datum reference frame. The profile tolerance zone is located and aligned in a way that enables the part surface to vary equally about the true profile of the trim. 1 A B C Nominal Location 0.5 Inboard 0.5 Outboard Profile of a Surface when applied to trim edges of sheet metal parts will control the location, form and orientation of the entire trimmed surface. When a bilateral value is specified, the tolerance zone allows the trimedge variation and/or locational error to be on both sides of the true profile. The tolerance applies to the entire edge surface. G D & T Profile of a Surface A1 20 X 20 A2 20 X 20 A3 20 X 20 B C 50 B C 50 0.5 Wide Total Tolerance Zone (Unilateral Tolerance) Profile of a Surface when applied to trim edges of sheet metal parts will control the location, form and orientation of the entire trimmed surface. When a unilateral value is specified, the tolerance zone limits the trim edge variation and/or locational error to one side of the true profile. The tolerance applies to the entire edge surface. The tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel planes oriented with respect to the datum reference frame. The profile tolerance zone is located and aligned in a way that allows the trim surface to vary from the true profile only in the inboard direction. 0.5 A B C Nominal Location G D & T Profile of a Surface A1 20 X 20 A2 20 X 20 A3 20 X 20 B C 50 1.2 A B C B C 50 0.5 Inboard 0.7 Outboard 1.2 Wide Total Tolerance Zone (Unequal Bilateral Tolerance) Profile of a Surface when applied to trim edges of sheet metal parts will control the location, form and orientation of the entire trimmed surface. Typically when unequal values are specified, the tolerance zone will represent the actual measured trim edge variation and/or locational error. The tolerance applies to the entire edge surface. The tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel planes oriented with respect to the datum reference frame. The profile tolerance zone is located and aligned in a way that enables the part surface to vary from the true profile more in one direction (outboard) than in the other (inboard). 0.5 Nominal Location G D & T A 25 A 0.5 0.1 25.25 24.75 0.1 Wide Tolerance Zone A Composite Profile of Two Coplanar Surfaces w/o Orientation Refinement Profile of a Surface Form Only Location & Orientation G D & T 0.1 Wide Tolerance Zone 0.1 Wide Tolerance Zone 25.25 24.75 A A A 25 A 0.5 A 0.1 Form & Orientation Composite Profile of Two Coplanar Surfaces With Orientation Refinement Profile of a Surface Location G D & T Tolerances of Location True Position Concentricity Symmetry (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 5.2) (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 5.13) (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 5.12) Profile Characteristics mostly requires datum G D & T 10.25 +/- 0.5 10.25 +/- 0.5 8.5 +/- 0.1 Rectangular Tolerance Zone 10.25 10.25 8.5 +/- 0.1 Circular Tolerance Zone B A C Coordinate vs Geometric Tolerancing Methods Coordinate Dimensioning Geometric Dimensioning Rectangular Tolerance Zone Circular Tolerance Zone 1.4 +/- 0.5 +/- 0.5 57% Larger Tolerance Zone Circular Tolerance Zone Rectangular Tolerance Zone Increased Effective Tolerance 1.4 A B C G D & T Formula to determine the actual radial position of a feature using measured coordinate values (RFS) Z positional tolerance /2 X 2 Y 2 + Z = X = 2 Y = 2 X Y Z Feature axis actual location (measured) Positional tolerance zone cylinder Feature axis true position (designed) Positional Tolerance Verification Actual feature boundary Z = total radial deviation X measured deviation Y measured deviation (Applies when a circular tolerance is indicated) G D & T Bi-directional True Position Rectangular Coordinate Method 35 10 10 A C B 1.5 A B C 0.5 A B C 2X 2X 10 35 1.5 Wide Tolerance Zone 0.5 Wide Tolerance Zone True Position Related to Datum Reference Frame 10 B C Each axis must lie within the 1.5 X 0.5 rectangular tolerance zone basically located to the datum reference frame As Shown on Drawing Means This: 2X 6 +/-0.25 G D & T Bi-directional True Position Multiple Single-Segment Method 35 10 10 A C B 10 35 1.5 Wide Tolerance Zone 0.5 Wide Tolerance Zone True Position Related to Datum Reference Frame 10 B C Each axis must lie within the 1.5 X 0.5 rectangular tolerance zone basically located to the datum reference frame As Shown on Drawing Means This: 2X 6 +/-0.25 1.5 A B C 0.5 A B G D & T 35 10 10 A C B As Shown on Drawing Means This: 1.5 A B C 0.5 A B C BOUNDARY BOUNDARY 10 35 10 B C 2X 13 +/-0.25 2X 6 +/-0.25 12.75MMC width of slot -1.50 Position tolerance 11.25 Maximum boundary Both holes must be within the size limits and no portion of their surfaces may lie within the area described by the 11.25 x 5.25 maximum boundaries when the part is positioned with respect to the datum reference frame. The boundary concept can only be applied on an MMC basis. o 90 True position boundary related to datum reference frame A Bi-directional True Position Noncylndrical Features (Boundary Concept) M M 5.75 MMC length of slot -0.50 Position tolerance 5.25 maximum boundary G D & T Location (Concentricity) Datum Features at RFS A 15.95 15.90 As Shown on Drawing Derived Median Points of Diametrically Opposed Elements Axis of Datum Feature A Means This: Within the limits of size and regardless of feature size, all median points of diametrically opposed elements must lie within a 0.5 cylindrical tolerance zone. The axis of the tolerance zone coincides with the axis of datum feature A. Concentricity can only be applied on an RFS basis. 0.5 A 6.35 +/- 0.05 0.5 Coaxial Tolerance Zone G D & T Location (Symmetry) Datum Features at RFS A 15.95 15.90 0.5 A 6.35 +/- 0.05 Derived Median Points Center Plane of Datum Feature A 0.5 Wide Tolerance Zone Means This: Within the limits of size and regardless of feature size, all median points of opposed elements must lie between two parallel planes equally disposed about datum plane A, 0.5 apart. Symmetry can only be applied on an RFS basis. As Shown on Drawing G D & T Fixed and Floating Fastener Exercises G D & T 2x M10 X 1.5 (Reference) B A ?.? 2x 10.50 +/- 0.25 M Calculate Required Positional Tolerance 0.5 2x ??.?? +/- 0.25 M Calculate Nominal Size A B T = H - F H = Minimum Hole Size = 10.25 F = Max. Fastener Size = 10 T = 10.25 -10 T = ______ Floating Fasteners H = F +T F =Max. Fastener Size = 10 T =Positional Tolerance = 0.50 H = 10 + 0.50 H = ______ In applications where two or more mating details are assembled, and all parts have clearance holes for the fasteners, the floating fastener formula shown below can be used to calculate the appropriate hole sizes or positional tolerance requirements to ensure assembly. The formula will provide a zero-interference fit when the features are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance H= Min. diameter of clearance hole F= Maximum diameter of fastener T= Positional tolerance diameter H=F+T or T=H-F General Equation Applies to Each Part Individually remember: the size tolerance must be added to the calculated MMC hole size to obtain the correct nominal value. G D & T 2x M10 X 1.5 (Reference) B A 0.25 2x 10.50 +/- 0.25 M 0.5 2x 10.75 +/- 0.25 M A B Floating Fasteners REMEMBER!!! All Calculations Apply at MMC H= Min. diameter of clearance hole F= Maximum diameter of fastener T= Positional tolerance diameter H=F+T or T=H-F General Equation Applies to Each Part Individually T = H - F H = Minimum Hole Size = 10.25 F = Max. Fastener Size = 10 T = 10.25 -10 T = 0.25 Calculate Required Positional Tolerance F =Max. Fastener Size = 10 T =Positional Tolerance = 0.5 H = 10 + .5 H = 10.5 Minimum H = F +T In applications where two or more mating details are assembled, and all parts have clearance holes for the fasteners, the floating fastener formula shown below can be used to calculate the appropriate hole sizes or positional tolerance requirements to ensure assembly. The formula will provide a zero-interference fit when the features are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance remember: the size tolerance must be added to the calculated MMC hole size to obtain the correct nominal value. Calculate Nominal Size G D & T F =Max. Fastener Size = 10.00 T =Positional Tolerance = 0.80 2x M10 X 1.5 (Reference) B A 0.8 2x ??.?? +/- 0.25 M Calculate Required Clearance Hole Size. 2X M10 X 1.5 A B Fixed Fasteners H = 10.00 + 2(0.8) H = _____ H= Min. diameter of clearance hole F= Maximum diameter of fastener T= Positional tolerance diameter H=F+2T or T=(H-F)/2 General Equation Used When Positional Tolerances Are Equal In fixed fastener applications where two mating details have equal positional tolerances, the fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to calculate the appropriate minimum clearance hole size and/or positional tolerance required to ensure assembly. The formula provides a zero-interference fit when the features are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance. (Note that in this example the positional tolerances indicated are the same for both parts.) 0.8 M 10 P APPLIES WHEN A PROJ ECTED TOLERANCE ZONE IS USED Nominal Size (MMC For Calculations) H = F + 2T remember: the size tolerance must be added to the calculated MMC size to obtain the correct nominal value. 10 G D & T 2x M10 X 1.5 (Reference) B A 2x 11.85 +/- 0.25 0.8 M Calculate Required Clearance Hole Size. A B In fixed fastener applications where two mating details have equal positional tolerances, the fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to calculate the appropriate minimum clearance hole size and/or positional tolerance required to ensure assembly. The formula provides a zero-interference fit when the features are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance. (Note that in this example the positional tolerances indicated are the same for both parts.) Fixed Fasteners H = F + 2T F =Max. Fastener Size = 10.00 T =Positional Tolerance = 0.80 H = 10.00 + 2(0.8) H = 11.60 Minimum H= Min. diameter of clearance hole F= Maximum diameter of fastener T= Positional tolerance diameter H=F+2T or T=(H-F)/2 General Equation Used When Positional Tolerances Are Equal 0.8 M 10 P APPLIES WHEN A PROJ ECTED TOLERANCE ZONE IS USED 2X M10 X 1.5 Nominal Size (MMC For Calculations) remember: the size tolerance must be added to the calculated MMC size to obtain the correct nominal value. REMEMBER!!! All Calculations Apply at MMC 10 G D & T 2x M10 X 1.5 (Reference) B A 2x 11.85 +/- 0.25 0.8 M Calculate Required Clearance Hole Size. A B In fixed fastener applications where two mating details have equal positional tolerances, the fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to calculate the appropriate minimum clearance hole size and/or positional tolerance required to ensure assembly. The formula provides a zero-interference fit when the features are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance. (Note that in this example the positional tolerances indicated are the same for both parts.) Fixed Fasteners H = F + 2T F =Max. Fastener Size = 10 T =Positional Tolerance = 0.8 H = 10 + 2(0.8) H = 11.6 Minimum H= Min. diameter of clearance hole F= Maximum diameter of fastener T= Positional tolerance diameter H=F+2T or T=(H-F)/2 General Equation Used When Positional Tolerances Are Equal 0.8 M 10 P APPLIES WHEN A PROJ ECTED TOLERANCE ZONE IS USED 2X M10 X 1.5 Nominal Size (MMC For Calculations) remember: the size tolerance must be added to the calculated MMC size to obtain the correct nominal value. REMEMBER!!! All Calculations Apply at MMC 10 G D & T 2x M10 X 1.5 (Reference) B A 0.5 2x 11.25 +/- 0.25 M Calculate Required Positional Tolerance . (Both Parts) A B In applications where two mating details are assembled, and one part has restrained fasteners, the fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to calculate appropriate hole sizes and/or positional tolerances required to ensure assembly. The formula will provide a zero-interference fit when the features are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance. (Note: in this example the resultant positional tolerance is applied to both parts equally.) Fixed Fasteners T = (H - F)/2 H = Minimum Hole Size = 11 F = Max. Fastener Size = 10 T = (11 - 10)/2 T = 0.50 H= Min. diameter of clearance hole F= Maximum diameter of fastener T= Positional tolerance diameter H=F+2T or T=(H-F)/2 General Equation Used When Positional Tolerances Are Equal 2X M10 X 1.5 0.5 M 10 P APPLIES WHEN A PROJ ECTED TOLERANCE ZONE IS USED Nominal Size (MMC For Calculations) REMEMBER!!! All Calculations Apply at MMC 10 G D & T 2x M10 X 1.5 (Reference) B A 0.5 2x ??.?? +/- 0.25 M Calculate Required Clearance Hole Size. A B Fixed Fasteners H = Min. diameter of clearance hole F = Maximum diameter of fastener T1= Positional tolerance (Part A) T2= Positional tolerance (Part B) H=F+(T1 + T2) General Equation Used When Positional Tolerances Are Not Equal F =Max. Fastener Size = 10 T1 = Positional Tol. (A) = 0.50 T2 = Positional Tol. (B) = 1 H = 10+ (0.5 + 1) H = ____ H=F+(T1 + T2) In fixed fastener applications where two mating details have unequal positional tolerances, the fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to calculate the appropriate minimum clearance hole size and/or positional tolerances required to ensure assembly. The formula provides a zero-interference fit when the features are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance. (Note that in this example the positional tolerances indicated are not equal.) APPLIES WHEN A PROJ ECTED TOLERANCE ZONE IS USED 2X M10 X 1.5 Nominal Size (MMC For Calculations) remember: the size tolerance must be added to the calculated MMC hole size to obtain the correct nominal value. 10 1 M 10 P G D & T 2x M10 X 1.5 (Reference) B A 0.5 2x 11.75 +/- 0.25 M Calculate Required Clearance Hole Size. A B In fixed fastener applications where two mating details have unequal positional tolerances, the fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to calculate the appropriate minimum clearance hole size and/or positional tolerances required to ensure assembly. The formula provides a zero-interference fit when the features are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance. (Note that in this example the positional tolerances indicated are not equal.) Fixed Fasteners F =Max. Fastener Size = 10 T1 = Positional Tol. (A) = 0.5 T2 = Positional Tol. (B) = 1 H = 10 + (0.5 + 1) H = 11.5 Minimum APPLIES WHEN A PROJ ECTED TOLERANCE ZONE IS USED H = Min. diameter of clearance hole F = Maximum diameter of fastener T1= Positional tolerance (Part A) T2= Positional tolerance (Part B) H= F+(T1 + T2) General Equation Used When Positional Tolerances Are Not Equal H=F+(T1 + T2) 1 M 10 P 2X M10 X 1.5 Nominal Size (MMC For Calculations) remember: the size tolerance must be added to the calculated MMC hole size to obtain the correct nominal value. REMEMBER!!! All Calculations Apply at MMC 10 G D & T D P H F A B APPLIES WHEN A PROJ ECTED TOLERANCE ZONE IS NOT USED 2x 10.05 +/-0.05 B A 0.5 M 2x ??.?? +/-0.25 Calculate Nominal Size 0.5 M In applications where a projected tolerance zone is not indicated, it is necessary to select a positional tolerance and minimum clearance hole size combination that will allow for any out-of-squareness of the feature containing the fastener. The modified fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to calculate the appropriate minimum clearance hole size required to ensure assembly. The formula provides a zero-interference fit when the features are at MMC and at the extreme positional tolerance. Fixed Fasteners H = 10.00 +0.5 +0.5(1 +2(15/20)) H = __________ H= F + T1 + T2 (1+(2P/D)) remember: the size tolerance must be added to the calculated MMC hole size to obtain the correct nominal value. H= Min. diameter of clearance hole F= Maximum diameter of pin T1= Positional tolerance (Part A) T2= Positional tolerance (Part B) D= Min. depth of pin (Part A) P= Maximum projection of pin F = Max. pin size = 10 T1 = Positional Tol. (A) = 0.5 T2 = Positional Tol. (B) = 0.5 D = Min. pin depth = 20. P = Max. pin projection = 15 G D & T D P H F A B H= Min. diameter of clearance hole F= Maximum diameter of pin T1= Positional tolerance (Part A) T2= Positional tolerance (Part B) D= Min. depth of pin (Part A) P= Maximum projection of pin APPLIES WHEN A PROJ ECTED TOLERANCE ZONE IS NOT USED 2x 10.05 +/-0.05 B A 0.5 M 2x 12 +/-0.25 Calculate Nominal Size 0.5 M F = Max. pin size = 10 T1 = Positional tol. (A) = 0.5 T2 = Positional tol. (B) = 0.5 D = Min. pin depth = 20 P = Max. pin projection = 15 H= F + T1 + T2 (1+(2P/D)) H = 10 +0.5 +0.5(1 +2(15/20)) H = 11.75 Minimum In applications where a projected tolerance zone is not indicated, it is necessary to select a positional tolerance and minimum clearance hole size combination that will allow for any out-of-squareness of the feature containing the fastener. The modified fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to calculate the appropriate minimum clearance hole size required to ensure assembly. The formula provides a zero-interference fit when the features are at MMC and at the extreme positional tolerance. Fixed Fasteners H= F + T1 + T2 (1+(2P/D)) REMEMBER!!! All Calculations Apply at MMC remember: the size tolerance must be added to the calculated MMC hole size to obtain the correct nominal value. G D & T G D & T Notes G D & T Notes G D & T Notes
Geometrical Dimensioning and Tolerancing for Design, Manufacturing and Inspection: A Handbook for Geometrical Product Specification Using ISO and ASME Standards