DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES

Lecture Notes # 1
DYNAMICS Is that branch of Mechanics that consider the study of the efect of
forces to bodies that are in motion.
Two Major Divisions/ Branches of Dynaics!
1. KINEMATICS defnes the motion of a artic!e or body "ithout consideration
of the forces causin# the motion.
$. KINETICS re!ates the force actin# on a body to its mass and acce!eration
Di"erence #e$ween %ar$ic&es an' Bo'ies
The term %artic!e& usua!!y denotes an ob'ect at oint si(e. The term %body&
denotes a system of artic!es "hich form an ob'ect of areciab!e si(e.
Dis(&aceen$ )S* )e$er*
) The dis!acement of a artic!e is the *ector distance tra*e!!ed from an ori#in
to the osition occuied by a artic!e on its ath.
) +is!acement is ositi*e ,-. "hen to the ri#ht of the ori#in / and ne#ati*e ,).
"hen to the !eft.
+e&oci$y ),* )/sec*
) Is the time rate of chan#e of dis!acement
) 0e!ocity is considered ositi*e "hen the dis!acement 1 is increasin# "ith
time t and ne#ati*e "hen it is decreasin# "ith time t.
Acce&era$ion )a* )/sec
-
*
) Acce!eration is ositi*e "hen acce!eratin# and ne#ati*e "hen dece!eratin#.
) In case of %free)fa!!in#)bodies&2 %a& is re!aced by %#& "hich is constant ,3.41
m5sec
$
.
) If the motion is non)uniform2 its *e!ocity is chan#in# "ith time and therefore
"e ha*e acce!eration.
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ds
dt
a
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dt
d
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s
dt
$
a
>
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dt
DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
Lecture Notes # 1
RECTI.INEAR TRANS.ATION
Trans&a$ion motion on "hich a strai#ht !ine asses throu#h any t"o artic!es on a
body "hich is a!"ays ara!!e! to its osition. If the ath is strai#ht2 the motion is
ca!!ed recti!inear motion. If the ath is cur*ed2 the motion is ca!!ed cur*i!inear
motion.
/INEMATICS OF RECTI.INEAR MOTION
The Three /inea$ic E01a$ions!
1.
0 > 0o - at
$.
s > 0ot - ,?. at
$
@.
0
$
> 0o
$
- $as
AhereB 0 > fna! *e!ocity ,m5s.
0o > initia! *e!ocity ,m5s.
a > acce!eration ,m5s
$
.
t > time ,sec.
s > dis!acement ,m.
S$an'ar' Si2ns!
1. The initia! direction of motion reresents the ositi*e direction for
dis!acement2 *e!ocity2 and acce!eration.
$. Ne#ati*e *a!ue obtained in a!yin# the eCuation "ou!d mean that *e!ocity is
direct!y oosite to the initia! direction of motion.
@. Ne#ati*e *a!ue of dis!acement "ou!d indicate that the osition of the
mo*in# artic!e is to be measured bacD from the ori#in of dis!acement.
<. If the artic!e is mo*in# a!on# a strai#ht !ine and return to its startin#
osition2 dis!acement "i!! be (ero.
For Free3Fa&&in23Bo'ies!
1. The resu!tant force is eCua! to its o"n "ei#ht.
$. 0e!ocity and acce!eration are ositi*e "hen directed a!on# ositi*e
dis!acement.
@. 0e!ocity and acce!eration are ne#ati*e "hen ointin# on oosite direction.
<. A body is acce!eratin# if its *e!ocity is increasin# "ith time t and dece!eratin#
if its *e!ocity is decreasin# "ith time t.
=. The body is seedin# u if the *e!ocity and acce!eration are the same.
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DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
Lecture Notes # 1
E. The body is s!o"in# do"n if the *e!ocity and acce!eration are oosite!y
directed.
Ta#1&a$ion of For1&as!
Re01ire' Given For1&a
t > F A2 0o2 0 t > ,0 0o.5a
a > F tG 0oG 0
tG 0oG s
0oG 0G s
a > ,0 0o.5t
a > ,$s $0ot.5t
$
a > ,0
$
0o
$
.5$s
0o > F tG aG 0
tG aG s
aG 0G s
0o > ,0 at.
0o > ,s5t. ,at5$.
0o > 0
$
) $as
0 > F tG aG 0o
aG 0oG s
0 > 0o - at
0 > 0
$
- $as
s > F tG aG 0o
aG 0oG 0
tG 0oG 0
s > 0ot - ? ,at
$
.
s > ,0
$
0o
$
.5$a
s > ? ,t. ,0o - 0.
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DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
Lecture Notes # 1
%ro#&es!
1. The car in the 7i#ure be!o" mo*es in a strai#ht !ine such that for a short time
its *e!ocity is defned by v = (3t
2
+ 2t) ft5sec2 "here t is in seconds.
+etermine its osition and acce!eration "hen t > @ s. Ahen t > ;2 s > ;.
$. A car starts from rest and tra*e!s on a strai#ht road "ith a constant
acce!eration of E m5sec
$
for < seconds. After "hich it maintains a constant
seed for $ seconds. 7ina!!y2 it dece!erates at 4 m5sec
$
unti! it stos.
+etermine the tota! distance and a*era#e seed of the car.
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DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
Lecture Notes # 1
@. Cars A H I aroach each other on a strai#ht road <=; meters aart. Car A
has an initia! *e!ocity of <= M8J and is dece!eratin# at a rate of 1.< m5sec
$
.
Car I has an initia! *e!ocity of 1$ M8J and is acce!eratin# at a rate of 1
m5sec
$
. Ahen "i!! the t"o cars meet and ho" far "i!! each car tra*e!F
<. The KLT is mo*in# north at a *e!ocity of 4 m5sec and is acce!eratin# at 1.=
m5sec
$
to o*ertaDe a 'eeney be!o" "hich is 1$; meters ahead. If the
'eeney is mo*in# at 1= m5sec and dece!eratin# at 1.$ m5sec
$
2 ho" soon "i!!
the KLT ass the 'eeneyF Jo" far each *ehic!e ha*e tra*e!!edF
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DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
Lecture Notes # 1
=. A car "as tra*e!!in# at a seed of =; mh. The dri*er sa" a road b!ocD 4; m
ahead and steed on the braDe causin# the car to dece!erate uniform!y at
1; m5s
$
. 7ind the distance from the roadb!ocD to the oint "here the car
stoed. Assume ercetion reaction time is $ seconds.
E. A stone is thro"n u"ard from the #round "ith a constant *e!ocity of 1=
m5sec. /ne second !ater another stone is thro"n *ertica!!y u"ard "ith a
*e!ocity of @; m5sec. Jo" far abo*e the #round "i!! the stones be at the same
!e*e!F
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DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
Lecture Notes # 1
9. A ba!! is thro"n *ertica!!y u"ard "ith an initia! *e!ocity of @ m5sec from the
"indo" of a ta!! bui!din#. The ba!! striDes the side"a!D at the #round !e*e! <
seconds !ater. +etermine the *e!ocity "ith "hich the ba!! hits the #round.
4. A stone is droed from the decD of a brid#e. The sound of the s!ash
reaches the decD @ seconds !ater. If sound tra*e!s @<$ m5sec in sti!! air2 ho"
hi#h is the decD of the brid#e abo*e "aterF
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