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OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY

EFFICACY OF RED WINE IN REDUCING THE ACTIVITY..
1.0 Introduction

Everyone deserves a beautiful smile, but how to obtain this if you dont know how to take care
your teeth. There are different ways in maintaining a pearl white and caries free teeth. Some of those
ways are commonly done by people not knowing it can actually help them to maintain their beautiful
smile.

There is anarticle (Red wine fights tooth decay by: John M. Luckey DDS) tells us that red wine
has a rinsing capability that protects the tooth from the formation of bio-film that causes dental caries, it
also has a component called phenol that fights against Streptococcus mutans, and It also has a compound
group found in the grape skin which is high in antioxidant calledproanthocyanidins, which are high in
antioxidants.

Red wine is produced from grapes it is constantly being investigated for its health benefits.
Grapes are one of the most worldwide fruit crops production. Grapes have colorless juice; therefore, to
make red wine, the grape skins, which contain nearly all of the grapes pigmentation, have to remain
intact with the juice during all or part of the fermentation process. Tanins is also found in the grape skins
that can provide a dry sensation in the mouth and the back of the throat. Tanins can also help to preserve
wine. Because of its health benefits, red wine production has increased.

Studies have been documented the health benefits of red wine consumption including anti-
carcinogenic, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-cardiovascular properties. Wines
are rich in organic acids which have anti-microbial effect, and several stilbenoids such as resveratrol,
which have a variety of anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet, and anti-carcinogenic effects. Resveratrol was
also active against bacteria (Streptococcusmutans) and dermatophytes that can prevent skin infections and
dental caries.

The aim of this study is to note the influence of red wine on our health, in a demystified format
for the people with dental caries and wine consumers. This study can be beneficial for them to understand
the benefits of red wine not only for the alcoholic but for every individual who are suffering from dental
caries.



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OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
EFFICACY OF RED WINE IN REDUCING THE ACTIVITY..
2.0 Review of Related Literature

2.1 Framework

2.1.1Theoretical framework

In the 1890s W.D. Miller has conducted a theory (Chemoparasitic caries theory) about dental
caries. He found out that there is a bacterial colony (e.g. Streptococcus M.) in the mouth and that they
produce acids that dissolved tooth structures when in the presence of fermentable carbohydrates.
2.2 Significant difference
Non alcoholic Red wine is preferably to be use for the study. (Heidi Godman)Powerful
antioxidants in red wine called polyphenols may be more effective when theres no alcohol to interfere
with them.
Research Question 1: Is there significant difference between alcoholic and non-alcoholic red wine in the
reduction of streptococcus mutans
2.3 Significant Relationship
Wine Grapes are rich source of potentially bioactive polyphenol. The biologic activity of
Fermented pomace was either as effective as or significantly better than whole fruit extract.
Fermentedpomace has the ability to disrupt biofilm development (Thimothe, Joanne)
Research Question 2:What is the relationship between red wine drinking and Streptococcus mutans
inhibition
H1 (+):There is a relationship between red wine drinking and Streptococcus mutans inhibition
2.4 Zone of Inhibition
Alcoholic and dealcoholized red wine should have about the same amounts of polyphenols. Red
Wine promotes coating for the HA against the attachment of Streptococcus M. it also promotes
detachment of the Streptococcus M. and it inhibits intro biofilm formation (MoriaDaglia et al)
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OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
EFFICACY OF RED WINE IN REDUCING THE ACTIVITY..
Furthermore, the glycolytic pH-drop by S. mutans cells was inhibited by the grape extracts without
affecting the bacterial viability; an effect that can be attributed to partial inhibition of F-ATPase activity
(30-65% inhibition at 125 microg/mL; P < 0.01) (Joanne Thimothe et al)
Research Question 3: What is the zone of inhibition of Red wine on Streptococcus mutans using Kirby-
Bauer Zone Test?
H2 (+):Red wine inhibits the growth of Streptococcus mutans.
2.5 Positive Control
Red wine interferes strongly with streptococcus mutans adhesion to and detachment from HA.
Proanthocyanidins were believed to be as a main responsible substance for an antibacterial activity
against mutans group Streptococci (Gazanni et al)
Research Question 4:Is there significant difference between red wine and positive control (phenol) in
inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans
H2 (+): There is significant difference between red wine and positive control (phenol) in inhibiting the
growth of Streptococcus mutans
2.6 Recommendation
Research Question 5: What are the recommendations to improve the study about Red wine?
3.0 Research method
3.1 Research Design
Quantitative Research design was to determine relationship between red wine and streptococcus
mutans. Researchers will collect data and before and after the experiment (Kirby Bauer method). Data are
in the form of numbers and statistics.
True experimental Design allows the researcher to control the situation and permits the researcher
to identify the effect of red wine in reducing Streptococcus Mutans.

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OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
EFFICACY OF RED WINE IN REDUCING THE ACTIVITY..
3.2 Research Locale
The study will be conducted at the Microbiology Laboratory of the Fatima Medical Science
Foundation.
3.3 Population and Sampling
In this study researcher will collect data through experimentation (Zone of inhibition test), the
researcher will be buying Red wine as an inhibitor needed to manipulate and test against Streptococcus
mutans as the bacterial media.
3.4 Ethical Consideration
This research study ensures that all issues concerning ethicality were addressed.
3.5 Research Instruments
3.5.1 Red wine
Red wine hardens your enamel to prevent tooth decay and it can give more resistance to
Streptococcus mutans, which is the main responsible for tooth decay.
3.5.2 Preparation and inoculation of the culture media
With the use of Mueller Hinton Agar for the Streptococcus mutans growth and form its
colony placed in the Petri dish. The researcher will prepare and dispense in 6 Petri dishes by a registered
microbiologist beforehand. Inoculation of the culture media will be done as soon as the media had cooled
but not enough to allow it to set.
Streptococcus mutans will be aspirated from the flask to the culture media via a sterile
aspirating syringe for inoculation.
The procedure will be done inside a fume hood for the test organism. Pour the inoculated
culture media into the petri dishes and cover it immediately to avoid exposure to oxygen.


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OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
EFFICACY OF RED WINE IN REDUCING THE ACTIVITY..
3.5.3 Sensitivity Test
Because of convenience, efficiency and cost, Kirby Bauer Method also known as Disc
Diffusion method to be employ to test the antimicrobial Efficacy of Red wine against Streptococcus
mutans.
Procedures for sensitivity testing:
1. Prepare 6 Petri dishes and 12 paper disc 8mm.
2. Cover the first Petri dish and marked with P for positive control, A for Alcoholic Red wine
and NA for Non alcoholic Red wine.
3. Positive control (10% phenol), and test sample (Alcoholic and Non Alcoholic red wine) were
distributed on the Petri dish separately via a sterile aspirating syringe. The syringe must be
disposed after use for each sample to prevent cross contamination.
4. Place 6 paper disc for Alcoholic Red wine, Non alcoholic Red wine and Phenol
5. Place paper disc on the inoculated culture media
6. The Petri dishes must be stored using a candle jar technique to lessen/avoid exposure to
oxygen. 18 hours of incubation.
7. Measure the diameter of the zone of inhibition after the incubation and followed by
documentation
8. Statistical analysis of the zone of inhibition with the use of independent T test.
3.6 Statistical Treatment
With the use of 0.05 level of significant to analyze the data gathered. This can be helpful for the
researcher to determine the effect of Red wine on Streptococcus mutans.





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OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
EFFICACY OF RED WINE IN REDUCING THE ACTIVITY..
4.0 Results
4.1 Zone of Inhibition
Table 1 shows the result in the experiment that has been done by the researcher. As shown on the
table, there are no Zone of inhibition in Alcoholic Red wine, 8.5 to 9.5 mm of inhibition in Non-
Alcoholic Red wine and on the Positive control (Phenol) there is about 12 to 12.5 mm of inhibition
against Streptococcus mutans
Sample Alcoholic Red wine Non-Alcoholic Redwine Phenol
1. 8 mm 8.5 mm 12 mm
2. 8 mm 9 mm 12.5 mm
3. 8 mm 9 mm 12 mm
4. 8 mm 9.5 mm 12 mm
5. 8 mm 8.5 mm 12.5 mm
6. 8 mm 9 mm 12.5 mm



















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OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
EFFICACY OF RED WINE IN REDUCING THE ACTIVITY..

.0 Reference
Resveratrol May Benefit Oral Health
D. J. O'Connor, R. W. K. Wong, A. B. M. Rabie. Resveratrol Inhibits Periodontal Pathogens In
Vitro. Phytotherapy Research, Volume 25, Issue 11, November 2011, Pages: 17271731.
Periodontal Disease as a Specific, albeit Chronic, Infection: Diagnosis and Treatment
Walter J. Loesche1,2,
*
and Natalie S. Grossman2
Cheers! Red wine cranberries good for your teeth
Amanda Chan
Antibacterial Activity of Red and White Wine against Oral Streptococci
Maria Daglia ,

Adele Papetti ,

Pietro Grisoli ,

Camilla Aceti ,

Cesare Dacarro ,

and Gabriella
Gazzani *

Drinking Red Wine May Prevent Cavities
Gazzani et al
Effect of a grape seed extract on Streptococcus mutans
M.-C. BADET
1
, A. FURIGA
2
, A. LONVAUD-FUNEL
2
, and M. WATTS
3
,
1
U.F.R. of Odontology, Bordeaux
Cedex, France,
2
University Victor SegalenBordeaux2, France,
3
Pierre Fabre MEDICAMENT, Castres,
France
INFLUENCE OF RED WINE GRAPE PHENOLIC EXTRACTS ON GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY,
ACIDOGENICITY, AND BIOFILM FORMATION OF STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS.
Thimothe, Joanne
Isolation of red wine components with anti-adhesion and anti-biofilm activity against Streptococcus
mutans
Maria Daglia, Monica Stauder, Adele Papetti, Caterina Signoretto, Giovanni Giusto, Pietro Canepari,
Carla Pruzzo,GabriellaGazzani Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pavia
University, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Istituto di Microbiologia e Scienze Biomediche, Marche
Polytechnic University, 60020 Ancona, Italy; Dipartimento di Patologia, Sezione di Microbiologia, Verona
University, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy; DIBIO, Genova University, Corso Europa 26, 16123
Genova, Italy
Red wine fight tooth decay
John M. Luckey DDS Comprehensive dental care for the entire family

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OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
EFFICACY OF RED WINE IN REDUCING THE ACTIVITY..

THE EFFECT OF WINE ON THE DENTAL HEALTH OF
CONSUMERS
Danielle le Roux
4Health Benefits of Red Wine accessed at
http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/healthy-eating/4-health-benefits-of-red-wine.html
Resveratrol accessed at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resveratrol
Dental carries accessed at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_caries