CARTONCORRUGADO

NDICE.
Prlogo.
CAPITULOICARTNSUSORIGE
1.Cartnsusorgenes
1.1.Losiniciosdelenvase
1.2.Elembalajeysusdiferenciasconelenvase
CAPITULOIICARTNCORRUGADO
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2.CartnCorrugado
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2.2.Funcionesbsicasdeloscomponentesdelcorrugado
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2.1.ComponentesdelCartnCorrugado
2.2.1.Lascarasderecubrimiento
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2.2.2.Flautas
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2.2.3.Propiedadesdelasflautas
2.3.Funcionesprincipalesdelempaquedecartncorrugado
2.4.Elementosbsicosrelacionadosconlafabricacindelcartncorrugado
2.4.1.Papel
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2.4.2.Adhesivo
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2.4.3.Calor
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2.4.4.Presin
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2.4.5.Humedad
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2.4.6.Tensin
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2.5.Procesodecorrugadora
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2.6.Operacionesdelreadeconversinotransformacindelcorrugado
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2.7.Cualidadesdelcartnqueseverifican
2.7.1.Calibre
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2.7.2.Resistenciaalestallido
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2.8.Aspectosqueafectanlascaractersticasdelosempaquescorrugados
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2.9.Influenciadelahumedadrelativaenlaspropiedadesdelpapelycartn
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CAPITULOIIIINDUSTRIADELCARTN
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3.Industriadelcartn
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2.7.3.Resistenciaalacompresincajaarmada
2.7.4.ECTEdgeCrushTester.Compresindelaflauta
CAPITULOIVPRUEBASCOMUNESQUESEREALIZANALASCAJASDECARTN 31
4.Pruebascomunesqueserealizanalascajasdecartn
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4.1Calibre
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4.2.Resistenciaalestallidoomullen
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4.3ECT(EdgeCrushTester)compresindelaflauta
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4.4.ToptoBottomcompression(BCT)compresindecajaarmada
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CAPITULOVREALIZACINDEENSAYOSYRESULTADOS
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5.Ejecucindelosensayos
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5.1.ProcedimientodecompresindecajaarmadaoToptoBottomCompression(BCT)
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5.1.1.ProcedimientodepruebadeEdgeCrushTestercompresindelaflauta(ECT)
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5.1.2.ProcedimientodelensayoMullenoresistenciaalestallido
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5.1.3.Procedimientodelensayoparadeterminarelcalibre
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II

5.2.Resultadosdelosensayos
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5.2.1.ResultadosdelensayodeMullenoresistenciaalestallido
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5.2.2.Resultadosdelensayoderesistenciaalacompresindecantoounaseccindelcartn.
EdgeCrushtester(ECT)
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5.2.3.ResultadosdelaCompresindelaCajaArmada
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5.2.4.ResultadosdeCalibre
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5.3.Defectosqueafectaneldesempeodelcartn.61
AnlisisdeResultados66
Conclusiones68
ndicedeTablas.
IV
ndicedefiguras.
VI
AnexoA
AnexoB
XII
AnexoC
XIX
NormasTAPPI.
XXI
Bibliografa.
III
NDICEDETABLAS.
CAPTULOI.CARTNCORRUGADO.
Tabla.2.1.Efectodelahumedadsobrelaresistenciaalacompresin
Tabla.2.2.Efectodelalmacenamientosobrelaresistenciaalacompresindeunempaque
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CAPTULOIV.PRUEBASCOMUNESQUESEREALIZANALCARTN.
Tabla4.1.Factoresdelostiposdeflautas
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Tabla.5.1.ResultadosdeMullen,probetacajaAGRCOLA.
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Tabla.5.2.ResultadosdeMullen,probetacajaTAP5
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Tabla.5.3.ResultadosdeMullen,probetacajaJANEL
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Tabla.5.4.ResultadosdeMullen,probetacajaNYD7
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Tabla.5.5.ResultadosdeECT,probetacajaAGRCOLA.
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Tabla.5.6.ResultadosdeECT,probetacajaTAP5
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Tabla.5.7.ResultadosdeECT,probetacajaJANEL
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Tabla.5.8.ResultadosdeECT,probetacajaNYD7
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Tabla.5.9.ResultadosdeCompresindelaCajaArmadaAGRCOLA
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Tabla.5.10.ResultadosdeCompresindelacajaTAP5
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Tabla.5.11.ResultadosdeCompresindelacajaJANEL
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Tabla.5.12.ResultadosdeCompresindelacajaNYD7
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CAPITULOV.REALIZACINENSAYOSYRESULTADOS.
IV
Tabla.5.13.ResultadosdeCalibredelacajaAgrcola.
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Tabla.5.14.ResultadosdeCalibredelacajaTAP5.
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Tabla.5.15.ResultadosdeCalibredelacajaJANEL.
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Tabla.5.16.ResultadosdeCalibredelacajaNYD.
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NDICEDEFIGURAS.
CAPTULOI.CARTNSUSORGENES.
Figura.1.1.ReinaIsabel,derechamaterialcorrugadoparaEmpaques.
Figura.1.2.Primeramquinaparacorrugar.
Figura.1.3.RobertH.Thompson.
Figura.1.4.Tiposdecajas.
CAPTULOII.CARTNCORRUGADO.
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Figura.2.1.ComponentesdeCartn.
Figura.2.2.Tiposdecartn.
Figura.2.3.Procesodelcorrugado.
Figura.2.4.Formacindelaflautaysingleface.
Figura.2.5.Alimentacindemaquinasflexogrficas.
Figura.2.6.Espesorocalibredelcartn.
Figura.2.7.Alturasdependiendodelaflauta.
Figura.2.8.Esquemadefuncionamientodelapruebaalestallido.
Figura.2.9.Direccindelestallidoenlapruebamullen.
Figura.2.10.Pruebadecompresinacajas.
Figura.2.11.Izq.mquinadecompresindeCajas,derecha.Ubicacindelacajaenun
compresometro.
Figura.2.12.Lapruebadecanto.
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VI
CAPTULOIII.INDUSTRIADELCARTN.
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Figura.3.1.Ciclodelrecicladodelcartn.
Figura.3.2.Pacasderecuperacin.
Figura.3.3.Porcentajedematerialreutilizableenlostiposdepapel.
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CAPTULOIV.ENSAYOS.
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Figura.4.1.Medidordeespesores.
Figura.4.2.Colocacindelmaterialytomadelectura.
Figura.4.3.Sujecindelmaterial.
Figura.4.4.Estallidodematerialylecturaenelmanmetro.
Figura.4.5.CurvaderingcrushVsECT.
Figura.4.6.Compresmetro.
Figura.4.7.Probetaestndar.
Figura.4.8.Mquinapararealizarlacompresindecajas.
CAPTULOV.REALIZACINDEENSAYOSYRESULTADOS.
Figura.5.1.Preparacindelamquina.
Figura.5.2.Ajustedelaplaca.
Figura.5.3.Armadodelascajas.
Figura.5.4.Acomododelaprobetaentrelasplacas.
Figura.5.5.Aplicacindelacargayregistrodelacargamxima.
Figura.5.6.Sepreparanlasmuestraspararealizarelensayo.
VII
Figura.5.7.Compresometrolistoparaserutilizado.
Figura.5.8.Colocarlaprobetaensubaseyaplicarlacarga.
Figura.5.9.Registrodelacargamxima.
Figura.5.10.Subirlaplaca,liberarlaprobeta.
Figura.5.11.Preparacindelamquinamullen.
Figura.5.12.Elevacindelasmordazasparacolocarlaprobeta.
Figura.5.13.Seajustanlasmordazas.
Figura.5.14.Seaplicalafuerza.
Figura.5.15.Registrodelacargamximayliberacindelmaterial.
Figura.5.16.Cortedemuestraenformadetriangulo.
Figura.5.17.Preparacindelinstrumento.
Figura.5.18.Posicindelmaterialenelinstrumento.
Figura.5.19.Registrodelvaloryliberacindelmaterial.
Figura.5.20.Grficodelatabla5.1.
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VIII
Figura.5.32.Graficodelatabla5.13.
Figura.5.36.MateriaPrima.
Figura.5.37.Humedadqueseparalasfibras.
Figura.5.38.Fibradelpapelcortasylargas.
Figura.5.39.Altaviscosidaddelalmidnefectodedeslaminado.
Figura.5.40.Efectodeampollado.
Figura.5.41.Aplastamientodelasflautasporpresin.
Figura.5.42.Relevanciadelcuidadodelcalibre.
Figura.5.43.Ladireccindelcorrugado.
Figura.5.44.Manejodelmaterial.
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IX
PRLOGO.
Larealizacindeesteproyectotieneelfindeprofundizarenelconocimientoreferidoaunodelosproductos
deusocomnenlaindustriaydelavidacotidiana;elcartncorrugado,elcualaltenerdiferentesaplicaciones
esnecesariosaberalgunasdesuscaractersticasrelevantesparasutrabajoideal.
Desde la aparicin del hombre, los medios para poder contener bienes y llevarlos de un lugar a otro han
requeridodesuimaginacineinventivaparautilizarloquetieneasualrededoryaspoderllevaracabola
tarea,desdematerialesqueleproporcionolanaturalezacomoconchas,cascaras,tejidosdefibrasdeplantas
etc.Alprincipiolasnecesidadeseranbsicamenteparapodertrasportaraguayalimento,elhombrecambiasu
estadodevidaalaformasedentaria;laactividadahoraesllevarlosbienesdelcampoalasgrandesciudadesy
conelloaparecenlosalmacenesquesonloscentrosencargadosdeladistribucin,paraellolasformasms
eficientessonlosbarrilesdemadera quedemostraronensupocaconservarporperiodosprolongadoslos
alimentos,perolaformaparamoverlosrequeradedemasiadosesfuerzos,senecesitabaquecambiasenlas
condicionesparapoderrealizarestastareas.Elcartnypapeltuvierongranaceptacindentrodelmundodel
envase,yaquepodanmantenerlascantidadesdecaf,salesyotrosartculos.Ademssualmacenajeerams
fcil y prctico ya que pueden ser apilados y etiquetados de manera sencilla, protegan del polvo y de los
insectosquesonaspectosimportantesquedebecubrirunbuenenvase.
Losmaterialesformanungranrubrodentrodelosenvasesyaqueloshaydesdematerialesorgnicos;papel,
cartn,madera,textilesobiencomolosmetales,vidriosyarcillas,hastalosinorgnicoscomolospolmeros,
ascomounafusindeestosmaterialesparapodermejorarlascaractersticasdeproteccinyconservacin.
Hoy en da, se pueden realizar varias combinaciones que mantienen los productos por periodos ms
prolongados.
Loqueesdeintersdeesteestudioesquecaractersticassonlasmsrelevantesparaunembalaje,queresulta
serunproductoquepuedeserfabricadodegranvariedaddematerialesyquesirveparacontener,proteger,
manipular, distribuir y presentar mercancas en cualquier fase de su proceso productivo, de distribucin o
venta.
Los tipos de embalaje que revisaremos sern cajas de cartn, que son muy utilizadas en la industria por sus
diversos diseos, su costo y su facilidad para ser estibados, ya que esta es una de las necesidades ms
importantes que buscan los industriales, el espacio. Por ello se hablara brevemente de su historia,
componentes, sus caractersticas fsicas y mecnicas que son de relevancia para nosotros. Hablaremos de
conceptos como la estiba o resistencia a la compresin, as como al estallido. Realizando una evaluacin de
estos aspectos a probetas o cajas muestra que son de uso comercial y que por las necesidades antes
mencionadasdebencubrir.Esperoqueelsiguientetrabajo,expresedemaneraclaraysencillaelmundodel
envaseyembalaje,cualessonlosaspectosdeimportanciayposiblesproblemasalosqueseenfrentan.
1
CAPITULOI
CARTNSUSORIGENES
Enestecaptuloseexpondrnlasreferenciasdelcorrugado,lasaportacionesalolargode
suconformacinhastaeldadehoy,asmismoseexpondrnconceptosrelacionadoscon
elmaterialcorrugaconrespectoasusaplicaciones.
1.CARTNSUSORGENES.
Losprimerostiemposdelaindustriadelcartnonduladotuvieroncomoprotagonistasapionerosque
hacan todo a mano, incluyendo su propia maquinaria y que soaban con mtodos ms rpidos de
produccin,RobertGairesconsideradoelpadredelcartnplegadoyfueunodelospionerosdela
industria del cartn ondulado. Consigui el reconocimiento gracias al desarrollo del estilo de caja
estndarconhendidosypegadodelasolapa,elsistemaactualdefabricacindecajasdecartn.Gair
lleg a Estados Unidos a los catorce aos en un barco procedente de Edimburgo, Escocia, para
trabajar con su padre como fontanero en Nueva Jersey. Ms tarde, trabaj en Nueva York en un
almacn de venta al por menor en la dcada de 1850 antes de servir en el ejrcito de la Unin y
posteriormentemontsupropiaempresa.
En el ao de 1871, Albert L. Jones patenta en Nueva York el 19 de diciembre de 1871 el uso de

material corrugado para empaque; inspirado segn algunos en un retrato de la Reina Isabel con su
cuello rizado (fig.1.1), y segn otros en la plancha goffer que su mujer usaba para planchar las
crinolinasdelosvestidos.
Figura.1.1.ReinaIsabel,derechamaterialcorrugadoparaEmpaques.
OliverLongintrodujounahojadecaraestabilizante(simplecara)queayudabaafortalecerlahojade
ondulado(conocidaposteriormentecomomdium)ypocodespusunahojacomosegundacara.Y
as,conlapatentedeLongenEstadosUnidos150.588de5demayode1874fueinventadoelcartn
onduladotalcomohoyloconocemos.
Un ao despus Robert H. Thompson y Henry D. Norris adquieren las patentes de A. L. Jones y O.

Long,seasocianyformanThompson&NorrisCo.conelfindedesarrollarambosmateriales.
LaprimeracorrugadoraoperadamanualmentefuefabricadaporMr.Norrisbasndoseenlosrodillos
calentadorescongasdeunaplanchagoofer,usadasenesetiempoenlaslavanderas.
LasprimerasmquinasenlasfbricasdeThompson&NorrisyRobertGairtenanunaanchurade12
a 18 pulgadas (30,5 a 45,7 cm). Conforme aumentaron su anchura, fueron accionadas mediante
correas desde una lnea superior. Los rodillos de mayor dimetro fueron calentados primero por
inyectoresdegasyposteriormentedevaporparaevitarelriesgodeincendio.Lashojasexterioreso
linerseranpegadasamanousandobrochassimilaresaladeempapelarquetodavaseutilizanhoy,
conunapastadeharinacocida.Elmdiumerapuestocuidadosamenteensuposicinypresionado
suavemente.Desdequeeladhesivocomenzabaapegareranecesarioeliminarporevaporacinuna
grancantidaddelquidoporloquecualquierotraoperacinnecesitabaveinticuatrohoraspreviasde
secado.Lostamaosdeplanchaeranmuypequeosyaqueelcartnonduladosloseutilizabacomo
refuerzointeriorsiendoelembalajeexternounacajademaderaobarril.
La simple cara fue producida por primera vez en rollo continuo aproximadamente en 1880,
recubriendocompletamenteconadhesivounacaradellineraplicadoporunalneadebrochasfijas
(Fig.1.2).Unadelasprimerasmquinasenaplicareladhesivoalascrestasdelmdiumfuepatentada
por Robert Thompson el 7 de junio de 1890. En este proceso, el rollo de mdium pasaba sobre un
rodilloaplicadordeadhesivoydejadocaersobreellinerylasimplecararesultanteerabobinadaen
un rollo y llevada a una sala de secado. Estas mquinas consistan bsicamente, adems del
mecanismo adhesivo, de dos o tres rodillos acanalados huecos y calentados interiormente que se
montabanverticalmentesobreligerosbastidoresdefundicin.
Figura1.2.Primeramquinaparacorrugar.
LacompaadeThompson&Norrisintrodujolostresprimeroscorrugadoreseuropeos:
Londres1883(ReinoUnido),enKirchberg1886(Alemania)yenExideuilsurVienne1888(Francia).
Buscando un mejor material para corrugar, Thompson y Norris encuentran que el papel de paja de
trigousadocomopapeldeenvolturaenlascarniceraseraconelqueseobtenauncorrugadoms
rgido,yen1885adquierenlaplantaqueproducaelmejorpapeldeestetipo.
Durante los aos del 1882 a 1890, R.H. Thompson (fig. 1.3) patenta los primeros equipos
mecnicamenteoperadosparafabricarcorrugadoconunaydoscaras.
Figura.1.3.RobertH.Thompson.
Productoresindependientesdelequipoincorporanlaproduccindecorrugadosenelmundodelos
negocios. El primer corrugador continuo fue desarrollado por Jefferson T. Ferres del Sefton
FabricacinCO.enelaode1895.Lasprimerasmquinasdeondulacinaparecieronalprincipiodel
siglo,deunsiglodeinnovacionescontinuasydelaadaptacinalmundodecambioLaproduccindel
empaquecorrugadodemostrcrecimientorpido.AcompaoalaRevolucinindustrialyrespondido
a la demanda constante para ms empaque de transporte. Diez aos despus, se desarrolla un
segundo tipo de flauta ms pequea que la primera, para mejorar el empaque de latas, a este
segundotiposelellamaflautabyporcontraposicinalaprimeraselellamaraflautaa.
Losferrocarrilesdeloestepublicanenagosto1de1906,laprimeraautorizacinparaelembarquede
productos en empaques de corrugado y fibra slida (llamado cartn de paja) sujetos a un cargo
adicionalde10%enlastarifas.
El ferrocarril del oeste de E.U. incluye la prueba de mullen como parte de las especificaciones del
cartndepaja.
R.W.PridhamCo.delosngelesCalifornia,entablaunademandacontralosferrocarrilesdelPacifico
portratodiscriminatoriocontralosempaquesdecartn(usolimitadoy10%decargoadicional).En
1914 la Comisin Interestatal de comercio decide que no existe diferencia en el transporte de los
productosempacadosenmaderaoencartn,ydainstruccionesparaigualarlastarifas.
Desaparecen las reglas de clasificacin regionales y se edita el 30 de diciembre de 1919, la

clasificacinconsolidadadeltransporteparacartn,conocidacomoregla41.
Enaodeltreintadossedesarrollalaflautacenlacualsetratadeconjuntarlasventajasdelas
dos flautas anteriores. Despus de toda una serie de modificaciones a la regla 41 durante los aos
1925, 1932, 1941 y 1943; y aunado al gran crecimiento alcanzado en la fabricacin del papel kraft
(virgen) y en la industria durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, el 15 de enero de 1945 se cambia el
requisitodeespesordelospapelescaraquehabaoperadohastaentonces,porelpesomnimodelos
mismos,paraquelaregla41quedaracasitalcomoseencuentraactualmente.
ConelcrecimientodelautotransportedespusdelaSegundaGuerraMundial,laAsociacinNacional
deAutotransportepublicaen1968laregla22lacualesestructuralmenteidnticaalaregla41.
La produccin de corrugados sigue de cerca la actividad econmica. Se adapta hoy a la evolucin

constantedelcomercioalpormenordesusrequisitoscontinuamentecambiantesdelalogstica.
DesdeelfinaldelsigloXIX,muchoscambioshanocurridoynotableeselprogresoquesehahechoen
la mejora de materias primas, en el equipo, en los procesos de produccin y las tcnicas de la
impresindelempaquecorrugado.Algunosejemplossonmencionados:
1. El nmero de grados de papel usados para la produccin del corrugado est aumentando
continuamente.Laopcinylacalidadentodoslosdiversoslinersyloscorrugaresestnmejorando
constantemente.
2.Porsupuestolavelocidaddelaproduccinaumentdramticamenteconlamejoradeequipo.
3 El uso de computadoras ha revolucionado la industria permitiendo funcionamientos continuos y

evitandoparadasdelamquina.Suimpactoestambinconsiderableendiseodelempaque.
4Enladcadapasada,lasnuevastcnicasdelaimpresintrajeronloscambiosmsgrandes.Eluso
de las claves de barras para la identificacin de producto ha requerido un realce de la calidad de
grficosdelempaquecorrugado.
1.1.LOSINICIOSDELENVASE.
Eltrabajoprimordialdeunenvaseespreservar,contener,transportar,informar,expresar,impactary
proteger al producto que contiene. Desde hace muchos aos atrs existi la necesidad de
conservacin,desdeelcalordenuestrocuerpohastaladeunacasaoladelosalimentos.
Con el objetivo de conservar y proteger el paso del tiempo, en conjunto con la evolucin de la
tecnologa, se han creado envases innovadores con base a un consumidor ms exigente cada da,
dndolesdiferentesusos,siempresinolvidarsuprincipalfuncin:conservar.Lahistoriadelhombrey
la de los envases ha corrido a la par; evolucionando ste ltimo y siendo influido de acuerdo a los
eventos que han afectado a la historia. En la prehistoria el hombre estaba rodeado de envases
naturalesqueprotegan,ycubranalasfrutasuotrasclasesdealimentos.Viendosuutilidadbusc
imitarlas,adaptndolasymejorndolassegnsusnecesidades.Enelaode8000a.Cseencuentran
ya los primeros intentos formados por hierbas entrelazadas y vasijas de barro sin cocer y vidrio.
Posteriormente, los griegos y romanos utilizaran botas de tela y barriles de madera, as como
botellas,tarrosyurnasdebarrococidos.
Actualmentelosproductosqueseconsumenllevanenvasesquereflejanlasnecesidadespresentes:
facilidaddeapertura,descripcinfieldesucontenidoyproteccindelmismo,buenacalidad,precio
razonable,etc.Inclusoinfluyeenlosconsumidoreselaspecto,elcoloridoyelpesodelproducto.Las
decisiones de compra estn influidas por las caractersticas externas de los envases. De lo anterior
que la presentacin del envase, el tamao, la facilidad de transporte, la variedad e intensidad de
coloresquestellevainfluyenenel consumodelosproductosrespectivos.
Los envases de cartn y papel tuvieron una gran aceptacin en sus inicio, ya que mantenan las
cantidades prepesadas de caf, cereales, sal y otros artculos bsicos. Estos eran fciles de
almacenar,apilaryetiquetar.Mantenanlosalimentosalejadosdelosinsectosyelpolvo,principales
problemasqueseenfrentabanconlosalimentos.ElsigloXXtambinvionacerunnuevomaterialde
envase,elplstico.Cuandolosqumicosencontraronelprocedimientoparaunirpequeasmolculas
orgnicasyformarotrasmsgrandesypesadas,comparablesalasdelasresinasvegetales,segest
elmundodelasresinassintticasquetodosconocemosconelnombregenricodeplsticos.
Lasresinassintticasseempezaronaindustrializardurantelaltimagranguerra.Hoydasepuede
disponerdeunos60materiales,algunosdeellosendistintaspresentacionesotipos.Losenvasesde
plstico fueron ms econmicos y fciles de producir respecto de los otros materiales. Eran ms
livianos que los otros y con esto se reduca el costo de transporte. Al momento, el plstico ha
reemplazado muchos materiales, permitiendo que la preparacin de alimentos sea efectuada muy
rpidamente,desdeelrefrigerador,pasandoalhornoyalamesa.
Actualmente, con el deseo de facilitar aun ms el uso del envase, manteniendo un bajo costo, los
diseadores han desarrollado nuevos materiales complejos, aquellos que contienen combinaciones
7
demetal,papelyplstico.Ejemplosdeestossonlos"Tetrabrik"utilizadosparaenvasarjugos,leche
delargavida,vino,etc.Losenvasesquesefabricanconestosmaterialessonmslivianos,durables,
congrancapacidaddemantenerlascaractersticassanitariasdelosalimentos.
Otra importante funcin de los envases es la proteccin y preservacin de los alimentos de la
contaminacinconbacteriasyotrosmicroorganismos.Otramaneradeenfocarlapreservacindelos
alimentosatravsdelosenvasesesexaminarcuntodesechogeneraestealimento.
Algunos datos estadsticos confirman la relacin entre desechos, envases y alimentos. Los estudios
muestranqueascomolosenvasesdepapel,metalesyvidrioaumentaron,losalimentosdesechados
disminuyeron.Elcrecimientodelosenvasesplsticosgenergrandesreduccionesenlosdesechosde
alimentos.Losenvasesprotegenatravsdeotrasformastambin,porejemplo,elcartncorrugadoy
el poliestireno expandido son usados para mantener artculos electrnicos y otros equipos de alto
valor protegindolos de dao durante su transporte y transbordo. Esos materiales mantienen esos
productos de forma segura en sus cartones y los amortiguan en las eventuales cadas y golpes
involuntarios.
1.2.ELEMBALAJEYSUDIFERENCIACONELENVASE.
Elembalajeesunrecipienteoenvolturaquecontieneproductostemporalmenteysirve
principalmenteparaagruparunidadesdeunproductopensandoensumanipulacin,transportey
almacenaje.
Otrasfuncionesdelembalajeson:protegerelcontenido,facilitarlamanipulacin,informarsobresus
condicionesdemanejo,requisitoslegales,composicin,ingredientes,etc.ypromocionarelproducto
pormediosgrficos.Dentrodelestablecimientocomercial,elembalajepuedeayudaravenderla
mercancamediantesudiseovistosoyestructural.
Seestableceladiferenciaentre:
Envaseoembalajeprimario:esellugardondeseconservalamercanca;estencontacto
directoconelproducto.
Embalajesecundario:suelensercajasdediversosmaterialesqueagrupanproductos
envasadosparaformarunaunidaddecarga,dealmacenamientoodetransportemayor.
Puedetratarsedepequeascajasdecartoncillo,comoladelaimagen,odecajasdecartn
onduladodediversosmodelosymuyresistentes.
Embalajeterciario:agrupavariosembalajessecundarios.Losmsutilizadossonelpalyel
contenedor.
Losmodelosotiposdeembalajesecundariomshabitualesson(fig.1.4):
Bandeja
Boxpallet
Cajadispensadoradelquidos
CajaenvolventeoWraparound
Cajaexpositora
Cajadefondoautomtico
Cajadefondosemiautomtico
Cajademadera
Cajadeplstico
Cajaconrejillaincorporada
Cajacontapa
Cajadetapayfondo
Cajadesolapas
Cesta
Estuche
Filmplstico
Platagrcola
Sacodepapel
Figura.1.4.Tiposdecajas.
CAPITULOII
CARTNCORRUGADO.
Paraentenderestematerial,ampliaremosenestapartedeltrabajosudefinicin,
componentes,conformacinoproceso,ascomoaspectosderelevanciadentrola
industriacartoneracomolosonalgunaspartesdelprocesodefabricacindecajasy
exaltaremosalgunasdelascaractersticasypruebasqueserealizanalmaterialcorrugado.
2.CARTNCORRUGADO.
Elcartncorrugadoesunmaterialquetienecomobaselacelulosa,esunaestructuraformadaporun
nervio central de papel ondulado el cual pasa por un proceso de ondulado para crear volumen o
grosorenelcartn(flautaomdium),reforzadoexternamentepordoscapasdepapel(linersocaras)
pegadasconadhesivoenlascrestasdelaonda.
Elcartncorrugadoesunmaterialliviano,cuyaresistenciasebasaeneltrabajoenconjuntoyvertical
deestastreslaminasdepapel.Paraobtenersumayorresistencia,laondadelcartncorrugadotiene
que trabajar en forma vertical, adems pierde su resistencia si la onda sufre aplastamiento o
quebradurasproducidasporfuerzasextraas.
Elcartncorrugadoeslamateriaprimaprincipalparalaelaboracindeempaquesy/oembalajespara
transportacin,conservacin,almacenajedetodotipoyvariedaddeproductos.
2.1.COMPONENTESDELCARTNCORUGADO.
Lashojaslisasexterioressellamancarasocubiertas(liners)verfigura2.1.
Figura.2.1.ComponentesdeCartn.
Lashojasonduladasqueformanloscanalessellamanondulado,ondaomdium.
Existenvariostiposdecorrugado,condiferentesmedidasdeflautaytiposdeperfiles(figura2.2.)los
que ofrecen combinaciones de diseo para crear un sin nmero de envases y embalajes. La simple
cara es el tipo ms elemental de cartn corrugado, y est formado por una hoja lisa y una onda,
unidosentresporcola.
Lesigueelcartnsencillo,queesunconjuntodetrespapelesdoscaraslisasyunondulado,puede
estarformadoporalgunadelasdiferentesflautas;secontinaconundoblecorrugadoformadopor
cinco tipos de papeles, de los cuales dos conforman las flautas que pueden ser iguales o bien
combinadas.
11
Figura.2.2.Tiposdecartn.
Elgramajedelospapeles,ascomolaalturadelasondasdeterminansuconsistencia,ysobretodosu
resistenciaalacompresinvertical.Esteltimoelparmetromsimportanteyaqueindicaelpeso
quepuedesoportarunacajasometidaaunacargaporapilamiento.
2.2.FUNCIONESBSICASDELOSCOMPONENTESDELCORRUGADO.
2.2.1.LASCARASDERECUBRIMIENTO
Las caras realizan una aportacin importante a la resistencia del embalaje: rigidez a la flexin,
estallido,desgarre,resistenciaalapiladoydeproteccinaposiblesagresionesmecnicas.
Lacaraexteriorsirve,adems,debaseinformativa(marcado),identificacinypublicidadparael
productocontenido.
2.2.2.FLAUTAS:
Sufuncinprincipalcomprende:
Darungrosorinicialalcartnymantenerlodurantetodalavidadelembalaje.
Proporcionaralcartnonduladolapropiedadamortiguadoraenvirtuddesuforma,elondulado
asegura una elasticidad relativa ante los problemas de aplastamiento en plano y resistencia a
impactos.
Aporta resistencia a la compresin sobre el canto del cartn (fuerza paralela a los canales) cada
canalpuedeserconsideradocomounpilar.
12
2.2.3.PROPIEDADESDELASFLAUTAS
FLAUTAA:
Rgida,tieneunpoderamortiguadorybuenaresistenciaalacompresinsobreelcanto,envirtuddel
grangrosordelcartn.
Se utiliza principalmente en cajas grandes donde se puede aprovechar su mayor resistencia a la

compresin,oencasosdondeserequiereunmayoracojinamientodelasparedes.
FLAUTAB:
Esta onda tiene una buena resistencia al aplastamiento en plano debido al nmero de canales por
unidadlinealdemedicin,peropocarigidezdadoelreducidogrosorquetiene.
Sususosmscomunessonelempaquedelatasporsumayorresistenciaalaplastamientoplano,en
cajas muy pequeas en donde la facilidad del doblado es importante o en charolas troqueladas y
armadasmecnicamentedondeeselproductoynoelempaqueelquehacelaestibayporotrolado
serequieremayorfacilidadeneldoblado.
FLAUTAC:
Cronolgicamente es posterior a los ondulados a y b, este tipo de onda apareci como una mejor
adecuacinentreprecio/consumodepapel/calidad(resistencia),dotadadeunabuenaresistenciaal
aplastamientoenplano(flatcrush)yalacompresinvertical(BCT)deahsupopularidadenEuropa.
Probablemente su mayor ventaja sobre las otras flautas es su mejor balance de las diferentes
propiedadesrequeridasenunacaja,yaqueenlamayorpartedelasocasionesesimposiblepredecir
elriesgoytratoalqueestarsujeta.
2.3.FUNCIONESPRINCIPALESDELEMPAQUEDECARTNCORRUGADO.
PROTECCIN
Debesercapazdetransportarunproductoconseguridadyenperfectoestado,desdeelfabricante
hastaelltimoconsumidor.
ALMACN
Debeservircomoundepsitoconvenienteyseguroparaalmacenarmercancaoelcontenidohasta
queesvendido.
13
CONTENEDOR
Debe proporcionar un medio de manejo y distribucin de cantidades determinadas o mltiplos

comercialesdeunproducto.
IDENTIFICACINYPUBLICIDAD
Cuandoesimpresadebeservirparaidentificarelcontenidoyrepresentaunmediodepublicidaddel
mismodurantesutrnsito,almacenajeoexhibicin.
La fabricacin de cartn propiamente dicha se realiza en la corrugadora o ondulatoria. En esta
mquinasedesenrollaelpapelqueseondulaysepegacreandoplanchasdecartn.
Lasprincipalesfuncionesdelacorrugadorasonseis.
Corrugarelpapelmdium
Pegarellinerinteriorconelmdium,aestacombinacinselellamasingleface.
Pegarelsinglefaceconellinerexterior
Cortaryrayaralanchodeseado
Cortarallargodeseado
Apilarenhojasindividuales
2.4. ELEMENTOS BSICOS RELACIONADOS CON LA FABRICACIN DE CARTN

CORRUGADO.
Papel,adhesivo,calor,presin,humedadytensin.
Estosseiselementosdebernsercorrectamentecontroladosparalograrfabricaruncartncorrugado
dealtacalidad,veamosacontinuacin
2.4.1.PAPEL.
Elpapelconsisteendostipos.
Papellinerinterioroexterior.Papelmdiumodecorrugar.
14
Papellinerinterioryexterior.
Elelementomsimportantequesedebecontrolarenestospapelesessucontenidodehumedad,si
elcontenidodehumedadesalto,elcartncorrugadopuedepandearseobienpodranoteneruna
adhesinapropiada.Existenrodillosprecalentadoresparareducirelcontenidodehumedaddeestos
papelesycalentarlosparapermitirunaadhesinmsrpida.Tambinpuedenpresentarseproblemas
de pandeo si los papeles estn demasiado secos, cuando esto suceda debern reducirse los
arropamientoenlosprecalantadoresysedebenabrirlasregaderasdevapor.
Papelmdiumodecorrugar.
Enestepapeldeigualmaneraexistendoselementosimportantesquesedebencontrolar,elcaloryla
humedad. Para que los rodillos corrugadores formen adecuadamente las flautas a velocidades
variables,elpapeldecorrugardeberestarcalienteyhmedoyparaestoexisteunprecalentadory
una regadera de vapor que le permiten al papel calentarse y humedecerse antes de entrar a los
rodilloscorrugadoressinperderdevistaqueestosrodillosdeberndeigualmaneraestarcalientes.
2.4.2.ADHESIVO.
Eladhesivoutilizadoparaunirelpapeldecorrugarconlospapelesliner,esporlogeneralunamezcla
de almidn, sosa custica y brax disueltos en agua. Debido al costo, calidad y disponibilidad el
almidndemazeselqueseutilizamsfrecuentementeenelcartn.
Elalmidnpuedeconvertirseenadhesivonicamentedespusdehabersegelatinizado,deberestar
presentetantohumedadcomocalorparaprovocarqueelalmidnsegelatiniceypoderformarloque
seconocecomoadhesin.
Laadhesinenelcorrugadorserealizaavelocidadesmuyaltas,deberaplicarsepresinenelrodillo
prensaalmomentodeformarlaunincomoayudaparareducireltiemporequeridoparaformarla
adhesin,estapresinenlaseccindelasplanchascalienteslaejercelalona.
Tomemosencuentaquelamezcladealmidnaguaesdeaproximadamente20%deslidosy80%de
agua, de manera que cuando agregamos almidn para la adhesin, agregamos tambin mucha
humedad.
Esthumedadpuedeserlafuentedemuchosproblemasdepandeo.esimportantetenersuficiente
almidn en el cartn para lograr una buena adhesin, sin embargo demasiado almidn podra no
mejorar la adhesin y tener como resultado un cartn hmedo y combado el cual ser muy difcil
procesar.
15
2.4.3.CALOR.
Elcaloresmuynecesarioparacontrolarlahumedad,calidaddelcorrugadoyformacindelaunin.El
caloressuministradoalpapelporelprecalentador,preacondicionador,regaderasdevapor,rodillos
corrugadores,rodilloprensayplanchascalientes.
La temperatura del precalentador, preacondicionador, rodillo prensa y superficie de las planchas
calientes,debeserde177c.Comomnimo,enlosrodilloscorrugadoressepuedetenerunmnimo
de155c.
2.4.4.PRESIN.
Lapresinesnecesariaparaformarlasunionesdelospapelesenelcorrugado.
El rodillo prensa proporciona la presin necesaria para formar la adhesin del liner interior con el
papel de corrugar, muy poca presin tendr como resultado una adhesin deficiente. Demasiada
presin cortara el papel y podra tener como resultado una baja resistencia de mullen adems de
rompersealmomentodeserimpreso.
Lapresinparalaadhesindellinerexterioresproporcionadaporlalonadelasplanchascalientes.
Tambinserequierepresinentrelosrodilloscorrugadoresparaqueelpapeldecorrugarpuedaser
formado correctamente, muy poca presin tendr como resultado corrugado deficientemente
formado, bajo calibre y baja resistencia a la compresin. Demasiada presin fracturara al papel de
corrugar.
Eneldobleengomadorelrodilloguaaplicapresinalsinglefacedeformaqueelcorrugadopueda
tomar adhesivo, debe aplicarse nicamente la presin suficiente para asegurar el contacto entre el
corrugadoyelrodillodeadhesivo.Demasiadapresintendrcomoresultadocorrugadoinclinadoy
aplastado.
2.4.5.HUMEDAD.
Lahumedadesnecesariaparaunabuenaformacindelcorrugado,ascomoparaqueelalmidnse
gelatinice,aunquelahumedadesimportanteestambinlacausadeproblemasimportantes.
La humedad est presente en todas las bobinas de papel que se con sumen en la corrugadora, el
problemaesquelacantidaddehumedadpuedevariarmuchodeunrolloaotro,lamayoradelpapel
tienenunahumedadqueseencuentraentre5%y7%yalgunasveceslahumedadesmayoromenor
aesteporcentajeysilosdoslinertienendiferentecontenidodehumedadenelmomentoenquese
unenelcartnpuederesultarcombado.
16
Eladhesivoesfuentegrandedehumedad.debertenerseaguapresenteparaqueeladhesivofluyay
segelatinice,poresoalagregaradhesivoalpapellacantidaddeaguaagregadaesequivalenteal10%
delcontenidodehumedaddelliner,porestaraznsiseagregamasadhesivodeunladoquedelotro
sepuedentenerseverosproblemasdepandeo.
2.4.6.TENSIN.
La tensin es bsica en el proceso de corrugado para poder tener un buen contacto con el
precalentadoropreacondiciondorypodertransferircaloryeliminarlahumedadexcesivaalpapel.
Unatensinadecuadaenelpapelayudaacontrolarlasarrugas,bolsas,pandeoyorillasdespegadas
provocadaspordefectosenlabobinadepapel.
Unatensinexcesivapuedeprovocarpandeohaciaarribaohaciadebajodeextremoaextremoen
direccin maquina, arrugas, reventones y arrastre en el mecanismo de transmisin y provocar
variacindedimensionesenlacuchillatransversal.
Pocatensinpuedeprovocararrugas,pandeoypocatransferenciadecalor.
2.5.PROCESODELACORRUGADORA.
Paraelprocesodelacorrugar,seplanteaquetipodecartneselquesevaadesarrollarenbaseasu
resistencia,gramajes,tiposdeflautasascomoconsistenciasencillaodoble,resueltosestospasosse
procedeaquelosoperadoresdelasreaspertinentesdeabastecimientodemateriaprima,coloquen
losrollosdepapelquesonrequeridosapiedemquina(fig.2.3).
Figura.2.3.Procesodelcorrugado.
17
Laexplicacindelesquemadelacorrugadora.Elpapelqueserutilizadoparamdiumocorrugares
acondicionado por diferencia de temperatura, por medio de vapor y se introduce al rodillo
corrugador,dondeadquirirlaformadelaflautaseleccionada(fig.2.4).Porotroladoseprecalientan
los liners o caras que llegaran a donde est saliendo el corrugar ya formado en flauta y que lleva
goma,seadhierenestasdoscarasparaformarelsinglefacepasaranjuntosalpuente;sernllevados
aotroprecalentadorquesecaralaprimeraaplicacindegoma,sepasaradespusaundepositode
adhesivoyseadjuntaralaultimacapaolineryyalastrescapassernconducidasalasplanchaspara
queseterminedesecarelmaterial.
Figura.2.4.Formacindelaflautaysingleface.
2.6. OPERACIONES DEL REA DE CONVERSIN O TRANSFORMACIN DEL

CORRUGADO.
Lasprincipalesoperacionesqueserealizanenlazonadetransformacinsonlassiguientes:
Figura.2.5.Alimentacindemaquinasflexogrficas.
18
Impresindelaplancha.Elcartnonduladoutilizabsicamentelatcnicaflexogrficaparaimpresin
haciendousodeclichsdepolmeroparadepositarlatintasobrelaplancha(fig.2.5).Lasimpresoras
puedenconstituirunaoperacinindependientedentrodelflujodefabricacinomscomnmente,
integrarseconotrasmquinascomoeltroqueladoras.Otrasformasdeimpresinson:
Impresindigital.Latintapasadirectamentedelostinterosalaplanchasinsoporteintermedio.Por
suescasavelocidadsolamenteestindicadoparaproductosdeseriescortas,talescomocartelera,
publicidadenelpuntodeventa,etc.
Impresin offset. La impresin se realiza sobre una lmina de cartoncillo que posteriormente se
contracolaaunformatodecartnsimplecara.
Troqueladodelaplancha.Eltroqueladopuedeserdedostipos:
Troqueladoplano.Eltroquelesplanoeincideperpendicularmentesobrelaplanchaconsiguiendouna
granprecisinenelcorte.
Troqueladorotativo.Eltroquelessemicirculareincidedeformaoblicuasobrelaplanchaporloquela
toleranciaenelcortepuedealcanzarlosdosmilmetros.
Plegado y pegado de la caja. Las plegadoraspegadoras administran diferentes puntos de cola a la
plancha procediendo a su posterior plegado de acuerdo con las especificaciones del embalaje.
Algunosmodelosexigenlaaplicacindevariospuntosdecolaparasucorrectaformacin.Talesel
casodelascajasdefondoautomtico,bandejasdecuatropuntosocajascontapadeseispuntos.
Formacin e incorporacin de rejilla. Para la fabricacin de cajas con rejilla incorporada es preciso
formar previamente la rejilla lo que se realiza en una lnea especfica. Posteriormente, la rejilla es
introducidaypegadaalacajamediantelaaplicacindecolacaliente.
Grapado de la caja. Algunas cajas por sus grandes dimensiones o para reforzar su unin se unen
mediantegrapas.Paraello,seutilizangrapadorasindustrialesquepuedentambinintegrarseconel
fabricantedecaja.
Flejado y paletizado. Las paletizadoras automticas se encargan de formar los paquetes, flejarlos y
paletizarlosdeacuerdoalasespecificacionesdefabricacin.
2.7.CUALIDADESDELCARTNQUESEVERIFICAN.
2.7.1.CALIBRE.
Eselespesordelcartn(fig.2.6),dadoasuvezporelespesordelospapelescomponentesyeltipo
deflauta(calibredelaonda)usada(fig.2.7).Permiteelcontrolendiferentesetapasdelafabricacin,
19
en mquina corrugadora y durante el proceso de conversin. Influye sobre la resistencia al

apilamientodelacaja.
Figura.2.6.Espesorocalibredelcartn.
El espesor esta expresado normalmente en milsimas de pulgada o en milsimas de milmetro. La

dimensinocalibredelahojadependerdelacombinacindepapeles.
Figura.2.7.Alturasdependiendodelaflauta.
Paraobtenerlosvalorestericosdecalibreaplicaremoslasiguienteecuacin:
h=CalLI+CalLE+alturaflauta+CalMD0.004
h=calibreoaltura
CalLI=Espesordellinerinterior.
CalLE=Espesordellinerexterior.
Alturadelaflauta.
CalMD=Espesordelmdium.
20
2.7.2.BURSTINGSTRENGTHRESISTENCIAALESTALLIDOPRUEBADEMULLEN.
Figura.2.8.Esquemadefuncionamientodelapruebaalestallido.
Estapruebafuedesarrolladaen1887porj.w.mullenlacualmidelafuerzanecesariaparafracturar
unamuestradepapelocartnenunreadada(7.793cm)forzandoglicerinaalacmaradepresin
bajoeldiafragmaaunaraznestablede170+16ml/min.Elresultadodeestapruebasemideenmide
enLbs./Pulg,Kgs./cmokPa.(fig.2.8).
Es una medida usada internacionalmente para expresar la Resistencia del cartn, se obtiene
presionando una muestra a travs de un diafragma expandido por la accin de glicerina liquida. El
resultadoeselvalorexpresadoalmomentodelrompimiento(fig.2.9).
Midedirectamentelacalidaddeloslinersotapas,yaquesuvalornodependedelascaractersticas
deformacindelcartn.
Figura.2.9.Direccindelestallidoenlapruebamullen.
21
2.7.3.RESISTENCIAALACOMPRESIN/TOPTOBOTTOMCOMPRESSION(BCT)
Figura.2.10.Pruebadecompresinacajas.
Mide la fuerza mxima de compresin tapafondo, que una caja de cartn soporta antes de fallar,
dicha fuerza es aplicada entre dos placas paralelas a una velocidad de 13mm/min. El resultado se
mideenlbs,kgskn(fig.2.10).
Esteensayomidelahabilidaddelacajapararesistirfuerzasexternasdecompresin.
Es la prueba ms importante pues permite estimar el apilamiento, puntos de deformacin y

colapsamiento,ascomolacargamximaquesoportaunacaja(fig.2.11).
Figura.2.11.Izq.mquinadecompresindeCajas,derecha.Ubicacindelacajaenuncompresometro.
22
2.7.4.ECT(EDGECRUSHTESTER).COMPRESINDELAFLAUTA.
Indicalaresistenciaalacompresinprovocadaporunacargaejercidasobreelcantooseccindel
cartncorrugado,paralelaalasondulaciones.(fig.2.12.)
Influye directamente sobre la resistencia a la compresin de la caja (BCT).Depende de la adhesin
entrelospapeles,ascomodelacalidaddeloslinersydelaonda.
Figura 2.12. La prueba de canto
Estapruebamidelafuerzamximadecompresinparalelaalasflautasqueunamuestradecartn
soporta antes de fallar dicha fuerza es aplicada entre dos placas paralelas a una velocidad de
13mm/min.
Existen cuatro mtodos diferentes para realizar esta prueba, los cuales difieren bsicamente en el tamao y
formadelamuestra.Elresultadosemideenlbs.pul,kg/cmokn/m.
La prueba de compresin de columna o Edge crush test (ECT) se usa para determinar la
compresin de de una parte del corrugado y tiene una correlacin directa con la fuerza de
compresin de el espcimen usado para la evaluacin debe ser extrado del corrugado o de una
seccindelacaja.Sielespcimenestomadodelaparteinferiordelacajapuedeestaralmenos1
pulgada de distancia de las lneas del score, reas impresas o cualquier otro que pueda reducir la
compresindelosmaterialescontenidosenelcorrugado.
ElECTesusadoconotrasvariablesdelacaja(calibreypermetro),parapredecirlacompresinfinal
delacaja.Enelcasoenquelafuerzadecompresindelacajaesconocida,(tambincomolasotras
caractersticas) la correspondiente al ECT puede ser calculada. Cuando se predice el valor de
compresin de la cajadesde el ECT las condiciones de fabricacin durante el proceso puede ser
previstasycontroladas.
23
2.8. ASPECTOS QUE AFECTAN LAS CARACTERSTICAS DE LOS EMPAQUES

CORRUGADOS.
Lasflautassonlaspartesdelcorrugadoqueproveensuresistenciaalaestibaycualquiertipodedao
reducesuefectividad.
Si las orillas del cartn son maltratadas se pueden llegar a afectar su desempeo en equipos de
armadoautomtico,paraprevenirdaos,lassiguientesprcticasdebendeseguir:
Elempaquedebeseralmacenadohorizontalmente,
Elempaquedebeseralmacenadoensuperficieslimpias,msaunsisetratadelaindustria
alimenticia.
Dejarlosflejesoproteccionesenlospaqueteshastaqueelmaterialsevayaautilizar.
Nocolocarobjetosmuypesadossobrelospallets.
Siempremuevaconmuchocuidadolosempaques.Nolosmaltrategolpeeoarrastre.
Alta humedad o contacto directocon agua puedenafectar adversamenteel desempeo
delmaterialdeempaque.
La extrema baja humedad o la extrema temperatura pueden reducir el contenido porcentual de

humedaddelmaterialdeempaqueyloalteraprincipalmentesusdimensiones,tambinprovocaque
lafibrayadhesivosedebiliten.
2.9. INFLUENCIA DE LA HUMEDAD RELATIVA EN LAS PROPIEDADES DEL PAPEL Y

CARTN.
Eselfactormsimportanteeinfluyenotablementeenlaspropiedadesdelpapelycartn.
GRAMAJE. Entre ms hmedo o seco sea el ambiente, mayor o menor peso tendr el
papel.
MULLEN. La resistencia a la ruptura disminuye al aumentar la humedad relativa en el
ambiente de un 40% en adelante. Esto es debido a que los enlaces y la estructura del
papelsedebilitan.
RIGIDEZ DEL PAPEL O CARTN. En forma general, si el contenido de humedad se
incrementaenun1%larigidezdelpapelocartnsedecrementoenun8%.
Uncambioenelcontenidodehumedadde1%enelpapelocartnestasociadoconuncambioen
lahumedadrelativadel10%.
Efectodelahumedadsobrelaresistenciaalacompresindelosempaques(tabla2.1).
24
Tabla.2.1.Efectodelahumedadsobrelaresistenciaalacompresin.
porcentajedehumedad
relativa
decrementodela
resistenciadelempaque
50%
sinperdida
60%
10%
70%
20%
80%
32%
90%
52%
100%
85%
Elefectodeltiempodealmacenamientosobrelaresistenciaalacompresindelosempaquestabla
2.2.
Tabla.2.2.Efectodelalmacenamientosobrelaresistenciaalacompresindeunempaque.
dasdealmacenamiento
perdidaderesistenciaenel
empaque
10
37%
30
40%
90
45%
180
50%
25

CAPITULOIII
INDUSTRIADELCARTN.
Elcartntienegranimpactodentrodelaindustria,esteseutilizaparael
empaquetamientoyalmacenamientodediversosmaterialesoproductos,enestecaptulo
setomarencuentaalgunasdelasventajasydesventajasdelmaterialcorrugadoparasus
aplicacionesenlaindustria.
3.LAINDUSTRIADELCARTN.
Elcartncorrugadoeselmaterialdetrasportenmerouno,laindustriadelcartnonduladogenera
unafacturacinanualsuperioralos90milmillonesdedlaresentodoelmundo.Constituyeunode
los segmentos ms importantes en el rea del embalaje en nuestros das. El cartn ondulado se
fabricaapartirdecelulosa.Elsecretodelafuerzadelmaterialestribaensuestabilidadgraciasala
distribucin de presin. Existen igualmente versiones que poseen dos, tres o ms capas onduladas.
Las posibilidades de embalaje personalizado de productos son amplsimas, desde instrumentos
musicaleshastamotoresdiesel.
International studies confirm the ecological and economic benefits of corrugated board over
plastics.The winner and defending champion in the competition for the best transport packaging
materialforfruitandvegetablesiscorrugatedboard.Itscoresespeciallyhighoverplasticcratesinthe
keydisciplinesofecologyandeconomics.InternationalstudiesanalyzedbyFEFCOinGermany,Spain,
andSwitzerlandclearlyconfirmtheadvantagesofcorrugatedboardwhileunderscoringitsprimary
benefitsintheareasofenvironmentalimpactandcosteffectiveness.
Losestudiosinternacionalesconfirmanlasventajasecolgicasyeconmicasdelosplsticoscontralas
del cartn corrugado, el ganador y el actual campen en la competencia para el mejor material de
empaquetado de transporte para la fruta y verdura es de cartn corrugado. Anota especialmente
arriba sobre los cajones plsticos en las disciplinas dominantes de la ecologa y de la economa.
EstudiosInternacionalesanalizadosporFEFCOenAlemania,Espaa,ySuizaconfirmanclaramentelas
ventajas de de cartn corrugado mientras que subraya sus ventajas primarias en las reas de la
rentabilidaddelasconsecuenciasparaelmedioambiente.
EspaaocupaunodelosprimeroslugaresenlaUninEuropeaenlautilizacindepapelrecuperado
como materia prima, con una tasa superior al 80%. La industria papelera espaola garantiza el
reciclajedetodoelpapelyelcartnqueserecupera.
Como la lgica indica, la industria papelera est muy interesada en el mantenimiento de su fuente
importante de materia prima: los bosques. La tendencia actual en el suministro de madera para la
fabricacin de papel es el cultivo de rboles de crecimiento rpido (eucalipto, pino, radiata...). Las
especies de crecimiento rpido desempean una importante funcin medioambiental, ya que
absorbencuatrovecesmsdixidodecarbonoquelasespeciesdecrecimientolento.Hoyendams
del80%delpapelusadoparafabricarcartnonduladohasidoreciclado.
DeacuerdoconelProgramaparaelMedioAmbientedelasNacionesUnidas(PNUMA),Mxicoesel
segundopasenelmundoquemsrecicla.
27
Podra ser risible, considerando que el Distrito Federal es una de las ciudades ms contaminadas y
que el pas genera 39 millones de toneladas de basura al ao. Apenas una dcima parte de eso
correspondeacartn(4.38millones)peroelaopasadoserecicl83%deesematerial.
Paralograresto,hayunaluchaporlabasuraentremsde1,700empresas,sincontaralosmilesde
pepenadores independientes. Entre las que ms pelean por el cartn se encuentran grandes
empresas,comoKimberlyClark,Smurfit,GrupoDurango,SanPablo,IruayNevado.
Pero hay pequeas compaas afiliadas al Inare que podran competir en acopio incluso con Wal
Mart,pueslleganarehusarhasta10,000toneladasalmes.EselcasodeunarancheraenelEstadode
Mxicoenlaquetrabajan5,000personasyproveenaKimberlyClark.
La campaa de las tres R va ms all de WalMart. No slo las dependencias de gobierno tienen
acuerdosparareciclajeconSmurfitoGrupoDurango.Elaopasado,losindustrialesdelacelulosay
el papel impulsaron una norma con la Secretara del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales
(Semarnart)ylaSecretaradeEconomaparaquealmenos60%delpapelqueseutilizaenelpasse
recolecteparasureciclaje.Yahaydosdecretospresidencialesquepromuevenestaactividad.
Con todo esto, la Cmara de la Celulosa y Papel planea que esa industria pase de un ndice de
recoleccin de 44.8% en el ao 2005 al 60% durante esteao. Con ello se evitara la ocupacin de
2.31millonesdemetroscbicosenlosrellenossanitarioscadaao.
El ritmo va bien. Ms, considerando que Mxico es uno de los pases que ms consumen fibras
secundariasnacionalesparalafabricacindepapel.En2006,lacifrallega2.8millonesdetoneladas,
lo que contribuy a que la Industria Papelera Mexicana contine posicionada entre los primeros
pasesrecicladoresdelmundo.
Deacuerdoconlacmara,Mxicotieneunndicedeutilizacindefibrasecundariade83.6%,yun
consumo de fibra virgen de apenas 16.4%. Parece increble semejante avance en el pas. Pero an
faltaunbuentrechoparaqueelprocesonacionaldeacopioyreciclajeseaeficiente,seprofesionalice
y se salven muchos ms rboles. Por ahora, WalMart ya dio un pequeo impulso con el cartn
(fig.3.1). Habr que ver hasta a cuntos otros que dependen de su negocio puede convencer para
llegara2025concerobasurasslidas.
ElcartncorrugadosegnlaInternacionalGoodManufacturingPracticeStndard,afinalesdelao
2003, aseguro que el empaque corrugado cumple con los requerimientos de calidad seguridad e
higiene dentro de la industria de alimentos, considerando que el corrugado es verstil en formas,
ligero,fuerteyaltamentereciclable.
28
Figura.3.1.Ciclodelrecicladodelcartn.
Los empaques de cartn corrugado son estructuras complejas de ingeniera a pesar de su simple
apariencia se adaptan fcilmente a todos los medios de transporte, ya sea por tierra, mar o aire y
ademspresentanunagranvariedadderivadadelusodeunagrangamadepapelescondiferentes
caractersticas y propiedades de manera que se pueden combinar para adaptarse a los
requerimientosespecficosdecadacliente,contemplandosussistemasdedistribucin.
Es importante resaltar que el proceso de reciclado de la materia prima del cartn Corrugado es el
papelKraft,delcualenunciaremoslospasosquesellevanacaboparaestamedidaquehacemucho
msrentableaestaindustria.
DavidGutirrez,gerentedeSmurfitMxico,ldermundialenelrecicladodepapel,indicquesu
empresasededicaalarecoleccindeesteproductoparaconvertirloenempaquesdecervezaocajas
paraartculosdebelleza.
Todoelmaterialdereciclajeesdesperdiciodelasociedad,comoarchivosmuertos,cuadernos
escolaresyhojasdeoficina;lastiendasocorporativoslovendenodonan,detallGutirrez.
Lospreciosportoneladavandesde350hastadosmil200pesos,segnlacantidaddemanodeobra
queseocupeenlaeliminacindeloscontaminantes.
Lo que nos interesa de esta industria tan rentable es el reciclaje de materia prima, la plantas
papelerastienenuncicloquepermitelarecoleccindematerialdelossobrantesdelosprocesosde
29
cartn, o de papel, lo cual permite que se lleve nuevamente a las moliendas para ser procesadas
nuevamenteparadesarrollarpapelomateriaprimaparalasCartoneras(figura3.2.).
Figura.3.2.Pacasderecuperacin.
Parasaberlascualidadesdelpapelysususossevenmuyreferenciadosporlacantidaddematerial
quesereutiliza(fig.3.3.).
Figura.3.3.Porcentajedematerialreutilizableenlostiposdepapel.
Como se puede observar la fabricacin de papel como materia prima del cartn corrugado, se ha
modificadoenbasealasnecesidadesambientalesquedeformaglobalhaninfluenciadoalasplantas
fabricadorasyrecicladorasdelosmateriales.
30
CAPITULOIV
PRUEBASCOMUNESQUESEREALIZAN
ALASCAJASDECARTN.
Sedescribirnlosensayosqueaplicaremosalproductoterminado,obtendremoslos
valorestericosydescribiremoslametodologadelaspruebasparaaplicaralasprobetas.
Sedetallarnlaspruebasdemayorrelevanciaalarevisindelproductoterminadocomo
son:calibre,Mullen,EdgeCrushTester(ECT),BoxCrushTester(BCT).
4.PRUEBASCOMUNESQUESEREALIZANALASCAJASDECARTN.
Para los fines de nuestro estudio se describirn los ensayos que se les aplicarn a las probetas o
muestrasdeembalajes,cajasprueba;paraaspoderentendermejorlosconceptosycaractersticas
principalesdelascajas,comoloson,elcalibre,laresistenciaalestallidoomullen,ascomoelestudio
alacompresindeunapartedelaestructuraquehablamosdelEdgeCrushTester(ECT),ycomoen
sutotalidadToptoBottomCompression(BCT).
4.1CALIBRE.
DEFINICIN.
Eselgrosoroespesordeunalaminadeterminadaenfuncinalacombinacinutilizadadepapelesy
eltipodecorrugado.
FUNCIN.
Factorocaractersticaderelevanciaesloqueledacuerpoalmaterialcorrugado,tambinesunvalor
quesetomaencuentaparaelclculodelaresistenciaalacompresin.
REFERENCIASDELAPRUEBA.
TAPPIT411
Objetivo: Determinar el espesor de papel, corrugado y sus combinaciones estructurales. Esta
propiedadestdirectamenterelacionadaconlaspropiedadesmecnicasdelacaja(fig.4.1).
EQUIPO.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Superficieplanadecontacto(formatocircular).
Dimensionesde2.00+/0.05cm2.
Presindecontactode50kPA.
Velocidaddedescensode1+/0.3m/S.
TiempodeAnlisis3+/1seg.
32
Figura.4.1.Medidordeespesores.
EQUIPOSADICIONALES.
Cortadorparamuestras(Cutter).
DESARROLLODELAPRUEBA.
Eltamaodelamuestraatomarparalapruebadecalibre,esunpliegodelminadecartn.
Preparacinde10muestrasparaanlisis.
Llevelamuestraallaboratoriodecalidadyprocedaacortarlamuestraenlaguillotina.
Cortedemuestrasdemnimo40mmx120mm.
Colocacinenequipoymedicindelcalibre(fig.4.2)
Retirodemuestraycolocacinsiguientehastacompletarestudio.
Figura.4.2.Colocacindelmaterialytomadelectura.
33
ERRORESCOMUNES.
ParalelismoenelequipoPistn/Base
IMPACTOENPRODUCCINOCLIENTES.
A) Calibreimpactadirectamenteenpropiedadesdeflexibilidaddelpapel.
B) Problemasencorrugadora,rasgadoenlnea.
4.2.RESISTENCIAALESTALLIDOOMULLEN.
DEFINICIN.
Este mtodo se disea para medir la fuerza mxima de estallido del papel y de los productos del
papel.
Elvalortericoseobtienedelasespecificacionesdelamateriaprima,paraastenerunparmetro
conquecompararlosresultadosporloquetenemos:
(Mullenlinerinterior+mullenlinerexterior)0.07
Elvalorde0.07esunfactordeconversindelibras/plg2akilos/cm2
Si tenemos un doble corrugado solo se agrega el valor del liner interior y se realiza el mismo
procedimiento.
TAPPIT807CartnyLiner
Objetivo: Evaluar la estructura de la lmina en procesos de tensin y elongacin. Dependiendo del
tipo,laproporcin,lapreparacinylacantidaddefibrapresente.
EQUIPO.
APARATODEPRUEBADEESTALLIDO.
A) DimetrodeMordaza95.3mm
B) AberturaDiafragmade31.50mm+/0.03mm.
34
C) Diafragmaconresistenciade160kPaa210kPa.
D) PresindeGlicerinade170+/15mL/min
E) PresinMnimadeSujecin690kPA
Aparatosmanuales.
A) Noestnconsideradosporestemtodo.
EquiposAdicionales
B) Ninguno.
Tamaodemuestra:
Noespecifico,suficienteparaqueseasujetadaensutotalidadporlamordazasuperioralamordaza
inferior.
Preparacinde10muestrasparaanlisis
Asegurarcondicionesdesujecin,fluidodeglicerinadeequipo(fig.4.3)
Figura.4.3.Sujecindelmaterial.
35
Colocar Muestra, sujetar, bombear glicerina, esperar estallido de papel y anotar valor mximo
(fig.4.4).
Figura.4.4.Estallidodematerialylecturaenelmanmetro.
ERRORESCOMUNES.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Nosetieneverificadoelratedeflujodeglicerina.
Membranadaada.
Manmetrodescalibrado.
En equipos mecnicos, ms fuerza en la mordaza dar menos Mullen, menos fuerza en las
mordazasdarmayorMullen.
E) ComparacinentreequiposAutomticossinhaberrealizadopreviaanlisis.
IMPACTOENPRODUCCINCLIENTES.
A) BajoMullenprovocaravencimientodeestibasdeproductoterminado.
B) Bajo Mullen provocar rechazo por parte del convertidor, necesario realizar una verificacin
interlaboratoriosafindeasegurarvalores.
36
4.3ECT(EDGECRUSHTESTER)COMPRESINDELAFLAUTA.
DEFINICIN.
Indicalaresistenciaalacompresinprovocadaporunacargaejercidasobreelcantooseccindel
cartncorrugado,paralelaalasondulaciones.
FUNCIN.
Influye directamente sobre la resistencia a la compresin de la caja (BCT).Depende de la adhesin
entrelospapeles,ascomodelacalidaddeloslinersydelaonda.
ParacalcularelECT,esnecesariosaberelresultadoobienlaespecificacindeloscomponentesdel
cartn,unapruebasimilarqueselerealizaaloslinersymdiumeselringcrushtester,queeselvalor
alacompresindelpapelensentidovertical,ringporquesecolocaenundispositivocircularquelo
mantendrenposicinmientraslaplataformadelcompresometroloaplasta.
ParaobtenerelvalortericodelECTutilizaremos:
ECT=(0.80(RCL1+RCL2+(RCM*TUF))+12(vertabla4.1)
RCL=Ringcrushdeliner
RCM=Ringcrushdemedium
TUF=Factoresdelasflautas
ECT=EdgeCrushTest
Tabla4.1.Factoresdelostiposdeflautas.
FactorTUFflauta A=
1.54
FactorTUFflauta B=
1.32
FactorTUFflauta C=
1.43
37
Elvalorobtenidosebuscaenungraficolainterseccinconlacurva(fig.4.5)
RESISTENCIA A LA COLUMNA COMO UNA FUNCION DEL RING-CRU

COMBINADO
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
Figura.4.5.CurvaderingcrushVsECT.
REFERENCIADELAPRUEBA.
TAPPI811y838.
Objetivo: Evaluar la estructura de la lmina en procesos de compresin de canto. Dependiendo del
tipodecorrugado,ypapelesqueloconforman.
EQUIPO.
APARATODEPRUEBADECOMPRESIN.
A) Tamao de platina, variable, depende del fabricante de la caja y puede ser diseada en
especfico.
B) Celdasdecargade1a4celdasdependiendodelreadelcompresmetro(fig.4.6).
C) Aperturadeplatinassegnproveedor.
38
Figura.4.6.Compresmetro.
EquiposAdicionales
A) Cortadoneumticodeprobetasestndar.
Tamaodemuestra:
Secolocauncortedecartnde2x2enelcortador,dedondeseobtendrunaprobetaestndar
(verfig.4.7)
Preparacinde10muestrasparaanlisis.
Figura.4.7.Probetaestndar.
39
Secolocarasobrelaplatinadelcompresor,yseaccionaralaspalancasparaquebajelaotraplatina
queaplastaralaprobeta.
Enelindicadorsetomaralalecturaalmomentodelafalla.
ERRORESCOMUNES.
A) Indicadordescalibrado.
B) Paralelismo.
C) Daodelaprobeta,fracturandolaflauta.
A) Bajo de ECT, provoca directamente una baja en los valores de compresin de la caja a la
estiba.
4.4.TOPTOBOTTOMCOMPRESSION(BCT)COMPRESINDECAJAARMADA.
DEFINICIN.
Este ensayo mide la habilidad de la caja para resistir fuerzas externas de compresin.
Es la prueba ms importante pues permite estimar el apilamiento, puntos de deformacin y
colapsamiento,ascomolacargamximaquesoportaunacaja.
Suclculoserealizapormediodelaformula:
Compresindelacaja=5.82xECTxcalibrexpermetro
ComosepuedeveraquseutilizanvalorescomoelcalibreyelECTquereflejanlaimportanciayla
relacinconlascaractersticasdeenconjuntodelacajaalfinal.
TAPPIT804Cajas
40
Objetivo: Obtener informacin acerca de la capacidad de las cajas y sus componentes adicionales
(esquineros, refuerzos, particiones) de presentar la resistencia suficiente durante el manejo del
productohastalaentregaconelclienteparaasegurarqueseprotegesucontenido.
EQUIPO.
APARATODEPRUEBADECOMPRESIN.
D) Tamao de platina, variable, depende del fabricante de la caja y puede ser diseada en
especfico.
E) Celdasdecargade1a4celdasdependiendodelreadelcompresmetro(fig.4.8).
F) Aperturadeplatinassegnproveedor.
G) Velocidaddecarga13.0+/2.5mm/seg.
EquiposAdicionales
B) Ninguno.
Figura.4.8.Mquinapararealizarlacompresindecajas.
41
Seobtienenlasprobetasocajasqueseanalizarn.
Searmanlascajas.
Secolocanentrelasplatinasenelcentro.
Losindicadoresdecolocanencero,paranoobtenerningunalecturafalsa.
Seaccionanlosdispositivosparaquebajelaplatinaalavelocidadindicada.
Setomalalecturadelindicador,enelmomentodelafalla.
Seretiralamuestraysecolocanlassiguienteshastaterminarconelestudio.
ERRORESCOMUNES.
A) Equipodescalibrado.
B) Malaubicacindelacajabajolaplatina.
A) Colapsodelmaterial.
42
CAPITULOV
Realizacindeensayosyresultados.
Enestecaptulorevisaremoslaejecucindelaspruebasyobtendremoslosvalores
calculadosylosencontradosenlasprobetas.
Analizaremoslosvaloresobtenidosconbasealasformulacionesyalaspruebas.
5.EJECUCINDELOSENSAYOS.
5.1. PROCEDIMIENTO DE COMPRESIN DE CAJA ARMADA O TOP TO BOTTOM
COMPRESSION(BCT)
Realizaremos el primer ensayo que es la compresin de caja armada, el cual nos permite observar el
comportamientodelmaterialalapilamiento,seobtendrnlosvaloresdecargamxima.
Sepreparalamquina,seconectaalacorrienteeldisplayyelmotorquehacedescenderlaplaca(fig.5.1),se
identificanlosbotonesocontroladoresquesenecesitarnduranteelensayo.
Figura.5.1.Preparacindelamquina.
Conloscontroladoresdesubir,bajaryparoseajustalaalturadelaplacaconformealaprobetaala
cualseleaplicarelensayo(fig.5.2).
44
Figura.5.2.Ajustedelaplaca.
Pararealizarelensayosenecesitanlasprobetas,comoestpruebaloindicalacajadebeestar
armada,paraestodebemosarmarlas(fig.5.3).Secolocacintaenlassolapasparaevitarqueestase
meta.Aligualsecolocacintaenelancho,yalfinalsecierralacaja.
Figura.5.3.Armadodelascajas.
Ya con las cajas armadas y listas, se colocan en el compresometro, se alinea de manera que se
encuentreenelcentrodelasplacas(fig.5.4).
Figura.5.4.Acomododelaprobetaentrelasplacas.
45
Se utilizan los controladores y se hace descender la placa, es decir se le aplicara la carga hasta el
puntodondesedeformeocolapseelmaterial.Enelindicadorseregistrarlacargamximayestase
registrarcomolaresistenciamximaalacompresindecajaarmadaconfuerzadinmica(fig.5.5).
Figura.5.5.Aplicacindelacargayregistrodelacargamxima.
Paraterminar,seliberalamuestraconloscontroladoressehacesubirlaplacayseretiralamuestra,
secontinuaconelensayohastaterminarconlasprobetas.
5.1.1. PROCEMIENTO DE PRUEBA DE EDGE CRUSH TESTER COMPRESIN DE LA

FLAUTA(ECT).
En este ensayo observaremos los valores de compresin de canto a una seccin del corrugado en
direccinalasondulacionesobienflautas.
Sepreparaelmaterialaensayar,setomandelascajasunaseccindelasdimensionesde3.2cmy5.3
cm,tomandoqueelanchodebecorresponderaladireccindelcorrugado,parapoderrealizaresto
senecesitanunaregla,unmetroyuncutter(figura.5.6).
Figura.5.6.Sepreparanlasmuestraspararealizarelensayo.
46
Sepreparalamquina,conectandoelmotoralacorriente,severificaqueenindicadorseencuentre
encero(figura5.7).
Figura.5.7.Compresometrolistoparaserutilizado.
Secolocalaprobetaenunabasequelomantendrenposicin,mientrassebajalaplacaobiensele
aplicalacarga(fig.5.8).
Figura.5.8.Colocarlaprobetaensubaseyaplicarlacarga.
Sellegahastalacargamximayseregistraestevalorcomoellmitemximoalacompresindeuna
seccindelcorrugado(fig.5.9)
47
Figura.5.9.Registrodelacargamxima.
Obteniendo el valor mximo se acciona el dispositivo subiendo la placa para liberar la probeta, se
retiralamuestradelabasesujetadora(fig.5.10).
Figura.5.10.Subirlaplaca,liberarlaprobeta.
Secontinaconelensayohastaterminarlasprobetas,seregistranlosresultados.
5.1.2.PROCEDIMIENTODELENSAYOMULLENORESISTENCIAALESTALLIDO.
Enesteensayoobservaremoselcomportamientodelmaterialalimpacto,seanalizarlaresistenciaal
estallido.
Se preparan muestras manipulables o bien de un tamao sencillo de manejar, no tiene relevancia
ninguna dimensin, solo que se pueda manipular dentro de la maquina. Se prepara la maquina
verificandoquelosindicadoresseencuentrenencero,yseconectaalacorriente(fig.5.11).
48
Figura.5.11.Preparacindelamquinamullen.
LamanerademontarlaprobetaaensayarenlamaquinaMullen,essubiendolasmordazas,girando
lamanivela(fig.5.12).
Figura.5.12.Elevacindelasmordazasparacolocarlaprobeta.
Secolocalaprobetaotrozodecartnyseajustalamordazas,siendoimportantedestacarquesise
refiere a corrugado sencillo o doble corrugado se debe ajustar el apriete de la mordaza segn
especificacin(fig.5.13).
49
Figura.5.13.Seajustanlasmordazas.
Seaplicalafuerza,accionandolapalancaquedejaraquefluyaellquidoquellenareldiafragmael
cualempujarelmaterial,provocandoelestallidodelmaterial(fig.5.14).
Figura.5.14.Seaplicalafuerza.
Seregistralalecturamximadelmanmetro,haciendogirarlamanivelaseliberalamuestraobienel
material(fig.5.15).
Figura.5.15.Registrodelacargamximayliberacindelmaterial.
50
5.1.3.PROCEDIMIENTODELENSAYOPARADETERMINARELCALIBRE.
Elobjetivoderealizaresteensayo,esdeterminarelcalibredelalminaconlaqueserealizolascajas
decartn,yaqueestefactoresdeterminanteparalosensayosdecompresin.
Parapoderdesarrollarelensayohayqueidentificarlasparteselinstrumento,elcualsecomponede
una palanca que acciona el movimiento del pie de presin, parte mvil, El yunque es la superficie
planapulidaqueseencuentraenlaparteinferiordelinstrumento.Caberesaltarqueestasdospiezas
debenestarparalelasysulecturadebesercero.
Se preparan las muestras del cartn obteniendo una seccin de las probetas cortando un triangulo
(fig.5.16).
Figura.5.16.Cortedemuestraenformadetriangulo.
Selevantaelpiedepresindelmicrmetro(fig.5.17).
Figura.5.17.Preparacindelinstrumento.
51
Secolocalapiezadecartnentreelpiedepresinyelyunque,bajandoelpiedepresinsindejarlo
caerparanodescalibrarelinstrumento(fig.5.18).
Figura.5.18.Posicindelmaterialenelinstrumento.
Setomalalecturaobtenidaysecontinaconlasmuestras(fig.5.19).
Figura.5.19.Registrodelvaloryliberacindelmaterial.
52
5.2.RESULTADOSDELOSENSAYOS.
5.2.1.ResultadosdelensayodeMullenoresistenciaalestallido.
CAJAAGRCOLA.
Tabla.5.1.ResultadosdeMullen,probetacajaAGRCOLA.
CAJATAP5.
Tabla.5.2.ResultadosdeMullen,probetacajaTAP5.
53
CAJADOSROLLOSJANEL.
Tabla.5.3.ResultadosdeMullen,probetacajaJANEL.
CAJANYD7.
Tabla.5.4.ResultadosdeMullen,probetacajaNYD7.
54
5.2.2. Resultados del ensayo de resistencia a la compresin de canto o una seccin

delcartn.EdgeCrushtester(ECT).
CAJAAGRCOLA.
Tabla.5.5.ResultadosdeECT,probetacajaAGRICOLA.
CAJATAP5.
Tabla.5.6.ResultadosdeECT,probetacajaTAP5.
55
CAJAPARADOSROLLOSJANEL.
Tabla.5.7.ResultadosdeECT,probetacajaJANEL.
CAJANYD7
Tabla.5.8.ResultadosdeECT,probetacajaNYD7.
56
5.2.3.RESULTADOSDELACOMPRESINDELACAJAARMADA(BCT).
CAJAAGRCOLA.
Tabla.5.9.ResultadosdeCompresindelaCajaArmadaAGRICOLA.
CAJATAP5.
Tabla.5.10.ResultadosdeCompresindelacajaTAP5.
57
Tabla.5.11.ResultadosdeCompresindelacajaJANEL.
CAJANYD7.
Tabla.5.12.ResultadosdeCompresindelacajaNYD7.
58
5.2.4.RESULTADOSDELCALIBRE.
CAJAAGRCOLA.
Tabla.5.13.ResultadosdeCalibredelacajaAgrcola.
CAJATAP5.
Tabla.5.14.ResultadosdeCalibredelacajaTAP5.
59
Tabla.5.15.ResultadosdeCalibredelacajaJANEL.
CAJANYD7.
Tabla.5.16.ResultadosdeCalibredelacajaNYD7.
60
5.3.DEFECTOSQUEAFECTANELDESEMPEODELCARTN.
Parapoderfabricarelcartncorrugadoseutilizacomomateriaprimordialelpapel(fig,32),elcual
puedepresentarlossiguientesdefectos:
Figura.5.36.MateriaPrima.
Humedad,lacualmodificalaestructuradelpapel(fig.33),separalasfibrashaciendomenosresistente
alestallido.
Figura.5.37.Humedadqueseparalasfibras.
Bajosvaloresdecompresindelpapel,debidoasuconformacindelasfibrasycomposicindelas
mismasalsermscortas(fig.34).
61
Figura.5.38.Fibradelpapelcortasylargas.
Altaviscosidadeneladhesivo,yaqueporlasaltastemperaturasquemanejalamaquinacorrugadora,
enlosdepsitosendondeseencuentraelalmidn,segelatinizaynoseimpregnancorrectamentelas
capas del cartn, Lo que provoca un defecto de deslaminado, tambin pude ser provocado por la
cristalizacin del almidn, ya que en la zona de secado se expone a altas temperaturas el material
(fig.35).
Figura.5.39.Altaviscosidaddelalmidnefectodedeslaminado.
Una mala adhesin de los papeles, provoca ampollado que se traduce en un deslaminado y baja
resistencia.
62
Figura.5.40.Efectodeampollado.
Unexcesodepresinenambosprocesos,eldecorrugadoracomoeldeconversindebedeteneren
consideracinqueelCalibreesunfactordesumaimportanciaparalascualidades(fig.37).
Figura.5.41.Aplastamientodelasflautasporpresin.
Esteseveafectadoprimeroencorrugadora,yaqueelrodilloqueempujaalasflautasparaquese
impregnendeadhesivoalnoestardebidamentecalibradopuedellegarafracturarlasestructurasde
inicio, al pasar por las planchas y rodillos que dirigen el material sucede el mismo efecto y al final
dondelascuchillasyaconlasdimensionesquesonrequeridasporlafabricacinterminanporejercer
unaciertapresinsobreelmaterial,loquesumaunaseriedeposiblesdescalibraciones,provocaun
aplastamientoenlasflautas,unafracturaqueresultaenundesgasteofatigadelmaterial(fig.38).
63
Figura.5.42.Relevanciadelcuidadodelcalibre.
Enelreadeconversinsucedeunfenmenosimilaryaquelasmaquinas,tienenrodillosporlosque
pasa el material para poder ser impreso y cortado. Un caso similar de aplastamiento y fatiga a las
flautas.
El cambio en la direccin de las flautas, es primordial ya que trabajan de manera diferente, por su
conformacinyporlaestructuradelasfibras(fig.39).
Y el tiempo, que ya fue expuesto su factor de efectividad del material con respecto a este en un
capitulo2.Consultartabla.
Figura.5.43.Ladireccindelcorrugado.
64
Por ello es importante un desarrollo correcto del producto en la designacin de la combinacin

correctadepapelessegnsuscaractersticasparaeltrabajo.
En el proceso, el mantener las propiedades que determinan el trabajo mximo que pueden dar los
productos,pormediodeinspeccionesoportunas.
Elmanejodelproductoterminado,queayudaamantenerlascondicionesidneasdelmaterialhasta
lallegadadelcliente(fig.40).
Figura.5.44.Manejodelmaterial.
La suma de estas actividades, proporcionar una satisfaccin del cliente en sus especificaciones.
ResultandoenproductodealtacalidadyprestigiocomoProveedor.
65
ANLISISDERESULTADOS.
EnlaspruebasdeMullenoresistenciaalestallido,enlamuestraCAJAAGRICOLAestuvomuypor
encimadelvalorespecificado,mostrqueelmaterialestuvomuysobradosuscomponentes.
LaCAJATAP5,losvaloresfueronpordebajodelvalorespecificadoyenalgunospuntossedesplomo
an a pesar de que se mantuvo en un rango aceptable, los puntos que son muy abajo hace que el
materialnosecomportedemaneraestable.
LaCAJAJANEL,secomportoporencimaconunbuenrangoconrespectodelaespecificacin.
La CAJA NYD7, se mantuvo en un buen rango con respecto de la especificacin no presentando
demasiadavariacin.
En la prueba de Mullen o resistencia al estallido, las muestras mantuvieron un rango aceptable a
pesardelosvaloresbajos,yaqueelpromedioqueesloquesemanejausualmenteenlascartoneras
secomportoestableoconunavariacindeunpuntoenlosvaloresbajos.
En las pruebas de ECT (Edge Crush Test) compresin de la flauta, en las muestras de la CAJA
AGRICOLA, los valores se comportaron por encima de la especificacin, se not que el proceso se
llevodemaneraidneayaquenoseviofracturaquepudiesedesplomarlosvalores.
LaCAJATAP5,losvaloressevierondebajodelaespecificacinymantuvieronunrangomuyinferior,
loquepudoserprovocadoporelprocesoalexistirunaplastamientoexcesivoenlaestructuradela
flauta.
La CAJA JANEL, el mismo efecto de desplome de los valores, provocados tal vez por la misma
circunstanciaundaoenlaestructurainternadelcorrugado.
La CAJA NYD7, los valores se vieron muy por debajo de un rango aceptable con respecto de la
especificacin.
Para la prueba de ECT, los valores exceptuando a la primera caja AGRICOLA, los puntajes se
desplomaron en la mayora de los casos con una variacin de 3 unidades por debajo de lo
especificado, evidencia de un aplastamiento excesivo de las flautas al momento de fabricar las
laminas de cartn o bien en el proceso de impresin para asegurar la apariencia se excedi en la
presindelosrodillos.
66
ParalosresultadosdeBCT(ToptoBottomcompression),enlasmuestrasdelaCAJAAGRICOLAsolo
hubotresmuestrasquesemantuvieronenunrangoaceptableconrespectodelaespecificacinylos
demsvaloressedesplomaronloquemuestraquelasprobetaspresentaronalgntipodeerrorenla
fabricacin.Loscierressonimportantesymasenestetipodecajasyaquearmatotalmenteamanoy
elarmadodependemuchodelamaneraenlaquedoblanloscandados,alserincorrectosecorreel
riesgodefracturarlosrefuerzosdelasesquinasolosanchosdelacaja.
Locualesderelevanciayaqueelmayoresfuerzosepresentaenlasesquinas,almomentodeaplicar
lafuerzadinmica.
LaCAJATAP5,sucomportamientofuemuydebajodelaespecificacin.
La CAJA JANEL, los valores que se encontraron al momento del ensayo fueron por debajo de los
valorescalculados.
La CAJA NYD7, para estas probetas el comportamiento fue similar al de los casos anteriores se
desplomaronmuchoantesdeloespecificado.
ParaestapruebaBCT(ToptoBottomcompression),elarmado,eltipodecierre,elaplastamientode
lasflautas,elpermetrodelacaja;sonfactoresquedesencadenanquelascajasalmomentodeser
sometidasalacargasedesplomanantesdelvalorcalculado.
La evaluacin de las cajas es que cumplen con las especificaciones para el Mullen o resistencia al
estallido,peronoparalacompresinoestiba.
67
CONCLUSIONES.
ParalaCAJAAGRCOLA,losresultadosapesardesermuysobradosseconsideraquetieneun
buen desempeo y muy confiable para la estiba as como para la resistencia al estallido o
Mullen.
ParalaCAJATAP5,losvaloresestnrespetablesparalaresistenciaalestallidooMullen,pero
estacajanoesbuenaparalaEstibayaquepresentabajosvaloresdecompresin.
Para la CAJA JANEL, los valores altos en Mullen o resistencia al estallido, y un regular
desempeo en el ECT, pero no se aseguro el BCT lo que nos lleva a que un aplastamiento
moderado y un cierre defectuoso; provocando que la caja se venciera antes de su trabajo
mximo.
Para la CAJA NYD7, valores aceptables en Mullen o resistencia al estallido, y un bajo
desempeo en el ECT muestra de aplastamiento en las flautas y BCT bajos haciendo poco
confiablelacajaalaestibadependiendodelacarga.
Se observo que el material no se comporta de manera estable con respecto de las
especificaciones.
Lasvariacionesexcesivas,talvezprovocadasporunaseleccinsobradadelosmaterialespara
laconformacindelmaterial.
Las variaciones por debajo de las especificaciones, provocadas por el proceso la falta de
precaucinparamantenerlasestructuras.
68
ANEXOA.
Caja. Unidad fabricada de cartn corrugado cuya forma est destinada sobre todo a contener y
agrupar un producto con el fin de identificarlo, conservarlo, protegerlo, manejarlo almacenarlo,
transportarloyexhibirlo.
Cartncorrugado.Eslaestructuraformadaporelconjuntodevariashojasdepapellinerunidapor
mediodeunoovariospapelesonduladollamadomdium,tambinconocidocomolminadecartn
corrugado.
Combado.Eslacurvaturaquepresentaunalminaoempaquedentrodesucuerpo,conrespectoa
unejehorizontal.Puedepresentarseendireccinparalelaoperpendicularalsentidodelcorrugado.
Unidadesdemedicinmm/cmslineales.
Compresin.Eslafuerzadecargaverticalalaquesesometeunempaquedurantesuestibadoyuso
enunciclodealmacenamiento.BoxCrushTester(BCT)Unidadeskgfolbf.
Corrugado doble. Tipo de Cartn Corrugado formado por cinco papeles: tres papeles liners un
interior,unintermedioyunexteriorydospapelesmdiumsonduladoByonduladoCgeneralmente.
CorrugadoSencillo.Tipodecartncorrugadoformadoportrespapelesdospapeleslinersuninterior
unexterioryunpapelmdiumonduladoBy/oonduladoC.
Descuadre. Es el desalineamiento que existe entre los cuerpos externos del empaque durante su
cierre,manifestndoseenunamalaalineacindelosscoressuperioreseinteriores.
Desorillado.Eseldesalineamientodeunosdelospapeleslinerinterioroexterior,dejandoexpuestoa
lavistaelmdiumcorrugado.
Despegadoodeslaminado.Eselefectogeneradocuandolospapeleslineryelonduladomdiumse
desprendenfcilmenteentressinpresentardesgarredefibrasenunalaminaocajacorrugada.
ECT (Prueba de compresin de columna) Prueba de compresin de canto que se realiza sobre una
seccindecartncorrugadohastaquesecolapsa.Estaesunindicadordelaresistenciaalaestibade
unempaquedecartncorrugado.Unidadeslb/in
Encolado.Eslapropiedadqueposeeelpapelderesistirlapenetracinyabsorcindehumedad.
Envase. Recipiente que est en contacto directo con el producto para protegerlo y conservarlo,
facilitandosumanejo,transportacin,almacenamientoydistribucin.
Envase flexible. Envases fabricados de pelculas plsticas, papeles, hojas de aluminio, laminaciones,
etc. Y cuya forma resulta deformada prcticamente con un solo manipuleo. Este tipo de envase no
resisteproductoestibado.
Envaseprimario.Elquesemantieneencontactodirectoconelproducto.
Envasergido.Formadefinidanomodificableycuyarigidezpermitecolocarproductoestibadosobre
elmismo,sinsufrirdaos;envasesdevidrio,latasmetlicas.
Envasesecundario.Aquelquecontieneunoovariosenvasesprimariosypuedetenercomofuncin
principalelagruparlosproductos.
Envasesemirrgido.Envasescuyaresistenciaalacompresinesmenoraladelosenvasesrgidos,sin
embargocuandosonsometidosaesfuerzosdecompresin,sucomportamientopuedesersimilarala
delosenvasesrgidos;plsticos.
Envaseterciario.Enalgunoscasoslosenvasessecundariosrequierendeunrecipientequecontenga
dos o ms, a este contenedor se le conoce como envase terciario y normalmente resulta de un
embalaje.
Embalaje. Todo aquello cuya funcin primaria es envolver, contener y proteger debidamente a los
productos envasados, sobre todo en las operaciones de transportacin almacenamiento y
comercializacin.
Empaque.Eslaagrupacindevariosproductosoenvasesquetienecomofinconteneryprotegerel
envase para su distribucin y consumo. Tambin se utiliza para denominar a los elementos de
proteccinqueevitandaosalamercancayelenvasedurantesumanejo,distribucinyconsumo.
Flauta.Laformacindelosdiferentestiposdeondulaciones
Durante el proceso del corrugado son llamadas flautas, existiendo en el mercado las siguientes,
a,b,c,d,e,f , Su principal funcin es dar un grosor al empaque y una propiedad amortiguadora. La
diferencia de las flautas es la altura que presenta cada una de ellas y el nmero de ondulaciones
formadalinealmente.
Gramaje(pesoBase)Eselpesoogramajequecontieneunmetrocuadrado,depapelliner,mdiumo
cartncorrugado.Unidades:g/m2
XI
Humedad.Cantidadporcentualdeaguapresenteenpapelocartndeterminadaporundiferencial
depesoentrelamuestrahmedaylaseca.Unidades:porcentaje%dehumedad.
Lamina. Puede estar conformada por cualquier tipo de cartn corrugado y cualquier tipo de
ondulacin.Noposeeningndobleznoseconsideracomounacaja.
Mullen (prueba de reventamiento) Prueba utilizada para medir la resistencia a la perforacin o
reventamientodelpapellinerodeunempaquecorrugado.Unidadeslb/in2okg/cm3
Papelliner.Papelutilizadocomorecubrimientoenlaformacindelonduladoocorrugadomedio.
Papelmdium.Eselpapelutilizadoenlaformacindelonduladoocorrugadomedio.
Scores.Sonlosmarcadosorayadosquedelimitanlasdiferentesseccionesocuerpodeunalminao
cajacorrugada.
Partesdeunacaja.
XII
ANEXOB.CALCULOSDELOSENSAYOS.
LasunidadesdelosvaloresqueseobtienenenesteprocedimientoesenKg./cm.
XIII
Lossiguientesdatosserefierenalostiposdecombinacindepapelparalasresistencias,yrepresentanlos
gramajesquesonutilizados.Lasunidadessongramospormetrocuadrado.
Losvaloresacontinuacinrepresentanlascaractersticasdecadapapel.
XIV
RCT.(RingCrushtestobienaplastamientodeanillo,referidoalaplastamientodecantodelpapel.)
ElsiguienteprocedimientoesparaobtenerelEdgeCrushTest,aplastamientodecantodelaflauta.
XV
Losresultadosqueseobtienensecontraponenenelgraficoyseencuentraelvalorcomercial.
Laslneasdecolormuestranlosvaloresobtenidos,contralosvaloresencontrados.
XVI
EnlasiguienteprogresinsecalculaelBoxCrushTest(BCT),compresindecajaarmada.
Parapodercalcularloesnecesariosaberlasdimensionesdelacajayloscalibresquemanejacada
unadelasresistencias.
XVII
Losresultadossonenlibras.
XVIII
REGLA 41 Y 222 CLASIFICACIN UNIFICADA DEL TRANSPORTE

CORRUGADO SENCILLO
DOBLE CORRUGADO
CORRUGADO TRIPLE
FIBRA SLIDA
PESO
MXIMO DE
LA CAJA Y
CONTENIDO
(lbs)
DIMENSIONES
MXIMAS
INTERIORES
(largo, ancho y
alturO sumados)
(pulg)
PESO MNIMO
COMBINADO DE
LOS PAPELES
(lbs/M.pie)
RESISTENCIA
MNIMA AL
ESTALLAMIENTO
DEL CARTN
COMBINADO
(lbs/pulg)
PESO
MNIMO
COMBINADO
DE LOS
PAPELES
(lbs/M.pie)
RESISTENCIA
MNIMA AL
ESTALLAMIENTO
DEL CARTN
COMBINADO
(lbs/pulg)
PESO MNIMO
COMBINADO
DE LOS
PAPELES
(lbs/M.pie)
RESISTENCIA
MNIMA AL
ESTALLAMIENTO
DEL CARTN
COMBINADO
(lbs/pulg)
PESO MNIMO
COMBINADO
DE LOS
PAPELES
(lbs/M.pie)
RESISTENCIA
MNIMA AL
ESTALLAMIENTO
DEL CARTN
COMBINADO
(lbs/pulg)
20
30
40
65
90
120
140
160
275
225
300
40
50
60
75
90
100
110
120
120
60
60
52
66
75
84
138
180
***
***
***
138
180
125
150
175
200
275
350
***
***
***
275
350
***
***
***
92
110
126
222
270
***
110
126
***
***
***
200
275
350
500
600
***
275
350
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
264
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
1100
***
***
114
***
149
190
237
283
330
360
***
237
283
125
***
175
200
275
350
500
600
***
275
350
XIX
Mxico
EQUIVALENCIAS CON REGLA 41
EQUIVALENTE COMERCIAL
REGLA 41 (lb/pulg)
*100
125
150
175
200
*225
*250
275
*300
350
EQUIVALENTE EXACTO
(kgs/cm)
7.05
8.81
10.56
12.32
14.09
15.85
17.61
19.37
21.14
24.66
HASTA 1981(kgs/cm)
ACTUAL (kgs/cm)
7
9
11
12.5
14
16
18
19
21
25
S/G
7/9
9/11
11/12.5
12.5/14
14/16
16/18
17/19
19/21
21/25
XX
MEDIDAS DE USO COMN

PARA CONVERTIR
MULTLIPICAR POR:
PIES (f)
METROS (m)
0.3048
METROS (m)
PIES (f)
2
3.281
2
PIES CUADRADOS (f )
METROS CUADRADOS (m )
2
0.09290
METROS CUADRADOS (m )
PIES CUADRADOS (f )
10.764
PULGADAS (in)
MILMETROS (mm)
25.40
MILMETROS (mm)
PULGADAS (in)
0.03937
TONELADAS MTRICAS (ton)
TONELADAS CORTAS U. S. (ton U.S.)
1.1025
TONELADAS CORTAS U.S. (ton U.S.)
TONELADAS MTRICAS (ton)

2
0.9070
2
GRAMOS/ METRO CUADRADO (grs./m )
LIBRAS POR MIL PIES CUADRADOS (lbs/Mf )

2
LIBRAS POR MIL PIES CUADRADOS (lbs/Mf )

KILOGRAMOS POR CENTMETROS
GRAMOS/ METRO CUADRADO (grs./m )
0.2048
4.88
LIBRAS POR PULGADA CUADRADA (lbs/in )
14.22
KILOGRAMOS POR CENTMETROS
0.07031
CUADRADOS (Kgs./cm )
LIBRAS POR PULGADA CUADRADA (lbs/in2)
CUADRADOS (Kgs./cm )
GALONES (gal.)
LITROS (lt)
3.785
LITROS (lt)
GALONES (gal.)
0.2642
FAHRENHEIT (f)
CENTGRADOS (c)
(F-32) X 5/9
CENTGRADOS (c)
FAHRENHEIT (f )
(CX9/5) + 32
XXI
T 403 om-02
OFFICIAL STANDARD 1926
TENTATIVE STANDARD 1952
CORRECTED 1976
OFFICIAL TEST METHOD 1985
CORRECTED 1985
REVISED 1991
REVISED 1997
REVISED 2002
2002 TAPPI
The information and data contained in this document were prepared
by a technical committee of the Association. The committee and the
Association assume no liability or responsibility in connection with
the use of such information or data, including but not limited to any
liability under patent, copyright, or trade secret laws. The user is
responsible for determining that this document is the most recent
edition published.
CAUTION:
This Test Method may include safety precautions which are believed to be appropriate at the time of publication of the method. The intent of these
is to alert the user of the method to safety issues related to such use. The user is responsible for determining that the safety precautions are complete
and are appropriate to their use of the method, and for ensuring that suitable safety practices have not changed since publication of the method. This
method may require the use, disposal, or both, of chemicals which may present serious health hazards to humans. Procedures for the handling of
such substances are set forth on Material Safety Data Sheets which must be developed by all manufacturers and importers of potentially hazardous
chemicals and maintained by all distributors of potentially hazardous chemicals. Prior to the use of this method, the user must determine whether
any of the chemicals to be used or disposed of are potentially hazardous and, if so, must follow strictly the procedures specified by both the
manufacturer, as well as local, state, and federal authorities for safe use and disposal of these chemicals.
Bursting strength of paper

1.
Scope
This method is designed to measure the maximum bursting strength of paper and paper products having a bursting
strength of 50 kPa up to 1200 kPa (7 psi up to 157 psi) and in the form of flat sheets of up to 0.6 mm (0.025 in.) thick. It
is not intended for use in testing corrugated, fiberboard, linerboard, or hardboards that tend to cut the thin rubber
diaphragm of the bursting tester. For testing paperboard and linerboard, see TAPPI T 807 Bursting Strength of
Paperboard and Linerboard; for testing corrugated and solid fiberboard, see TAPPI T 810 Bursting Strength of
Corrugated and Solid Fiberboard.
2.
Summary
The test specimen, held between annular clamps, is subjected to an increasing pressure by a rubber diaphragm,
which is expanded by hydraulic pressure at a controlled rate, until the test specimen ruptures. The maximum pressure
reading up to the rupture point is recorded as the bursting strength.
3.
Significance
Bursting strength is widely used as a measure of resistance to rupture in many kinds of paper. The test is
relatively easy and inexpensive to make and appears to simulate some end use requirements.
4.
Definition
Bursting strength of a material is defined as the maximum hydrostatic pressure required to produce rupture of the
material when a controlled and constantly increasing pressure is applied through a rubber diaphragm to a circular area,
30.5 mm (1.20 in.) diameter. The area of the material under test is initially flat and held rigidly at the circumference but
is free to bulge during the test.
Approved by the Standard Specific Interest Group for this Test Method
TAPPI
T 403 om-02
5.
Bursting strength of paper / 2
Apparatus
5.1
Bursting tester1, having the following:
5.1.1
A clamp for firmly and uniformly securing the test specimen without slippage during the test. The clamp
shall have two annular, grooved, parallel and preferably stainless steel surfaces. The recommended maximum clamping
pressure is 1200 kPa. The clamping pressure should be adjustable to accommodate different strength papers without
specimen slippage.
5.1.1.1 The upper clamping surface (the clamping ring) has a circular opening 30.50 mm (1.2 in.) 0.05 mm in
diameter. To minimize slippage, the surface which is in contact with the paper during testing has either a continuous
spiral or concentric V-grooves in the surface. The continuous spiral is a 60 V-groove no less than 0.25 mm (0.010 in.)
deep with a pitch of 0.8 mm (1/32 in.). The groove starts 3.2 mm (1/8 in.) 0.1 mm from the edge of the circular
opening. The concentric grooves are 60 V-grooves not less than 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) deep and 0.9 mm (1/32 in.) 0.1
mm apart. The innermost groove is 3.2 mm (1/8 in.) 1 mm from the edge of the circular opening. The diameter of the
upper clamp should be at least 48 mm.
5.1.1.2 The lower clamping surface (the diaphragm plate) has an opening 33.1 mm (1.302 in) 0.1 mm in
diameter. Its surface has a series of concentric 60 V-grooves 0.30 mm (0.012 in.) deep, 0.8 mm (1/32 in.) apart, the
center of the first groove being 3.2 mm (1/8 in.) from the edge of the opening. The thickness of the plate at the opening
is 0.66 mm (0.026 in.). The lower edge which is in contact with the rubber diaphragm is rounded to an arc of 6.4 mm
(0.25 in.) radius to prevent cutting of the diaphragm when pressure is applied.
5.1.1.3 The clamping ring is connected to a clamping mechanism through a swivel-type joint or other means to
ensure an even clamping pressure. During tests, the circular edges of the openings in the two clamping plates are
required to be concentric to within 0.25 mm (0.01 in.).
NOTE 1:
Because the clamping mechanism and clamping surfaces are subject to considerable wear or distortion, they should be examined
periodically and repaired or replaced when necessary.
5.1.2
A circular diaphragm of pure gum rubber free of fillers, 0.85 0.05 mm (0.034 0.002 in.) thick. A
deadweight micrometer can be used to measure thickness of diaphragm. The diaphragm is clamped between the lower
clamping plate and the rest of the apparatus, so that before the diaphragm is stretched by pressure underneath it, the
center of its upper surface is below the plane of the clamping surface. The pressure required to raise the free surface of
the diaphragm 9 mm (3/8 in.) above the top surface of the diaphragm plate is required to be 30 5 kPa (4.3 0.8 psi). In
testing this, a bridge gage may be used, the test being carried out with the clamping ring removed. The diaphragm should
be inspected frequently for permanent distortion and, if distorted, replaced.
5.1.3
Means of applying controlled, increasing, hydrostatic pressure by a fluid, at the rate of 1.6 mL/s 0.1
mL/s to the underside of the diaphragm until the specimen bursts. The recommended fluid is USP (96%) glycerin.
Purified ethylene glycol (not the permanent types of radiator antifreeze with additives) may be substituted if desired.
NOTE 2:
The hydraulic system, including the gages or transducers, must be mounted so as to be free from externally induced vibration.
NOTE 3:
Because the bursting resistance of paper increases with increased rate of loading, the rate of strain must be maintained effectively
constant to obtain reproducible results. Any air present in the hydraulic system of the tester will lower the rate of distortion of the
specimen and must be substantially removed. Air is more commonly trapped under the rubber diaphragm and in the tubes of the
gages. A simple method of testing for the presence of excessive quantities of air is given in 6.3.
5.1.4
A maximum-reading pressure gage of the Bourdon type, of appropriate capacity and with a graduated
circular scale 95 mm (3 3/4 in.) or more in diameter. Bourdon gauge should have an accuracy of 0.5% of final scale
value. Pressure sensitive electronic gages as described in 5.1.5 are widely replacing the Bourdon type gages.
5.1.4.1 The choice and characteristics of the Bourdon gage are given in Table 1. The 0-840 kPa (0-120 psi)
range gage may be used for any test within its capacity, if so noted in the report. The Bourdon gage should have an
accuracy of 1% of reading.
Names of suppliers of testing equipment and materials for this method may be found on the Test Equipment Suppliers list in the
bound set of TAPPI Test Methods, or may be available from the TAPPI Quality and Standards Department.
3 / Bursting strength of paper
Table 1.
T 403 om-02
Bourdon gage characteristics.
Range of
bursting
pressure
Range of
gage
Scale
graduation
intervals
Expansibility
of
gage
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
mL/kPa
28-77
56-161
105-315
210-630
525-1575
4-11
8-23
15-45
30-90
75-225
0-105
0-210
0-420
0-840
0-2100
0-15
0-30
0-60
0-120
0-300
0.7
1.5
3.5
3.5
14.0
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.5
2.0
...
0.080
0.050
0.030
0.007
mL/psi
...
0.011
0.007
0.004
0.001
5.1.4.2 The expansibility of a gage is the volume of liquid entering the gage tube per unit increase in pressure,
when air is absent. It can be determined most conveniently by means of a dilatometer device described by Tuck and
Mason (1). The gage expansibility must be within 15% of the specified value.
NOTE 4:
An appreciable flow of liquid into the gage occurs from the start of the test to the instant of burst. A gage therefore reduces the
rate of distension of the specimen by an amount depending upon its expansibility. When a number of gages are mounted on a
single apparatus, care must be taken that only the gage on which the measurement is being made is open to the hydraulic system;
otherwise an erroneously low burst pressure will be recorded.
5.1.4.3 To avoid overloading and possible damage to the gage, a preliminary bursting test should be made with a
high-capacity gage.
5.1.5
Pressure sensitive electronic gages are today widely replacing the Bourdon type gages. Pressure
transducer should have an accuracy of 0.2% of final scale value. The advantage is that one sensor normally can handle
the entire measuring range.
5.1.5.1 These pressure transducers must have at least an accuracy of 1% of measurement or 10 kPa (1.5 psi)
which ever provides the greater accuracy.
5.1.5.2 To avoid overloading and possibly damaging the transducer, a preliminary bursting test should be made
with a high-capacity transducer.
NOTE 5:
6.
When using a pressure transducer, the results may be higher than an instrument using a Bourdon gage due to the expansibility of
the Bourdon gage which does not occur with the pressure transducer.
Calibration and maintenance
6.1
The pressure indicating device shall be calibrated by means of a dead-weight tester of the piston type. If
the device is a Bourdon-type gage, it must be calibrated while inclined at the same angle at which it is to be used.
Preferably, the calibration is to be carried out with the gage in its normal position. For an instrument error of less than
3%, the pressure indicating device shall be calibrated in such a manner that known pressures are applied dynamically at
approximately the same rate as in testing of paper. Maximum reading pressure devices are subject to dynamic errors as
well as ordinary static calibration errors. A suitable method of dynamic calibration for greater precision is described by
Tuck et al. (2).
6.1.1
Gages in frequent use should be calibrated at least once a month. If a gage is accidentally used beyond
its capacity, it must be recalibrated before it is used again.
6.2
Calibration of transducer / readout system. The transducer can be calibrated on the same device as used
to calibrate gages, or as per manufacturer's recommendations.
6.2.1
Transducers in frequent use should be calibrated at least once a month.
6.3
Check for air in system. Any time that maintenance is carried out on the apparatus that could allow air to
enter the hydraulic system, steps should be taken to ensure that all of the air has been removed.
6.3.1
To determine if there is air in the system, first apply pressure as described in 5.1.2 to raise the diaphragm
9 mm (3/8 in.) above the top of the diaphragm plate and hold for one minute. Any air trapped between the diaphragm
and the fluid will show up as a white spot under the surface of the diaphragm. If this occurs, the diaphragm must be
reinstalled.
T 403 om-02
6.3.2
After changing the diaphragm, if it is necessary to purge air from the rest of the hydraulic system. See
the manufacturers operation manual for instructions.
6.4
Check condition of clamping surfaces. The samples should be checked frequently for any indentions,
wrinkles or marks that may indicate the clamping surfaces are in poor condition. The clamps themselves can be visually
examined for excessive wear that could affect clamping pressure. Carbon paper between two sheets of paper can be used
to check for uniform clamping pressure.
7.
Sampling and test specimens
If the paper is being tested to evaluate a lot of paper, obtain a sample in accordance with TAPPI T 400 Sampling
and Accepting a Single Lot of Paper, Paperboard, Containerboard, or Related Product. From each test unit take 20
specimens, each at least 62 x 62 mm (2.5 x 2.5 in.). Avoid areas including watermarks, creases, or visible damage.
Identify the wire side of the specimens (see TAPPI T 455 Identification of Wire Side of Paper).
8.
Conditioning
Condition and test the specimens in an atmosphere in accordance with TAPPI T 402 Standard Conditioning and
Testing Atmospheres for Paper, Board, Pulp Handsheets, and Related Products.
9.
Procedure
9.1
Clamp a specimen securely in position, overlapping the specimen at all points. Apply the hydrostatic
pressure as specified until the specimen ruptures, and record the maximum pressure registered. Watch carefully for any
movement of the unclamped margin of the specimen. If slippage is indicated, discard the test and increase the clamping
pressure. If it appears that excessive clamping pressure damaged the specimen, discard the test and reduce the clamping
pressure.
9.2
After each test return the pressure indicator gently to zero.
9.3
Make ten tests on each side of the paper.
10.
Report
10.1
For each side of the paper, report the bursting strength in kilopascals (or pounds per square in.) as the
arithmetical mean, corrected for any gage error, to three significant figures. Include the number of tests and either the
standard deviation or, alternatively, the maximum and minimum values of accepted tests.
10.2
If desired, the burst index (bursting strength per grammage) may be reported. It may be calculated as
follows:
X=
P
W
where
X
=
P
=
W
=
burst index, kPam2/g

bursting strength, kPa
weight per unit area, g/m2, as determined in accordance with TAPPI T 410 Grammage of Paper and
Paperboard.
10.3
The term points is frequently used in place of pounds per square inch as an expression for bursting
strength of paper. The results may be so reported if desired.
11.
Precision
11.1
Repeatability (within a laboratory) = 22%.
11.2
Reproducibility (between laboratories) = 28%; in accordance with definitions of these terms in
TAPPI T 1200 Interlaboratory Evaluation of Test Methods to Determine TAPPI Repeatability and
Reproducibility.
11.3
Collaborative Testing Service data for the 1994 - 1995 program year indicates bursting strength data as
follows (partial listing by range): See Table 2.
5 / Bursting strength of paper
Table 2.
T 403 om-02
Bursting Strength Data
Paper # of Labs
Type
(average)
Materials
Newsprint
13
16
Printing
Papers
Packaging
Papers
93
16
64
16
Grand Mean
(range), PSI
10.62
(9.2 - 12.4)
29.8
(19.9 - 40.3)
54.3
(41.4 - 74.2)
Repeatability
(r), PSI
%r
Reproducibility
(R), PSI
2.67
25.1%
3.20
30.1%
6.47
22.2%
8.40
28.9%
10.42
19.4%
14.22
26.4%
%R
Taken from Collaborative Testing Services Paper and Paperboard Program Report Nos. 152 through 159 from 1994 and 1995 reflecting
Analyses 304 (Newsprint), 305 (Printing Papers) and 310 (Packaging Papers).
The user of these precision data is advised that it is based on actual mill testing, laboratory testing, or both. There is no
knowledge of the exact degree to which personnel skills or equipment were optimized during its generation. The
precision quoted provides an estimate of typical variation in test results which may be encountered when this method is
routinely used by two or more parties.
12.
Keywords
Burst strength, Paper, Burst index
13.
Additional information
13.1
Effective date of issue: October 29, 2002.
13.2
For checking purposes, bursting tests on aluminum foil may be used. Standardized foils for pressure up
to about 800 kPa (about 115 psi) may be obtained from several sources.
13.3
Terms used to express burst include:
burst, kPa
Burst index =
grammage, g/m2
burst, psi
Burst ratio =
basis weight, lb/ream
burst, g/cm2
Burst factor =
grammage, g/m2 (usually oven dry)
Burst ratio is sometimes called points per pound.

13.4
Related methods: ASTM D 774 Standard Test Method for Bursting Strength of Paper; Australian,
APPITA P 403; Brazilian, NBR-NM-ISO-2758; British, BS 3137; Canadian Tech. Sect., PAPTAC Standard D.8; French,
AFNOR 003-014; International Organization for Standardization, ISO 2758 Paper Determination of Bursting Strength;
Scandinavian, SCAN P24 Paper Burst Strength.
13.5
Methods for evaluation of pumping rate and presence of air in the system/gage expansion specifications
T 403 om-02
can be found in SCAN P24 Paper Burst Strength.

References
1.
2.
Tuck, N. G. M., and Mason, S. G., Some Factors Influencing the Accuracy of Mullen Testers, Pulp Paper Mag.
Canada 50 (11): 132 (1949).
Tuck, N. G. M., Faichney, L. M., and Mason, S. G., The Dynamic Calibration of Maximum-Reading Pressure
Gages, Pulp Paper Mag. Canada 54 (5): 102 (1953).
Your comments and suggestions on this procedure are earnestly requested and should be sent to the TAPPI Director
of Quality and Standards.
g
T 804 om-02
REVISED 1989
REVISED 1997
REVISED 2002
2002 TAPPI
edition published.
CAUTION:
Compression test of fiberboard shipping containers

1.
Scope
1.1
This method is used for measuring the ability of corrugated or solid fiber shipping containers to resist
external compressive forces.
1.2
The method may be applied in a number of ways. For quality studies, it is usually desirable to test the
empty container. For the study of compression resistance where inner packing (corner posts, etc.) is involved, tests may
be made with the interior packing in place.
1.3
If overall performance of the entire pack is to be studied, the test can be conducted with the container
loaded with its contents and all inner packing. In many packs the contents and inner packing share in carrying a portion
of the load.
1.4
The container may be positioned in the machine so as to test the compressive resistance in a direction
that is relevant to the containers use including top-to-bottom, end-to-end, or side-to-side.
2.
Summary
In essence this method describes how to determine the resistance of a fiberboard shipping container to
compressive forces. This is accomplished by placing the container between two flat platens, one of which is
mechanically or hydraulically driven to compress the container. A recording device is incorporated to indicate the force
and deformation (deflection) required to compress the container.
3.
Significance
These compressive forces are related to some of those exerted on containers in stacks or encountered in
transportation. The method may be used to compare the compressive resistance of different lots of similar containers or
to compare containers of different grades. It may also be used to compare the compression characteristics of containers
differing in construction or design. In addition, the information gained may be used to provide an indication of the load
that a particular container may be able to withstand in service.
TAPPI
T 804 om-02
4.
Compression test of fiberboard shipping containers / 2
Apparatus
4.1
Compression tester1, having the following:
4.1.1
Two parallel platens which move together to compress a container placed between them. The platens are
of sufficient size so that the test container does not extend beyond the edges of the platens. The platens shall be flat with
deviations less than 0.5 mm (0.020 in.) from the median plane of the platen. The platens may move no more than 1.3
mm (0.05 in.) in the directions perpendicular to the direction of compression. The platens are either held parallel
throughout the test or one platen may be allowed to pivot around its center. If the platens are rigidly held they must
remain parallel to within 1 mm (0.04 in.) per 300 mm (1 ft.) in the length and width directions. The fixed platen type of
compression testers should be used for all referee testing. Compression testers with floating or swivel platens provide an
alternative to evaluate compression strength from a real world perspective, but may produce different compression
values.
4.1.2
Means of driving the movable platen at a uniform speed of 13.0 2.5 mm/min. (0.5 in./min.) during the
test.
4.1.3
Means of recording or indicating the applied load to within 1% of the measured value.
4.1.4
Means of recording or indicating the resultant deformation within 2.5% of the measured value or within
0.5 mm (0.020 in.), whichever is greater.
4.1.5
Compression testers, like all laboratory testing equipment, need to be calibrated on a regular basis.
Obtain a calibration procedure from the compression tester manufacturer, which should be posted at the machine. Prior
to performing compression tests for fiberboard shipping containers calibrate the compression tester according to the
manufacturer's procedure.
5.
Test specimens
5.1
Samples shall be obtained in accordance with TAPPI T 400 Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot of
Paper, Paperboard, Containerboard, or Related Product.
5.2
Test at least five representative containers for each direction specified. Select only those containers that
have not been damaged by previous handling.
6.
Sealing
6.1
When this method is used as a quality control test or as a referee test, it is important that a consistent
method of flap closure be used to insure consistent results in both average and variability data.
6.2
In preparation for sealing, square the box blank. Avoid distortions and out-of-squareness, since this
will affect the load-bearing ability of the containers.
6.3
The flaps may be bent directly to the sealing position or the flap scorelines may be pre-broken as follows.
Bend each of the four bottom flaps backward 180 on the score line until the flap touches its side of the box. Insert a
sealing board or place the box over a sealing device, whichever sealing method is used, then fold the inside flaps forward
270 to the normal closed position.
6.4
Up to the review of this test method (1988), the technique for sealing flaps has been very specific. This
has consisted of water-based adhesive coverage of 100% of flap areas (more than 13 mm (0.5 in.) away from scores) and
holding the flaps in contact with one another until the bond is set. For the purposes of this writing, this sealing technique
will be referred to as the classical technique.
6.5
The procedure for sealing boxes according to the classical technique is outlined in Appendix A.
6.6
Other sealing techniques are acceptable.
6.6.1
In top-to-bottom testing, the primary concern is to insure that the minor and major flaps are fastened to
each other by some means. The means may include hot melt adhesive, stitches, clips or tape. The important factor is that
the flaps not be allowed to freely sink into the depth of the box during the compression test.
6.6.2
The compression testing of empty boxes with unsealed flaps can be acceptable as long as it is understood
that this is the procedure being used. There is evidence that the testing of empty boxes with unsealed flaps can at times
result in higher average test values than testing the same boxes with sealed flaps.
1
Names of suppliers of testing equipment and materials for this method may be found on the Test Equipment Suppliers list in the
bound set of TAPPI Test Methods, or may be available from the TAPPI Quality and Standards Department.
3 / Compression test of fiberboard shipping containers
T 804 om-02
6.6.3
When testing boxes end to end or side to side, the placement of and action of the flaps during the
compression test become even more critical to the average test value attained. When testing boxes end to end or side to
side, one should use either the classical flap sealing technique or a technique that simulates the manner in which the flaps
will be closed in actual field use.
7.
Conditioning
7.1
Condition in accordance with TAPPI T 402 Standard Conditioning and Testing Atmospheres for Paper,
Board, Pulp Handsheets, and Related Products, precondition the test specimens so as to approach the equilibrium
moisture content at standard conditions from a drier state and then condition for a minimum of 24 h.
NOTE 1:
The criterion for the conditioning period for other than regular grade, single-wall boxes is that there should be less than a 0.1%
change in their weight between successive weighings taken at intervals of at least 2 h.
7.2
If water based adhesive is used in sealing the flaps, allow the boxes to dry for 24 h after sealing to permit
the adhesive to dry. The boxes should be preconditioned and conditioned to insure that the boxes have the same moisture
content.
7.3
If conditioning is impractical in special instances, determine the moisture content of the boxes in
accordance with TAPPI T 412 Moisture in Paper and Paperboard immediately after the test.
8.
Procedure
8.1
Test each box in the conditioned environment. If this is not possible, test each box immediately upon
removing it from the conditioned room.
8.2
Center the test container on the bottom platen of the compression machine. Adjust the load indicator to
zero, i.e., counterbalance or compensate by adjustment for the gross weight of the box including the sealing board or its
contents. Select the lowest load range of the machine compatible with the greatest anticipated test load. Apply a preload
to the specimen (see 8.2.1) and set the deformation point to zero, or begin the deformation measurement at zero at this
point. The preload ensures definite platen contact and in most instances levels off any irregularities of the box.
8.2.1
Initial preload should be 5% of the maximum compression resistance or a value agreed upon by the
parties engaged in testing. Examples of preloads that been used are: (a) single-wall boxes, 223 N (50 lbf); (b) doublewall boxes, 446 N (100 lbf); (c) triple-wall boxes, 2230 N (500 lbf).
8.2.2
Apply the test load at a rate of 13.0 2.5 mm/min. (0.5 in./min.). Record the load applied and the
deformation until failure of the container. Failure may be determined either by reduction in the load supported or by
deformation. Typical values are a decrease in load of 10% or a deformation of 25 mm (1 in.). Take readings at each 2.5
mm (0.1 in.) deformation if a recording device is not used.
9.
Report
9.1
As a minimum, report the following:
9.1.1
Dimensions of container, style, flute, flute direction, grade of material, and type of manufacturer's joint.
If the container was tested with interior parts, or contents, describe these.
9.1.2
Method of closure.
9.1.3
The orientation in which the containers were tested, e.g., T-B, E-E, or S-S.
9.1.4
Number of specimens tested.
9.1.5
A graph or tabulation of the loads sustained and corresponding deformations. A summary usually
consists of the average of the highest loads at or below the critical deformation, the critical deformations used, the
average of maximum loads, the average of the deformation at the maximum loads, and the standard deviation (see 12.4).
9.1.6
A statement identifying the type of compression apparatus used as having fixed or floating platens.
9.1.7
A statement to the effect that all tests were made in compliance with this method including
preconditioning or that the method was used with certain specific exceptions.
T 804 om-02
NOTE 2:
9.2
10.
Further desirable information in the report includes any observations that may assist in interpreting the results of the tests, such as
the nature and cause of failure, any auxiliary tests made, presence of printing on the container, etc.
Report the moisture content of the container board as soon as possible after making the compression test.
Precision
10.1
The values for repeatability and reproducibility have been calculated from the results of a round robin
which is discussed in detail in Appendix B. The average and variability data reported by each laboratory were based on
10 individual compression tests. The repeatability and reproducibility reported below were calculated for comparisons of
averages of 5 compression tests. This was done since 5 tests is the most common number used in establishing the
compression value of an order.
10.2
Repeatability (within a laboratory) = 7.0%.
10.3
Reproducibility (between laboratories) = 10.6%. This is true when the two laboratories use the same
method of sealing the containers.
10.4
Repeatability and reproducibility represent the agreement which is expected 95% of the time when two
test results are compared. Refer to TAPPI T 1200 Interlaboratory Evaluation of Test Methods to Determine TAPPI
Repeatability and Reproducibility for complete definitions of these terms.
11.
Keywords
Containers, Compression tests, Fiberboards, Compressibility, Compression strength.
12.
12.1
Effective date of issue: March 5, 2002.
12.2
This method was first published in 1945 as a Tentative Standard, became an Official Standard in 1967
and was revised in 1975.
12.3
For special purposes or studies (non-referee tests), this method may be used as described at conditions
such as high humidity, low temperatures, and other specially prescribed conditions. Such special procedures used must
be specifically stated in the report.
12.4
Common practice is to give particular consideration to the highest load attained up to the point of critical
deformation. The critical deformation is the deformation beyond which the contents might be forced to carry a
significant part of the load. The critical deformations generally used in the industry for A- or C-flute, single-wall, regular
slotted containers are: (a) top-to-bottom, 19 mm (0.75 in.); (b) end-to-end, 13 mm (0.50 in.); (c) side-to-side, 13 mm
(0.50 in.).
12.4.1 The maximum load and the deformation at maximum load are also recorded even if they occur above
these critical deformations. Deformation is the reduction in height which the specimen undergoes, measured in terms of
reduced platen separation, as measured from the preload.
12.5
Related methods: ASTM D 642 Compression Test for Shipping Containers, American Society for
Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA; APPITA P 800 Compression Test for Shipping Containers, Technical
Association of the Australian and New Zealand Pulp and Paper Industry, Parkville, Australia.
Appendix A: Classical technique for sealing flaps
A.1
Sealing equipment, consists of the following:
A.1.1 A means of clamping the inner and outer flaps together, after the adhesive has been applied and the flaps
have been closed, and for holding the flaps flat and in good contact.
NOTE A1:
The adhesive may be any water based case-sealing glue.
A.1.2 Sealing board used for the purpose should be wooden boards thick enough to apply the sealing pressure
uniformly, and with dimensions about 38 mm (1.5 in.) to a maximum of 100 mm (4 in.) smaller than the inside container,
so that the board left in the container will not influence the test. See A.3 for suggested methods of clamping.
A.2
Apply a uniform film of adhesive to the inner flaps. Keep the adhesive approximately 13 mm (0.5 in.)
5 / Compression test of fiberboard shipping containers
T 804 om-02
but not more than 25 mm (1 in.) away from all the score lines. Close the outer flaps and square them, and, with the
sealing equipment, apply firm pressure to assure complete and flat contact of the flaps. Do this quickly to prevent undue
drying of the adhesive before contact is made. After the adhesive has been dried sufficiently to prevent disturbing the
bond, remove the pressure.
A.3
When the box is to be tested empty, the flaps may be sealed by one of the following methods or an
equivalent one which will ensure a firm seal without damage to the container.
A.3.1 The bottom flaps may be clamped by one of these devices:
A.3.1.1 A spring loaded bottom sealer which clamps the flaps between two flat platens.
A.3.1.2 A flat surface of a bench on which the container is placed after the bottom flaps have been closed, a board
of proper size inserted inside and further by:
A.3.1.2.1 Placing a weight on the board, or
A.3.1.2.2 Hanging a weight on the board by means of a hook through a slot in the bench, or
A.3.1.2.3 Passing a long carriage bolt through a hole in the board, the flaps, and the bench, and drawing tight
with a wing nut.
A.3.1.3
A sealing board on the inside and outside with a carriage bolt extended through a hole in the inside
board, the flap and the outside board, drawn tight with a wing nut or toggle clamp.
A.3.2
The top flaps may be clamped as follows:
A.3.2.1
Inserting the sealing board in the container,
A.3.2.2
Inverting the container on the bench, and
A.3.2.3
Hanging a weight on the board as in A.3.1.2.2 above, or
A.3.2.4
Using a long bolt and wing nut as in A.3.1.2.3 above or
A.3.2.5
Using a sealing board outside as in A.3.1.3 above.
A.4
When the adhesive has set, release the clamping device and permit the inner sealing board to fall loose,
holding the box upright so that the board falls flat and does no damage. If the box has interior dividers or contents, that
are capable of supporting the inner flaps, use a board and weight to hold the top flaps in pace while the glue sets.
A.5
Make sure that the sealing board is in such a position that it will not offer any support to the box during
the test.
Appendix B: A discussion of the repeatability and reproducibility data
B.1
These precision data are based on tests conducted for TAPPI in 12 laboratories in 1988.
B.2
All the corrugated board in this study was taken from one position off the corrugator and was made at a
constant speed over approximately a two-minute period. These sheets were run in order through a flexo folder gluer at a
constant speed over about a 3-minute period. The boxes were numbered in order of production off the flexo. A random
numbers table was used to select the sets of boxes for testing at each laboratory. The board used in the test was 200
pound test C-flute. The boxes were tested top to bottom.
B.3
The results for repeatability and reproducibility were compared in the following ways:
B.3.1 Only three of the 12 laboratories were equipped to run the test using the classical sealing method. These
three laboratories tested groups of boxes according to the classical sealing method and the hot melt adhesive sealing
method, which was the most common.
B.3.2 Seven laboratories tested using the hot melt adhesive sealing technique. Repeatability and reproducibility
were determined for those 7 laboratories.
B.3.3 Repeatability and reproducibility were determined for all 12 laboratories. Methods of Sealing were: 7 Hot Melt; 1 - PVA; 1 - Clipped; 1 - Stitched; 1 - Tape, Clipped; 1 - Bottom Stitched, Top Clipped and Taped.
B.3.4 The results:
T 804 om-02
Technique
method
Number of
laboratories
Compression
average, lbs
Repeatability
Reproducibility
Classic
810
7.1%
9.3%
Hot melt
805
7.5%
8.5%
Hot melt
818
7.0%
10.6%
Results for
laboratories
described
in B.3.3
12
840
6.5%
16.2%
Repeatability and reproducibility are for averages of 5 samples.
B.4
Reproducibility is about 10% when the two laboratories follow this procedure and use the same flap
fastening method. Comparing compression averages when two different flap fastening methods have been used adds to
the uncertainty of the comparison.
Appendix C
C.1
Some pieces of compression test equipment can be altered to enable the user to allow the top platen to
float or to swivel. This means that the top platen is not always parallel to the bottom platen. As the test proceeds the top
platen is allowed to seek the weakest point on the horizontal plane of the test surface. This is a good technique to use
when seeking the weak link in a stacking pattern as might be experienced in a warehouse stacking situation.
C.2
The floating platen technique is likely to yield different test results from the fixed platen technique. If the
floating platen technique is used, it should be highlighted in the test report. If the purpose of the testing being conducted
is to gather quality assurance data on individual boxes or to gather comparative data for a referee situation, it is highly
recommended that the fixed platen technique be used.
g
T 807 om-03
SUGGESTED METHOD 1965
REVISED 1987
REVISED 1994
REVISED 1999
REVISED 2003
2003 TAPPI
edition published.
CAUTION:
Bursting strength of paperboard and linerboard

1.
Scope and summary
1.1
This method describes a procedure for measuring the bursting strength of paperboard, including
linerboard having a bursting strength of approximately 350 kPa (or 250 kPa by doubling the test specimens) or greater,
employing a disk-shaped, molded diaphragm type instrument.
1.1.1
A specimen of board is clamped between two platens with circular openings in their centers. An
expansible diaphragm is distended through the lower platen by means of hydraulic pressure until the specimen bursts.
The maximum hydraulic pressure when the specimen ruptures is recorded.
1.2
For the bursting strength of paper, see TAPPI T 403 Bursting Strength of Paper, for that of corrugated
and solid fiberboard, see TAPPI T 810 Bursting Strength of Corrugated and Solid Fiberboard.
2.
Significance
The bursting strength test of paperboard, including linerboard, is a composite measure of certain properties of the sheet
structure, principally tensile strength and elongation. In general, bursting strength is dependent on the type, proportion,
preparation, and amount of fibers present in the sheet and on their formation, internal sizing, and, to some degree, the
surface treatment. While bursting strength is an empirical property, this test, in combination with grammage (basis
weight), serves to define standard grades in commerce.
3.
Apparatus
3.1
Bursting tester1, consisting of the following:
3.1.1
Means for clamping the test specimen between two annular, plane surfaces having fine concentric tool
marks to minimize slippage. The upper clamping platen (clamping ring) has a diameter of approximately 95.3 mm (3.75
in.), and a circular opening 31.50 + 0.03 mm (1.240 + 0.001 in.) diameter. The lower edge of the opening (side in
1
Names of suppliers of testing equipment and materials for this method may be found on the Test Equipment Suppliers
list in the set of TAPPI Test Methods, or may be available from the TAPPI Quality and Standards Department.
TAPPI
T 807 om-03
Bursting strength of paperboard and linerboard / 2
contact with the board) has a 0.64-mm (0.025-in.) radius. The lower clamping surface (diaphragm plate) has an opening
31.50 + 0.03 mm (1.240 + 0.001 in.) diameter and a diameter greater than or equal to the upper platen. The upper edge
of the opening (in contact with the board) has a 0.40-mm (0.016-in.) radius and the lower edge of the opening (in contact
with the rubber diaphragm) has a radius of 3.18 mm (0.125 in.) to prevent cutting the rubber when pressure is applied.
3.1.2
The upper clamping ring is connected to the clamping mechanism through a swivel joint to facilitate an
even clamping pressure. The openings in the two clamping plates are required to be concentric to within 0.13 mm
(0.0051 in.), and their clamping faces must be flat and parallel (see Appendix A.1.1).
3.1.3
A molded (disk-shaped) diaphragm requiring a pressure of at least 160 kPa but not more than 210 kPa (at
least 23 psi but not more than 30 psi) to distend it to a height of 9.53 mm (0.375 in.) above the diaphragm plate (see
Appendix A.1.2.).
3.1.4
Means of forcing liquid into the pressure chamber below the diaphragm at a steady rate of 170 15
mL/min (5.75 oz/min). This pressure is generated by a motor driven piston forcing a liquid (glycerin) into the pressure
chamber of the apparatus (see Appendix A.1.3).
3.1.5
A pressure gage of the maximum reading or the lazy hand type. The scale has a radius of 47.6 mm (1.875
in.) with graduations extending over a minimum arc of 270o indicating bursting pressure in kPa (psi), with an accuracy of
0.5% of full scale and must have sufficient capacity so that all readings can be maintained in the middle half of the scale.
In its operating position, have the gage inclined between horizontal and 30o from the horizontal. When more than one
gage is mounted on a single apparatus, only the gage on which the measurement is being made is open to the hydraulic
system so as not to reduce the rate of distension of the test specimen.
3.1.6
Calibrate the gages before initial use and frequently enough to ensure their specified accuracy (weekly or
monthly as needed, or before using if they have been idle for a month or more). Calibrate the gages while inclined at the
same angle as used during a test by means of a dead weight gage tester. During calibration, apply the pressure so that the
rate of travel of the needle is similar to that when actually testing the board. If a gage is accidentally subjected to a
pressure beyond its capacity, recalibrate it before it is again used (see Appendix A.1.4).
3.1.7
As an alternative to 3.1.5, a pressure transducer with equivalent accuracy and suitable signal processing
circuitry to display the maximum bursting pressure may be used provided it gives comparable results.
4.
From each test unit obtained in accordance with TAPPI T 400 Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot of Paper,
Paperboard, Containerboard, or Related Product, select 10 or more specimens, each with areas at least 100 100 mm (4
4 in.), preferably larger.
5.
Conditioning
Condition the specimens and make the tests in the conditioning and testing atmosphere specified in TAPPI T 402
Standard Conditioning and Testing Atmospheres for Paper, Board, Pulp Handsheets, and Related Products.
6.
Procedure
6.1
Clamp specimen uniformly so that no slippage is visible during or after test. On units with automatic
clamping devices, a minimum clamping pressure of 690 kPa (100 psi) is recommended. Note that clamping pressure =
gauge pressure (area of piston/area of clamp).
6.2
Apply the bursting pressure at the specified rate until the specimen ruptures. Record the maximum
pressure registered by the gage. Make an equal number of tests on each side of the sheet. This is very important because
there is usually a significant difference between sides.
6.3
Make tests only in areas away from creases, imperfections, or visible damage. Position the specimen so
that the clamped area is completely covered by the platens and the specimen extends beyond the clamped area. After
each test, gently return the indicator needle of the gage or digital readout to zero.
NOTE 1:
Using clamping pressures higher than recommended will often lead to lower burst results mostly due to damage at the clamping
site.
3 / Bursting strength of paperboard and linerboard
7.
Report
7.1
7.2
7.2.1
reported).
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
8.
T 807 om-03
Report as test result, in kilopascals (pounds per square inch), to the nearest gage division.
For each test unit report:
Average of 10 test determinations, five from each side (if desired average from each side can be
Maximum and minimum values and/or,
Standard deviation,
Number of test determinations made.
Precision
8.1
Repeatability (within a laboratory) = 6.4%
8.2
Reproducibility (between laboratories) = 10.6% in accordance with definitions of these terms in
TAPPI T 1200 Interlaboratory Evaluation of Test Methods to Determine TAPPI Repeatability and
Reproducibility.
8.3
These values were obtained in a round robin study among 60 laboratories on three board weights (NBS
Collaborative Reference Program).
9.
Keywords
Paperboard, Linerboards, Burst strength
10.
Additional Information
10.1
Effective date of issue: September 30, 2003.
Appendix A.
A.1
Calibration of apparatus for the original instrument design using Bourdon gages and a demountable
clamping tripod (1, 2)
NOTE 2:
Some newer instruments may require slight modifications to the following procedures.
A.1.1 Platens. The condition of the platens may be checked as follows: Place a sheet of filter paper over the
lower platen and a sheet of pencil carbon paper face down on the filter paper. Hold the upper platen so that it does not
rotate while the clamping pressure is applied. When the clamp is raised and the paper is removed, a print of the platen
contact will be found on the paper. Rotate the clamp through 90o and repeat the operation. If the platens are in good
condition, a uniform print of the entire platen surface will be obtained.
A.1.1.1 Frequently, it will be found that the lower platen has been strained so that only the central portion will
print. If this occurs, replace the lower platen. If the print is heavy on one side, the platens are not parallel. This may be
remedied by loosening the Allen setscrew in the center of the yoke assembly, which contacts the cylinder, rotating the
cylinder in the proper direction and relocking the setscrew. In some cases, it may be necessary to loosen the cylinder nut
so that the cylinder can be rotated.
A.1.1.2 Check the lateral alignment of the platens when clamped together to make certain that the holes in the
two platens are concentric. If the holes are not concentric, add shims between the cylinder and the yoke assembly or
reduce the seat to move the chamber with respect to the frame.
A.1.2
Diaphragms. When diaphragms on instruments using the disk-shaped diaphragms are to be changed,
make sure that the control lever has been thrown into reverse and has returned automatically to neutral. Turn down the
clamping wheel tightly to enable an easier removal of the diaphragm nut with the special spanner wrench. When the
diaphragm ring has been completely unscrewed, raise the clamp and remove the demountable tripod. The ring nut and
lower platen may then be removed easily. Before inserting a new diaphragm, fill the chamber with air-free glycerin to
the top of the saucer-like depression so that it is even with the clamping ridges. Keep these ridges clean and dry to
minimize capillary leakage past them, and if any glycerin is spilled, wash the ridges with alcohol and wipe them dry.
Carefully place the new diaphragm on the surface of the fluid with the flat side down and the reinforced side up. To
minimize the inclusion of air, place the diaphragm into place with a rolling motion starting from the rear of the surface of
T 807 om-03
Bursting strength of paperboard and linerboard / 4
the liquid and rolling it forward. Place the lower platen on the diaphragm so that the small hole in the platen fits over the
pin at the rear of the cup, replace the diaphragm ring, and screw it down tightly, preferably after replacing and clamping
down the upper platen. The diaphragm should be level with, but not above the top of the diaphragm plate.
A.1.3 Hydraulic system. The complete absence of air in the tester is very important, because any flow of
glycerin through the gage lines must be minimized. For example, it has been observed that if two carefully calibrated
gages are connected to the tester and the pressure is applied simultaneously, there may be significant difference between
the two readings. This difference may be caused by the presence of air in one of the gage lines, so that as the pressure is
increased and the air is compressed, a greater flow of glycerin results. Because of the resulting greater attendant
frictional resistance to pressure transfer, there will be a lower reading in that gage.
A.1.3.1 Air is best removed from the system by pumping clean, air-free glycerin through it. Glycerin may be
freed of air by placing it in a sturdy vessel and applying suction. Air bubbles will be seen to form, and when the vapor
pressure of glycerin has been reached, the glycerin will commence to foam. At this point, the glycerin may be considered
free of air and ready for use.
A.1.3.2 To remove the air from the tester, remove the gages and tip it forward. While in this position, open the
gage valves and engage the piston with the motor running. The glycerin and any air present in the manifold line will then
be expelled. As soon as the glycerin stops flowing, shut the gage valves tightly and tip the tester back to its horizontal
position. If there are no gage valves, seal the gage line carefully with a tight plug before tipping it back, taking care that
no air is trapped. Remove the diaphragm and add glycerin through the opening while retracting the piston, taking care
that no air is introduced. (Glycerin may also be replaced without removing the diaphragm by use of a special glycerin
gun available from the manufacturer of the tester.). The diaphragm is then temporarily replaced and the tester tipped on
end so that the piston is in the vertical position. The plug at the top-most part of the glycerin chamber is then removed
and the piston again run forward to expel glycerin and any air which may have been trapped in the piston and cylinder
assembly. The plug is then replaced, the tester set down, the diaphragm removed, and the chamber again filled with
glycerin while retracting the piston. If care has been taken, all air should then be out of the tester.
A.1.4 Gages. Before tests are made, make sure that the entire hydraulic system of the tester, including the inner
tubing of each gage (Bourdon tube) is full of liquid and is completely free of entrapped air. If necessary, remove the air
in the Bourdon tube of a gage and replace it by glycerin as follows: Insert two tubes of Pyrex or metal through a rubber
stopper into the neck of a small vacuum vessel one-third filled with glycerin. Have one tube extend almost to the bottom,
and the other extend to just below the stopper. Connect the latter to a vacuum pump and with vacuum tubing connect the
other to the Bourdon tube. Turn on the vacuum pump and tip the vessel just enough to uncover the tube connected to the
gage to ensure a minimum of back pressure while drawing air from the gage. Continue the evacuation for several
minutes after the glycerin in the vessel appears to boil. Tip the vessel until the end of the tube leading to the gage is
completely immersed in the glycerin and slowly admit air into the vessel. This will force glycerin into the Bourdon tube.
If the air has been completely removed from the tube, a minimum of glycerin will be pulled out of it upon re-evacuating
the system.
A.1.4.1 Some gages are available with a bleeder mounted inside the Bourdon tube, which may be used to bleed
off the air instead of removing it by the vacuum procedure described.
References
1.
2.
Institute of Paper Chemistry, A Method for Determining the Bursting Strength of Paperboard and Paperboard
Products, Fibre Containers, February 1948.
McKee, R. C., Root, C. H., and Ayre, L. R., Instrumental and Operational Variables Influencing Bursting
Strength Results, Fibre Containers, May, June, July 1948.
g
T 810 om-98
SUGGESTED METHOD 1966
REVISED 1985
REVISED 1992
REVISED 1998
1998 TAPPI
Association assume no liability or responsibility in connection with the
use of such information or data, including but not limited to any
liability or responsibility under patent, copyright, or trade secret laws.
The user is responsible for determining that this document is the most
recent edition published.
Bursting strength of corrugated and solid fiberboard

1.
Scope
This method describes the procedure for measuring the bursting strength of single wall and double wall corrugated
and solid fiberboard. It is not designed to be used for the bursting strength of paper (TAPPI T 403 "Bursting Strength
of Paper"), paperboard and linerboard (TAPPI T 807 "Bursting Strength of Paperboard and Linerboard"), or triple wall
corrugated board.
2.
Significance
The bursting strength of combined board is primarily an indication of the character of the materials used in
manufacturing a fiberboard box and has value in this respect. Bursting strength of combined board is an optional
requirement of the various carrier regulations for shipping containers. The bursting strength of the component
paperboard is an important control test in the paperboard mill since the conformity of the finished container is generally
controlled by the bursting strength of the paperboard. Triple-wall corrugated board cannot be tested suitably by the
bursting method. Testing of double-wall board is of questionable accuracy since it is rarely possible to get sufficiently
simultaneous bursts of the multiple facings. The test is simple and rapid to execute, but it must be recognized that it is
subject to serious errors if instrument, diaphragm, and gages are not properly maintained or if improper procedures are
used (1, 2, 3).
3.
Apparatus
3.1
Bursting tester1, consisting of the following:
3.1.1
Means for clamping the test specimen between two annular, plane surfaces having fine concentric tool
marks to minimize slippage. The upper clamping platen (clamping ring) has a minimum diameter of 95.3 mm (3.75 in.),
a minimum thickness of 9.53 mm (0.375 in.), and a circular opening of 31.50 0.03 mm (1.240 0.001 in.) diameter.
The lower edge of the opening (side in contact with the board) has a 0.64 mm (0.025 in.) radius. The lower clamping
surface (diaphragm plate) has a thickness of 5.56 0.08 mm (0.219 0.003 in.) with an opening 31.50 0.03 mm (1.240
0.001 in.) in diameter and an overall diameter at least as large as the upper clamping plate.. The upper edge of the
opening (in contact with the board) has a 0.41 mm 0.1 mm (0.016 0.004 in.) radius and the lower edge of the opening
(in contact with the rubber diaphragm) has a radius of 3.1 0.1 mm (0.122 0.004 in.) to prevent cutting the rubber
when pressure is applied. The upper clamping ring is connected to the clamping mechanism through a swivel joint to
Names of suppliers of testing equipment and materials for this method may be found on the Test Equipment Suppliers list in the bound
set of TAPPI Test Methods, or may be available from the TAPPI Technical Operations Department.
Approved by the Fiberboard Shipping Container Testing Committee of the Corrugated Containers Division
TAPPI
T 810 om-98
Bursting strength of corrugated and solid fiberboard / 2
facilitate an even clamping pressure. The openings in the two clamping plates are required to be concentric to within
0.13 mm (0.0051 in.) and their clamping faces flat and parallel (see T 807 Appendix A.1.1).
3.1.2
A molded (disk-shaped) diaphragm requiring a pressure of not less than 160 kPa nor more than 210 kPa
(not less than 23 psi nor more than 30 psi) to distend it to a height of 9.53 mm (0.375 in.) above the diaphragm plate (see
T 807, Appendix A.1.2.)
3.1.3
Means of forcing liquid into the pressure chamber below the diaphragm at a steady rate of 170 16
mL/min (0.045 0.004 gal/min). This pressure shall be generated by a motor-driven piston forcing a liquid (glycerin)
into the pressure chamber of the apparatus (see T 807, Appendix A.1.3).
3.1.4
A Bourdon pressure gage of the maximum reading or the lazy hand type. The scale should have a radius
of 47.6 mm (1.875 in.) with graduations extending over a minimum arc of 270 indicating bursting pressure in kPa or
psi, with an accuracy of 0.5% of full scale, and have sufficient capacity so that all readings can be maintained in the
middle half of the scale. In its operating position, have the gage inclined between horizontal and not over 30 from the
horizontal. When more than one gage is mounted on a single apparatus, only the gage on which the measurement is being
made is open to the hydraulic system so as not to reduce the rate of distention of the sample.
3.1.5
As an alternate to 3.1.4, a pressure transducer with suitable signal processing circuitry to display the
maximum bursting pressure may be used provided it gives comparable results.
3.1.6
Electronic instruments are now available that automate and speed up the testing procedure. These
instruments must maintain the critical elements of 3.1.1 through 3.1.3.
NOTE 1:
3.1.7
4.
Vernier caliper with micrometer gage to measure penetration of the upper clamping platen into the board.
Calibration
4.1
4.2
5.
Care should be taken when comparing results between bourdon tube and electronic measuring systems. Differences in test results
can arise due to differences in system expansibility and speed of data acquisition.
Calibrate apparatus as per Instrument Manufacturers specifications.

Appendix A.1 of TAPPI T 807 describes a calibration procedure for one manufacturers apparatus.
5.1
Solid fiberboard
5.1.1
From each test unit obtained in accordance with TAPPI T 400 "Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot
of Paper, Paperboard, Containerboard, or Related Product," prepare five specimens at least 305 305 mm (12 12 in.).
If the dimensions of each sheet of the test unit are too small, then use specimens no less than 102 mm (4 in.) wide and
of sufficient length or number to permit a total of 20 bursts.
5.2
Corrugated board
5.2.1
From each test unit obtained in accordance with T 400, prepare five specimens at least 305 305 mm
(12 12 in.). If size does not permit this, take specimens no less than 152 mm (6 in.) wide and of sufficient length or
number to permit a total of 20 bursts.
6.
Conditioning
Condition all specimens prior to testing and conduct tests in an atmosphere in accordance with TAPPI
T 402 "Standard Conditioning and Testing Atmospheres for Paper, Board, Pulp Handsheets, and Related Products."
7.
Procedure
7.1
Solid fiberboard
7.1.1
Insert the specimen between the clamping ring and diaphragm plate, then apply a clamping pressure of
690 kPa (100 psi) either manually, pneumatically, or hydraulically and verify the pressure applied to the specimen. The
specimen must not slip during the test.
7.1.2
Apply the bursting pressure by forcing the piston forward until the diaphragm ruptures the specimen.
Record the maximum pressure registered.
7.1.3
Allot a minimum area of 102 x 102 mm (4 4 in.) for each burst to prevent the clamping areas from
overlapping. Make an equal number of bursts from each side of the specimen. Arrange that no more than one burst from
3 / Bursting strength of corrugated and solid fiberboard
T 810 om-98
each side of the specimen falls in the same line of machine formation. Make no test on areas containing wrinkles,
creases, or other obvious imperfections. Make a minimum of 6 bursts on each 305 305 mm (12 12 in.) specimen
and a maximum of 10 bursts to determine the average bursting strength of the material tested.
7.2
Corrugated board
7.2.1
Insert the specimen between the clamping ring and the diaphragm plate. Apply a clamping pressure so
that the top compression ring moves into the board to a depth as follows: "A" flute 2.08 0.05 mm (0.082 0.002 in.);
"B" flute 0.81 0.05 mm (0.032 0.002 in.); "C" flute 1.62 0.05 mm (0.062 0.002 in.) and for Double Wall 3.05
0.07 mm (0.12 0.003 in.). The specimen must not slip during the test. Apply the bursting pressure by forcing the
piston forward until the diaphragm ruptures the specimen. Record the maximum pressure registered.
NOTE 2:
On some testers equipped with a clamping wheel this corresponds to: "A" flute 3/4 turn; "B" flute 1/4 turn; "C" flute turn and
double wall 1 turn. Due to the surface and frictional characteristics of the board, the penetration depth to prevent slippage could
vary by +1/4 of a turn. If the tester is equipped with a hand wheel, pneumatic or hydraulic loading system adjust clamping pressure
so that the sample will just slip between the clamping rings, measure the distance between the yoke and top clamping ring (see Fig.
1), and adjust the pressure to get the specified penetration depth. There should be no slipping during the test, if slippage does occur
increase the penetration depth.
7.2.2
On corrugated board a minimum area of 152 152 mm (6 6 in.) is required for each burst. A
maximum of four bursts, two from each direction, is therefore made on each 930 cm2 (1 ft2) specimen. A margin of at
least 25 mm (1 in.) is left between the periphery of the clamping ring and the edge of the specimen. Locate the bursts
so that not more than one burst from each direction is made in line with the same corrugation. Make a minimum of 20
bursts.
NOTE 3:
On testers with adjustable clamp pressure (pneumatic or hydraulic) the following alternative clamp procedure can be used.
Determine the clamping force required to collapse the flutes of the test material. Reduce the clamp pressure by 35 kPa (5 psi) to
run the burst tests.
NOTE 4:
Occasionally a "double pop" may occur on some corrugated materials. These results should be included in the report and labeled
as double pops.
8.
Report
For each test unit report the average of the test determinations in kilopascals (or in lb/in.2 equivalent to kPa/6.89)
to three significant figures.
NOTE 5:
9.
For purposes of determining compliance with the optional carrier classification requirements, Uniform Freight Classification Rule
41 and National Motor Freight Classification Item 222 specify a minimum bursting test rather than an average of the test
determinations. These rules state, in effect, that only one burst (out of the six prescribed) is permitted to fall below the minimum
test required. Board failing to pass the foregoing will be accepted if, in a retest consisting of 24 bursts, not over 4 bursts fall below
the minimum test required.
Precision
9.1
Repeatability (within a laboratory) = 5.7%
9.2
Reproducibility (between laboratories) = 13.5%
9.3
The above values were obtained using test results, each an average of 20 determinations among 12
laboratories on 6 different corrugated combinations. The interlaboratory study was conducted in accordance with TAPPI
T 1200 "Interlaboratory Evaluation of Test Methods Used with Paper and Board Products" by the Fibre Box Association
Technical Committee, 1971-2.
10.
Keywords
Corrugated boards, Fiber boards, Burst strength.
T 810 om-98
11.
Bursting strength of corrugated and solid fiberboard / 4
11.1
Effective date of issue: February 23, 1998.
11.2
Related methods: ASTM D 2738 (technically identical); Australian and New Zealand, APPITA P 438
(specifies clamping pressure) ISO 2759 (specifies crushing flutes).
References
1.
2.
3.
Institute of Paper Chemistry, "A Method for Determining the Bursting Strength (Mullen) of Paperboard and
Paperboard Products," Fiber Containers (Feb. 1948).
McKee, R. C., Root, C. H., and Ayers, L. R., "Instrumental and Operational Variables Influencing Bursting
Strength Results," Fiber Containers (May, June, and July 1948).
Pitman, G. A., "Problems of Entrapped Air in Mullen Testers," Fiber Containers (Nov. 1955).
Your comments and suggestions on this procedure are earnestly requested and should be sent to the TAPPI Technical

Operations Manager.
T 811 om-02
REVISED 1979
REVISED 1988
REVISED 1995
REVISED 2002
2002 TAPPI
edition published.
CAUTION:
Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated

fiberboard (short column test)
1.
Scope
1.1
This method describes procedures for determining the edgewise compressive strength (ECT), parallel to
the flutes, of a short column of single-, double-, or triple-wall corrugated fiberboard (1).
1.2
The method includes procedures for cutting the test specimen, specimen support (waxed edges), and two
procedures for applying the compressive force (constant strain rate, or constant load rate). Studies have shown that any
combination of these procedures will yield the same test results with the stated precision (Section 9).
2.
Significance
2.1
Research has shown that the edgewise compressive strength of specimens with flutes vertical, in
combination with the flexural stiffness of the combined board and box dimensions, relates to the top-to-bottom
compressive strength of vertically fluted corrugated fiberboard shipping containers (2,3).
2.2
This method may also be used for comparing the edgewise compressive strength of different lots of
similar combined boards or for comparing different material combinations (4,5).
3.
Apparatus
3.1
Compression testing machine1 meeting the requirements of either 3.1.1 or 3.1.2, and 3.1.3, 3.1.4, and
3.1.5.
3.1.1
Rigid Support Compression Tester. Two platens, one rigidly supported and the other driven. Each platen
shall have a working area of approximately 100 cm2 (16 in.2). The platens are to have not more than 0.050 mm (0.002
1
Names of suppliers of testing equipment and materials for this method may be found on the Test Equipment Suppliers list in the bound set
of TAPPI Test Methods, or may be available from the TAPPI Quality and Standards Department.
TAPPI
T 811 om-02
Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated / 2

in.) lateral relative movement, and the rigidly supported platen not more than 0.150 mm (0.006 in.) movement,
perpendicular to the surface, within a load range of 0 to 2224 N (0-500 lbf). Within the specimen contact area, each
platen shall be flat within 0.0025 mm (0.0001 in.) of the mean platen surface, and the platens shall remain parallel to each
other within 1 part in 2000 throughout the test (6).
3.1.1.1 Within a range of platen separations necessary to cause compressive failure of the test specimen, and
within a load range of 0 to 2224 N (0-500 lbf), the speed of the driven platen shall be controllable at 12.5 0.25 mm (0.5
0.01 in.) per minute. (For convenience, the test machine should be capable of rapid return and automatic, settable
positioning).
3.1.2
Flexible Beam Compression Tester. Two platens, one flexible beam supported and the other driven. Each
platen shall have a working area of approximately 100 cm2 (16 in.2). Within the specimen contact area, each platen shall
be flat within 0.0025 mm (0.0001 in.) of the mean platen surface, and the platens shall remain parallel to each other
within 1 part in 2000 throughout the test. The platens are required to have not more than 0.050 mm (0.002 in.) lateral
relative movement.
within a load range of 0 to 2224 N (0-500 lbf), the speed of the driven platen shall be controlled so that the rate of force
increase (without considering specimen deformation) is 111 22 N/s (25 5 lbf/s) (6).
3.1.3
The driven platen shall be moveable to achieve an initial platen separation of at least 60 mm (2.36 in.).
3.1.4
A capacity of at least 2224 N (500 lbf).
3.1.5
A means for measuring and indicating the maximum load sustained by the test specimen with an accuracy
of 0.5% or 2.2 N (0.5 lbf), whichever is greater.
3.1.6
A means such as a saw or other device for cutting specimens having clean, parallel and perpendicular
edges, within the tolerances specified in 6.2 and 6.3. Opposite edges shall be parallel to each other and perpendicular to
adjacent edges (7).
3.1.6.1 Knife cutter, single knife device with guides or, preferably, a twin-knife motorized or pneumatically
driven device to cut the test specimens according to the specifications in Section 6. The knives must be sharp and of the
single-bevel type and arranged in the device so that the unbevelled side is toward the test piece and at 90 to the
specimen's surface.
3.1.6.2 Saw, circular, equipped with a sharp, no-set (hollow ground or taper ground is desirable) saw blade. The
saw blade shall be 90 to the table supporting the specimen.
3.1.7
A means for supporting the specimen at the initiation of the test so that the applied force is exactly
parallel to the flutes.
3.1.7.1 Metal guide blocks (Fig. 1) to be used with the waxed edge specimens (7.5). Two are required to align
the specimen vertically in the testing machine.
4.
Sampling
Samples shall be obtained in accordance with TAPPI T 400 Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot of Paper,
Paperboard, Containerboard, or Related Product.
5.
Conditioning
Precondition and condition the sample in accordance with TAPPI T 402 Standard Conditioning and Testing
Atmospheres for Paper, Board, Pulp Handsheets, and Related Products. Waxed edge specimens shall be conditioned an
additional minimum of 2 hours after waxing and before testing (8)
6.
Test specimens
6.1
From each test unit accurately cut at least 10 specimens with the motorized knife or circular saw or other
method that will cut clean, parallel, and perpendicular edges. If the test specimens are to be taken from corrugated
shipping containers, they should be taken from areas away from scorelines, joints, and
closures. Specimens should not be taken from obviously damaged areas and areas not representative of the container as a
whole.
6.2
The loading (width) edges shall be parallel to each other and perpendicular to the axis of the flutes (Fig.
2). Cut the specimens to a width of 50.8 0.8 mm (2.00 0.031 in.).
3 / Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated

T 811 om-02
6.3
Specimens to be tested using this procedure shall be cut to a height of 31.8 1.6 mm (1.25 0.063 in.)
for B-flute, 38.1 1.6 mm (1.50 0.063 in.) for C-flute, and 50.8 1.6 mm (2.00 0.063 in.) for A-flute and for all
double- and triple-wall board (1, 6).
NOTE 1:
In some U.S. Federal and Military Specifications and Standards for corrugated board, the short column crush test is required. The
procedure is technically identical to that described here in Sections 4-6 except for specimen size. The height for all flute
constructions, single-, double-, triple-wall, is 31.8 1.6 mm (1.25 0.063 in.). When testing against these specifications, this
height is to be used.
NOTE 2:
FEFCO requires testing specimens cut 100 mm (3.94 in.) wide and 25 mm (0.98 in.) high. These are tested without any additional
specimen support such as waxed edges or mechanical support, except for initial vertical alignment.
NOTE 3:
Other procedures are sometimes used which require different specimen dimensions, specimen geometry (9) or specimen support
techniques. These may include, but are not to be limited to: TAPPI T 839 Edgewise Compressive Strength of Corrugated
Fiberboard using the Clamp Method (Short Column Test) (10), TAPPI T 841 Corrugated Board Edge Compression Test, Morris
Specimen Holder Procedure, Non-Waxed Loading Edges, and TAPPI T 838 Edge Crush Test Using Neckdown (11).
The procedures described in Notes 1, 2, and 3 will not, necessarily, yield the same results as the official test method.
6.4
Prepare test specimens with waxed edge reinforcement as follows: Dip each loading edge in molten
paraffin 69-74C (156-165F) approximate melting point, 52C (125F) to a depth of 6 mm (1/4 in.) and hold there until
the absorbed paraffin, as determined visually, begins to migrate above the 6 mm (1/4 in.) dipped zone. Normally, a 3
second dip in molten paraffin at a temperature of 69-74C (156-165F) is satisfactory. If excessively rapid migration is
encountered, reduce the temperature of the molten paraffin. Immediately after dipping, momentarily blot the loading
edges of the specimen on paper toweling preheated on a hot plate maintained at 77-82C (171-180F).
NOTE 4:
The following alternative procedure for impregnating the loading edges of specimens with paraffin wax is permissible. Place the
edge on a paraffin wax saturated pad, such as paper toweling, heated on a hot plate maintained at 77-82C (171-180F) until the
paraffin wax impregnates the specimen to the desired 6 mm (1/4 in.) depth. Generally, this method is slower than the dipping
method and therefore permits better control of the depth of paraffin wax penetration for specimens in which paraffin wax migration
is rapid.
NOTE 5:
When reinforcing the loading edges of waxed or curtain coated boards, care must be taken so that the heat of the reinforcing
paraffin wax does not adversely affect the integrity of the boards structure in the area of the edge wax impregnation. Evidence of
proper treatment will be that in performing the test, failure occurs away from the reinforced area.
7.
Procedure
7.1
Perform all tests in the conditioning atmosphere.
7.2
The rate of platen movement required for a flexible beam compression machine has been determined to
be 111 22 N/s (25 5 lbf/s). Record the platen movement rate actually used. On most machines this rate of platen
movement will be 13-51 mm (0.5-2.0 in.) per minute depending on the load range at the beam.
7.3
The rate of platen movement for each rigid support compression machine should be set to 12.5 0.25 mm
(0.5 0.01 in.) per minute.
7.4
Measure the width (nominally 50.8-mm (2-in.)) dimension of each specimen to the nearest 1 mm (1/32
in.).
7.5
Center the specimen on the platen. Place a guide block on each side of the specimen centrally located
relative to it so that the flutes are held perpendicular to the platen. Place the blocks' largest face up, with the offset ends
adjacent and in contact with the specimen above the paraffin areas.
7.5.1
Apply a compressive force to the specimen. Verify the platen movement rate described in 7.2 or 7.3.
When the force on the specimen is between 22 and 67 N (5 and 15 lbf), remove both guide blocks and, without altering
the platen movement rate, continue to apply force until the specimen fails. A valid test is when one or both liners have
buckled in the unwaxed center portion of the specimen. If neither liner shows a buckling failure in the unwaxed area of
the specimen the test may be declared invalid.
7.6
Record the maximum load in newtons (pounds-force), the specimen width, and whether or not the
specimen exhibited a valid failure.
T 811 om-02
8.

Report
8.1
For each test unit, report:
8.1.1
Average maximum load per unit width for valid tests calculated from average maximum load and
specimen width in kilonewtons per meter (pounds-force per in.).
8.1.2
Standard deviation among valid determinations in kilonewtons per meter (pounds-force per in.).
8.1.3
Number of valid test determinations.
8.1.4
A description of material tested.
8.1.5
A statement that the test was conducted in compliance with this test method and a description of any
deviations.
9.
Precision
9.1
9.2
Reproducibility (between laboratories) = 23%.
9.3
The above precision statement was obtained using test results, each an average of 10 determinations
from an interlaboratory study, conducted in accordance with TAPPI T 1200 Interlaboratory Evaluation of Test Methods
to Determine TAPPI Repeatability and Reproducibility, in cooperation with the ASTM Committee D-6, Sub IV,
October 1966, among nine laboratories on five different corrugated combinations.
10.
Keywords
Corrugated boards, Edge crush tests, Compression strength.
11.
11.1
Effective date of issue: April 24, 2002.
11.2
This method is referenced in the alternate requirements of National Railroad Freight Committee, Uniform
Freight Classification, and the National Motor Freight Traffic Association Inc.,/American Trucking Association, National
Motor Freight Classification. The carrier classification rules (Alternate Rule 41, Item 222) define the minimum ECT
requirements for corrugated boxes used in the common carrier surface transportation system.
11.3
Related methods: ASTM D-2808 Compressive Strength of Corrugated Fiberboard (technically
identical); ISO International Standard ISO 3037 Corrugated Fiberboard - Determination of Edgewise Crush
Resistance. All of these methods are technically identical except for specimen size and preparation. In this respect they
compare with earlier TAPPI versions and with the alternate specimen size referenced in Notes 1 and 2 (also see Note 3).
12.
Literature cited
1.
Koning, J. W., Jr., Comparison of Two Specimen Shapes for Short Column Test of Corrugated Fiberboard, U.S.
Forest Service Research Note FPL-0109 (October 1965).
McKee, R. C., Gander, J. W., and Wachuta, J. R., Edgewise Compression Strength of Corrugated Board,
Paperboard Packaging 46 (11); 70 (1961).
McKee, R. C., Gander, J. W. and Wachuta, J. R., Compression Strength Formula for Corrugated Boxes,
Paperboard Packaging 48 (8): 149 (1963).
Maltenfort, G. G., Compression Strength of Corrugated, Paperboard Packaging 48 (8): 160 (1963).
Moody, R. C., Edgewise Compressive Strength of Corrugated Fiberboard as Determined by Local Instability,
U.S. Forest Service Research paper FPL 46 (December 1965).
Moody, R. C., and Koning, J. W., Jr., Effect of Loading Rate on the Edgewise Compressive Strength of
Corrugated Fiberboard, U.S. Forest Service Research Note FPL-0121 (April 1966).
McClain, T. E. And Boltnott, Crush Tests Rely on Parallel-to-flute Loading, Tappi Journal 65(3): 148(1982).
Urbanik, T. J., Catlin, A. H., Friedman, D. R., Lund, R. C., Edgewise Crush Test Streamlined by Shorter Time
After Waxing, Tappi Journal 77 (1): 83 (1994).
Koning, J. W., Jr., A Short Column Crush Test of Corrugated Fiberboard, Tappi 47 (3): 134 (1964).
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.
T 811 om-02
Schrampfer, K. E., and Whitsitt, W. J., Clamped Specimen Testing: A Faster Edgewise Crush Procedure, Tappi
71 (10): 65 (1988).
Koning, J. W., Towards an International Standard for the Edgewise Compression Test of Corrugated Board,
Tappi Journal 71 (10): 62 (1988).
11.
References
1.
2.
Schrampfer, K. E., Whitsitt, W. J., and Baum, G. A., The Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Project 269524, Report One (February 27, 1987).
Urbanik, T. J., Catlin, A. H., Friedman, D. R., and Lund, R. C., More Rapid Edgewise Crush Test Methods,
Journal of Testing and Evaluation, JTEVA. Vol. 21, No. 1 January 1993 pp. 62-67.
Fig. 1.
Metal guide block.
Fig. 2. Edgewise test specimen for B-flute.
g
T 811 om-02
REVISED 1979
REVISED 1988
REVISED 1995
REVISED 2002
2002 TAPPI
edition published.
CAUTION:
Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated

1.
Scope
1.1
This method describes procedures for determining the edgewise compressive strength (ECT), parallel to
the flutes, of a short column of single-, double-, or triple-wall corrugated fiberboard (1).
1.2
The method includes procedures for cutting the test specimen, specimen support (waxed edges), and two
procedures for applying the compressive force (constant strain rate, or constant load rate). Studies have shown that any
combination of these procedures will yield the same test results with the stated precision (Section 9).
2.
Significance
2.1
Research has shown that the edgewise compressive strength of specimens with flutes vertical, in
combination with the flexural stiffness of the combined board and box dimensions, relates to the top-to-bottom
compressive strength of vertically fluted corrugated fiberboard shipping containers (2,3).
2.2
This method may also be used for comparing the edgewise compressive strength of different lots of
similar combined boards or for comparing different material combinations (4,5).
3.
Apparatus
3.1
Compression testing machine1 meeting the requirements of either 3.1.1 or 3.1.2, and 3.1.3, 3.1.4, and
3.1.5.
3.1.1
Rigid Support Compression Tester. Two platens, one rigidly supported and the other driven. Each platen
1
Names of suppliers of testing equipment and materials for this method may be found on the Test Equipment Suppliers list in the bound set
of TAPPI Test Methods, or may be available from the TAPPI Quality and Standards Department.
TAPPI
T 811 om-02

in.) lateral relative movement, and the rigidly supported platen not more than 0.150 mm (0.006 in.) movement,
perpendicular to the surface, within a load range of 0 to 2224 N (0-500 lbf). Within the specimen contact area, each
platen shall be flat within 0.0025 mm (0.0001 in.) of the mean platen surface, and the platens shall remain parallel to each
other within 1 part in 2000 throughout the test (6).
within a load range of 0 to 2224 N (0-500 lbf), the speed of the driven platen shall be controllable at 12.5 0.25 mm (0.5
0.01 in.) per minute. (For convenience, the test machine should be capable of rapid return and automatic, settable
positioning).
3.1.2
Flexible Beam Compression Tester. Two platens, one flexible beam supported and the other driven. Each
within 1 part in 2000 throughout the test. The platens are required to have not more than 0.050 mm (0.002 in.) lateral
relative movement.
within a load range of 0 to 2224 N (0-500 lbf), the speed of the driven platen shall be controlled so that the rate of force
increase (without considering specimen deformation) is 111 22 N/s (25 5 lbf/s) (6).
3.1.3
The driven platen shall be moveable to achieve an initial platen separation of at least 60 mm (2.36 in.).
3.1.4
3.1.5
A means for measuring and indicating the maximum load sustained by the test specimen with an accuracy
of 0.5% or 2.2 N (0.5 lbf), whichever is greater.
3.1.6
A means such as a saw or other device for cutting specimens having clean, parallel and perpendicular
edges, within the tolerances specified in 6.2 and 6.3. Opposite edges shall be parallel to each other and perpendicular to
adjacent edges (7).
3.1.6.1 Knife cutter, single knife device with guides or, preferably, a twin-knife motorized or pneumatically
driven device to cut the test specimens according to the specifications in Section 6. The knives must be sharp and of the
single-bevel type and arranged in the device so that the unbevelled side is toward the test piece and at 90 to the
specimen's surface.
3.1.6.2 Saw, circular, equipped with a sharp, no-set (hollow ground or taper ground is desirable) saw blade. The
saw blade shall be 90 to the table supporting the specimen.
3.1.7
A means for supporting the specimen at the initiation of the test so that the applied force is exactly
parallel to the flutes.
3.1.7.1 Metal guide blocks (Fig. 1) to be used with the waxed edge specimens (7.5). Two are required to align
the specimen vertically in the testing machine.
4.
Sampling
Samples shall be obtained in accordance with TAPPI T 400 Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot of Paper,
Paperboard, Containerboard, or Related Product.
5.
Conditioning
Precondition and condition the sample in accordance with TAPPI T 402 Standard Conditioning and Testing
Atmospheres for Paper, Board, Pulp Handsheets, and Related Products. Waxed edge specimens shall be conditioned an
additional minimum of 2 hours after waxing and before testing (8)
6.
Test specimens
6.1
From each test unit accurately cut at least 10 specimens with the motorized knife or circular saw or other
method that will cut clean, parallel, and perpendicular edges. If the test specimens are to be taken from corrugated
shipping containers, they should be taken from areas away from scorelines, joints, and
closures. Specimens should not be taken from obviously damaged areas and areas not representative of the container as a
whole.
6.2
The loading (width) edges shall be parallel to each other and perpendicular to the axis of the flutes (Fig.
2). Cut the specimens to a width of 50.8 0.8 mm (2.00 0.031 in.).

T 811 om-02
6.3
Specimens to be tested using this procedure shall be cut to a height of 31.8 1.6 mm (1.25 0.063 in.)
for B-flute, 38.1 1.6 mm (1.50 0.063 in.) for C-flute, and 50.8 1.6 mm (2.00 0.063 in.) for A-flute and for all
double- and triple-wall board (1, 6).
NOTE 1:
In some U.S. Federal and Military Specifications and Standards for corrugated board, the short column crush test is required. The
procedure is technically identical to that described here in Sections 4-6 except for specimen size. The height for all flute
constructions, single-, double-, triple-wall, is 31.8 1.6 mm (1.25 0.063 in.). When testing against these specifications, this
height is to be used.
NOTE 2:
FEFCO requires testing specimens cut 100 mm (3.94 in.) wide and 25 mm (0.98 in.) high. These are tested without any additional
specimen support such as waxed edges or mechanical support, except for initial vertical alignment.
NOTE 3:
Other procedures are sometimes used which require different specimen dimensions, specimen geometry (9) or specimen support
techniques. These may include, but are not to be limited to: TAPPI T 839 Edgewise Compressive Strength of Corrugated
Fiberboard using the Clamp Method (Short Column Test) (10), TAPPI T 841 Corrugated Board Edge Compression Test, Morris
Specimen Holder Procedure, Non-Waxed Loading Edges, and TAPPI T 838 Edge Crush Test Using Neckdown (11).
The procedures described in Notes 1, 2, and 3 will not, necessarily, yield the same results as the official test method.
6.4
Prepare test specimens with waxed edge reinforcement as follows: Dip each loading edge in molten
paraffin 69-74C (156-165F) approximate melting point, 52C (125F) to a depth of 6 mm (1/4 in.) and hold there until
the absorbed paraffin, as determined visually, begins to migrate above the 6 mm (1/4 in.) dipped zone. Normally, a 3
second dip in molten paraffin at a temperature of 69-74C (156-165F) is satisfactory. If excessively rapid migration is
encountered, reduce the temperature of the molten paraffin. Immediately after dipping, momentarily blot the loading
edges of the specimen on paper toweling preheated on a hot plate maintained at 77-82C (171-180F).
NOTE 4:
The following alternative procedure for impregnating the loading edges of specimens with paraffin wax is permissible. Place the
edge on a paraffin wax saturated pad, such as paper toweling, heated on a hot plate maintained at 77-82C (171-180F) until the
paraffin wax impregnates the specimen to the desired 6 mm (1/4 in.) depth. Generally, this method is slower than the dipping
method and therefore permits better control of the depth of paraffin wax penetration for specimens in which paraffin wax migration
is rapid.
NOTE 5:
When reinforcing the loading edges of waxed or curtain coated boards, care must be taken so that the heat of the reinforcing
paraffin wax does not adversely affect the integrity of the boards structure in the area of the edge wax impregnation. Evidence of
proper treatment will be that in performing the test, failure occurs away from the reinforced area.
7.
Procedure
7.1
7.2
The rate of platen movement required for a flexible beam compression machine has been determined to
be 111 22 N/s (25 5 lbf/s). Record the platen movement rate actually used. On most machines this rate of platen
movement will be 13-51 mm (0.5-2.0 in.) per minute depending on the load range at the beam.
7.3
The rate of platen movement for each rigid support compression machine should be set to 12.5 0.25 mm
(0.5 0.01 in.) per minute.
7.4
Measure the width (nominally 50.8-mm (2-in.)) dimension of each specimen to the nearest 1 mm (1/32
in.).
7.5
Center the specimen on the platen. Place a guide block on each side of the specimen centrally located
relative to it so that the flutes are held perpendicular to the platen. Place the blocks' largest face up, with the offset ends
adjacent and in contact with the specimen above the paraffin areas.
7.5.1
Apply a compressive force to the specimen. Verify the platen movement rate described in 7.2 or 7.3.
When the force on the specimen is between 22 and 67 N (5 and 15 lbf), remove both guide blocks and, without altering
the platen movement rate, continue to apply force until the specimen fails. A valid test is when one or both liners have
buckled in the unwaxed center portion of the specimen. If neither liner shows a buckling failure in the unwaxed area of
the specimen the test may be declared invalid.
7.6
Record the maximum load in newtons (pounds-force), the specimen width, and whether or not the
specimen exhibited a valid failure.
T 811 om-02
8.

Report
8.1
8.1.1
Average maximum load per unit width for valid tests calculated from average maximum load and
specimen width in kilonewtons per meter (pounds-force per in.).
8.1.2
Standard deviation among valid determinations in kilonewtons per meter (pounds-force per in.).
8.1.3
8.1.4
8.1.5
A statement that the test was conducted in compliance with this test method and a description of any
deviations.
9.
Precision
9.1
9.2
Reproducibility (between laboratories) = 23%.
9.3
The above precision statement was obtained using test results, each an average of 10 determinations
from an interlaboratory study, conducted in accordance with TAPPI T 1200 Interlaboratory Evaluation of Test Methods
to Determine TAPPI Repeatability and Reproducibility, in cooperation with the ASTM Committee D-6, Sub IV,
October 1966, among nine laboratories on five different corrugated combinations.
10.
Keywords
Corrugated boards, Edge crush tests, Compression strength.
11.
11.1
Effective date of issue: April 24, 2002.
11.2
This method is referenced in the alternate requirements of National Railroad Freight Committee, Uniform
Freight Classification, and the National Motor Freight Traffic Association Inc.,/American Trucking Association, National
Motor Freight Classification. The carrier classification rules (Alternate Rule 41, Item 222) define the minimum ECT
requirements for corrugated boxes used in the common carrier surface transportation system.
11.3
Related methods: ASTM D-2808 Compressive Strength of Corrugated Fiberboard (technically
identical); ISO International Standard ISO 3037 Corrugated Fiberboard - Determination of Edgewise Crush
Resistance. All of these methods are technically identical except for specimen size and preparation. In this respect they
compare with earlier TAPPI versions and with the alternate specimen size referenced in Notes 1 and 2 (also see Note 3).
12.
Literature cited
1.
Koning, J. W., Jr., Comparison of Two Specimen Shapes for Short Column Test of Corrugated Fiberboard, U.S.
Forest Service Research Note FPL-0109 (October 1965).
Paperboard Packaging 46 (11); 70 (1961).
McKee, R. C., Gander, J. W. and Wachuta, J. R., Compression Strength Formula for Corrugated Boxes,
U.S. Forest Service Research paper FPL 46 (December 1965).
Corrugated Fiberboard, U.S. Forest Service Research Note FPL-0121 (April 1966).
McClain, T. E. And Boltnott, Crush Tests Rely on Parallel-to-flute Loading, Tappi Journal 65(3): 148(1982).
Urbanik, T. J., Catlin, A. H., Friedman, D. R., Lund, R. C., Edgewise Crush Test Streamlined by Shorter Time
After Waxing, Tappi Journal 77 (1): 83 (1994).
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.
T 811 om-02
Schrampfer, K. E., and Whitsitt, W. J., Clamped Specimen Testing: A Faster Edgewise Crush Procedure, Tappi
71 (10): 65 (1988).
Koning, J. W., Towards an International Standard for the Edgewise Compression Test of Corrugated Board,
Tappi Journal 71 (10): 62 (1988).
11.
References
1.
2.
Schrampfer, K. E., Whitsitt, W. J., and Baum, G. A., The Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Project 269524, Report One (February 27, 1987).
Urbanik, T. J., Catlin, A. H., Friedman, D. R., and Lund, R. C., More Rapid Edgewise Crush Test Methods,
Journal of Testing and Evaluation, JTEVA. Vol. 21, No. 1 January 1993 pp. 62-67.
Fig. 1.
Metal guide block.
Fig. 2. Edgewise test specimen for B-flute.
g
T 838 om-03
PROVISIONAL METHOD 1995
OFFICIAL METHOD 2003
2003 TAPPI
edition published.
CAUTION:
Edge crush test using neckdown

1.
Scope
This method describes a procedure for determining the edgewise compressive strength, parallel to the flutes, of a
short column of single-, double-, or triple-wall corrugated fiberboard, in a neckdown, non reinforced, loading edge
configuration.
2.
Significance
2.1
Research has shown that the edgewise compressive strength of specimens with flutes vertical in
combination with the flexural stiffness of the combined board relates to the top-to-bottom compressive strength of
vertically fluted corrugated fiberboard shipping containers (1,2). This method may be used for comparing the edgewise
compressive strength of different lots of similar combined boards or for comparing different material combinations (3,4).
3.
Apparatus
3.1
Compression testing machine1 meeting the requirements of either 3.1.1 or 3.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.1.4 and 3.1.5
3.1.1
Rigid support compression tester. Two platens, one rigidly supported and the other driven. Each platen
in.) lateral relative movement, and the rigidly supported platen not more than 0.150 mm (0.006 in.) vertical movement,
perpendicular to the surface, within a load range of 0 to 2224 N (0 to 500 lbf). Within the specimen contact area, each
platen shall be flat to within 0.0025 mm (0.0001 in.) of the mean platen surface, and the platens shall remain parallel to
each other within 1 part in 2000 (.0125 mm/25mm, .0005 in./1.00 in.) throughout the test.
3.1.1.1
Within a range of platen separation necessary to cause compression failure of the test specimen, and
within a load range of 0 to 2224 N (0 to 500 lbf), the speed of the driven platen shall be controllable at 12.5 0.25 mm
(0.50 0.01 in.) per minute. (For convenience, the test machine should be capable of rapid return and automatic, settable
positioning.)
Names of suppliers of testing equipment and materials for this method may be found on the Test Equipment Suppliers list in
the bound set of TAPPI Test Methods, or may be available from the TAPPI Quality and Standards Department.
TAPPI
T 838 om-03
Edge crush test using neckdown / 2
3.1.2
Flexible beam compression tester. Two platens, one flexible beam supported and the other driven. Each
within 1 part in 2000 (0.0125 mm/25 mm, 0.0005 in./1.00 in.) throughout the test. The platens are required to have not
more than 0.050 mm (0.002 in.) lateral relative movement.
3.1.2.1 Within a range of platen separation necessary to cause compressive failure of the specimen, and within a
load range of at least 0 to 2224 N (0 to 500 lbf), the speed of the driven platen shall be controlled so that the rate of force
increase (without considering specimen deformation) is 111 22N/s (25 5 lbf/s).
3.1.3
The driven platen shall be movable to achieve an initial platen separation of at least 60 mm (2.36 in.).
3.1.4
3.1.5
A means for measuring and indicating the maximum load sustained by the test specimen within an
accuracy of 0.5% of scale reading or 2.2 N (0.5 lbf), whichever is greater.
3.2
Metal guide blocks, (Fig. 1). Two are required to align the specimen vertically in the testing machine.
The exact dimensions of the block are not critical. The blocks referenced in TAPPI T 811 Edgewise Compression
Strength of Corrugated Fiberboard (Short Column Test) can be used in this method.
Fig. 1. Metal guide block.
3.3
A means such as a saw or preferably other device for cutting specimens having clean, parallel and
perpendicular edges, within the tolerances specified in 6.1. Opposite edges shall be parallel to each other and
perpendicular to adjacent edges.
3.3.1
Knife cutter, single knife device with guides or, preferably, a twin-knife with guides to cut the test
specimens according to the specifications in Section 6.1. The knives must be sharp and preferably of the single-bevel
type and arranged in the device so that the unbevelled side is toward the test piece and at 90. All Cuts must be clean and
free of excessive fraying.
3.3.2
Saw, circular, equipped with a sharp, no-set (hollow-ground or taper-ground is desirable) saw blade. The
saw blade shall be 90 to the table supporting the specimen, and have the ability to consistently hold the specimen size to
0.8 mm ( 0.03 in.)
3.4
Neckdown cutter, for preparing a notched sample from a 50.8 mm x 50.8 mm (2 in. x 2 in.) sample with
tolerances as per Section 6.1.
3.4.1
A neckdown sample cutter consisting of a method of cutting a sample 50.8 mm x 50.8 mm (2 in. x 2 in.)
into an hour glass shape with a narrowed section of 25.4 0.4 mm (1.00 0.015 in.) Figure 2. The radius of the
semicircular cuts should not be less than 12.7 mm (0.5 in.), the sample tabs must remain 50.8 mm (2 in.) and the
narrowed section must meet the above specifications. Care should be taken to insure the hourglass cut is in the center of
the specimen. One method is a sample cutter consisting of two single beveled rotating blades fixed in a holder, with the
bevel facing away from the sample.
3 / Edge crush test using neckdown
4.
T 838 om-03
Sampling
From each test unit of a sample obtained in accordance with TAPPI T 400 Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot
of Paper, Paperboard, Containerboard, or Related Product.
5.
Conditioning
Precondition and condition the prepared specimens in accordance with TAPPI T 402 Standard Conditioning and
Testing Atmospheres for Paper, Board, Pulp Handsheets, and Related Products.
6.
Test Specimens
6.1
Accurately cut 10 representative specimens with a saw or other device to cut clean parallel and
perpendicular edges. Cut all specimens 50.8 0.8 mm (2.0 0.031 in.) in both width and height. The depth edges should
be parallel to each other and perpendicular to the axis of the flutes (Fig.2). If the test specimens are taken from
corrugated shipping containers, they should be taken from areas removed from scorelines, joints, and closures (when
possible). Specimens should not be taken from obviously damaged areas not representative of the container as a whole.
6.2
Place each 50.8 mm x 50.8 mm (2 in. x 2 in.) sample in the neckdown cutter and cut the notch in each
edge of the specimen. The loading edges should not be cut. The sample width at its narrowest point will now be 25.4
mm 0.4 mm (1.0 0.015 in.).
Fig. 2. Sample cut into hourglass shape.
7.
Procedure
7.1
7.2
Measure the width at narrowest point nominal 25.4 mm (1 in.) of each specimen to the nearest 0.4 mm
(0.016 in.).
7.3
Center the specimen on the bottom platen. Place a guide block on each side of the specimen centrally
located relative to it so the flutes are held perpendicular to the platen. Zero the tester.
7.4
Apply a compressive force to the specimen. When the load on the specimen is between 22 and 67 N (5
and 15 lbf), move both guide blocks away from specimen and without altering the platen movement rate, continue to
apply pressure until the specimen fails.
7.5
Record the maximum load (N or lbf).
T 838 om-03
8.
Edge crush test using neckdown / 4
Report
8.1
For each test specimen, report:
8.1.1
Maximum load to cause failure in kN/m or lbf/in.
8.1.2
Whether or not specimen exhibited a valid failure. A failure is defined as valid when the catastrophic
failure (buckling) occurs in the narrowed section.
8.2
8.2.1
Average maximum load from valid tests in N or lbf.
8.2.2
Average maximum load per unit width for valid tests, calculated from average maximum load and
specimen width at narrowest point (kN/m or lbf/in.).
8.2.3
Standard deviation among valid determinations (kN/mm or lbf/in.).
8.2.4
8.2.5
8.2.6
A statement that the test was conducted in compliance with this procedure or a description of any
deviations.
8.2.7
A statement on what type of cutter was used to produce the 50.8 mm x 50.8 mm (2 in. x 2 in.) sample and
the method of necking.
9.
Precision
The following estimates of repeatability and reproducibility are based on data from CTS-TAPPI Interlaboratory
Program from 2001 and 2002. The material on which these data are based were 10 (ten) grades of C flute corrugated
board with various weight combinations including, 36-26-36, 42-26-42 and 69-26-69. Only participants who reported
following TAPPI T 838 pm-95 version of this method were included. The precision estimates are based on 10
determinations per lab, per material. A more detailed chart of example results is included below.
Repeatability (within a lab) = 6%
Reproducibility (between Laboratories) = 18%
Repeatability and reproducibility are estimates of the maximum difference (at 95%), which should be expected when
comparing test results for materials similar to those described above under similar test conditions. These estimates may
not be valid for different materials or testing conditions.
10.
Keywords
Corrugated boards, Fiberboards, Edge crush resistance, Compression tests, Compressivity
11.
Additional Information
11.1
Effective date of issue: May 13, 2003.
11.2
Related methods: TAPPI T 811, TAPPI T 839, ASTM D-2808, ISO 3037, all of these methods are
technically identical except for specimen size and preparation. This method differs from the other methods in that a
necked down sample is used and the edges are not reinforced. Within this method, a single specimen size is used for all
board construction. Edge crush testing is referenced in the alternate requirements of the National Motor Freight Traffic
Association Inc./American Trucking Association, National Motor Freight Classification Item 222 and the National
Railroad Freight Committee, Uniform Freight Classification Rule 41. The carrier classification rules define the minimum
ECT requirements for corrugated boxes used in the common carrier transportation system.
5 / Edge crush test using neckdown
T 838 om-03
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
McKee, R. C., Gander, J. W., and Wachuta, J. R., Compression Strength Formula for Corrugated Boxes,
U.S. Forest Service Research Paper FPL 46 (December 1965).
Corrugated Fiberboard, U. S. Forest Service Research Note FPL-0121 (April 1966).
Koning, J. W., Jr., Comparison of Two Specimen Shapes for Short Column Test of Corrugated Fiberboard, U.
S. Forest Service Research Note FPL-0109 (October 1965).
Your comments and suggestions on this procedure are earnestly requested and should be sent to the TAPPI Director of
Quality and Standards.
g
Bibliografa.
ManualParaTcnicosdePulpayPapel,GaryA.Smook1990.396paginas,PrimeraEdicin
NormasyMtodosdeContenedoresCorrugadosTAPPI,406pages,ao2000
http://www.fefco.org
FEFCOistheEuropeanFederationofCorrugatedBoardManufacturers.
InstitutoMexicanodeProfesionalesdeEnvaseyEmbalajeS.C.
ManualdeInduccinWeyerhaeuser,52pginas,2003.
ManualdelCorrugador,CopamexCorrugadosS.A.deC.V.66pginas,2002.

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NDICE.

En el ao de 1871, Albert L. Jones patenta en Nueva York el 19 de diciembre de 1871 el uso de

Un ao despus Robert H. Thompson y Henry D. Norris adquieren las patentes de A. L. Jones y O.

Desaparecen las reglas de clasificacin regionales y se edita el 30 de diciembre de 1919, la

La produccin de corrugados sigue de cerca la actividad econmica. Se adapta hoy a la evolucin

3 El uso de computadoras ha revolucionado la industria permitiendo funcionamientos continuos y

Se utiliza principalmente en cajas grandes donde se puede aprovechar su mayor resistencia a la

Debe proporcionar un medio de manejo y distribucin de cantidades determinadas o mltiplos

2.4. ELEMENTOS BSICOS RELACIONADOS CON LA FABRICACIN DE CARTN

2.6. OPERACIONES DEL REA DE CONVERSIN O TRANSFORMACIN DEL

en mquina corrugadora y durante el proceso de conversin. Influye sobre la resistencia al

El espesor esta expresado normalmente en milsimas de pulgada o en milsimas de milmetro. La

Es la prueba ms importante pues permite estimar el apilamiento, puntos de deformacin y

Figura 2.12. La prueba de canto

2.8. ASPECTOS QUE AFECTAN LAS CARACTERSTICAS DE LOS EMPAQUES

La extrema baja humedad o la extrema temperatura pueden reducir el contenido porcentual de

2.9. INFLUENCIA DE LA HUMEDAD RELATIVA EN LAS PROPIEDADES DEL PAPEL Y

RESISTENCIA A LA COLUMNA COMO UNA FUNCION DEL RING-CRU

5.1.1. PROCEMIENTO DE PRUEBA DE EDGE CRUSH TESTER COMPRESIN DE LA

5.2.2. Resultados del ensayo de resistencia a la compresin de canto o una seccin

Por ello es importante un desarrollo correcto del producto en la designacin de la combinacin

REGLA 41 Y 222 CLASIFICACIN UNIFICADA DEL TRANSPORTE

MEDIDAS DE USO COMN

TONELADAS MTRICAS (ton)

TONELADAS CORTAS U. S. (ton U.S.)

TONELADAS CORTAS U.S. (ton U.S.)

TONELADAS MTRICAS (ton)

GRAMOS/ METRO CUADRADO (grs./m )

LIBRAS POR MIL PIES CUADRADOS (lbs/Mf )

LIBRAS POR MIL PIES CUADRADOS (lbs/Mf )

GRAMOS/ METRO CUADRADO (grs./m )

LIBRAS POR PULGADA CUADRADA (lbs/in )

KILOGRAMOS POR CENTMETROS

Bursting strength of paper

Bursting strength of paper / 2

3 / Bursting strength of paper

Bourdon gage characteristics.

Calibration and maintenance

Bursting strength of paper / 4

Sampling and test specimens

burst index, kPam2/g

5 / Bursting strength of paper

Bursting Strength Data

grammage, g/m2 (usually oven dry)

Burst ratio is sometimes called points per pound.

Bursting strength of paper / 6

can be found in SCAN P24 Paper Burst Strength.

Compression test of fiberboard shipping containers

Compression test of fiberboard shipping containers / 2

3 / Compression test of fiberboard shipping containers

Compression test of fiberboard shipping containers / 4

The adhesive may be any water based case-sealing glue.

5 / Compression test of fiberboard shipping containers

Compression test of fiberboard shipping containers / 6

Repeatability and reproducibility are for averages of 5 samples.

Bursting strength of paperboard and linerboard

Scope and summary

Bursting strength of paperboard and linerboard / 2

Sampling and test specimens

3 / Bursting strength of paperboard and linerboard

Effective date of issue: September 30, 2003.

Bursting strength of paperboard and linerboard / 4

Bursting strength of corrugated and solid fiberboard

Bursting strength of corrugated and solid fiberboard / 2