POD PRAC EXAM MID SEM STUDY

NORMAL ANATOMY
Respiratory System (lungs)
- CILIATED PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
o Basal cells
o Goblet cells
o Cilitated cells (apical nuclei) to move mucous
o Brush cells (like ciliated cells but with short fat microvilli)
o Neurosensory cell (long and skinny modified neuron with tentacles apically, nuclei randomly
everywhere giving the appearance of layers)
o Sustenacular support cells
- Bronchi have cartilage plates embedded in
them, resp epi
- Bronchioles have cuboidal epi and no
cartilage, have clara cells that secrete a
substance to maintain surface tension
- Alveolar sacs: simple squamous. Type 1 =
flat cells, Type 2 cuboical cells that secrete
surfactin.
- Spaces between 2 alveoli sacs are called
pores of kern


Circulatory (heart and vessels)
Generalised Vessel Structure

Tunica Interna
-endothelium, loose CT, elastic membrane
Tunica Media
- Smooth m layer, vasa vasorum
nourishes outer half
Tunica Externa
- CT with vasa vasorum, nervi vasorum

Arteries: may be elastic or muscular


Lymph Nodes
Secondary Lymphoid follicle (in response to antigen
stimuli)
- pale germinal centre (area of lymphocyte
proliferation= young lymphocytes, marchophages,
dendritic cells)
- Darker cap/mantle of small lymphocytes
Primary follicle = tightly packed small lymphocytes






Cortex
- Follicles = B cells
- Paracortex/Deep corex = T cells between follicles
Medulla
- Cords ( B and T cells in reticular mesh which holds cells)
- Sinuses (with reticular cells to slow lymph passage)












Renal
- Cortex: Glomeruli, Proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule
- Medulla: Proximal Straight tubule, Distal straight tubule, Collecting duct
- Rule: the things named distal.. lack a well defined brush border whilst the things named
proximal have a nice brush border
- Collecting duct cells = principal (pale) and intercalated (dark) cells
- Other things: papillary duct renal pelvis

NB: In normal slide Cat has lipid droplets in the PCT, whilst dog has lipid droplets in PST
Liver
- Hepatocytes in sheets/ laminae supported by a reticular network
- Capsule and penetrating trabeculae that create lobules
- Hepatocyte laminae radiate from central veins
- Blood travels from incoming vessels > sinusoids (which interface with hepatocytes) >central vein
- Kuppfer (macrophage) cells lining the sinusoids
- Bile travels in the opposite direction towards the bile duct
o Intralobular duct (at lobule periphery, squam)
>interlobular duct (cuboidal)> intrahepatic duct
(columnar) >hepatic duct
- Portal triad-
o Interlob bile duct,hepatic a, portal vein, lymphatic
- Classical Hepatic lobule = central vein surrounded by portal
triads

- Hepatic acinus (3 zones related to 02)
o Zone 1 = closest to incoming vessels thus susceptibile to toxins
o Zone 3=closest to the ventral vein. Most susceptible to hypoxia
Bone

From Left to right.
Osteoblasts (production) produce matrix
Osteocytes (maintenance) which live in lacunae with processes
Osteoclasts (removal) large and mulitinucleate.They are macrophages that absorb bone.
Bone layers
- Endosteum (progenitor cells) and periosteum (inner
osteoprogenitor cells, outer vascular)
Generalised Compact Bone structure
- Basic unit is the osteon (canals with bv and nerves) with
interstitial lamellae between (this is where the osteocytes
live)
Trabecullae (spongy) bone structure
- No osteons, but has lamellae
- No penetrating bv
Cartilage
-3 types, named by the matrix (hyaline, elastic , fibro)
- as per bone, chrondrocytes live in lacunae (sometimes multiple cells per lacunae)

Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage
Type 2 collagen Type 2 Collagen +elastic Type 1 collagen
articular surfaces , resp Ear, larynx IV discs, menisci

Muscle
Terminology = sarcoplasm + sarcolemma
Cardiac Muscle
- Intercalated discs
- Striations
- Central nuclei


Smooth Muscle
- Spindle shaped cells
- Gap junctions
- No striations
Skeletal Muscle
Multinucleated long cells with periperhal nuclei
Very long. Striated




Urinary tract

mucosa has transitional epithelium with plaques (the bits
that invaginate), allowing distension
Inner long, middle circ, outer long layer of smooth m









Pancreas
Function: Exocrine (digestive enzymes) Endocrine (hormones) 1-2%

Exocrine= compound acinar glands
Enzymes secreted in inactive form to prevent
autodigestion
Intercalated duct> (w centroacinar cell)
intralobular duct > interlobular duct
Endocrine = Islets of Langerhands
CT capsule divideds organ into lobules via septa





















Gastrointestinal (stomach and intestines)
Monogastric stomach
- Simple columnar mucous secreting epithelium (surface
mucous cells with microvilli and basal nucleus)



- Mucous cardiac and pyloric glands (gastric pits = where the glands
open)
- Variation in cell type down the gastric
pit
- From lumen : Base =
1. Surface mucous cells
2. Parietal cells = pink= secrete HCl
3. Mucous neck cells
4. Enteroendocrine cells = need silver stain
5. Chief cells = secrete pepsinogen



Intestines (Small and Large. Large will have more goblet cells)
- Mucosal folds >villi (between villi are crypts where glands open into)> microvilli
- Simple columnar epithelium with 3 cell types (absorptive cells with brush border, goblet cells,
enteroendorcrine cells)
- Muscularis mucosae (inner circ, outer long)
- Tunic Muscularis (inner circ, outer long) between these 2 layers is myenteric plexus. Inner layer
responsible for segmental movement. Outer layer responsible for peristalsis.








Integument
Epidermis Anatomy
Up to 5 layers (from deep to superficial)
1. Stratum Basale (where the pink arrow is)
2. Stratum Spinosum quite a large layer (in image B)
3. Stratum Granulosum- flattened cells, nuclei feint
4. Stratum lucidum +/- presence (no nuclei)
5. Stratum corneum (keratin layer) palest staining area. Dead
cells. No nuclei.



Dermis Anatomy (dermis inckldes hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands, arrector pilli m)
2 layers of the dermis
1) Papillery Layer (superficialy) loose CT
Dermal papillae interdigitating with epidermal pegs
2) Reticular layer (deeper) = dense CT
Contains skeletal m of cutaneous trunki = skin twitch
Followed by the hypodermis
= superficial fascia, anchoring the dermis to underlying
muscle and bone. Adipose tissue may be present. Lots of
collagen and elastic fibres.








Brain and nervous system

Cerebral Cortex
Pyramidal cells which look like
sperm
Dendrites>cell body>axon


Cerebellar Cortex
Purkinje cells look like big fat red trees






Connective Tissue Sheaths of
peripheral Nerves
Endoneurium (of individual
nerves)
Perineureum (of nerve fascicles)
Epineurum most outer edge of
a whole bundle of fascicles
Meninges
Outer Dura Mater
Thick dense CT
Middle Arachnoid Mater
Delicate CT, arachnoid villi
projecting into subarachnoide
space
Subarachnoid space
Pia Mater
Highly vascular CT

Spleen
- Functions: RBC and platelet reserve, Iron /Hb recyclying, immune responses, RBC mature
- White pulp = lymphoid tissues and arterioles
o Periarterial lymphoid sheaths (PALS) T cells surrounding a central artery
o Follicles= B cells
o Both Pals and Follicles have a pale marginal zone (of macrophages and B cells)
- Red pulp = vascular
Splenic cords (reticular network with RBC< Lymphocytes, macrophages)
Sheathed Capilleries (sheath of macrophages), pulp (penicillar) arteries, splenic
sinueses (venules)
- Capsule with penetrating trabelculae
White Pulp Red Pulp