An Approach in Evaluating of Flexible Pavement in Permanent Deformation of Paved and Unpaved Roads Over Sand Dunes Subgrade Under Repeated Loads

Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.
org
ISSN 2224-3216 !a"er# ISSN 222$-%&4' (nline#
)ol.4* No.14* 2%14

+'
An Approach in Evaluating of Flexible Pavement In Permanent
Deformation OF Paved AND Unpaved Roads Over and Dunes
ubgrade Under Repeated !oads

,r. Saad -.I.rahim
1/
,r. 0andhi 0. Sofia
2/
1aman 2. 2eama
3
1/ 3.Sc.* 4.Sc.* !h, 5.E.#.4ISS40E.4.I.6S5E* 5ollege of Engineering.*6l-4ustansiria 7niversit8* Ira9*
drsaadfarhan:8ahoo.com
2/ 3.Sc.* 4.Sc.* !h, 5.E.#* 5ollege of Engineering.*6l-4ustansiria 7niversit8*3aghdad* Ira9*
gandhisofia:gmail.com
3/ 3.Sc.* 4.Sc.5.E.#.5ollege of Engineering.*6l-4ustansiria 7niversit8* Ira9
alitala;:8ahoo.com

Abstract
2hic<ness of fle=i.le "avement "la8 ver8 im"ortant factor in cost of construction of road *in this stud8 effect of
change thic<ness of "avement on rutting of road is investigated . 2wo a""roaches are ado"ted> the first is the
la.orator8 tests through simulation of three la8ers of "aved road and two la8ers for un"aved road* using a steel
.o= with dimensions of 6%%mm length $%%mm width and 4%%mm de"th. Sand dunes are used as a su.grade la8er
to investigate its .ehavior .8 using it as a "art of fle=i.le "avement structure under re"eated load at relative
densit8 $$.+?. 2he effect of change in thic<ness of as"halt la8er in "ermanent deformation is also investigated*
through using three models at three different thic<nesses* starting from ;ero un"aved#* $%mm and 1%% mm. 2he
second a""roach is the develo"ment of a three-dimensional finite element model for fle=i.le "avements using
636@7S 6.12-3# to simulate the la.orator8 test 2he results indicate that increase in the thic<ness of fle=i.le
"avement to $%mm from ;ero un"aved#* increases the num.er of "asses a.out &+1.42?* while the increase of
thic<ness from $%mm to 1%% mm* increases the num.er of "asses .8 $1+.33?. 2he results of 636@7S "rogram
are ver8 close to results of la.orator8 tests.
"e#$ords% Sand ,unes su.grade* 2hic<ness of -le=i.le !avement* 636@7S 4odels

IN&RODU'&IO
-le=i.le "avement la8er in construction of roads consider as highest cost and more strength than other la8ers in
"aved road* as"halt la8er carr8 the maAor "art of the traffic loads and reduce the stress which "rogressive to
su.grade to reduce the distress in "avement .od8 .so itBs necessar8 to stud8 the effect of e=isting as"halt la8er in
a.ilit8 of road to carr8 traffic load over sand dunes su.grade. Sand dunes cover large area of Ira9 so itBs
necessar8 to investigate the .ehavior of "aved and un"aved road over sand dunes su.grade. ,uring construction
and o"eration of roads or highwa8s on sand dunes .ed ma8 encounter several "ro.lems. Some of the associated
"ro.lems are mentioned >6#2he real "ro.lem of sand dunes is their crawl that affects develo"ment of
"roAects.Sand ,unes cause a decrease in the efficienc8 and an increase in the maintenance costs for these
"roAects. 2he dela8 of wor< in a highwa8 .etween ,iwani8ah and Nasri8ia is a good e=am"le for that Salem*
2%11#* 3# the formation of de"ressions and settlement of road 6i.an*1&&4#* 5# Shallowness of the ground-
water in some "arts -oo<es and C iggin.ottom*1&+$# which alters the com"ressi.ilit8 of the soil and can lead to
fines migration * ,#)aria.ilit8 in strength and com"ressi.ilit8 leading to differential settlement 6.u-2ale. and
Egeli* 1&'1> 6l-6moudi et al.* 1&&1# E#Sand movement causes a.rasion to the e=isting structures and .loc<age
of some streets and highwa8s. 2his "resents an unacce"ta.le ris< in normal "ractice and calls for the
im"rovement of the geotechnical "ro"erties of such soils "rior to an8 construction 6i.an et al.* 1&&6#.

() REEAR'* +E&*ODO!O,-
2.1 Subgrade
Da.orator8 e="erimentation is done to investigate effect of change relative densit8 of sand dunes su.grade
2.2 Subbase Course
2he su. .ase is .rought from 6lE Ni.aee 9uarr8* north of 3aghdad* this t8"e of su. .ase is commonl8 used as a
la8er in fle=i.le "avement construction.
2.3 Surface course
$%-6%-"enetration grade .itumen is considered for e="erimentation and aggregates 5onfirming mid"oint
gradation of grade II s"ecifications as "er Ira9 s"ecification have .een used.
2.4 Laboratory pavement setup
Da.orator8 .ased "avement sections with conventional materials and that with one value of su.grades relative
densit8 is "re"ared * su..ase la8er and surface course is "re"ared in a "refa.ricated .o= t8"e arrangement made
of mild steel of si;e 6%%mm length F $%% mm width F 4%% mm de"th.
Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
)ol.4* No.14* 2%14

+&
2hree Da.orator8 .ased multi-la8er sam"le "avement sections were formed* one of them "avement section
with sand dunes su.grade at relative densit8 $$.+? *su..ase and thic<ness of fle=i.le "avement 1ero
un"aved # mm s8m.ol * other one of one of them "avement section with sand dunes su.grade at relative
densit8 $$.+*su..ase and thic<enss of fle=i.le "avement $% mm and last one same models .ut with fle=i.le
"avement thic<ness 1%%mm.

. DA&A ANA!-I
3.1 Material Properties
2a.le 1 show "ro"erties of sand dunes which used* ta.le 2 show "ro"erties of su..ase la8er and ta.le 3 show
"ro"erties of as"halt la8er which used
2a.le 1G !ro"erties of sand dune
!ro"ert8

28"e "ro"erties

Inde=
)alue
Standards
0S S"ecific
gravit80.S#
2.6+
6S24G , -'$4 -
%2
D.D Di9uid Dimit
D.D. ?#
2$
6S24G , -431'-
%%
!.D !lastic Dimit
!.D. ?#
N!
6S24G , -431'-
%%
!I !lasticit8 Inde=
!I ?#
N!
H ma=

4odif8
5om"action
1'.+
<nIm3
6S24 6&'-%%

H min

minimum dr8
densit8
12JNIm3
Soil
S8m.ols7S5S#
S!-S4

7S5S#.
2a.le 2G !ro"erties of Su..ase
5hemical Element Kesult ?
So3 2.26
g8"sum 4.'+
2ss 2.12
(m 1.6&
4a=imum densit8 22%%
Soil classification 0!

2a.le 3# !ro"erties of as"halt cement
!ro"ert8
6S24 ,esignation
Num.er L16M

6s"halt 5ement
,aurah 4%-$%#

!enetration 2$5* 1%% gm.* $sec#*
1I1% mm#
,-$ 43
Softening !oint King and 3all#* 5 ,-36 $1.$
,uctilit8* cm ,-113 N 1%%
-lash !oint 5leave land o"en-cu"# ,-&2 33$
S"ecific 0ravit8 * 2$ 5 ,-+% 1.%4'
Doss on heat $ hrs* 163 5* 1I'O#* ? ,-1+$4 %.1'

3.2 Laboratory based multi-layer pavement
2he thic<ness of the "avement la8ers have .een designed to ensure that the stresses reach the su.grade level. It
was "ro"osed to form the multi-la8er sam"le "avement section with the %*$%mm and 1%%mm thic< .ituminous
concrete* 1%%mm thic< su..ase la8er and 2%% mm thic< as show in figure 1and -igure 2 de"ict the la.orator8
"avement.

Journal of Environment and Earth Science
)ol.4* No.14* 2%14

-igure 1 5ross section multi
/0FINI&E E!E+EN& +ODE!IN,
4.1 Model geometry
-E6 has .een "roven suita.le for a""lication to com"le= "avement "ro.lems. 3, mode was .uilt .8 using the
finite elements "rogram 636@7S 6.12
dis"lacements in the entire "avement la8ers when different densities of su.grade la8er* 3,
that has the ca"acit8 to simulate actual vehicle loading conditions and estimate the structural res"onse for
fle=i.le "avements are used to simulate la.orator8 models. 2he thic<ness of la8ers are same thic<ness of
la.orator8 are 2%%mm sand dunes su.grade * 1%% su..ase and $% mm and 1%%mm as"halt *as shown in -igure
3#. Elastic "ro"erties modulus of elasticit8 and !oissonPs r

-igure 3#G 0eneral 0eometr8

!a#ers
Asphalt la#er
ubbase la#er
ubgrade ver# loose la#er
ubgrade
loose la#er
ubgrade medium la#er

%&4' (nline#
'%

-igure 1 5ross section multi-la8er "avement section

FINI&E E!E+EN& +ODE!IN,
finite elements "rogram 636@7S 6.12-3#* to understand* with more "recision* the
dis"lacements in the entire "avement la8ers when different densities of su.grade la8er* 3,
are used to simulate la.orator8 models. 2he thic<ness of la8ers are same thic<ness of
3#. Elastic "ro"erties modulus of elasticit8 and !oissonPs ratio# are shown in 2a.le 4#
-igure 3#G 0eneral 0eometr8 of the !avement Da8ers .8 636@7S !rogram
2a.le 4# material "ro"erties
!a#ers +odulus of Elasticit#
1+Pa2
Poisson3s ratio1

Asphalt la#er 4(55 5).6
ubbase la#er 445 5).6
ver# loose la#er ( 5).
ubgrade
loose la#er
()6 5).
ubgrade medium la#er ()7 5).
www.iiste.org

3#* to understand* with more "recision* the distri.ution of the
dis"lacements in the entire "avement la8ers when different densities of su.grade la8er* 3,-,-E4# "rogram
are used to simulate la.orator8 models. 2he thic<ness of la8ers are same thic<ness of

of the !avement Da8ers .8 636@7S !rogram
Poisson3s ratio128
)ol.4* No.14* 2%14

'1
4.2 inite !lement "ypes and Mes# Si$e
6ll the "arts of the model are modeled using the '-node continuum three dimensional .ric< element 53,'K#
with reduced order numerical integration availa.le in 636@7S 6.12-3#. 2his element has the ca"a.ilit8 of
re"resenting large deformation* geometric and material nonlinear Solid element 53,'K# has three degrees of
freedom at each node. . 6ll la8ers are simulated with the same sha"e to "reserve the continuit8 of nodes
.etween consecutive la8ers 4assod* 2%13#. -igure 4# shows total model

-igure 4 #4esh of 6ll Da8ers
3oundar8 5ondition

2he .oundar8 conditions have a significant influence in "redicting the res"onse of the model* the .ottom surface
of the su.grade and sides of la8ers is assumed to .e fi=ed* that means that nodes at the .ottom of the su.grade
and sides of la8er cannot move hori;ontall8 or verticall8. 2his re"resents the .ottom and sides of steel .o=.
-igure $# shows the .oundar8 conditions used in the anal8sis

-igure $# the 3oundar8 5ondition

)ol.4* No.14* 2%14

'2
4.3 Moving Load
2he wheel load a""lied in the 636@7S is &6 <g %.&6 JN# and is distri.uted uniforml8 over the total contact
area. 2he resulting uniform contact "ressure is $$% 4!a which is e9ual to the "ressure of tire which used two
"arameters* longitudinal and transverse distri.ution of vertical "ressure on loaded area 6l-@adi and Qang Cao
2%%&#. Doading is a""lied to simulate wheel hori;ontal motion in a "re-determined s"eed. In this method* loading
"osition should .e moved in a gradual form in order to have a com"lete wheel rolling as shown in -igure
6#.-igure +# show wheel "ath in model

-igure 6# Schematic Illustration of 2ire 4oving along !avement Surface

-igure +# show wheel "ath

6 REU!&
Qheel trac<ing device was used to evaluate the rut de"th. 2hese la.orator8 .ased "avement were su.Aected to
wheel trac<ing on the wheel-trac<ing device under a contact "ressure of $$% 4!a and tem"erature $% cR result
indicate when thic<ness of "avement change from ;ero to $% mm the a.ilit8 of "avement structure to carr8
traffic loads increase .8 a.out &+1.42? this value show the effect of fle=i.le "avement in increase ca"acit8 of
"avement structure to carr8 traffic loads while the increase thic<ness of fle=i.le "avement from $%mm to 1%%
mm increase a.ilit8 of "avement to carr8 traffic loads .8 a.out $1+.33? -igure '# and &# show "avement
surface "rofile for su..ase and su..aseIsu.grade interface for un"aved model. -igure 1% to 12# show fle=i.le
"avement surface "rofiles* fle=i.le "avementIsu..ase interface and su.ase Isu.grade interface res"ectivel8 for
model with as"halt thic<ness $%mm .-igure 13 to 1$# show fle=i.le "avement surface "rofiles* fle=i.le
"avementIsu..ase interface and su.aseIsu.grade interface res"ectivel8 for model with $%mm thic<ness for
model with as"halt thic<ness 1%% mm.

)ol.4* No.14* 2%14

2he results of 636@7S "rogram are ver8 close to results of la.orator8 tests* -igure 16 and 1' shows the
636@7S out dis"lacement rutting# .figure 1+ and 1& show shows the Kesult of Da. and 636@7S for $%mm
and 1%%mm as"halt thic<ness res"ectivel8. -igure 2% and 21 show the statistical anal8sis of two models to find
the effectiveness of 636@7S "rogram in simu
2echni9ue. -igure 22 show the relation .etween rut de"th and num.er of "asses at different fle=i.le "avement
thic<ness. Qhen thic<ness of fle=i.le "avement increase traffic .enefit ratio incre
is defined as the ratio of the num.er of "asses necessar8 to reach a given rut de"th for model with s"ecific
"avement thic<ness * divided .8 the num.er of "asses necessar8 to reach this same rut de"th for control model
with the same su.grade "ro"erties. -igure 23# shows the relationshi" .etween thic<ness of fle=i.le "avement
and num.er of "asses at 6 mm rut de"th. -igure 24# shows the relationshi" .etween rut de"th and thic<ness of
fle=i.le "avement at constant num.er of "ass
"asses in un"aved model.
-igure &# Surface !rofile of Su..ase IInterface
- 30
- 25
- 20
- 15
- 10
- 5
0
5
0 5 10
R
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d
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%&4' (nline#
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the effectiveness of 636@7S "rogram in simulation la.orator8 models using 0ra"hical 2echni9ue* histograms
thic<ness. Qhen thic<ness of fle=i.le "avement increase traffic .enefit ratio increase as shown in 2a.le $#.23K
e same su.grade "ro"erties. -igure 23# shows the relationshi" .etween thic<ness of fle=i.le "avement
fle=i.le "avement at constant num.er of "asses* the num.er of "asses $$ which re"resent the ma= num.er of

-igure '# Surface !rofile of Su..ase
-igure &# Surface !rofile of Su..ase IInterface
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Width of Steel container in cm
www.iiste.org
lation la.orator8 models using 0ra"hical 2echni9ue* histograms
ase as shown in 2a.le $#.23K
e same su.grade "ro"erties. -igure 23# shows the relationshi" .etween thic<ness of fle=i.le "avement
es* the num.er of "asses $$ which re"resent the ma= num.er of

50
n=0
n=3
n=55
n=37
n=12
)ol.4* No.14* 2%14

'4

-igure 1%# -le=i.le !avement Surface !rofile for $%mm 6s"halt 2hic<ness

-igure 11# 6s"halt ISu..ase Interface !rofile for $%mm 6s"halt 2hic<ness

-igure 12# Su..aseISu.grade Interface !rofile for $%mm 6s"halt 2hic<ness
- 30
- 25
- 20
- 15
- 10
- 5
0
5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
R
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d
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m
n=185
n=250
n=270
N=140
n=0
N=110
N=172
n=280
n=365
n=410
n=22
n=40
n=55
- 20
- 15
- 10
- 5
0
5
10
0 10 20 30 40 50
R
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Width of steel container in cm
n=0
n=280
n=410
n=185
n=365
n=0
n=245
- 14
- 12
- 10
- 8
- 6
- 4
- 2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
R
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N=410
)ol.4* No.14* 2%14

'$

-igure 13# -le=i.le !avement Surface !rofile for 1%%mm 6s"halt 2hic<ness

-igure 14# 6s"halt ISu..ase Interface !rofile for 1%%mm 6s"halt 2hic<ness

-igure 1$# Su..aseISu.grade Interface !rofile for 1%%mm 6s"halt 2hic<ness
- 7
- 6
- 5
- 4
- 3
- 2
- 1
0
1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
R
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m
n=88
n=120
n=176
n=0
n=8
n=222
n=463
- 3
- 2.5
- 2
- 1.5
- 1
- 0.5
0
0.5
0 10 20 30 40 50
R
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n=463
n=0
n=222
n=283
- 1.8
- 1.6
- 1.4
- 1.2
- 1
- 0.8
- 0.6
- 0.4
- 0.2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
R
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m
n=463
)ol.4* No.14* 2%14

-igure 16#G 636@7S out"ut of dis"lacement side for $%mm as"halt thic<ness
-igure $.1+#G 2he Kesult of Da. and 636@7S
-igure 1'#G 636@7S out"ut of ,is"lacement for 1%%mm as"halt thic<ness
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 100
R
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d
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m
m

%&4' (nline#
'6
-igure $.1+#G 2he Kesult of Da. and 636@7S for $%mm as"halt thic<ness
100 200 300 400
num!er of passes
www.iiste.org


for $%mm as"halt thic<ness

500
lab.
ABAQUS
)ol.4* No.14* 2%14

'+

-igure 1&#G 2he Kesult of Da. and 636@7S for 1%% mm 6s"halt 2hic<ness

-igure 2%# Cistogram of Kutting in Da.. vs. Kutting in 636@7S for $%mm as"halt thic<ness

-igure 21# Cistogram of Kutting in Da.. vs. Kutting in 636@7S for 1%%mm as"halt thic<ness
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 100 200 300 400 500
p
e
r
m
a
n
e
n
t

d
e
f
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

i
n

m
m
num!er of passes
lab
ABAQUS
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
r
u
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t
i
n
"

i
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m
m
#ifferent num!er of passes
Lab.
abaqus
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
R
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i
n
"

i
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m
m
#ifferent num!er of passes
lab
abaqus
)ol.4* No.14* 2%14

''

-igure 22# the Kelation .etween Kut ,e"th and Num.er of !asses at ,ifferent -le=i.le !avement 2hic<ness
2a.le $# 2raffic 3enefit Katio 2K3
4odel t8"e 23K
S3-%-4 5(N2K(D
S3-$%-4 +.4$
S3-1%%-4 66.14

-igure 23# the Kelationshi" .etween 2hic<ness of -le=i.le !avement and Num.er of !asses

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
N
u
m
!
e
r

o
f

p
a
s
s
e
s
Rut depth at surface in mm
0 cm$unpa%e&
10cm
5 cm
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
N
u
m
!
e
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o
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p
a
s
s
e
s
'hic(ness of fle)i!le pa%ement in mm
rut 6mm
)ol.4* No.14* 2%14

'&

-igure 24# the Kelationshi" .etween 2hic<ness of -le=i.le !avement and Num.er of !asses

6 'ON'!UION
Increase in the thic<ness of fle=i.le "avement increases the num.er of "asses which reaches the same value of
rutting value of failure# and leads to decrease the dis"lacement in su.grade and su..ase la8ers. 636@7SE
"rogram was successful in simulation "avement structure models* so 636@7S "rogram can use in anal8sis of
"aved road.

REFREN'E
6.u-2ale.* 4.0. and Egeli* I. 1&'1#G OSome 0eotechnical !ro.lems in the Eastern !rovince of Saudi
6ra.ia.O !roc.* S8m". 0eotechnical !ro.lems in Saudi 6ra.ia* Jing Saudi 6ra.ia* )ol. I* +&&-'11
6i.an* 6. S. 1&&4#G BB6 Stud8 of Sand Sta.ili;ation in Eastern SaudiBB ,e"artment of 5ivil Engineering*
Jing -ahd 7niversit8 of !etroleum and 4inerals* ,hahran 31261* Saudi 6ra.ia Keceived 24 4arch 1&&3>
revised version acce"ted $ Jul8 1&&4
6i.an* S.* 6l-6moudi* (.* 6si* I.4. and 1ahrani* 6. 1&&6#GO5hemical Sta.ili;ation of Kas 6D-0har
Sa.<ha SoilO* 2welfth Southeast 6sian 0eotechnical 5onference* Juala
6l-6moudi* (.S. and 6.dulAauwad* S.N 1&&1#G O 0eotechnical 5onsiderations on -ield and Da.orator8
2esting of Sa.<ha.O !roc.* S8m" Kecet 6dvances in 0eotechnical Engineering III* Singa"ore* )ol. 1* 1-6.
6l-@adi and Qang CGBB !avement ,amage ,ue to ,ifferent 2ire and Doading 5onfigurations on Secondar8
KoadsBB 7S,(2.2%%&#.
6S24 ,'$4-%%G OStandard 2est 4ethod for S"ecific 0ravit8 of Soil Solids .8 !8cnometerDum"ur*
4ala8sia* )ol. 4a8* "". 26$-2+%
-oo<es* !. 5. and Ciggin.ottom* I. E. 1&+$#G O2he 5lassification and ,escri"tion of Nearshore 5ar.onate
Sediments for Engineering !ur"oses. O 0eotechni9ue* 2* 4%6-414
4asood * 0.0. BBE="erimental and Numerical Investigation of sta.ili;ed un.ound 0ranular !avement
4aterialsBB 6D-4ustansiri8a 7niversit8 5ollege of Engineering Cighwa8 and 2rans"ortation Engineering
,e"artment 4s. 2hesis2%13#G
Salem D. 6. 2%11#G BB 6n 6""roach in Evaluating 2he 3ehavior of ,une sand 7nder Shallow -ootingBB 4s
2hesis 7niversit8 of 3aghdad* 5ollege of Engineering
S24 ,6&'-%%aG OStandard 2est 4ethods for Da.orator8 5om"action 5haracteristics of 7sing Standard
Effort 6%% <N-mIm#.
0
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30
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
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'hic(ness of fle)i!le pa%ement in mm
n=55
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An Approach in Evaluating of Flexible Pavement in Permanent Deformation of Paved and Unpaved Roads Over Sand Dunes Subgrade Under Repeated Loads

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An Approach in Evaluating of Flexible Pavement in Permanent Deformation of Paved and Unpaved Roads Over Sand Dunes Subgrade Under Repeated Loads

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Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.

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