8/3/14

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Welcome Lo.

L|fe Sc|ences 1:
Lvo|unon, Lco|ogy and 8|od|vers|ty
Dr. 1onya kane
1ree of Llfe
web pro[ecL
unlverslLy of Callfornla Museum of
aleonLology's undersLandlng Lvoluuon
"Noth|ng |n b|o|ogy
makes sense except |n
the ||ght of evo|unon."

-1heodoslus uobzhansky
March 1973

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!"#$%& (")*%
Apply Lhe Sclenuc MeLhod
uescrlbe processes & mechanlsms of evoluuon & speclauon
lnLerpreL & consLrucL phylogeneuc Lrees of specles' relauonshlps
Lxplaln Lhe lmporLance of blodlverslLy
Classlfy organlsms by phyla
ldenufy evoluuonary relauonshlps across Laxa
uescrlbe Lhe baslc prlnclples of Lcology
LvaluaLe and predlcL ouLcomes of specles lnLeracuons
ulscuss Lhe role of conservauon ln proLecung blodlverslLy
Syllabus
osLed on CCLL webslLe
Wlll be updaLed as necessary

1o answer most course quesnons,
p|ease refer to the sy||abus hrst!
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Lma|| vs. Cmce nours?
Use ema|| for:
Cuesuons abouL class loglsucs
1echnlcal dlmculues wlLh onllne asslgnmenLs
AppolnLmenLs Lo meeL ln person
8rlef clarlcauon of lecLure maLerlal
! LxpecL up Lo 12 hours Lo recelve a response

Use omce hours for:
Cuesuons abouL maLerlal
roblems wlLh lCllckers
Cuesuons abouL research/grad school/sclence careers/eLc.
My OHs: Mondays 11am-12pm & Wednesdays 3-4pm, or by appointment
8eglsLer on Launchad slLe
LxLra CredlL Culz on Launchad due Spm Ir|day 8]8
8eglsLer lCllcker on CCLL before 9am Ir|day 8]8
1o Do:
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1he Sclenuc MeLhod
Step 1: 8e Cur|ous!
l bove oo speclol toleots. l om ooly
possloootely cotloos.
-Albett lostelo
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Observations
Hypothesis
red|cnons
Experiments
or new
observations
If results are consistent over
many experiments

hypothesis becomes a theory.
THEORY
If results are not consistent

" Reject or Revise
hypothesis.
" Re-test.
Sclenuc rocess
Ask quesuons.
CaLher evldence (daLa).
Ask more quesuons.

?ou cannoL 8CvL anyLhlng!

! Cnly gaLher evldence Lo
supporL or re[ecL a hypoLhesls.
From the hypothesis, make a prediction
"If my hypothesis is correct, this is what I would predict to happen"
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Lxamples:
Lvery ume l wash my car lL ralns.
Washlng my car causes lL Lo raln.

Whenever l geL ln Lhe shower, my phone rlngs.
Showerlng causes Lhe phone Lo rlng.

ulcers and sLress. (n.pylotl bacLerla)

Medla reporLs of sclenuc sLudles.
Corre|anon does not |mp|y Causanon
1he Sc|ennhc rocess ls based on evldence uslng data.
if we have a set of data that shows one thing increases along with the other, it would seem that A causes B, but
that is not the case
They are changing in the same pattern
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Cbservanon:
MeaL LhaL was le ouL would have maggoLs.
uesnon:
Where do Lhe maggoLs come from?

Common bellef ln 1600s - MeaL sponLaneously generaLed maggoLs.
Irancesco ke|d's nypothes|s:
MaggoLs come from les and are noL sponLaneously generaLed.
LxperlmenL Lo LesL hypoLhesls
Irancesco ke|d's nypothes|s:
MaggoLs come from les and are noL sponLaneously generaLed.
3 experlmenLal LreaLmenLs:
- Cpen conLalner
- Cauze covered conLalner
- Sealed conLalner

red|cnon based on hypothes|s?

Var|ab|e = Lxposure Lo alr
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LxperlmenL 8esulLs
Maggots
appeared.
No maggots
appeared.
No maggots
appeared.
Open jar Gauze-covered jar Sealed jar
Flies
Maggots
Meat
Support or ke[ect hypoLhesls?
nypothes|s: MaggoLs come from les and are noL sponLaneously generaLed.
nypothes|s:
Mlcroorganlsms can arlse from sponLaneous generauon.
red|cnon:
lf mlcrobes were sponLaneously generaLed, Lhey should appear
ln sLerlllzed broLh wlLhouL belng exposed Lo mlcrobes.
19
Lh
CenLury - Louls asLeur
Cbservanons:
- Mlcrobes grow well ln nuLrlenL-rlch llqulds
- 8olllng sLerlllzes llqulds

SponLaneous generauon of mlcrobes?
Support
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Straight-neck
flask
Swan-neck
flask
Broth
Sterile Broth
(boiling kills microbes)
LxperlmenL Lo LesL hypoLhesls
uusL parucles carrylng
mlcrobes enLer sLralghL-
neck ask, buL do noL
enLer swan-neck ask.
Broth stays clear.
No microbes appear.
Broth gets cloudy.
Growth of microbes.
Conc|us|on: SupporL or re[ecL hypoLhesls?
LxperlmenL 8esulLs
nypothes|s:
Mlcroorganlsms can arlse from sponLaneous generauon.
reject bc microbes didnt grow in the one not exposed to air; so it was something
about exposure to air that was important
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Lvoluuon
Evolution
Shows the relatedness of all life
Explains differences between organisms
Explains adaptations to different and
changing environments



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Animals
Plants
BACTERIA
EUKARYOTES
ARCHAEA
Proposed
position of
root
Larly ldeas of Lvoluuon
Char|es Lye||
WroLe ltloclples of Ceoloqy (1880-188J)
Lhe presenL ls Lhe key Lo Lhe pasL"
Lvldence of gradual changes occurrlng ln Lhe presenL
produced Lhe feaLures of Lhe earLh's surface
1lny changes produce large changes over ume
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Larly ldeas of Lvoluuon
Iean-8apnste Lamarck
use or dlsuse of LralLs could cause Lhe LralL Lo be alLered
over an lndlvlduals llfeume
SuggesLed Lhe alLered LralL could be lnherlLed by osprlng


8uL now we know.
Acqulred LralLs cannoL be lnherlLed!

Larly ldeas of Lvoluuon
Darw|n - voyage of Lhe 8eagle
CapLaln llLz8oy oered uarwln a spoL on Lhe surveylng shlp
nM5 8eoqle Lo do sclenuc research (naLural PlsLorlan)
8ough Lrlp for uarwln & longer Lhan planned (1831-1836)
interested in how new traits come to be in a population
if a giraffe stretched its neck out more and more, it
would end up being a giraffe with a longer neck
in order for a trait to be inherited it has to
have a genetic component
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Larly ldeas of Lvoluuon
Darw|n - voyage of Lhe 8eagle
lnuenced by Lyell's ltloclples of Ceoloqy
CollecLed fosslls and speclmens
uocumenLed everyLhlng he observed
Calapagos lslands (1833)
Calapagos mocklngblrds
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lrom uarwln's noLebook on
1toosmotouoo of 5pecles
Selecuve breedlng ! aruclal selecuon

Lvldence of slmllarlues beLween specles

Led Lo ldeas of how specles change over ume


Darw|n read:

Ao ssoy oo tbe ltloclple of lopolouoo by 1homas Ma|thus (1798)

opulauons can grow exponenually, buL resources do noL.

CrowLh wlll evenLually be checked by famlne and dlsease.




Darw|n's |deas were very controvers|a|

revlously belleved LhaL all of llfe was creaLed as ls.
erfecL L Lo Lhe specles' envlronmenL musL be
because Cod creaLed Lhe specles LhaL way.
uarwln was relucLanL Lo go agalnsL common bellefs.


populations will be limited by access to resources or disease
darwin raised fancy pigeons in
selective breeding, he selected for
particular traits and bred those
pigeons together to get even more
elaborate traits
showing how some forms descend from other characteristics
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Larly ldeas of Lvoluuon
A|fred kusse| Wa||ace
Lxplored SouLh Amerlca 7 years aer
uarwln's voyage
8egan wrlung on whaL he was
observlng and Lhlnklng abouL specles
ueveloped same ldeas as uarwln
uarwln & Wallace were co-auLhors on a paper
presenLed Lo Lhe Llnnean SocleLy ln 1838
Darw|n pub||shed "+, -.& +$/0/, "1 23&4/&% 56
7&),% "1 8)-#$)* 2&*&49"," |n 18S9

Showed specles change over ume
SuggesLed a mechanlsm of LhaL change

! Adapuon vla naLural Selecuon
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uarwln's 1heory of naLural Selecuon
Cbservauon 1:
All populauons have Lhe ablllLy Lo grow exponenually

Cbservauon 2:
A populauon cannoL grow exponenually (resource llmlLauon)

o
p
u
l
a
u
o
n

S
l
z
e

1lme
Carrylng
CapaclLy (k)
Lxponenual
CrowLh
Loglsucal
CrowLh
uarwln's 1heory of naLural Selecuon
Cbservauon 3: varlauon exlsLs wlLhln a populauon

Cbservauon 4: 1hls varlauon musL be herlLable
both sound like Malphus
the max amount of individuals
that can be supported by that
environment
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uarwln's 1heory of naLural Selecuon
varlauon leads Lo dlerenual survlval &
dlerenual reproducuve success for lndlvlduals
Some alleles wlll be
passed on wlLh
greaLer frequency
because lndlvlduals
wlLh Lhose genes have
greaLer Lness
I|tness
Measure of Lhe exLenL Lo whlch an
lndlvldual's genoLype (alleles) are
represenLed ln Lhe nexL generauon
1he Modern Synthes|s
Mendel's pea planLs (1866) +
uarwln's naLural selecuon
CurrenL Lheory of evoluuon =
+
varlauon occurs along a specLrum &
muluple genes responslble for LralLs
Mendel was the first to understand genes and how traits get passed on thru different genes
it is not one or the other-- it is a range of characteristics
idea of genes
Gives us information about how evolution is possible and how natural selection is
possible in a population
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Gene pool: total collection of genes in a population at
any one time

Genetic variation: genetic differences that exist among
individuals in a population at a particular point in time

Allele: one form of a gene

Genotype: the genetic makeup of a cell or organism

Phenotype: an individuals observable characteristics
(i.e., eye color, fur thickness, color blindness, etc.)
varlauon exlsLs ln all populauons
Lnv|ronmenta| var|anon:
uue Lo dlerences ln Lhe envlronmenL
- sun exposure
- molsLure levels
- access Lo resources llke food and nuLrlenLs
Genenc var|anon:
8ased on Lhe copy of Lhe allele for LhaL gene

Complex LralLs are aecLed by muluple genes
Lxamples: blood pressure, obeslLy, depresslon
Population- all individuals in a species that live in a place at one time
consists of 2 alleles we have for a gene
the expression of the genes
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norm of 8eacuon:
Cenes
vs.
LnvlronmenL
Pow envlronmenL aecLs
phenoLype across a range of
envlronmenLal condluons
CenoLype-by-LnvlronmenL lnLeracuons:
lnLerplay beLween genes & envlronmenL can be dlmculL Lo predlcL
! no genoLype LhaL ls besL" across a broad range of envlronmenLs
! no envlronmenL LhaL ls besL" for all genoLypes

the environment stays
constant but different
phenotypes
in this case the enviro is
changing so the enviro is
affecting the phenotype
same genes, diff diet
interaction btwn genotype and environment affects how an individual does
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varlauon ln
populauon
(geneuc)
ulerenual
8eproducuon
(Lness)
PeredlLy
naLural Selecuon
=
1he populauon adapLs Lo Lhe condluons aL LhaL ume.
8esulL of naLural Selecuon?
Change ln allele frequencles ovet ume = Lvoluuon
Lvo|unon = Lhe change over ume.

Natura| Se|ecnon = Lhe mechanlsm LhaL causes Lhe change.
change in genetic material over time
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Lvo|unon
Specles change over ume.

AcLs on :,;/</;#)*%.
Changes Lhe ="3#*)9",.
opulauons AuA1 Lo envlronmenL vla naLural selecuon.

lndlvlduals ACCLlMA1L - no geneuc change.
Evolution Peppermoths
Burning of coal
Change in frequency in the population
you can get used to conditions but there is no genetic change so it
won't be hereditary
majority of moths became color that blended in with the background
The moths themselves were there but the color morphology changed so the
allele freq of the color changed over time in response to the environment it was
in
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M|sconcepnons abouL naLural Selecuon:
1. lL has goals and ls all powerful.
NC.
2. lL produces whaL ls needed" or wanLed."
NC.
3. lanLs and anlmals Lry" Lo evolve.
NC.
4. lL produces perfecuon.
NC.
3. lL ls random.
NC.
# Limited resources.
# Variation in the population.
# Different survival & reproductive success (fitness).
# Genetic change over MANY generations.
naLural Selecuon
works with genes that are available in the environment at that time
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Stabilizing selection
selects against both extremes
Directional selection
selects against one extreme
Disruptive selection
selects against the mean
henotypes (sk|n co|or)
I
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

o
f

|
n
d
|
v
|
d
u
a
|
s

Lizards camouflaged against
background survive &
reproduce.

Lizards NOT camouflaged
are eliminated by predators.
! Change ln alleles over many generauons
Mortality is high for
very small babies.
Mortality is high for
very large babies.
Puman blrLh welghL demonsLraLes sLablllzlng selecuon
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The Result:
Most babies are born at
an intermediate size.
Arnhc|a| Se|ecnon
lnLenuonal breedlng of planLs & anlmals by humans
SelecL for posluve LralLs
SelecL agalnsL negauve LralLs
1erm rsL used by uarwln
8/3/14
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Aruclal Selecuon: Crops
8700 ya ln Mexlco
Aruclal Selecuon
ls a form of
D|recnona| Se|ecnon
8/3/14
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Arnhc|a| Se|ecnon:
8reedlng uogs
All dogs are descended from wolves.

All presenL day dogs are Lhe same specles.