IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication (IIJEC)

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEC/IIJEC.htm

A Publisher for Research Motivatin........ Email: editoriijec@ipasj.org
Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2014 ISSN 2321-5984


Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2014 Page 37

Abstract
Hybrid Filter bank (HFB) is a combination of analysis filter and digital filter. The objective of the work is to minimize the
error of the reconstructed image (B/W, colour) received from different paths using hybrid filter bank system. The original
image is given as input to the HFB system. There are two different paths in the system in order to get the reconstructed image
at the receiver with less error. The two different paths are low and high resolution path. In the high resolution path, the image
is transmitted without delay to the receiver. In the low resolution path, the image is transmitted with different fractional delays.
Firstly the response of analysis filter and digital synthesis filter of HFB are analyzed with different delays. The image given to
the HFB system with high and low resolution path is analyzed. The output is obtained from high resolution path and low
resolution path for the given original image. The difference between these two outputs provides the error for the reconstructed
image. The original images 128x128, 256x256 are given as input to the system. The error is measured in terms of PSNR values.
The original images are analyzed for two different analysis filter (Chebyshev and Butterworth) and digital synthesis filter (FIR
and IIR). Also the different parameters such as Average difference (AD), Structural Content (SC), Mean Square Error (MSE),
Normalized Cross Correlation (NCC), Normalized Absolute Error (NAE) are analyzed.
Keywords: Hybrid Filter Bank, Resolution, Nyquist Rate, Fractional Delays, Interpolation, Decimation.

1. INTRODUCTION
With the explosion of the digital era, many analog data such as image, audio, speech, and text become available in
digital formats. Key technical issues arising from this context include data conversion from continuous-domain to
discrete domain, called the sampling process, and from discrete-domain to continuous domain, called the
reconstruction process. As a result, the problem of sampling and reconstruction recently has become a very active
research area. A classic result on sampling and reconstruction dates back to the Shannon reconstruction formula
(1)
Where f(nT) are equidistant samples of a function f(t) whose bandwidth is bounded by the Nyquist frequency
=1/(2T). Equation (1) is fundamental in the design of analog-to-digital (A/D) converters. If the bandwidth limit
condition of f(t) is satisfied, we can sample f(t) for lossless storage and transmission using digital communications
channels and devices. Super resolution applications enhance the resolution of imaging systems using signal processing
techniques. In these applications, the sample interval T in (1) can be understood as the size of pixels on the chip.
Decreasing T will cause unexpected levels of noise, especially shot noise, in the acquired images. Hardware
technologies to reduce the pixel size are replaced by signal processing alternatives to reduce system cost and to utilize
existing low- resolution imaging systems. The application of multichannel sampling is to fuse low resolution samples of
analog signals, images to obtain high resolution samples. Multiple slow A/D converters, with large sample interval T
(measured in time or space), are used to sample analog signals. These samples can be fused to synthesize high
resolution signals, as if it is sampled using a fast A/D converter. Because of its low cost, this approach is preferred to
using fast A/D converters directly. In order to build multichannel sampling systems, several problems need to be
addressed. First, we need to align low-resolution digital signals with the precision of a fraction of the sample interval.
This problem is very challenging because we only know the signals value at discrete positions; the intersample
behaviors are not apparent. Moreover, we need to design ecient algorithms and analyze their performances faithfully.
These problems are dicult because the system is inherently hybrid and a lot of information of the signal is lost in the
sampling process.When the signal is sampled below the Nyquist rate, i.e. the sampling theorem is not satisfied then
aliasing will occur. The high frequency signal when under-sampled will be recovered as a low frequency signal. This
phenomenon is called aliasing, and the recovered low frequency, which is false, is called the alias of the original high-
frequency signal. To avoid the aliasing there are two approaches: One is to raise the sampling frequency to satisfy the
sampling theorem, the other is to filter off the unnecessary high-frequency component from the continuous-time signal.,
then limit the signal frequency by an effective low pass filter, called antialiasing pre-filter, so that the remained highest
frequency is less than half of the intended sampling rate.The objective of the work is to minimize the error of the
Hybrid Filter Bank with Digital Synthesis Filter

G.Annalakshmi1, S.Tamilselvan2

1
Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication, Alpha College of Engineering and Technology,
Puducherry-607406
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication, Pondicherry Engineering College,
Puducherry-605014

IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication (IIJEC)
Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEC/IIJEC.htm
A Publisher for Research Motivatin........ Email: editoriijec@ipasj.org
Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2014 ISSN 2321-5984


Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2014 Page 38

reconstructed image (B/W, colour) received from different paths using hybrid filter bank system. The original image is
given as input to the HFB system. There are two different paths in the system in order to get the reconstructed image at
the receiver with less error. The two different paths are low and high resolution path. In the high resolution path, the
image is transmitted without delay to the receiver. In the low resolution path, the image is transmitted with different
fractional delays. Firstly the response of analysis filter and digital synthesis filter of HFB are analyzed with different
delays. The image given to the HFB system with high and low resolution path is analyzed. The output is obtained from
high resolution path and low resolution path for the given original image. The difference between these two outputs
provides the error for the reconstructed image. The original images 128x128, 256x256 are given as input to the system.
The error is measured in terms of PSNR values. The original images are analyzed for two different analysis filter
(Chebyshev and Butterworth) and digital synthesis filter (FIR and IIR). Also the different parameters such as Average
difference, Structural Content, Mean Square Error, Normalized Cross Correlation, Normalized Absolute Error are
analyzed.

2. NEED FOR HYBRID FILTER BANKS
Filter bank is an array of BPF that separates input signals into multiple components each one carrying a single
frequency sub band of original signal. Filter bank which consists of a combination of different types of filter banks is
called as Hybrid filter banks. In filter bank-based converters, a discrete-time or analog analysis filter bank is used
together with a digital synthesis filter bank. Such filter banks are commonly denoted as hybrid filter banks (HFBs). The
term hybrid is used since discrete-time or analog filters are used together with digital filters, forming a HFB system.
Hybrid filter banks are divided into two different classes, hybrid discrete-time/digital filter banks (DT HFB) and hybrid
analog/digital filter banks (CT HFB).Filter banks are used in a number of communications applications such as sub
band coders for speech signals, frequency-domain speech scramblers, and image coding. Using a filter bank for analog-
to-digital (A/D) or digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion is an unconventional application of the filter bank architecture
that improves the speed and resolution of the conversion over the standard time-interleaved array conversion technique.
The hybrid filter bank analog-to-digital converter (HFB ADC) uses analog analysis filters to allocate a frequency band
to each ADC in the array and digital synthesis filter to reconstruct the digitized signal. Similarly, the reverse structure,
which is known as the hybrid filter bank digital-to-analog converter (HFB DAC), employs digital analysis filter and
analog synthesis filter. The HFB significantly improves the speed and resolution of the conversion by attenuating the
effects of mismatches between the converters in the array, which otherwise severely limit the resolution of the
system.Filter bank is an array of BPF that separates input signals into multiple components each one carrying a single
frequency sub band of original signal. Filter bank which consists of a combination of different types of filter banks is
called as Hybrid filter banks. In filter bank-based converters, a discrete-time or analog analysis filter bank is used
together with a digital synthesis filter bank. Such filter banks are commonly denoted as hybrid filter banks (HFBs). The
term hybrid is used since discrete-time or analog filters are used together with digital filters, forming a HFB system.
Hybrid filter banks are divided into two different classes, hybrid discrete-time/digital filter banks (DT HFB) and hybrid
analog/digital filter banks (CT HFB).Filter banks are used in a number of communications applications such as sub
band coders for speech signals, frequency-domain speech scramblers, and image coding. Using a filter bank for analog-
to-digital (A/D) or digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion is an unconventional application of the filter bank architecture
that improves the speed and resolution of the conversion over the standard time-interleaved array conversion technique.
The hybrid filter bank analog-to-digital converter (HFB ADC) uses analog analysis filters to allocate a frequency band
to each ADC in the array and digital synthesis filter to reconstruct the digitized signal. Similarly, the reverse structure,
which is known as the hybrid filter bank digital-to-analog converter (HFB DAC), employs digital analysis filter and
analog synthesis filter. The HFB significantly improves the speed and resolution of the conversion by attenuating the
effects of mismatches between the converters in the array, which otherwise severely limit the resolution of the system.
2.1 Hybrid Induced Error System

Figure 1.The hybrid induced error system
IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication (IIJEC)
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Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2014 ISSN 2321-5984


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In order to build multichannel sampling systems, several problems need to be addressed. First, we need to align low-
resolution digital signals with the precision of a fraction of the sample interval. This problem is very challenging
because we only know the signals value at discrete positions; the intersam-ple behaviors are not apparent. Moreover,
we need to design ecient algorithms and analyze their performances faithfully. These problems are dicult because
the system is inherently hybrid and a lot of information of the signal is lost in the sampling process.When the signal is
sampled below the Nyquist rate, i.e. the sampling theorem is not satisfied then aliasing will occur. the high frequency
signal when under sampled will be recovered as a low frequency signal. This phenomenon is called aliasing, and the
recovered low frequency, which is false, is called the alias of the original high-frequency signal. To avoid the aliasing
there are two approaches: One is to raise the sampling frequency to satisfy the sampling theorem, the other is to filter
off the unnecessary high-frequency component from the continuous-time signal., then limit the signal frequency by an
effective low pass filter, called antialiasing pre-filter, so that the remained highest frequency is less than half of the
intended sampling rate.In digital signal processing, anti-aliasing is the technique of minimizing the distortion artifacts
known as aliasing when representing a high-resolution signal at a lower resolution. Anti-aliasing is used in digital
photography, computer graphics, digital audio, and many other applications.Anti-aliasing means removing signal
components that have a higher frequency than is able to be properly resolved by the sampling device. This removal is
done before (re)sampling at a lower resolution. When sampling is performed without removing this part of the signal, it
causes overlapping of the signals. In signal processing, a polyphase matrix is a matrix whose elements are filter masks.
It represents a filter bank as it is used in sub-band coders alias discrete wavelet transforms.Fractional-delay (FD) lters
are a type of digital lter designed for band limited interpolation. Band limited interpolation is a technique for
evaluating a signal sample at an arbitrary point in time, even if it is located somewhere between two sampling points.
The value of the sample obtained is exact because the signal is band limited to half the sampling rate ( /2). This
implies that the continuous-time signal can be exactly regenerated from the sampled data. Once the continuous-time
representation is known, it is easy to evaluate the sample value at any arbitrary time, even if it is fractionally delayed
from the last integer multiple of the sampling interval. FIR or IIR lters that are used for this eect are termed
fractional-delay lters.

3. PERFORMANCE MEASURES
PSNR=10 log
10
(255
2
/ MSE) dB (2)

MSE = )
2
(3)


AD = )/ M*N (4)

SC= (5)

NCC = (6)

NAE = (7)
M,N total number of pixels in the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the image.
- Original image
- Filtered image

4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The objective of the paper is to minimize the error of the reconstructed image (B/W, colour) received from different
paths using hybrid filter bank system. The original image is given as input to the HFB system. There are two different
paths in the system in order to get the reconstructed image at the receiver with less error. The two different paths are
low and high resolution path. In the high resolution path, the image is transmitted without delay to the receiver. In the
low resolution path, the image is transmitted with different fractional delays. Firstly the response of analysis filter and
digital synthesis filter of HFB are analysed with different delays. The image given to the HFB system with high and low
resolution path is analysed. The output is obtained from high resolution path and low resolution path for the given
original image. The difference between these two outputs provides the error for the reconstructed image. The original
images 128x128, 256x256 are given as input to the system. The error is measured in terms of PSNR values. The
original images are analysed for two different analysis filter (Chebyshev and Butterworth) and digital synthesis filter
IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication (IIJEC)
Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEC/IIJEC.htm
A Publisher for Research Motivatin........ Email: editoriijec@ipasj.org
Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2014 ISSN 2321-5984


Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2014 Page 40

(FIR and IIR). Also the different parameters such as Average difference, Structural Content, Mean Square Error,
Normalized Cross Correlation, Normalized Absolute Error are analysed.



Figure.2. Output image of IIR Butterworth


Figure.3. Output image of IIR- Chebyshev


Figure.4. Output image of FIR Butterworth


Figure.5. Output image of FIR Chebyshev

Table.1. Output Result of HFB (Butterworth FIR)


Table.2. Output Result of HFB (Butterworth IIR)

IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication (IIJEC)
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Table.3. Output Result of HFB (Chebyshev FIR)


Table.4. Output Result of HFB (Chebyshev IIR)


Table.5. Output Result of HFB (Chebyshev IIR)


Table.6. Output Result of HFB (Chebyshev FIR


Table.7. Output Result of HFB (Butterworth FIR)


Table.8. Output Result of HFB (Butterworth IIR)


5. CONCLUSION
The image given to the HFB system with high and low resolution path is analysed. The output is obtained from high
resolution path and low resolution path for the given original image. The difference between these two outputs provides
the error for the reconstructed image. The original images 128x128, 256x256 are given as input to the system. The
error is measured in terms of PSNR values. The original images are analysed for two different analysis filter
(Chebyshev and Butterworth) and digital synthesis filter (FIR and IIR). Also the different parameters such as Average
difference, Structural Content, Mean Square Error, Normalized Cross Correlation, Normalized Absolute Error are
analysed.
IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication (IIJEC)
Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEC/IIJEC.htm
A Publisher for Research Motivatin........ Email: editoriijec@ipasj.org
Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2014 ISSN 2321-5984


Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2014 Page 42

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AUTHORS
G.Annalakshmi received her B.Tech degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Pondicherry
University and M.Tech degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Pondicherry Engineering
College, Pondicherry. Currently she is working as Assistant Professor in Alpha College of Engineering and
Technology, Pondicherry. Her area of interest is Digital Image and Signal Processing, Signals and Systems, Digital
Communication.

S.Tamilselvan received B.E degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Madras University in 1999
and M.Tech degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Pondicherry Engineering College,
Pondicherry, India. He completed his Ph.D degree in 2011 from Pondicherry University. His current research
interests are in signal processing, wireless communication systems, Mobile and Distributed Computing. Currently he
is working as a Assistant Professor in the department of ECE, Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry, India.