Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.

org
ISSN 2224-32! "#a$er% ISSN 222&-'3( ")nline%
*ol.4, No.+&, 2+4

4&
Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Ginger on the Micro Anatomy of
the Testis of Adult Wistar Rats

*ictoria N. Isaac, ,e-e, .. )-eten/ 0a-riel 1do-Affah/ #atric2 ). .de/ #atricia #. )-asee
3e$art4ent of Anato4y, 1ni5ersity of 6ala-ar, 6ala-ar
6orres$onding author7 ,e-e .. )-eten
.4ail7 fo-eten8g4ail.co4

Abstract
0inger rhi9o4e "Zingiber Officinale Rosco, fa4ily7 Zingiberaceae% is used 4edicinally, it is 2nown to ha5e -oth
nutritional and 4edicinal 5alue. :his study is to deter4ine the effect of ethanolic e;tra of the rhi9o4e of ginger on
the 4icroanato4y of the testis. :wenty fi5e 4ale <istar rats were selected and rando4ly di5ided into control grou$
and e;$eri4ental grou$. :he control grou$ was further di5ided into two grou$s "A = B% with grou$ A as nor4al
control and grou$ B as 5ehicle control. 0rou$ A too2 distilled water and feed and grou$ B too2 distilled water, feed
and 24ls of oli5e oil "as 5ehicle%. :he e;$eri4ental grou$ was di5ided into three grou$s "6, 3 = .% and recei5ed
+4g>2g, 2&4g>2g and &4g>2g daily according to their -ody weight for +4days in the +&
th
day the ani4als of all
grou$s were sacrificed and the testes har5ested and $rocessed for histological o-ser5ations. Histological sections of
the e;$eri4ental grou$s showed distortion of ger4inal and su$$orting cells, disintegration of 4atured s$er4 cells in
the lu4en, distortion of se4iniferious tu-ules, widened interstitial s$aces indicating shrin2age of tu-ules and
destruction of leydig cells while sections of control grou$s showed nor4al histological architecture of the testes with
all cells arranged orderly. :here was significant da4age to the testis in general. Hence, the usage of ginger -y the
4ales should -e 4oderate, as high consu4$tion 4ay ha5e so4e side effects on 4ale fertility.
Keywords: <istar rat, 0inger, ?icroanato4y, :estis

1 !ntroduction
0inger is the underground rhi9o4e of the ginger $lant with a fir4 striated te;ture. :he flesh of the ginger
rhi9o4e can -e yellow, white or red color, de$ending u$on the 5ariety. It is co5er with a -rownish s2in that 4ay
either -e thic2 or thin, de$ending u$on whether the $lant was har5ested when it was 4ature or young. It lends
its na4e zingiber officinale to its genius and fa4ily "zingibera ceae% "A2oachere, 22%, other nota-le 4e4-ers
of this $lants fa4ily are tur4eric, carda4o4 and galangal.
:he $lant is co44only 2nown as ginger lily and is found in so 4any $laces including Nigeria with different
na4es gi5en to it. :he .nglish na4e ginger co4es fro4 @rench7 gingembre, )ld .nglish7 gingifere, Medie *al
Aatin7 gingiber, 0ree27 zingiberis. In ?alaysia ginger is called halia, in Burna, it is called gyin, in Ara-ic ginger
is called zanjabil. It is 2nown as B JinjaC in ig-o land, BKakizawaC, in Hausa, BataleC in Doru-a BJinjaC in .fi2
and I-i-io land in Nigeria "Iwu, +'!3%. Angio$hone 6a4eroon calls it 0inge4-re.
Infertility is one of the 4aEor health $ro-le4s in ani4als "A4ann et al, +'!F% a$$ro;i4ately 3 G of infertilities
are due to a 4ale factor "Isidori et al., 2F/ 6arlsen et al., +''2%. 3rug treat4ent, che4othera$y, to;ins and
en5iron4ental factors can ha5e har4ful effect on s$er4atogenesis and s$er4 nor4al $roduction "A4ann et al,
+'!F% ?edicinal $lant for the treat4ent of diseases has a long a tradition. :he 1se of her-al 4edicines can -e
traced -ac2 as far as 2+ B.6. in ancient 6hina and India. :he first written re$orts was in F B.6. with the
6ara2a Sa4hita of India and the early notes of the .astern Hhou dynasty of 6hina that -eca4e syste4ati9ed
around 4 B.6. "3etlef et al., +'''%. So4e 4edicinal $lants contain -oth useful and har4ful su-stances which
could either $ro4ote or retard the health of an indi5idual. Base on this it is $ara4ount to screen and rescreen
4edicinal $lants for the $ur$ose of identifying the acti5e ingredients as well as har4ful and non har4ful. 0inger
"Zingiber officinal% fa4ily7 Hingi-eraceae, is used worldwide as a s$ice "Se2iwa et al., 2%, sweet, $ungent,
heating a$$eti9er has -een used in traditional oriental 4edicines for long ti4e.
Its e;tract and 4aEor $ungent $rinci$les ha5e -een shown to e;hi-it a 5ariety of -iological acti5ities "0hayur et
al., 2&/ <ei et al., 2&%. 0inger is -elie5ed to hel$ the co44on cold, fluli2e sy4$to4s, headaches, $ainful
4enstrual $eriods "Bone et al., +''/ 0ront5ed et al., +'!!%/ arthritis "0rant, et al., 2% reduces sy4$to4s in
$atients with nausea of $regnancy, 4otion sic2ness and $osto$erati5e nausea and 5o4iting "0ront5ed et al.,
+'!!, #hilli$s, et al. +''3". In Nigeria the use of ginger as 4edicine is 5ast, it is also used for s$icing al4ost all
2inds of food including tea, and it is one of the 4aEor ingredients of B9o-oC a local drin2 in Nigeria. :he
$owdered for4 in co4-ination with garlic is used for the treat4ent of dysentery, rheu4atis4, high -lood
$ressure, -ody $ains and eye related $ro-le4s. Base on its -road usage it is therefore i4$ortant to in5estigate on
the $ossi-le effects of ginger on the 4ale re$roducti5e syste4.
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
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# Materials and method
#1 $reeding of animals
:wenty fi5e 4ale <istar rats weighing -etween '-+3 gra4s were o-tained fro4 the uni5ersity of 6ala-ar
ani4al house and were housed in the ani4al of the de$art4ent of hu4an Anato4y, college of -asic 4edical
science uni5ersity of 6ala-ar, 6ala-ar.
:he rats were $ic2ed rando4ly into "&% fi5e grou$s with each grou$ containing "&% fi5e rats. :he rats were
housed in wooden cages/ the roof of each cage was co5ered with a wire gauge to allow for $ro$er 5entilation.
:he floor of the cage was lined with sand dust which hel$ed to $re5ent sores on the feet of the rats and was also
-edding for the ani4als. :he -eddings were changed daily, the cage cleaned twice a wee2. :he cages were also
well la-eled to indicate each grou$.
:he ani4als were fed with growers 4ash o-tained fro4 5ital feed 4ill Nigeria li4ited. :he ani4als were fed
with flat stainless steel $late in order to 4ini4i9e s$illage and 4i;ture with the saw dust. <ater was gi5en in a
$lastic water -ottle with $lastic straws which hel$ed $re5ent water s$illage in the cage and granted easy access
to water for the ani4als. :he lighting condition in the ani4al house was 2e$t nor4al at +2 hours day light and +2
hours dar2. :he en5iron4ental te4$erature ranged fro4 a-out 2!
o
c to 32
o
c. :he ani4als were allowed to
ha-ituate for two wee2s after which they were re-weighed and weighed -etween +2&-2 gra4s.
## %rugs &re&aration
0inger rhi9o4e "Zingiber officinale Ioscoe% was $urchased fro4 the local 4ar2et at 6ala-ar south 2nown as
watt 4ar2et. :he roots were identified and tested -y the -otanist in -otany de$art4ent, uni5ersity of 6ala-ar,
6ala-ar Nigeria.
:he fresh ginger rhi9o4e weighting 4.&2g was washed cleaned and cut into s4all $ieces and dried for two wee2s
and was -lended into $owder for4 using an electric -lender 2g "22g% of ginger $owder was 4acerated
co4$letely in &4l of ''.'G ethanol and sha2en 5igorously. It was allowed to stay for 4!hours at roo4
te4$erature and was stirred at inter5als, after which the 4i;ture was filtered using s4all s$ores stainless sie5e
after which filter $a$er and funnel was used to filter the 4i;ture again. :he filtrate was collected in a tray and
was airified for "&% fi5e days to ensure co4$lete e5a$oration of ethanol. At the end of & days the ginger $aste
was collected with a s$atula fro4 the tray into a container and was 4easured using an electronic weighing
-alance & gra4s of ginger $aste was o-tained and dissol5ed using +4l of e;tra 5irgin oli5e oil and was 2e$t
in a cool dry $lace.
#' Administration
:wenty fi5e 4atured <istar 4ale rats was used for this e;$eri4ent and were di5ided into fi5e "&% grou$s with
each grou$ ha5ing fi5e "&% rats each and the grou$s were la-eled A, B, 6, 3 and .. grou$ 6, 3 and . ser5ed as
e;$eri4ental grou$s while grou$ A ser5ed as nor4al control grou$ and grou$ B as oli5e oil control.
:he 5arious doses of ethanolic e;tract of zingiber officinale was ad4inistered to the ani4als in the e;$eri4ent at
grou$s 6, 3 and . orally at +4g>2g, 2&4g>2g and &4g>2g $er -ody weight in each grou$ using
oral$haryngeal tu-e while ani4als in control grou$ "A% were gi5en nor4al la-oratory diet and distilled water
only and grou$ B ser5ed as 5ehicle control grou$ and was ad4inistered 24l of 5irgin oli5e oil. :his was done
for two wee2s "+4 days%. :he ta-le + gi5es a su44ary of 5arious dosages ad4inistered to the e;$eri4ental
grou$s.

' Result
'1 Mor&hological obser(ation
:here were no 4uch changes 4or$hological, there was increase in -ody weight of the ani4als and growth was
nor4al in -oth the control and e;$eri4ental grou$s and there feeding ha-its were nor4al and the sa4e.
'# )istological obser(ation
:he histological study of the testis was done using hae4ato;ylin and eosin 4ethod and the o-ser5ations carried
out on 5arious grou$s are as follows7
*ontrol grou& A:+ Sections showed nor4al histology of the testis, the se4iniferous tu-ules lined with ger4inal
e$itheliu4, the su$$orting cell "sertoli cells% and the s$er4atogenic cells in their 5arious stage of de5elo$4ent.
Also seen are the interstitial s$aces -elow the -asal la4ina with the leydig cells. "#late +%
,ehicle control Grou& $: :his grou$ recei5ed feed and distilled water and 24l of oli5e oil. Sections also
showed nor4al histology of the testis as the nor4al control grou$ "#late 2%
-ow %ose Grou& *: :his grou$ recei5ed -etween .+4l J .+&4l of ginger e;tract and their sections showed
slight degeneration of ger4inal cells and 4ature s$er4ato9oa fro4 the lu4en. "#late 3%
Medium %ose Grou& %: :his grou$ recei5ed -etween .3+4l J .3!4ls of the e;tract and their histological
sections showed degeneration of cells "ger4inal and su$$orting% degeneration of 4atured s$er4ato9oa fro4 the
lu4en, shrin2age of se4iniferous tu-ules, 4ore interstitial s$ace with effect on leydig cells and distortion of cell
4e4-rane "#late 4%
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
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*ol.4, No.+&, 2+4

4K
)igh %ose Grou& E: :his grou$ recei5ed -etween .&4l J +4l and their histology sections showed 4ore
degree in degeneration of cells "ger4inal and su$$orting% 4uch destruction of 4atured s$er4ato9oa fro4 the
lu4en, distortion of cell 4e4-rane of the se4iniferous tu-ules, shrin2age of the tu-ules and degeneration of
leydig cells "#late &%.

. *onclusion
:estis is the 4ale gonad that $roduces s$er4ato9oa in a cascade of $rocess collecti5ely referred to as
s$er4atogenesis. :his $rocess is under the influence of testosterone, Auteini9ing Hor4one and @ollicle
Sti4ulating Hor4one. :he testis is sus$ended in the scrotu4 -y the s$er4atic cord ")luye4i et al., 2K/
A2$antah et al., 23%. 0inger is a rhi9o4e that is used as a s$ice or 4edicine and can -e used fresh, dried and
$owdered or as a Euice or oil. 0inger has -een used 4edicinally and as a culinary s$ice and dates as far -ac2 as
& years with origin in Asia and was used es$ecially in India and 6hina.
0inger is considered a safe her-al 4edicine with only few and insignificant side effects "3awson et al/ +''2% -ut
not a great deal is 2nown regarding its 4eta-olis4 and 4eta-olites. In tissue distri-ution study, it was shown
that ginger was distri-uted to all e;a4ined tissue "-rain, heart, lungs, s$leen, li5er, 2idney, sto4ach and s4all
intestine% with highest concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract. :he concentration of ginger was higher in
tissues than in $las4a "Jaing, <ang, and ?i/ 2!%.
?edicinally or as her-al 4edicine, fresh ginger is used as a re4edy for a-do4inal distension, cough, 5o4iting
and nausea, sweat $ro4otion "cold% and reducing $oisonous effect of other her-s. :he stea4ed or dried ginger is
used to treat a-do4inal $ain, lu4-ago and diarrhea, cholera, he4orrhage, rheu4atis4 and toothache. "Awang
+''2/ Bone +''K/ 22%.
0inger e;tracts ha5e -een e;tensi5ely studied for a -road range of -iological acti5ities, es$ecially antio;idant
acti5ities "Ah4ed et al., 2% found that ginger significantly lowered li$id $er o;idation -y 4aintaining the
acti5ities of the antio;idant en9y4esJsu$er o;ide dis4utase, catalase and glutathione $ero;ides in rats. 6ellular
da4age in the se4en is the result of an i4$ro$er -alance -etween Ieacti5e );ygen S$ecies "I)S% generation
and sca5enging acti5ities. .;cessi5e I)S $roduction that e;ceeds critical le5els can o5erwhel4 all antio;idants
defence strategies of s$er4ato9oa and se4inal $las4a causing o;idati5e stress "Aa44inard et al., +''K/ Si22a,
+''F%.
According to 0hayur and 0iliani, "2F% $re- incu-ation of the ra--itLs aortic stri$ with ginger significantly
reduced the calciu4 chloride. :his de4onstrated that ginger has a calciu4 channel -loc2ing effect. :hese results
are $arallel to those of "Bolton, +'K'/ ?ecca and Ao5e, +''2% who re$orted that a 5asodilator co4$onent
4ediated -y the aMueous ginger e;tract was due to calciu4 channel -loc2ade, as it rela;ed the high ,
N
-induced
contractions s$ecifically as well as shifted the 6a
2
N
dose-res$onse cur5es to the right as re$orted -y "0odfraind
et al., +'!F/ ,ara2i et al., +''K%.
3rugs are 2nown to $roduce ad5erse effects when used freMuently and o5er a long $eriod and 4y o-ser5ation
fro4 this research wor2 indicates that long ter4 ingestion of ginger 4ay result in significant disintegration of
ger4inal, su$$orting and 4atured s$er4ato9oa cells, shrin2age of se4iniferous tu-ules, distortion of
se4iniferous e$itheliu4, leydig cells and widen intestinal s$aces. :he e;tract is dose de$endent.
In the study conducted -y Arash et al., "2'%, he de4onstrated that ginger $ossess an antio;idant and
androgenic acti5ity in doses of & 4g>2g>rat and +4g>2g>rat and ha5e a useful effects on s$er4atogenesis and
s$er4 $ara4eters in rats. :his is not in line with 4y $resent study on the effect of ethanolic e;tract of Zingiber
officinale "ginger% on the histology of the testis which re5ealed that the long ter4 ingestion of ginger results in
disintegration of ger4inal, su$$orting and 4atured s$er4ato9oa cells. :his is indicati5e that ginger 4ay ha5e
to;ic effect on the histology of the ratsO testis.

References
Ah4ed IS, Seth *, BanerEee B3. "2% Influence of dietary ginger "Hingi-er officinales Iosc% on antio;idant
defense syste4 in rat7 co4$arison with ascor-ic acid. Indian J .;$ Biol/ 3!7F4-FF.
A2$antah, A.), )re4osu, A.A, AEala, ?.),Noronha, 6.6, )2anlawon, A.) "23%7 :he effect of crude e;tract
of 0arcinia 2ola seed on the histology and hor4onal 4ilieu of 4ale S$rague -3awley ratsO re$roducti5e
organs. Nig. J. ealth and !iomed. "ci. 2"+%7 4-4F
A4ann I# and Berndtson, <.. "+'!F%. Assess4ent of $rocedures for screening agents for effects on 4ale
re$roduction7 effects of di-ro4ochloro$ro$ane "3B6#% on the rat. #$ndam. %&&l. 'o(icol., "K%7 244-
2&&.
Arash ,., @ate4eh @., ?oha44ad N., A4ir A. ,., 6helar 6. )., ?arefat 0. N. = ?oha44ad H. "2'%. :he
effects of 0inger on s$er4atogenesis and s$er4 $ara4eters of rat. Iranian Journal of Ie$roducti5e
?edicine l.K. "+% K-+2
Bone ?., <il2inson 3J, Doung JI, ?cNeil J, 6harlton S. "+''% 0inger root, a new antie4etic. :he effect of
ginger root on $osto$erati5e nausea and 5o4iting after 4aEor gynaecological surgery. %naesthesia.,
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
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4!
4&"!%7 FF'-K+.
6arlsen ., 0iwerc4an A, ,eiding N, S2a22e-ae2 N. "+''2%. .5idence for decreasing Muality of se4en during
$ast & years. !MJ/, 3&7F'-F+3.
3etlef SJ Jia, Benno B, .c2hart 0H "+'''%. Her-al #roducts for Ai5er 3iseases7 A :hera$eutic 6hallenge for the
New ?illenniu4.
0hayur, ?. N. and 0ilani, A. H "2&a% 7 P #har4acologial -asis for the 4edicinal use of ginger in
gastrointestinal disordersP. 3ig. 3is. Sci., & "+%7 +!!'-+!'K.
0hayur, ?N. and AH. 0ilani "2&%. 0inger lowers -lood $ressure through -loc2ade of 5oltage-de$endent
calciu4 channels. J. )ardio*asc. +harmacol., 44&7 K4-!.
0odfraind, :./ ?iller, I. and <i-o. ?."+'!F% 7 P6alciu4 antagonis4 and calciu4entry -loc2adeP. +harmacol.
Re*., 3! 7 32+- 4+F.
0rant, ,A. and IB. Aut9, "2% 0inger. %m. J. ealth "yst. +harm. &K7 '4&-'4K.
0ront5ed A, Bras2 :, ,a4-s2ard J, Hent9er . "+'!!%. 0inger root against seasic2ness7 a controlled trial on the
o$en sea. %cta Otolaryngol.. +&7 4&-4'.
Isidori A?, #o99a 6, 0ianfrilli 3, Isidori A "2F%. ?edical treat4ent to i4$ro5e s$er4 Muality. J Re&rod
!iomed, -./012 -K+4.
,ara2i, H. H./ )9a2i, ?./ Hori, ?./ ?itsui-Saito, ,./ A4ano, ,../ Harada, S./ ?iya4oto, H./ Na2a9awa, ,. J./ et
al."+''K% 7 P6alciu4 4o5e4ents, distri-ution, and functions in s4ooth 4uscleP. #har4acol. Ie5., 4'7
+&K-23.
)luye4i ,. A., Ji4oh ). I., Adesanya ). A., )4otuyi I. )., Josiah S. J., = )yesola :. ). "2K%. .ffects of
crude ethanolic e;tract of 0arcinia ca4-ogia on the re$roducti5e syste4 of 4ale wistar rats "Iattus
no5ergicus% %frican Jo$rnal of !iotechnology F "+%, +23F-+23!
#hilli$s, SI. Iuggier and S. "+''3% Hutchinson,. Zingiber officinale "ginger%-an antie4etic for day case surgery.
Anaesthesia, , 4!7 K+&-K+K.
Se2iwa D, ,u-ota ,, ,o-ayashi A. "2%. Isolation of no5el glucosides related to gingerdiol fro4 ginger and
their antio;idati5e acti5ities. J %gric #ood )hem /, 4!7 3K3-3KK.
Si22a S6. "+''F%. );idati5e stress and role of antio;idants in nor4al and a-nor4al s$er4 function. @ront Biosci/
+7 K!-!F.
<ei QD, ?a J#, 6ai DJ, Dang A and Aiu HA "2&%. 6ytoto;ic and a$o$totic acti5ities of diarylhe$tanoids and
gingerol-related co4$ounds fro4 the rhi9o4e of 6hinese ginger. J. .thno$har4acol., , , +27 +KK-+!4.

Table 1: ,arious dosages administered to the ex&erimental grou&
0I)1# 6 "A)<% 0I)1# 3 "?.3I1?% 0I)1# ."HI0H%
A+ R .+&4l ?+ R .3+4l 3H+ R +.4l
A2 R .+34l ?2 R .3!4l H2 R .&4l
A3 R .+&4l ?3 R .3!4l H3 R .F34l
A4 R .+34l ?4 R .3+4l H4 R +.4l
A& R .+4l ?& R .3!4l H& R .!!4l


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#late +7 #hoto4icrogra$h of Nor4al 6ontrol testis section, stained with H=. showing7 Nor4al lu4en "A% with
4atured s$er4ato9oa, s$er4atids "S% Sertoli cell "S6%, Base4ent 4e4-rane "B?%, Aeydig "A.%
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#late 27 #hoto4icrogra$h of *ehicle 6ontrol testis section, stained with H=. showing7 Nor4al lu4en "A% with
4atured s$er4ato9oa, s$er4atids "S% Sertoli cell "S6%, Base4ent 4e4-rane "B?%, Aeydig "A.%

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&+

#late 37 #hoto4icrogra$h of low dose "+4g>2g% testis section stained with H=. showing slight disintegration
of ger4inal cells, disintegration of 4atured s$er4ato9oa in the lu4en.

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#late 47 #hoto4icrogra$h of 4ediu4 dose "2&4g>2g% testis section with H=. showing degeneration of
ger4inal and su$$orti5e cells, degeneration of s$er4ato9oa in the lu4en, slight shrin2age of se4iniferous
tu-ules, and distortion of Aeydig cell
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#late &7 Iat recei5ed high dose "&4g>2g% histology of testis show degeneration of ger4inal and su$$orting
cells, distortion of se4iniferous tu-ules e$itheliu4, shrin2age tu-ules cells and degeneration of leydig cells.

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