Mathematical Theory and Modeling www.iiste.

org
ISSN 2224-5804 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0522 (Online)
Vol.4, No.8, 2014

40
Conditional Expectation on Extended Positive Part of Crossed
Product of a Von Neumann Algebra
Yusuf Auwalu Bichi
1
* Shehu Abdulazeez
2*

*Department of Mathematical Sciences and Information Technology,
Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State.

1
*ayusuf@fudutsinma.edu.ng 2*ashehu@fudutsinma.edu.ng
Abstract
We extend the notion of conditional expectation onto the set of generalised positive operators ( the extended
positive part) of crossed product of a von Neumann algebra.
Keywords: conditional expectation, generalised positive operators, crossed product

1.0 Introduction
The concept of conditional expectation in non-commutative theory of operator algebra was first studied by
Umegaki [12]. Takesaki [10] gave the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of such
expectation.The motivation for this paper is as a result of Lance [7] where the possibility of extending
conditional expectation to crossed product of von Neumann algebras was shown. In this paper, we extend the
notion of conditional expectation to the extended positive part of crossed product of von Neumann algebras
defined in Haagerup [3].
2.0 Preliminaries:
We recall the notion and results on generalised positive operators as discussed by Haagerup [3]. We also recall
the construction of crossed product of a von Neumann algebra as done by Vandaele [ 13].
Definition
A weight on a von Neumann algebra M is a function : [0, ] M
+
, such that
i. ( ) ( ) ( ) x y x y + = + , , x y M
+
e
ii. ( ) ( ) x x = , x M
+
e , 0 > .
We say that is faithful if ( ) 0 0 x x x
-
= = . is normal if ( ) sup ( )
i
x x = , with x as the limit of
a bounded increasing net of operators { }
i i I
x
e
in M
+
and is semifinite if n

is o - weakly dense in M .
To any weight is associated a o - weakly continuous one parameter group of - automorphisms ( )
t t

o
e

on the von Neumann algebra M , called the modular automorphisms group defined by
1
( ) ( ( ) )
it it
t
x x

o t t

= A A .
Definition
A generalised positive operator affiliated with a von Neumann algebra M
is the set of maps
| |
: 0, x M
+
which is positively homogeneous, additive and lower semi continuous, where M
+
is
Mathematical Theory and Modeling www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5804 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0522 (Online)
Vol.4, No.8, 2014

41
the positive part of the predual M of M
. The set of all such maps is called the extended positive part of
M
and is denoted by
M
.
. They are weights on the predual of the von Neumann algebra M
.Each
element
x M
+
e defines an element in M
.
+
by ( ) x , M
+
e , hence we can regard M M
.
+ +
c
[3].

Definition
Let , , x y M a M + e e and 0 > we define , x y x + and
*
a xa by
(1) ( ( ) x x )| = | ,
*
M
+
|e
(2) ( ) ( ( x y x y + | = |) + |) ,
*
M
+
|e
(3)
* *
( )( ( a xa x a a |) = | ) ,
*
M
+
|e
Remark:
* *
( ) ( ) a a x a xa | = | , x M e ,
hence we have
* * *
(1) ( 1 ) a a a a aa | = | = |( ) , 1 M e
(**)


Definition
If x M
.
+
e , a weight on M
.
+
is given by ;
1 1
2 2
, ,
( ) lim ( ) lim ( ) lim ( )
m m n m n m n m n m n
a a x a x a x t t = = - = , a M+ e [3]
We have a theorem from Haagerup [3] which states the form of the spectral resolution for the generalised
positive operator.

Theorem
L et M be a von Neumann algebra. Each element x M
.
+
e has a spectral resolution of the form



0
( ) ( ) ( ) x d e p

= +
}
, M
+
e . Where
| | 0,
( ) e
e
is an increasing family of projections in
M such that e

is strongly continuous from right and lim 1 p

= . [3]
Here we recall the construction of crossed product of von Neumann algebra by Vandaele[13]

Definition
Let M
be a von Neumann algebra acting on Hilbert space H with a faithful normal state
. We denote by
( , )
t
M R M

o = , the crossed product of M
by the modular automorphism group { }
:
t
t

o e
associated with . M is a semifinite von Neumann algebra acting on a Hilbert space
2
( , ) H L H =
Mathematical Theory and Modeling www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5804 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0522 (Online)
Vol.4, No.8, 2014

42
generated by the operators ( ( ) )( ) ( ) ( )
s
x s x s t o

= and ( ( ) )( ) ( ) t s s t = , x M e ,
( , )
c
C H e , , s t e such that ( ) ( )
s
s
x e x t u t

=
,
where ( , )
c
C H is a complex vector space of
H valued functions on with compact support , t is a faithful normal semifinite trace (f.n.s.) on M
and
s
u is the dual action of on M . [13]

3.0 Conditional Expectation on Extended Positive Part of Crossed Product of a von Neumann Algebra.
Let M be a semfinite von Neumann algebra and N its von Neumann subalgebra. Then there exists a
conditional expectation E from M onto N which is a projection of norm one [11]. The conditional
expectation exists only when N is globally invariant under the modular automorphism group ( )
t t

o
e

associated with a faithful normal weight [9]. Goldstein [2] extends conditional expectation E to the extended
positive part of von Neumann Algebras ( denoted by E ) and also to the crossed product of von Neumann
algebra ( denoted by E ). Here we define

our conditional expectation on the extended positive part of the
crossed product von Neumann algebra M
.
+ . We denote the extended conditional expectation by E
.
and show
that E
.
is invariant with respect to a given normal weight on M
.
+
. To show the possibility of extending the
conditional expectation onto the generalised positive operators of crossed product of a von Neumann algebra, we
follow the same idea of [2].
We define our generalised positive operators affiliated with crossed product of a von Neumann algebra M

M using the same argument of [3].

Definition 3.1
A generalised positive operator x
.
affiliated with a crossed product of a von Neumann algebra M is the set of
maps | | * : 0, x M
.
+
which is positively homogeneous, additive and lower semi continuous, where * M
+
is
the positive part of the predual * M of M . The set of all such maps is called the the extended positive of M
and is denoted by M
.
+ . They are weights on the predual of the crossed product M . Each element x M+ e
defines an element in M
.
+ by ( ) x , M
.
+ e hence we can regard M M
.
+ + c .

Definition 3.2
Let x M
. .
+ e we define a weight on M
.
+ by

1 1
2 2
, ,
( ) lim ( ) lim ( ) m m m
x n m n m n n
y x y x y x t t
.
. .
= = , y M+ e
Remark: The generalised positive operators are added multiplied by scalars in a natural way.
Mathematical Theory and Modeling www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5804 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0522 (Online)
Vol.4, No.8, 2014

43
We now define the crossed product operators of the extended positive part M
.
+ and the Hilbert space it act on
using [13].

Definition 3.3
Let H be a Hilbert space. Denote by ( ) c C R the space of continuous functions with compact support on R .
The tensor product

is spanned by elements of the form

where ( ) c C R H
.
e . The
Hilbert space completion of the linear combination of such function is denoted by H
.
. Let M
.
be a von
Neumann algebra acting in H
.
and
0
.
a fixed faithful normal state on M
.
. Denote by
.
o the modular
automorphism group associated with M
.
and
0
.
. The crossed product of M
.
by
.
o is the von Neumann
algebra M
.
acting on H
.
generated by ( ) x t , x M
.
e and

where
( ( ) )( ) ( ) ( )
t
x t x t t o
. .

=
( ( ) )( ) ( ) s t t s
. . .
= .
Let M
.

be the * algebra generated algebraically by operators ( ) x t , x M

.
e and

. Then M
.
is
the
.
o

weak closure of M
.

. Every element x M
.
e may be represented as ( ) ( )
k k
k
x s x t
.
. . .
=

for some
1 1
,.,., , ,.,.,
k k
s s R x x M
. . .
e e .
We show the possibility of extending E onto M
.
using the same argument of the proof in [2].

Theorem 1
The E restricted to M
+
extends uniquely to a map of M
.
onto N
.
which is positive, additive, order
preserving , normal and satisfies ( )( ) ( ) E x x E
. . .
| = | .
Proof : Using Goldstein [2]
Let x M
.
e
,
n x M+ e and n x x since E is positive, n Ex y for some y N+ e
Put E x y
. . .
= , if n z M+ e , n z x
.
, then for each * M | e
lim ( ) lim ( ) n n
n n
x z | | = i.e. 0 n n x z , o - weakly
Where 0 n n Ex Ez , o - weakly, and thus lim ( ) lim ( ) 0 n n n
n n
x Ez Ez | | , o - weakly
Mathematical Theory and Modeling www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5804 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0522 (Online)
Vol.4, No.8, 2014

44
Implies n Ez E x
. .

We have ( )( ) lim ( ) ( ) n
n
E x Ex x E | | |
. . .
= =
Hence, ( )( ) ( ) E x x E | |
. . .
= . It is obvious that E
.
is positive, additive and also normal.
To show that E
.
is invariant with respect to a faithful normal weight we refer to the theorem

Theorem 2:
Let M be semifinite and N its subalgebra and M+ and N+ be their respective extended positive part such
that N M+ + c , then
x x
E
. .
.
=

Proof:
Let x M
. .
+ e , we define a weight on M
.
+ by
1 1
2 2
, ,
( ) lim ( ) lim ( ) lim ( ) n m n m n m
x x n m n m n
a a x a x a x t t
. .
.
= = = , a M
. .
+ e
Let : E M N
. . .
+ + be our extended generalised conditional expectation on M
.
+ onto N
.
+ ,
If a M
. .
+ e , x N
. .
+ e then, x x
.
and n a a
.
with m x N+ e and n a M+ e

1 1
2 2
, ,
( ) ( ) lim ( ( )) lim ( ( ) ) m n m n m
x m n m n
a x a x E a x E a x t t t
.
. . . .
= = =
=
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
lim ( lim ( ) ) lim ( ( ) ) m n m m m
m n m
x Ea x x E a x t | t
. .
=
=
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
lim ( ( )( ) lim ( ( )( ( 1 ))) m m m m
m m
E a x x E a x x t | t |
. . . .
=
= lim ( ( ) ( )) ( ( ) lim ( )) ( ( )( ) m m
m m
E a x E a x E a x t | t | t
. . . . . . . .
= =
( ) ( ( )( ) ( )
x x
a E a x Ea t
. .
. . . . . . .
= =
Hence
x x
E
. .
.
=
We used the relation in remark (**) and the assumption that the increasing sequences are densely defined on
M+ and N+ to prove the above theorem.
Mathematical Theory and Modeling www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5804 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0522 (Online)
Vol.4, No.8, 2014

45

Theorem:
If
x

.
is a weight on M
.
+ and E
.
, E are the conditional expectations on M
.
+ and M+ respectively then
( ) ( ( ))
x x
Ea a E |
. .
. . .
=
Proof
( ) (lim ( )) n
x x n
Ea Ea |
. .
. .
= where n a M+ e and n a a
.

=
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
( lim ( ) ) lim (( ( ) ) m n m m n m
n n
x Ea x x Ea x t | t | =
=
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
( lim ( ) ) lim (( ( ) ) ) m n m m n m
n n
x Ea x x E a x t | t | =
=
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
( ( ) ) ( ( ( ) )) m m m m x a E x a x E x t | t |
. . .
=
= ( ( ) ) ( ( )) m
x
a E x a E t | |
.
. . .
=
Hence ( ) ( ( ))
x x
Ea a E |
. .
. . .
= .

REFERENCES
[1] Fumio, H. and Tsukada, M.(1983), Strong Convergence of Martingales in von Neumann algebras,
Proc.Amer.Math.Soc.88,791-797.
[2] Goldstein, S. (1991), Conditional Expectations and Stochastic Integrals in non commutative Lp spaces ,
Math.Proc.Camb.Phil.Soc.110,365-383.
[3] Haagerup, U.(1979), Operator Valued Weights in von Neumann Algebras I , J. Func. Anal.32.175-206.
[4] Haagerup, U.(1979), Operator Valued Weights in von Neumann Algebras II , J. Func. Anal.33. 339-
361.
[5] Ibrahim, Y. and Yusuf, A. (2010), Martingales of the Generalised Conditional Expectations on the
Generalised Positive Operators of a von Neumann Algebra, J. NAMP. 17, 1-6.
[6] Jajte, R. (1985), Strong Limit Theorems in non Commutative Probability, Lecture notes in Math.1110,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
[7] Lance, E.C.(1978), Martingales Convergence in von Neumann Algebras,
Math.Proc.Camb.Phil.Soc.84,47-56.
[8] Roberto, L. and Accardi, L. (1993) Martingale Convergence of Generalised Conditional Expectations,
J.Funct.Anal.118,119-130.
[9] Takesaki, M.(1972) Conditional Expectation in von Neumann Algebras, J. Funct. Aal.9, 306-321.
[10] Takesaki, M.(1972) Theory of Operator AlgebrasI, SpringerVerlag, New York.
[11] Tomiyama, J.(1957), On the Projection of norm one in W* algebras II, Tohoku Math. J.33,608-611.
[12] Umegaki, H. (1954), Conditional Expectations in Operator Algebras, Tohuku Math, J. 177-188.
[13] Van Daele, A.(1978), Continuous Crossed Products and type III von Neumann Algebras, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.

The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open-Access hosting service and academic event
management. The aim of the firm is Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.

More information about the firm can be found on the homepage:
http://www.iiste.org

CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS
There are more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals hosted under the hosting
platform.
Prospective authors of journals can find the submission instruction on the
following page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/ All the journals articles are available
online to the readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers
other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Paper version
of the journals is also available upon request of readers and authors.

MORE RESOURCES
Book publication information: http://www.iiste.org/book/

IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar


Business, Economics, Finance and Management Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
European Journal of Business and Management EJBM@iiste.org
Research Journal of Finance and Accounting RJFA@iiste.org
Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development JESD@iiste.org
Information and Knowledge Management IKM@iiste.org
Journal of Developing Country Studies DCS@iiste.org
Industrial Engineering Letters IEL@iiste.org
Physical Sciences, Mathematics and Chemistry Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research CMR@iiste.org
Journal of Mathematical Theory and Modeling MTM@iiste.org
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications APTA@iiste.org
Chemical and Process Engineering Research CPER@iiste.org
Engineering, Technology and Systems Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems CEIS@iiste.org
Innovative Systems Design and Engineering ISDE@iiste.org
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy JETP@iiste.org
Information and Knowledge Management IKM@iiste.org
Journal of Control Theory and Informatics CTI@iiste.org
Journal of Information Engineering and Applications JIEA@iiste.org
Industrial Engineering Letters IEL@iiste.org
Journal of Network and Complex Systems NCS@iiste.org
Environment, Civil, Materials Sciences Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Environment and Earth Science JEES@iiste.org
Journal of Civil and Environmental Research CER@iiste.org
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Life Science, Food and Medical Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Advances in Life Science and Technology ALST@iiste.org
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare JBAH@iiste.org
Journal of Food Science and Quality Management FSQM@iiste.org
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research CMR@iiste.org
Education, and other Social Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Education and Practice JEP@iiste.org
Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization JLPG@iiste.org
Journal of New Media and Mass Communication NMMC@iiste.org
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy JETP@iiste.org
Historical Research Letter HRL@iiste.org
Public Policy and Administration Research PPAR@iiste.org
International Affairs and Global Strategy IAGS@iiste.org
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences RHSS@iiste.org
Journal of Developing Country Studies DCS@iiste.org
Journal of Arts and Design Studies ADS@iiste.org