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ISSN 2224-32! "#a$er% ISSN 222&-'3( ")nline%
*ol.4, No.+&, 2+4

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Evaluation of Bread Wheat (Tritium aestivum L.) Varieties for
Rust Resistance at Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia

A-rha. /addele "0.Sc% Ale.ayehu Balcha "#h1%


2olaita sodo uni3ersity, $lant $rotection , Sodo 4thio$ia
4.ail address5 a-rha.taddele6yahoo.co. 7 Balchaal6yahoo.co.

Abstract
/he -read wheat is an i.$ortant cro$ of 4thio$ia. /he a3erage yield of wheat in the country is .uch -ehind the
$otential yield of the i.$ro3ed wheat culti3ars. /he low yield of wheat is the conse8uence of .any factors
including rust diseases that cause yield along with 8uality losses. 0ost of -reeding $rogra.s in the country lac9
facilities for screening against rust diseases. :sually, selection is done with inade8uate rust e$ide.ic or i.$ro$er
$athoty$es. As a result, only a few of released culti3ars e;hi-it desired resistance against the $re3ailing rust
diseases. A study was conducted during 2+3 rainy season at sodo <uria woreda to $ro3ide infor.ation on the
le3el of resistance in 2 released -read wheat 3arieties against rust diseases. /he e;$eri.ent was conducted
using 2 -read wheat 3arieties and it was arranged using rando.i<ed co.$lete -loc9 design "=>B1% with three
re$lications. #lots ha3ing the si<e of 2 ( + . was $re$ared. /here are + rows $er $lot and the s$ace -etween
rows, $lots and re$lications was .2, .& and +. res$ecti3ely. Incidence and se3erity of wheat rust diseases
were recorded with ten days inter3al and data on yield and yield co.$onents were ta9en at har3est. =e.ar9a-le
difference at "#?.&% were o-ser3ed in incidence, se3erity, A:1#> 3alues of the disease and yield co.$onent
-etween the twenty 3arieties. Area under leaf rust $rogress cur3e "A:@=#>% was also significantly different
at #A.& -etween wheat 3arieties. /he highest of A:@=#> 3alues "!2&B, C+C., B, &2&B,7 3,!B % was
recorded on gale.a, $a3on-,C,Defarson, and gassay res$ecti3ely. Eale.a, .edawele-u, $a3on-,C showed the
highest area under yellow rust $rogress cur3e A:F=#> with +'2,+'3.3 and +33.3B res$ecti3ely. /he
lowest area under yellow rust $rogress cur3e A:F=#> with 2!, 2!, 2+7 &3 B was recorded on the 3arieties
danda, digelu, hidasie and 9a9a-a res$ecti3ely. /he results indicated that 3arieties e;hi-ited co.$ati-le
reaction with $re3ailing rust diseases of stri$e and leaf rust. *arieties danda, hidasie, 9a9a-a and digelu
de.onstrated ty$e of resistance against naturally $re3ailing stri$e7 leaf rust diseases. 1isease se3erity,
incidence and area under disease $rogress cur3e "A:1#>% were negati3ely correlated with wheat yields
har3ested fro. four central rows. 0ore e;tensi3e studies for assess.ent of -read 3arieties for s$ecific
regions and identification of control .easures against rust disease would contri-ute to sta-ili<ing wheat
$roduction in 4thio$ia
Keyords! rust diseases, -read wheat 3arietie

"#$%&R'()*&$'%
2heat is an i.$ortant cereal cro$ in 4thio$ia that is widely culti3ated in a wide range of altitude "Hailu, +''+%.
It is the .ain sta$le food for a-out 3CB of the 4thio$ian $o$ulation ">SA, 2+G >I00F/, 2&%. /he national
a3erage yield of wheat in 4thio$ia is a-out +.!3 tHha ">SA, 2+%. /his is far -y -ellow the wordIs a3erage
which is a-out 2.& tHha ">urtis, 22%.0ultifaceted -iotic and a-iotic factors are res$onsi-le for this low yield.
>ulti3ation of uni.$ro3ed low yielding 3arieties, insufficient and erratic rainfall, $oor agrono.ic $ractices,
diseases and insect $ests are a.ong the .ost i.$ortant constraints to wheat $roduction in 4thio$ia "Hailu, +''+
1ereDe and Faynu, 2%
/he .ost i.$ortant wheat rusts, a grou$ of diseases cause -y fungal $athogens, are ste. rust "-lac9 rust%, stri$e
rust "yellow rust% and leaf rust "-rown rust% are the .ost $re3alent ones. /hese three rust diseases ha3e the
$otential to infect wheat and cause econo.ic da.age in susce$ti-le wheat 3arieties "0ilus, 2'%./hree regions
are currently 9nown to -e highly affected -y rust diseasesG )ro.ya, A.hara and SNN#=. According to the
0inistry of Agriculture and =ural 1e3elo$.ent "0oA=1%, o3er 4, ha of wheat are esti.ated to -e
infected -y wheat rusts.
>urrently, the .aDorities of co..ercial -read wheat culti3ars ha3e -eco.e susce$ti-le to ste. rust andHor
yellow rust "SA=>, 24%.In .ost $arts of the country rust disease effecti3ely controlled with resistant 3arieties,
-ut they can cause $ro-le.s in areas where susce$ti-le 3arieties are grown. /o deter.ine the le3el of disease
that o$ti.i<es econo.ic returns on disease .anage.ent strategy, the relationshi$ -etween wheat yields and rusts
se3erity needs to -e 9nown $recisely. Jurther.ore, the de3elo$.ent and rate of $rogress of the diseases in
relation to host growth are i.$ortant e$ide.iological factors deter.ining the le3el of yield loss.
=ecently the diseases ha3e e.erged as an i.$ortant $roduction constraint of wheat in 2olaita Kone, Southern
4thio$ia. In last year, hea3y yield losses are encountered due to the disease in the i.$ortant $roducing areas
such as "Sodo <uria, 1a.otie gaie,Boloso sorie etc%, southern 4thio$ia. )-ser3ations ha3e shown that the .ost
$o$ular culti3ar which sown at 2olaita <one LHA=-C4M is a$$eared to -e susce$ti-le to wheat rusts "2olaita
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
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*ol.4, No.+&, 2+4

+!
<one -ureau of agricultural and rural de3elo$.ent%.
&herefore, this research as conducted ith the ob+ectives
/o 8uantify the incidence and se3erity of leaf and yellow rusts and their rate of te.$oral $rogression
on different -read wheat 3arieties
/o assess the effect of so.e -read wheat 3arieties on the de3elo$.ent of rust diseases
/o deter.ine the effect of wheat rusts on yield and yield of -read wheat

,# -A&ER$ALS A%( -E&.'(S
,#"# &reat/ents and E0peri/ental desi1n
/he e;$eri.ent was conducted at Sodo <uria, No9ote Ne-ele using 2 -read wheat 3arieties including local
chec9. *arieties were collected fro. Nulu.sa and Hollota agricultural research center, 4thio$ian. /he
e;$eri.ent was arranged in =>B1 with three re$lications. #lots ha3ing the si<e of 2 ( + . was $re$ared.
/here are + rows $er $lot and the s$ace -etween rows, $lots and re$lications was .2, .& and +. res$ecti3ely.
/o initiate sufficient disease de3elo$.ent, 9nown 3ery susce$ti-le -read wheat 3arieties" C4% to rust was sown
on the -ordered of all $lots. Seed of each 3ariety was $lanted in each $lot -y hand drilling at the rate +& 9gHha,
which was reco..ended for the area was used. Jertili<ers at a rate of 4C 9gHha N and 4C 9gHha #2)& was
a$$lied during $lanting. 2eeds were controlled -y hand weeding. was carried out according the far.ersI
$ractices of the areas. Natural infection was used to initiate the e$ide.ics of the disease.
,#,# (ata collection
,#,#"#(iseases data
(isease incidence5 =ust incidence was recorded on each e;$eri.ental $lot -y counting nu.-er of diseased
$lants fro. +C rando.ly ta9en and tagged $lantH$lot fro. eight central rows and calculated as the $ro$ortion of
the diseased $lants o3er the total stand count "+C $lants% at +days inter3al.
(isease severity! #ro$ortion of the ste. and leaf of the $lant affected -y the disease, recorded using the
.odified >o--Is scale "#eterson et al., +'4!%. Starting fro. the a$$earance of the sign or sy.$to.s, each $lant
with in each $lot was 3isually e3aluated for $ercent foliar infection "se3erity% at + days inter3al.
,#,# ,#2ield, 2ield *o/ponents and A1rono/ic (ata
1ata li9e thousand 9ernel weight5 the weight of thousand seed sa.$led at rando. fro. the total grains har3ested
fro. each e;$eri.ental $lot was .easured. 1ays to .aturity5 the nu.-er of days fro. $lanting to the date when
,&B of the $lants -eca.e yellow. Erain yield in gra. $er $lot at +2.&B .oisture content was recorded and
translated to 9gHha. )nly four of the internal rows of the $lots were har3ested for yield and -io.ass esti.ations,
e;cluding .+. . on -oth sides along the length of the $lot Har3est inde; (34
Har3est inde; "B% of each $lot was co.$uted in each re$lication using the following the for.ula har3esting
inde; ? Erain yield $lot
-+
; +
/otal Bio.ass $lot
,#5# (ata Analysis
Jro. disease se3erity the area under the disease $rogress cur3e "A:1#>% was calculated -y using the for.ula
of "A:1#>% as descri-ed -y ">a.$-ell and 0adden, +''%.
A0BPC = (Xi +Xi + 1)2(ti +1 ti)
n1
i=1


2here, ;i is the disease se3erity e;$ressed in $ercentage at i
th
o-ser3ation, ti is ti.e at the i
th
o-ser3ation and n
is total nu.-er of days disease was assessed. 1ata on rust incidence and se3erity yield, yield co.$onents,
A:1#> and all agrono.ic data were su-Dected to statistical analysis using SAS software "SAS, 23%. 0eans
were co.$ared using JisherIs $rotected least significant difference test at the &B significance le3el "@S1& B%.

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*ol.4, No.+&, 2+4

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5# Results
5#"# (isease reaction
$ncidence of leaf rust (Bron rust4 and Stripe rust (2ello rust4
/a-le +. 0ean disease incidence"B%, initial and final se3erity"B% of leaf rust and A:1#> for 2 -read wheat
3arieties grown at Sodo Kuria
*ariety @= incidence Initial se3erity Jinal se3erity A:1#>
Eale.a !, 4, ,& !2&
#a3on-,C !+ 24 '2 C+C
Jeferson &2 +3 ,3 &2&
Hulu9a C2 3' !2 &23
Eassay ,2 3 ,! 3,!
Ealil ,! , ++ 32
0edawele-u ,3 2, C& 2!&
Shori. +' && 24
/ay ,! ++ 4 22
Agancho 3 +, &C +'
Hogona +3 +2 2! +'
2attera 2! & ,2 +,3
4t-+3 43 C 4! +3&
Na9a-a ,, 3 2' '
Hidase 44 , &!
0erarro C & & &3
1a$hae 2 & 32
Alidro , 4 22
1igwlu 3 4 +2
1anda + 3
*V(34 ,, ,6 "7 ""
LS( "8 6 "" 69
@eaf rust incidence was also significantly different at #A.&" /a-le +%. Higher leaf rust incidences "!C., ,,2B,
!+B, ,,.,B and ,2.,B% were recorded on gale.a, gassay, $a3on-,C, galil and .edawele-u res$ecti3ely. @eaf
rust incidence on 3ariety danda, digelu 7 alidro was lowest "+B, 2.CB ,,B%. Shor. and et-+3 had inter.ediate
disease incidence @i9ewise stri$ rust incidence was significantly different at #A.& a.ong the twenty -read
3arieties. @owest stri$ rust incidence "B, B ,2B, 2.3B, 3.3B , 3.3B% was recorded on
digelu, da$hae, shori. gassay ,0rerarro and alidro 3arieties while, the highest "'+B,4B% on gale. a7
Defferson res$ecti3ely "/a-le 2%.
/he results agreed with Headri9 and #ata9y"+'!,% stated that low le3el of disease incidence on a 3ariety in
the $resence of the disease in the other 3arieties indicates that the 3ariety $ossesses .aDor gene
resistance against the $re3alent of $athogen since this ty$e of resistance is 9nown to $re3ent infection
fro. occurring.
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*ol.4, No.+&, 2+4

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&able ,# -ean disease incidence(34, initial and final severity (34, and A)(:* of stripe rust for ,;
bread heat varieties 1ron at Sodo Zuria
*ariety S= incidence Initial se3erity Jinal se3erity A:1#>
Eale.a '+ 4!.33 'C.C, +'2
Agancho 3+.33 +3.33 ,3.33 2
0edawele-u +3.C, '.CC, & +'3
Hulu9a 24.33 .CC, C +&&
#a3on-,C +3 +2 & +33
Jeferson 4 &.333 +3.33 '
2attera +& 2 3 ,&
Hogona +,.33 2.CC, +3.33 ,
4t-+3 +4.33 3.CC, &3.33 C!
/ay +& .333 ++ C&
Hidase +.333 4.333 .333 &3
Eassay 3 3 &.CC, 4&
Ealil 24.33 .CC, C.CC, 43
Alidro 3.333 +2.33 3,
Shori. 2 4.CC, ,.CC, 34
Na9a-a +3.33 +.333 &.333 3&
1anda !.CC, .CC, C 2!
0erarro 2.333 .333 4 22
1a$hae +.CC, 3.333 +3
1igwlu +.CC, 2 C
*V(34 ,; ,,#9 "<#, "=
LS( 9#9 ,#, 7#9 5<#8,
(isease severity of stripe rust (2ello rust4 and leaf rust (Bron rust4
Stri$e rust se3erity on twenty 3arieties was significantly different "#A.&%. /he lowest initial and final stri$e
rust se3erity ".C, and B,+.C and 2B, +.C and 3.3B 3 and &.CB, and .33 Band ++B% was recorded on the
3ariety danda, digelu, gassay, da$hae tay while se3erity was highest "4!.3 and 'C.,B, +2 and &B,+3B and
,3B% on gale.a,$a3on -,C and agancho res$ecti3ely "/a-le 2%. Si.ilary, leaf rust se3erity was also significantly
different at #A.& a.ong the 3arieties. /he lowest initial and final leaf se3erity " and B,B and 4B, and
4.3, B and &.3B,% was recorded on the 3arieties danda,digelu, alidro and da$hae while the highest "4C.,and
,&B,3' and !+., B, 24 and '+.,B% on gale.a, hulu9a and $a3on-,C at sodo <uria "/a-le +%
Area under disease pro1ress curve based on severity (A)(:*
S4

Area under leaf rust $rogress cur3e "A:@=#>% was also significantly different at #A.& -etween wheat
3arieties. /he highest A:@=#> 3alues "!2& B, C+C., B,&2&B,&23B, 3,! B % was recorded on gale.a, $a3on-
+,,Defarson, hulu9a and gassay res$ecti3ely. /he lowest A:@=#> "3.3, +2 ,2+., and 3+., B% on danda, digelu,
alidro and da$hae res$ecti3ely . 1uring the study $eriod gale.a, .edawele-u, $a3on-,C showed the highest
area under yellow rust $rogress cur3e A:F=#> with +'2,+'3.3 and +33.3 res$ecti3ely. A.ong all the 2
*erities gale.a, $a3on-,C, agancho, Deferson were fast rusting where as danda, hidasie, .ererro were a slow
rusting 3ariety against yellow rust "/a-le + 7 2%. /here was statistically significant "$A.+% difference a.ong
culti3ars with regard to their A:1#> 3alues. /he high A:1#> 3alue recorded for the three 3arieties "gale.a,
Deferson and $a3on-,C % is a reflection of their degree of susce$ti-ility to rust $re3ailing in wolaita. A:1#> is a
good indicator of adult $lant resistance under field condition "2ang et al., 2&%. In this study, the lowest
A:1#> 3alues were recorded for -read wheat culti3ars such as danda,digelu, da$hae, hidasie.
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*ol.4, No.+&, 2+4

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5#,# >roth para/eter, yield and yield co/ponents
&able 5# -ean values for /aturity days, 1rain yield and harvest inde0 , thousand ?ernel ei1ht of ,;
bread heat varieties 1ron at Sodo Zuria

*arieties 1/0 Erain yield"9Hha% HI"B% +-seed weight"g%
1anda +! C4& 3& 44
Hidase +& C233 4 4!
Eassay +++ C22! 3& 4+
Hogona +! &''4 3C 44
/ay ++, &',' 33 44
Ealil +3 &!C2 3& 4&
9a9a-a '' &!44 3' 4!
0edawele-u +++ &C2C 33 34
Alidro +C &&!, 3C 42
1igwlu ++& &&,! 34 44
0erarro ++! &,,+ 32 4+
1a$hae ++C &4!! 34 43
Shori. +, &4+4 3, 4
Agancho +! &4'' 33 42
Hulu9a +++ &34C 3, 4+
Jeferson +2+ &43, 33 3'
Eale.a ++' &,, 33 3,
#a3on-,C +C 4'' 3+ 4
4t-+3 +2 4'+ 3+ 44
2attera +2 43&3 3, 3'
*V(34 5#5 ,#5 8#, ""#<
LS( 9#<7 ,"7#7 5#8 <#",

&housand Kernel Wei1ht (14 Analysis of 3ariance showed highly significant -etween 3arieties ranged fro. 34-
4! g. 0a;i.u. 9ernels weight "4!,4! and 44 g% were o-tained fro. 3arieties 9a9a-a, hidasie and galil
res$ecti3ely. Howe3er, grains with .ini.u. weight"34,3, and 3' g% were o-ser3ed in wheat 3arieties
.edawele-u gale.a and Jeferson res$ecti3ely"/a-le 3%
(ays to /aturity5 a.ong 3arieties ranged fro. '!., to++'.,c. where .a;i.u. nu.-ers of days to .aturity
"++'., and ++!.3 days% were ta9en -y et -+3 and .erarro while 9a9a-a and alidro with '!., and +C days,
res$ecti3ely, too9 .ini.u. days to .aturity and thus were a.ongst the early .aturing wheat .aturity "/a-le 3%.
>rain 2ield (?1 ha
@"
4 Highly significant differences "$A.+% were o-ser3ed in a3erage grain yield of 3arieties
ranged fro. 43&3-C3, 9g ha
-+
. 0a;i.u. grain yield of C3,2, C233, C22! &''', &''&, &',' and &'++ 9g ha
-+

was recorded in the 3arieties danda, hidasie, gassay, agancho, hogona,tay 79a9a-a , res$ecti3ely while wheat
3arieties wattera,alidro,et-+3 and Deferson with 43&3,4!!,,4!'! and &,+ 9g ha
-+
, res$ecti3ely"/a-le 3%
.arvest $nde0 (34 !Analysis of 3ariance showed highly significant differences a.ong 3arieties. HI of 3arieties
ranged fro. 3-4B. 0a;i.u. har3esting inde; of 4, 3',3,, and 3, was recorded in wheat 3arieties hidasie,
9a9a-a,sori. and hulu9a res$ecti3ely. 0aDority of the wheat culti3ars e;hi-ited good seed inde; ranging -etween
3& and 3,B, howe3er, lowest inde; 3+ was o-ser3ed in wheat 3ariety et-+3, B32 B was o-ser3ed in wheat
3arieties .ererro,,$a3on-,C, and 33 B was o-ser3ed in 3arieties gale.a, Deferson .edawele-u, agancho and
hogona "/a-le 3%.
5#5# *orrelations beteen disease and yield para/eters
Highly significant and $ositi3e correlation coefficients".'C - .3% were o-tained -etween the disease $ara.eters
suggesting the $ossi-ility of using any of the $ara.eters in assessing wheat rust diseases and e3aluating the
efficacy of control .easure. All the disease $ara.eters i.e. incidence, se3erity and A:1#>s had negati3e
correlations with total yield, affir.ing the negati3e i.$act of rust diseases on wheat yield. /hese results also
$ro3e the need to efficiently .anage the disease to get acce$ta-le yield fro. wheat fields. In addition, the results
$ro3ide clear e3idence for the $ossi-ility of using any of the disease $ara.eters to .a9e 3alid $redication a-out
rust de3elo$.ent and i.$act under 3arious $roduction $ractices

6# S)--AR2 A%( *'%*L)S$'%
=esults of the e;$eri.ent showed that the tested 3arieties had significant difference in disease incidence,
se3erity, A:1#> 7 yield. A.ong the 3arieties, significantly lower disease $ressure and higher yields were
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*ol.4, No.+&, 2+4

22
o-tained fro. wheat 3arieties hidasie, danda, 9a9a-a and gassay. /hus these four 3arieties $lay an i.$ortant
role in .anaging rust diseases and hence should -e $lanted -y far.ers in areas, where rust diseases are
$re3alent. Howe3er, e.$hasis should also -e gi3en to other features including agrono.ic traits, 8uality of yield ,
and far.ers $references -efore final reco..endations. /he e;$eri.ent was carried out under uncontrolled
conditions, .ore infor.ation on rust resistance would -e o-tained fro. controlled inoculation under green
house e;$eri.ent. Jurther study is needed on different locations -y including other growing seasons to account
for weather 3aria-ility to identify genoty$ic differences a.ong 3arieties.

9# A*K%'WLE(>E-E%&
/his $a$er contri-utes to de3elo$ -read wheat 3arieties resistant to rust diseases funded -y 2olaita sodo
uni3ersity, 4thio$ia for sustaina-le agriculture.

8# REAERE%*ES
>a.$-ell, >.>. and 0adden, @.*. +''. 1isease $rogress in ti.e5 .odelling and data analysis. In5 Jones, 1.E
"ed.% the Epidemiology of Plant Disease. Nluwer Acade.ic #u-lishers, @ondon. $$. +!+-2C.
>I00F/ "International >enter for 0ai<e and 2heat I.$ro3e.ent%. 2&. Sounding the Alar. on Elo-al Ste.
=ust. An assess.ent of race :g'' in Nenya and 4thio$ia and the $otential for i.$act in neigh-oring regions and
-eyond. #re$ared -y the e;$ert $anel on the ste. rust out-rea9 in 4astern Africa. 2' 0ay 2&.
>SA ">entral Statistical Authority%. 2+. Agricultural sur3ey sa.$le. =e$ort on area and $roduction of cro$s
"$ri3ate $easant holdings, .eher season%. Statistical Bulletin No 33. Addis A-a-a, 4thio$ia
>urtis, B.>. 22. 2heat in the world. In5 B.>. >urtis, S. =aDara., H. Eo.e< 0ac$hersonBread 2heat
I.$ro3e.ent and #roduction. Jood and Agriculture )rgani<ation "JA)% of the
Hailu Ee-re9idane, +'!!. Sustaining >ro$ #roduction in the se.i - arid areas of 4thio$ia 4thio$ian J. Agric. Sci
0engistu Hullu9a, Eetaneh 2eldea-, Feshi Andnew, =e-e9a 1esta and Ayele Bade-o. +''+. 2heat #athology
=esearch in 4thio$ia
0ilus, 4. A., Nristensen, N., Ho3.oleer, 0. S. 2'. 43idence for increased Aggressi3eness in a recent
wides$read Strain of #uccinia striifor.is f. s$. tritici >ausing Stri$e =ust of 2heat. #hyto$athology ''5!'-'4.
SA=> "Sinana Agricultural =esearch >enter%. 24. Sinana Agricultural =esearch >enter #athology 1e$art.ent
#rogress =e$orts for the #eriod 22-24. Sinana, Bale, 4thio$ia
SAS Institute. 23. #roduct or ser3ice na.es are registered trade.ar9s or trade.ar9s of SAS Institute Inc. in
the :SA and other countries. Indication, SAS >a.$us 1ri3e, >ary, North >arolina 2,&+3
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Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research CMR@iiste.org
Journal of Mathematical Theory and Modeling MTM@iiste.org
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications APTA@iiste.org
Chemical and Process Engineering Research CPER@iiste.org
Engineering, Technology and Systems Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems CEIS@iiste.org
Innovative Systems Design and Engineering ISDE@iiste.org
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy JETP@iiste.org
Information and Knowledge Management IKM@iiste.org
Journal of Control Theory and Informatics CTI@iiste.org
Journal of Information Engineering and Applications JIEA@iiste.org
Industrial Engineering Letters IEL@iiste.org
Journal of Network and Complex Systems NCS@iiste.org
Environment, Civil, Materials Sciences Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Environment and Earth Science JEES@iiste.org
Journal of Civil and Environmental Research CER@iiste.org
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Life Science, Food and Medical Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Advances in Life Science and Technology ALST@iiste.org
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare JBAH@iiste.org
Journal of Food Science and Quality Management FSQM@iiste.org
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research CMR@iiste.org
Education, and other Social Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Education and Practice JEP@iiste.org
Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization JLPG@iiste.org
Journal of New Media and Mass Communication NMMC@iiste.org
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy JETP@iiste.org
Historical Research Letter HRL@iiste.org
Public Policy and Administration Research PPAR@iiste.org
International Affairs and Global Strategy IAGS@iiste.org
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences RHSS@iiste.org
Journal of Developing Country Studies DCS@iiste.org
Journal of Arts and Design Studies ADS@iiste.org