ACEM Report 2012 PDF

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ACEM REPORT
The Motorcycle Industry in Europe
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ACEM REPORT
Association des Constructeurs Europens de Motocycles
ACEM REPORTThe Motorcycle Industry in Europe
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Table of Content
ACEM IN BRIEF.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
The ACEM Members The ACEM Members.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Manufacturers Manufacturers...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
National Associations National Associations...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Foreword by Hendrik von Kuenheim.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Introduction by Jacques Compagne, ACEM Secretary General ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Who we are.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Our Mission.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
The Industry philosophy: responsible commitment.................................................................................................................................................................................. 9 The Industry philosophy: responsible commitment.................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
The Motorcycle Industrys Policy Agenda............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
New type-approval Regulation for L-category vehicles......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
MOBILITY......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
The Quality of our Lives Relies on Mobility................................................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
More Powered Two-Wheelers would ease congestion........................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................ 20
Urban Mobility................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 21
Leisure, Tourism and Sport...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
ROAD SAFETY............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
The Industry Strategy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Improving the Knowledge...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
The Vehicle ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Advanced Braking Systems................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 28
Lighting and conspicuity .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
ITS....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Tampering..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Tampering..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
Licensing............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 31 31
Guidelines on Motorcycle equipment ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 33 33
The Infrastructure ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
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ENVIRONMENT............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 35
Regulated Pollutants egulated Pollutants egulated Pollutants................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
ACEM proactive proposals ACEM proactive proposals ACEM proactive proposals ACEM proactive proposals...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Motorcycle emissions................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 36 Motorcycle emissions................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 36
CO
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On-board Diagnostics................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 38
Noise..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Periodic Inspection...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
ECONOMY AND COMPETITION....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
The PTW Sector at a Glance................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Internal Market ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
The increasing Competition in the PTW sector The increasing Competition in the PTW sector......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
Main Market Trends..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 44 44
The manufacturing of motorcycles The manufacturing of motorcycles................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 46 46
Employment .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 48
The downstream activity.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50 The downstream activity.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50 The downstream activity.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50
The upstream activities : a tentative estimation The upstream activities : a tentative estimation........................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 52
The Europe PTW : an overview The Europe PTW : an overview............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 53
Internal market and competition Internal market and competition....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 54
International Trade : A Strategic Priority International Trade : A Strategic Priority ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55
HOW DOES ACEM WORK?................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 58
ACEM Organisational Chart: .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 58
The Activity of ACEMs Committees............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 59
A presentation by ACEMs Coordinating Committee Chairman A presentation by ACEMs Coordinating Committee Chairman...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... 59
Market and Transport Policy Committee Market and Transport Policy Committee........................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 60
Road Safety Committee Road Safety Committee ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 61
Environment Committee Environment Committee.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 62
Electric Vehicle Committee Electric Vehicle Committee..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 62
Legal Aairs Committee Legal Aairs Committee............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 63
ACEM Secretariat ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 64
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ACEM means Association des Constructeurs Europens de Motocycles. ACEM represents the Motorcycle Industry in Europe and, as such, is one of many ACEM means Association des Constructeurs Europens de Motocycles. ACEM represents the Motorcycle Industry in Europe and, as such, is one of many ACEM means Association des Constructeurs Europens de Motocycles. ACEM represents the Motorcycle Industry in Europe and, as such, is one of many ACEM means Association des Constructeurs Europens de Motocycles. ACEM represents the Motorcycle Industry in Europe and, as such, is one of many
interest groups that contribute to an informed decision-making process in the EU. interest groups that contribute to an informed decision-making process in the EU.
ACEM has thirty members, out of which 13 are manufacturers and 17 national PTW industry associations in Europe. ACEM has thirty members, out of which 13 are manufacturers and 17 national PTW industry associations in Europe.
ACEM, based in Brussels, was established in 1994 from the merger of COLIMO (Comit de Liaison de lIndustrie du Motocycle) established in 1962 and ACEM, based in Brussels, was established in 1994 from the merger of COLIMO (Comit de Liaison de lIndustrie du Motocycle) established in 1962 and
composed of eight national associations, and ACEM founded in 1990 by the eight main European companies in the eld. composed of eight national associations, and ACEM founded in 1990 by the eight main European companies in the eld. composed of eight national associations, and ACEM founded in 1990 by the eight main European companies in the eld.
ACEM provides clear and factual information concerning the European powered two-wheeler industry and fosters the understanding of the sectors ACEM provides clear and factual information concerning the European powered two-wheeler industry and fosters the understanding of the sectors ACEM provides clear and factual information concerning the European powered two-wheeler industry and fosters the understanding of the sectors
importance, its complexity and its contributions to society. importance, its complexity and its contributions to society.
ACEM IN BRIEF
The ACEM Members
Manufacturers
BMW Motorrad
Bombardier Recreational Products dier Recreational Products
Ducati
Harley Davidson
Honda
Kawasaki
KTM KK
Peugeot
Piaggio
Suzuki
Yamaha YY
TTriumph riumph
Victory Motorcycles ictory Motorcycles ictory Motorcycles
National Associations
AIA, Automotive Industry Association (Czech Republic)
AIMID, Association of Irish Motorcycle Importers & Distributors
AMVIR, Association of Motor Vehicle Importers-Representatives (Greece)
ANCMA-Confndustria, Associazione Nazionale Ciclo Motociclo Accessori (Italy)
ANESDOR, Asociacion Nacional de Empresas del Sector de dos Ruedas (Spain)
Arge2Rad, Association of PTW Manufacturers and Importers (Austria)
C.S.I.A.M., Chambre Syndicale des Importateurs dAutomobiles et de Motocycles (France) e Syndicale des Importateurs dAutomobiles et de Motocycles (France)
CSNM, Chambre Syndicale Nationale du Motocycle (France)
EQUAL, European Quadricycle League
FEBIAC, Automobile and cycle industry association (Belgium)
FF, Fachverband der Fahrzeugindustrie sterreichs (Austria)
IVM e.V, Industrie-Verband Motorrad (Germany)
MCIA, Motorcycle Industry Association (UK)
McRF, Moped & Motorcykelbranschens Riksfrbund (Sweden)
MOTED, Motorcycle Industry Association (Turkey) MO MO
PZPM, Polski Zwizek Przemysu Motoryzacyjnego (Poland)
RAI, Association Nederlandse Vereniging De Rijwiel en Automobielindustrie (The Netherlands) ssociation Nederlandse Vereniging De Rijwiel en Automobielindustrie (The Netherlands)
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Foreword by Hendrik von Kuenheim, ACEM President
Innovating
our mobility paradigm
The impact of the crisis on our sector has been
severe. Over the period 2007-2011 the whole
European market shrunk by more than one third
wiping out some historic brands. The market
situation is presently still depressed, and whilst
we need to remain positive there is no real tangible sign of recovery. we need to remain positive there is no real tangible sign of recovery.
In these conditions, better regulation such as ensuring a reliable and favourable In these conditions, better regulation such as ensuring a reliable and favourable
regulatory framework, based on overall assessment of economic and social
impact, are of utmost importance, in particular for smaller industries. A new
EU type-approval framework for our sector is currently under discussion in
Brussels I can only stress again the absolute need for the industry to have
a stable, predictable and especially a feasible regulatory environment to
underpin our long-term investment strategies.
The role of Powered Two-Wheelers has recently been emphasised in the
White Paper on Transport published by the European Commission, which
stresses the use of smaller, lighter and more specialised road passenger
vehicles must be encouraged for urban mobility and commuting.
This industry has a long tradition in providing mobility solutions answering
this policy objective ACEM manufacturers in particular have shown their
ability to innovate, with motorcycles, scooters, tricycles and quadricycles ability to innovate, with motorcycles, scooters, tricycles and quadricycles
which have brought a new mobility paradigm to our streets. which have brought a new mobility paradigm to our streets.
Studies conrm the self-evident benets of the participation of such vehicles Studies conrm the self-evident benets of the participation of such vehicles
in a multimodal transport system, in terms of increased, more ecient in a multimodal transport system, in terms of increased, more ecient
mobility they allow shorter travelling times, reduce congestion and space mobility they allow shorter travelling times, reduce congestion and space
occupation, overall lessening the impact on the environment and the occupation, overall lessening the impact on the environment and the
infrastructure. infrastructure.
Looking ahead to 2020 and beyond, the European strategy on clean and Looking ahead to 2020 and beyond, the European strategy on clean and Looking ahead to 2020 and beyond, the European strategy on clean and
energy ecient vehicles also clearly includes ACEM members amongst the energy ecient vehicles also clearly includes ACEM members amongst the energy ecient vehicles also clearly includes ACEM members amongst the
solution providers, in particular in urban mobility. The CARS21 interim report solution providers, in particular in urban mobility. The CARS21 interim report solution providers, in particular in urban mobility. The CARS21 interim report
puts a strong emphasis on electromobility, calling for the further development puts a strong emphasis on electromobility, calling for the further development puts a strong emphasis on electromobility, calling for the further development
of vehicle technology, recharching standards and infrastructure, from a niche of vehicle technology, recharching standards and infrastructure, from a niche of vehicle technology, recharching standards and infrastructure, from a niche
into a segment of the market. This requires investment but just as importantly into a segment of the market. This requires investment but just as importantly into a segment of the market. This requires investment but just as importantly
or perhaps more importantly, building consumer condence. or perhaps more importantly, building consumer condence.
Electromobility is becoming a reality in some segments of our production, Electromobility is becoming a reality in some segments of our production, Electromobility is becoming a reality in some segments of our production,
due to the specialised use and light weight of our products, with vehicles due to the specialised use and light weight of our products, with vehicles
already on the market, others close to market introduction and more in the already on the market, others close to market introduction and more in the
pipeline. Whilst the light vehicle electric segment is still small, it has been pipeline. Whilst the light vehicle electric segment is still small, it has been
doubling year on year, and is forecast to reach 50,000 units sold yearly in the doubling year on year, and is forecast to reach 50,000 units sold yearly in the
EU in 2020. However, strong political support is necessary to further develop EU in 2020. However, strong political support is necessary to further develop
this reality allowing the demand of these innovative products to meet the this reality allowing the demand of these innovative products to meet the
oer.
A main priority for PTW manufacturers remains the further improvement of A main priority for PTW manufacturers remains the further improvement of
energy efciency in order to contribute to emission reduction objectives. energy efciency in order to contribute to emission reduction objectives.
I believe it is therefore our shared interest to support the growth of this I believe it is therefore our shared interest to support the growth of this
transport mode, and would argue this will also prove benecial to the wider transport mode, and would argue this will also prove benecial to the wider
automotive sector, as it will contribute to ease congestion and increase quality automotive sector, as it will contribute to ease congestion and increase quality
of life especially in urban environments. of life especially in urban environments.
The year 2012 will be challenging in light of the uncertain development of The year 2012 will be challenging in light of the uncertain development of
the economies in major markets around the world and in particular in Europe, the economies in major markets around the world and in particular in Europe,
where it is extremely important that confdence in the Euro zone be restored. where it is extremely important that confdence in the Euro zone be restored.
The European Motorcycle Industry strives to maintain its leadership in safety The European Motorcycle Industry strives to maintain its leadership in safety
and environmental technologies, thereby contributing to sustainable growth and environmental technologies, thereby contributing to sustainable growth and environmental technologies, thereby contributing to sustainable growth
in Europe and abroad. in Europe and abroad.
Hendrik von Kuenheim
PRESIDENT of ACEM and
CEO of BMW Motorrad
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Putting the Motorcycle Industry
on the map
Ever since it was founded in 1994, ACEM has
been contributing to enriching the policy debate been contributing to enriching the policy debate
at European level on issues of interest to the at European level on issues of interest to the
motorcycle sector. Over the years, as a reection motorcycle sector. Over the years, as a reection
of a very dynamic industry able to develop innovative and exciting solutions of a very dynamic industry able to develop innovative and exciting solutions of a very dynamic industry able to develop innovative and exciting solutions
for urban mobility and leisure, ACEM has grown in terms of membership, with for urban mobility and leisure, ACEM has grown in terms of membership, with
the active presence of all main manufacturers of L category vehicles (mopeds, the active presence of all main manufacturers of L category vehicles (mopeds,
motorcycles, tricycles, quadricycles) and a network of National associations motorcycles, tricycles, quadricycles) and a network of National associations
As a result, ACEM has also become more active in new elds, bringing forward As a result, ACEM has also become more active in new elds, bringing forward
the views of the Motorcycle Industry on important issues ranging from purely the views of the Motorcycle Industry on important issues ranging from purely
technical dossiers such as type-approval to more societal topics such as technical dossiers such as type-approval to more societal topics such as
mobility, safety, environment. It has also broadened its activities in economic mobility, safety, environment. It has also broadened its activities in economic
areas, developing market analysis tools and contributing to consultations areas, developing market analysis tools and contributing to consultations
carried out by the EU within trade negotiations with other regions of the carried out by the EU within trade negotiations with other regions of the
world. Finally, it has been increasingly contributing to conveying the vision world. Finally, it has been increasingly contributing to conveying the vision
of this industry, in the eld of individual passenger transport and logistics, of this industry, in the eld of individual passenger transport and logistics,
by taking part to initiatives such as CARS21, European research projects and by taking part to initiatives such as CARS21, European research projects and
debates about innovation and the future of transport. debates about innovation and the future of transport.
In these dicult economic times, the role of ACEM as an interface between the In these dicult economic times, the role of ACEM as an interface between the In these dicult economic times, the role of ACEM as an interface between the
motorcycle sector, ocials and policy makers takes an even more fundamental motorcycle sector, ocials and policy makers takes an even more fundamental motorcycle sector, ocials and policy makers takes an even more fundamental
dimension, in order to inform about the specicities of this industry and dimension, in order to inform about the specicities of this industry and dimension, in order to inform about the specicities of this industry and
the wide range of specialised vehicles it produces, our contribution to the the wide range of specialised vehicles it produces, our contribution to the the wide range of specialised vehicles it produces, our contribution to the the wide range of specialised vehicles it produces, our contribution to the
economy and employment in the EU, and the opportunities which need to economy and employment in the EU, and the opportunities which need to economy and employment in the EU, and the opportunities which need to
be seized, in the interest of the sector and society as a whole.
This second edition of the ACEM Report wishes to provide an insight into This second edition of the ACEM Report wishes to provide an insight into
the Motorcycle Industry and an overview of what this industry stands for- the Motorcycle Industry and an overview of what this industry stands for-
responsible commitment to more sustainable mobility, today and in the responsible commitment to more sustainable mobility, today and in the
future.
Jacques Compagne
SECRETARY GENERAL of ACEM
Introduction by Jacques Compagne, ACEM Secretary General
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ACEM, the Motorcycle Industry in Europe, is the professional body ACEM, the Motorcycle Industry in Europe, is the professional body
representing the interests and combined skills of 13 Powered Two- representing the interests and combined skills of 13 Powered Two-
Wheelers manufacturers, and 17 national associations out of 13 Wheelers manufacturers, and 17 national associations out of 13
European countries. ACEM directly represents a total of 25 Powered European countries. ACEM directly represents a total of 25 Powered
Two-Wheeler brands. Two-Wheeler brands.
In Europe over 150.000 jobs depend on the Powered Two-Wheeler In Europe over 150.000 jobs depend on the Powered Two-Wheeler
industry. The aggregated turnover of the sector (manufacturing, plus industry. The aggregated turnover of the sector (manufacturing, plus
upstream and downstream activities) amounted to Euro 34 billion in upstream and downstream activities) amounted to Euro 34 billion in
2008. Manufacturers alone account for Euro 7 billion. The members 2008. Manufacturers alone account for Euro 7 billion. The members
of ACEM are responsible for 90% of the production and up to 80% of of ACEM are responsible for 90% of the production and up to 80% of
the European Powered Two-Wheeler market which culminated at 2.7 the European Powered Two-Wheeler market which culminated at 2.7
million units in 2007.
The variety of products oered by ACEM manufacturers are represented
by the large amount of styles and segments such as moped, scooter,
street, naked, super-sport, touring, supermoto and o-road bikes.
ACEM was created in 1994 by the merger of two Associations of
manufacturers of Powered Two-Wheelers, namely COLIMO (Comit de
Liaison de lIndustrie du Motocycle) established in 1962 and composed
of eight national associations; and ACEM (Association des Constructeurs
Europens de Motocycles) founded in 1990 by the eight main European
companies in the eld.
Upon its creation, the manufacturers of motorcycles in Europe decided
to maintain the name ACEM as a sign of continuity of their presence to maintain the name ACEM as a sign of continuity of their presence
in Brussels, whose legal identity is Groupement Europen dIntert in Brussels, whose legal identity is Groupement Europen dIntert
Economique according to European law. Economique according to European law.
The scope of ACEM has expanded together with the growing The scope of ACEM has expanded together with the growing
competences of the European Union and related activities within competences of the European Union and related activities within
Member States. ACEM covers issues and technical requirements in policy Member States. ACEM covers issues and technical requirements in policy
elds such as environment, road safety, trade, taxation and transport elds such as environment, road safety, trade, taxation and transport elds such as environment, road safety, trade, taxation and transport
seeking a broad view of the complex economic, social, political, and seeking a broad view of the complex economic, social, political, and seeking a broad view of the complex economic, social, political, and
legal issues surrounding European integration that all together represent legal issues surrounding European integration that all together represent legal issues surrounding European integration that all together represent
challenges and opportunities for the Motorcycle Industry. challenges and opportunities for the Motorcycle Industry.
Who we are
Victory Motorcycles is ACEMs 13
th
manufacturer
During the General Assembly held in Oxford on 25 March, ACEM
welcomed Victory Motorcycles as the 13
th
manufacturer in the
association. Victory Motorcycles is based in Minnesota, United
States. It began production in 1998. Its parent company, Polaris
Industries, created the rm enriching its line-up of light vehicles.
Victory products are American-style motorcycles with V-twin
engines and touring, sport-touring, and cruiser congurations.
In addition to motorcycles, Polaris Inc is a manufacturer of o-
road vehicles (Quadricycles and All Terrain Vehicles, Side-by-Side
Vehicles and Snowmobiles). Polaris markets its products around
the world. Polaris annual revenue in 2010 was approximately 2
Billion US Dollars (1.5 B Euros), with approximately 12% of total
sales is from EU.
Victory sells motorcycles in North America, Europe, and other
global markets with a substantial, growing subsidiary and
distributor network for sales and service in Europe.
Victory Motorcycles has been selling whole vehicle type-
approved motorcycles in the EU market since calendar year 2009.
The Model Year 2012 line-up includes 14 EU models covered by
four type approvals.
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The process of market globalisation, the eects of a serious world The process of market globalisation, the eects of a serious world
economic crisis and the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty all have economic crisis and the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty all have
consequences on the lives of European citizens and businesses. Industry consequences on the lives of European citizens and businesses. Industry
responsibility now extends not only to the needs of the market, but also responsibility now extends not only to the needs of the market, but also
to its employees, the environment and society as a whole. The principle to its employees, the environment and society as a whole. The principle
of sustainable development is synonymous with this philosophy. It is of sustainable development is synonymous with this philosophy. It is
based on the fundamental belief that this generation should not live at based on the fundamental belief that this generation should not live at
the expense of the next. the expense of the next.
The Motorcycle Industry in Europe is committed to applying the The Motorcycle Industry in Europe is committed to applying the The Motorcycle Industry in Europe is committed to applying the
principles of sustainability as a key part of the eort to develop its market principles of sustainability as a key part of the eort to develop its market principles of sustainability as a key part of the eort to develop its market
and value. Manufacturers wish to contribute to the development of a and value. Manufacturers wish to contribute to the development of a and value. Manufacturers wish to contribute to the development of a
vision for the future of transportation, and to meet the expectations vision for the future of transportation, and to meet the expectations vision for the future of transportation, and to meet the expectations
placed on the Powered Two-Wheeler sector. Creating and safeguarding placed on the Powered Two-Wheeler sector. Creating and safeguarding placed on the Powered Two-Wheeler sector. Creating and safeguarding
jobs through innovative and problem-solving expertise are just as jobs through innovative and problem-solving expertise are just as
important as the commitment to the environment, society and open important as the commitment to the environment, society and open
dialogue. This long-term, value-oriented philosophy is exemplied dialogue. This long-term, value-oriented philosophy is exemplied
by the ACEM missions, positions and initiatives and every member of by the ACEM missions, positions and initiatives and every member of
ACEM is called upon to implement these objectives in its own sphere ACEM is called upon to implement these objectives in its own sphere
of activity. In this respect, ACEM members put forward their views on of activity. In this respect, ACEM members put forward their views on
policies having an impact on the Motorcycle Industry and work towards policies having an impact on the Motorcycle Industry and work towards
developing a constructive dialogue with ocials and decision-makers. developing a constructive dialogue with ocials and decision-makers.
The Motorcycle Industry in Europe will continue to bring its contribution, The Motorcycle Industry in Europe will continue to bring its contribution,
shaping the future and searching for solutions to tomorrows transport shaping the future and searching for solutions to tomorrows transport
challenges, while setting an example of long term commitment to challenges, while setting an example of long term commitment to
corporate and social responsibility.
The Industry philosophy : responsible commitment
Our Mission
TTo develop products as socially responsible solutions to new mobility and sustainability challenges, o develop products as socially responsible solutions to new mobility and sustainability challenges, o develop products as socially responsible solutions to new mobility and sustainability challenges, o develop products as socially responsible solutions to new mobility and sustainability challenges, TTTT
to support European Road Safety Action Programmes, o support European Road Safety Action Programmes,
to minimize the environmental impact of our products and processes, o minimize the environmental impact of our products and processes,
tto establish a strong competitive and protable industry in Europe. o establish a strong competitive and protable industry in Europe. o establish a strong competitive and protable industry in Europe.
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AIMID
Brands
Associations
ACEM Members
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12 12
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The Motorcycle Industrys Policy Agenda
Type-approval, or homologation, is the test any vehicle needs to successfully Type-approval, or homologation, is the test any vehicle needs to successfully
pass to be deemed allowed on public roads. pass to be deemed allowed on public roads.
In October 2010 the European Commission published its proposal concerning In October 2010 the European Commission published its proposal concerning
the Regulation on the approval and market surveillance of two- or three-wheel the Regulation on the approval and market surveillance of two- or three-wheel
vehicles and quadricycles. Previous provisions regulating L-category emissions vehicles and quadricycles. Previous provisions regulating L-category emissions
and safety requirements dated back to 2002. This document is a good basis for and safety requirements dated back to 2002. This document is a good basis for
the legislative process, but ACEM believes that much remains to be done to the legislative process, but ACEM believes that much remains to be done to
enable a smooth transition to a solid and feasible policy framework. enable a smooth transition to a solid and feasible policy framework.
It must be stated beforehand that one of the most important and welcome It must be stated beforehand that one of the most important and welcome It must be stated beforehand that one of the most important and welcome
outcomes of this Regulation will be the creation of a level playing eld, as outcomes of this Regulation will be the creation of a level playing eld, as outcomes of this Regulation will be the creation of a level playing eld, as
the provisions related to market surveillance and many technical aspects will the provisions related to market surveillance and many technical aspects will the provisions related to market surveillance and many technical aspects will
result in ensuring the conditions for a healthy and fair competition within the result in ensuring the conditions for a healthy and fair competition within the result in ensuring the conditions for a healthy and fair competition within the
motorcycle sector, provided that action means are deployed at national level in motorcycle sector, provided that action means are deployed at national level in motorcycle sector, provided that action means are deployed at national level in
a coordinated way. ACEM appreciates also that some of the industry proposals a coordinated way. ACEM appreciates also that some of the industry proposals a coordinated way. ACEM appreciates also that some of the industry proposals
have been incorporated in the EC proposal; mandatory Automatic Headlamp have been incorporated in the EC proposal; mandatory Automatic Headlamp have been incorporated in the EC proposal; mandatory Automatic Headlamp
On, adopted by ACEM Members since 2003, is one of them. It is perceived as On, adopted by ACEM Members since 2003, is one of them. It is perceived as On, adopted by ACEM Members since 2003, is one of them. It is perceived as
recognition of the quality of our proposals and the responsible attitude of ACEM recognition of the quality of our proposals and the responsible attitude of ACEM
manufacturers regarding their societal obligations.
COM 2010/542, as the industrys proposal is now known, is highly technical COM 2010/542, as the industrys proposal is now known, is highly technical
presenting a series of provisions in the elds of categorisation, simplication, presenting a series of provisions in the elds of categorisation, simplication,
environment, safety and market surveillance. All of them will have an impact on environment, safety and market surveillance. All of them will have an impact on
the production planning and cost of the products. Every eort must be made to the production planning and cost of the products. Every eort must be made to
ensure that the frameworkis comprehensive in its scope, coherent with current ensure that the frameworkis comprehensive in its scope, coherent with current
production and commitments, allowing sucient lead-time for manufacturers, production and commitments, allowing sucient lead-time for manufacturers,
component suppliers and administrations to adapt to the many changes component suppliers and administrations to adapt to the many changes
proposed. Furthermore, any careful evaluation must take into consideration the proposed. Furthermore, any careful evaluation must take into consideration the
current economic context.
This regulation falls during a critical time for the motorcycle industry. Only an This regulation falls during a critical time for the motorcycle industry. Only an
unbiased understanding of the time frame required by the industry to develop unbiased understanding of the time frame required by the industry to develop
a new product from the concept research phase to the actual launch on the a new product from the concept research phase to the actual launch on the
market will avoid an unnecessary increase of costs while ensuring employment market will avoid an unnecessary increase of costs while ensuring employment
and the competitiveness of the sector in Europe.
What are Powered Two-Wheelers?
The term Powered Two-Wheeler (PTW) covers a wide range of vehicles from mopeds, scooters and other small capacity motorcycles, ideal
for urban journeys, to large capacity custom, sports and touring models.
PTW are not limited to single track motorised vehicles. Changes in user behaviour and economic factors have lead to the development of new
three and four wheeled vehicle concepts which increased the PTW family.
Powered Two-Wheelers fall under the L-category legal defnition, which also includes tricycles, minicars and light commercial quadricycles.
These vehicles, since the early eighties, have experienced tremendous technical and design improvements. PTW manufacturers have
developed and marketed safer, more afordable, more economical to run and more comfortable products. Riding a PTW has also become
easier and today the range of available models can satisfy the most varied user needs.
The new Type-Approval Regulation for L-category vehicles
* Plenary vote in the European Parliament is expected to be held by in spring 2012. * Plenary vote in the European Parliament is expected to be held by in spring 2012. * Plenary vote in the European Parliament is expected to be held by in spring 2012.
14
On December 5
th
2011 the European Parliaments Committee on the Internal 2011 the European Parliaments Committee on the Internal
Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO) voted on its report on the European Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO) voted on its report on the European
Commission proposal. The IMCO Committee reviewed the introduction date Commission proposal. The IMCO Committee reviewed the introduction date
of the rst measures, without however reaching a complete streamlining of the of the rst measures, without however reaching a complete streamlining of the
complex set of new prescriptions foreseen for the type-approval of L-category complex set of new prescriptions foreseen for the type-approval of L-category
vehicles.
Acknowledging an unprecedentedly dicult market environment for the Acknowledging an unprecedentedly dicult market environment for the
motorcycle industry, the vote of the IMCO Committee took into account the motorcycle industry, the vote of the IMCO Committee took into account the
demands of the industry for feasible lead-time before introducing new type- demands of the industry for feasible lead-time before introducing new type-
approval requirements for L-category vehicles. approval requirements for L-category vehicles.
ACEM has been calling for a rationalization of the EC proposed timetable of ACEM has been calling for a rationalization of the EC proposed timetable of
the regulation made complex due to the creation of new vehicle categories the regulation made complex due to the creation of new vehicle categories
and a multitude of dierent prescriptions unevenly scattered over a nine years and a multitude of dierent prescriptions unevenly scattered over a nine years
period. The amendments voted by the IMCO Committee make an attempt at
streamlining the calendar, without however reaching necessary rationalization.
The IMCO Committee also voted to delete one emission reduction step for The IMCO Committee also voted to delete one emission reduction step for The IMCO Committee also voted to delete one emission reduction step for The IMCO Committee also voted to delete one emission reduction step for
all categories of vehicles except mopeds, however tightening the reduction all categories of vehicles except mopeds, however tightening the reduction all categories of vehicles except mopeds, however tightening the reduction
process and making ABS mandatory on all motorcycles as from 2016. process and making ABS mandatory on all motorcycles as from 2016. process and making ABS mandatory on all motorcycles as from 2016.
On this point, ACEM deplores the outcome of the vote in IMCO, which would On this point, ACEM deplores the outcome of the vote in IMCO, which would On this point, ACEM deplores the outcome of the vote in IMCO, which would
translate into a heavier burden due to the added costs of more stringent translate into a heavier burden due to the added costs of more stringent translate into a heavier burden due to the added costs of more stringent
environmental and safety measures. This applies in particular to light motorcycles environmental and safety measures. This applies in particular to light motorcycles environmental and safety measures. This applies in particular to light motorcycles
and scooters of the 125cc class (L3-A1), which form the core of the EU ailing and scooters of the 125cc class (L3-A1), which form the core of the EU ailing and scooters of the 125cc class (L3-A1), which form the core of the EU ailing
market and provide urban mobility and social cohesion benefts to citizens, as market and provide urban mobility and social cohesion benefts to citizens, as market and provide urban mobility and social cohesion benefts to citizens, as
recognised by the IMCO report itself. For this category of motorcycles, ACEM recognised by the IMCO report itself. For this category of motorcycles, ACEM recognised by the IMCO report itself. For this category of motorcycles, ACEM
regrets that safe advanced braking systems alternatives to ABS such as Combined regrets that safe advanced braking systems alternatives to ABS such as Combined regrets that safe advanced braking systems alternatives to ABS such as Combined
Braking Systems have been scrapped from the available safety measures, Braking Systems have been scrapped from the available safety measures, Braking Systems have been scrapped from the available safety measures,
eectively wiping out years of investments in research and development. eectively wiping out years of investments in research and development.
Furthermore, IMCO voted against amendments supporting international Furthermore, IMCO voted against amendments supporting international
harmonisation in terms of the durability test procedure, which brings harmonisation in terms of the durability test procedure, which brings
unnecessary duplications of tests and costs to industry and, in the end for the unnecessary duplications of tests and costs to industry and, in the end for the
consumer, without any measurable environmental benet. consumer, without any measurable environmental benet.
The point of view of Mr Wim van de Camp MEP, Rapporteur on COM 542/2010
According to Mr Wim van de Camp, EP Rapporteur on this regulation, IMCO has sought to take into account the current difcult business
environment for the whole sector and the need to support jobs in Europe: We want to ensure sufcient time is available
for the development of the technical details accompanying this main text. Manufacturers need lead-time to apply the
ambitious requirements of this complex regulation. Following the vote that took place, and in our discussions with Council
and Commission, it will be our priority to verify the calendar so as to ensure streamlining of the prescriptions is compatible
with industrial processes. Finally, especially in light of the current economic difculties, before taking a fnal position IMCO
will run a study on the economic impact of the environmental and safety goals we proposed.
* The nal vote of the European Parliament is expected to be held in spring 2012. * The nal vote of the European Parliament is expected to be held in spring 2012. * The nal vote of the European Parliament is expected to be held in spring 2012.
15
Committed to improve safety and reduce emissions according to
a realistic and progressive roadmap, ACEM members continue to
underline to need for a feasible timeline, taking into account the
diversity of L-category vehicles, their diferent usage purposes and
costs.
ACEM is a participant in CARS21.
As part of the European Commissions modern industrial policy, the
CARS 21 (Competitive Automotive Regulatory System for the 21
st

century) process, which was initially launched in 2005, aims to make
recommendations for the short-, medium-, and long-term public
policy and regulatory framework of the European automotive
industry. This framework enhances global competitiveness and
employment, while sustaining further progress in safety and
environmental performance at a price aordable to the consumer.
16
17
The European Commission adopted a comprehensive Roadmap to a The European Commission adopted a comprehensive Roadmap to a
single European Transport Area which aims at achieving a competitive single European Transport Area which aims at achieving a competitive
and resource ecient transport system and increasing mobility, removing and resource ecient transport system and increasing mobility, removing
major barriers in key areas and fuelling growth and employment by 2050. major barriers in key areas and fuelling growth and employment by 2050. major barriers in key areas and fuelling growth and employment by 2050.
At the same time, the proposal wants to dramatically reduce Europes At the same time, the proposal wants to dramatically reduce Europes At the same time, the proposal wants to dramatically reduce Europes
dependence on imported oil and cut carbon emissions in transport by dependence on imported oil and cut carbon emissions in transport by dependence on imported oil and cut carbon emissions in transport by
60% by 2050. 60% by 2050.
The choices we make today will determine the shape of transport in 2050, The choices we make today will determine the shape of transport in 2050,
said Siim Kallas, the European commissioner for transport, as he launched said Siim Kallas, the European commissioner for transport, as he launched
the Commissions white paper for transport on 28 March in Brussels. the Commissions white paper for transport on 28 March in Brussels.
Curbing mobility is not an option, nor is business as usual, he added. Curbing mobility is not an option, nor is business as usual, he added.
The long-awaited paper the course of European Union transport policy The long-awaited paper the course of European Union transport policy
for the next decade, aiming to pave the way to a greener transport for the next decade, aiming to pave the way to a greener transport
network that is no longer dependent on fossil fuels, as well as pulling network that is no longer dependent on fossil fuels, as well as pulling
down the remaining barriers to a single market in transport. down the remaining barriers to a single market in transport.
Key goals (see panel) include halving the use of conventional-oil- Key goals (see panel) include halving the use of conventional-oil-
powered cars by 2030 in urban areas and phasing them out entirely in powered cars by 2030 in urban areas and phasing them out entirely in
city centres by 2050. Another goal is that all passenger journeys between city centres by 2050. Another goal is that all passenger journeys between
200 and 1,000 kilometres should be made by rail, rather than by air. These 200 and 1,000 kilometres should be made by rail, rather than by air. These 200 and 1,000 kilometres should be made by rail, rather than by air. These
aims are part of a wider strategy to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions aims are part of a wider strategy to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions aims are part of a wider strategy to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions
from transport by 60% by 2050, compared to 1990 levels. from transport by 60% by 2050, compared to 1990 levels. from transport by 60% by 2050, compared to 1990 levels.
The Commissions strategy encourages the use of smaller, lighter and The Commissions strategy encourages the use of smaller, lighter and The Commissions strategy encourages the use of smaller, lighter and
more specialised road passenger vehicles leading to a substantial more specialised road passenger vehicles leading to a substantial more specialised road passenger vehicles leading to a substantial
contribution in reducing the carbon intensity of urban transport while contribution in reducing the carbon intensity of urban transport while contribution in reducing the carbon intensity of urban transport while
providing a test bed for new technologies and opportunity for early providing a test bed for new technologies and opportunity for early providing a test bed for new technologies and opportunity for early
market deployment. market deployment.
With this White Paper the European Commission follows the steps With this White Paper the European Commission follows the steps
indicated by the European Council decision adopted in May 2010 which indicated by the European Council decision adopted in May 2010 which
set the foundations of a decarbonised road transport based on clean set the foundations of a decarbonised road transport based on clean
and energy-efcient vehicles. The ultimate objective of this Council and energy-efcient vehicles. The ultimate objective of this Council and energy-efcient vehicles. The ultimate objective of this Council
Decision was to boost the competitiveness of the European automotive Decision was to boost the competitiveness of the European automotive Decision was to boost the competitiveness of the European automotive
industry and included two- and three-wheelers and quadricycles, given industry and included two- and three-wheelers and quadricycles, given industry and included two- and three-wheelers and quadricycles, given
their increasing role in urban mobility.
Our mobility paradigm is changing.
MOBILITY
Goals of the Commission
- Halve the use of conventional-oil-powered cars in urban transport
by 2030 and phase them out entirely in cities by 2050.
- By 2050 the majority of passenger journeys between 200km and
1.000km should be made by rail.
- Reduce road-accident fatalities to almost zero by 2050.
18
As regards to urban transport, the White Paper also proposes the gradual As regards to urban transport, the White Paper also proposes the gradual
phasing out of conventionally-fuelled transportation, arguing that cities phasing out of conventionally-fuelled transportation, arguing that cities
suer most from congestion, poor air quality and noise exposure and suer most from congestion, poor air quality and noise exposure and
that urban transport is responsible for about a quarter of CO that urban transport is responsible for about a quarter of CO
2
emissions
from transport, and 69% of road accidents occur in cities. from transport, and 69% of road accidents occur in cities.
According to many stakeholders including ACEM, while setting a According to many stakeholders including ACEM, while setting a
considerable amount of acceptable goals the Commission fails to considerable amount of acceptable goals the Commission fails to
maintain a technology neutral stance by prematurely indicating internal maintain a technology neutral stance by prematurely indicating internal
combustion engines as on their way out. combustion engines as on their way out.
Did you know?
That PTWs are crucial for peoples mobility?
That PTWs are very cost-efcient transport means?
That PTWs are important instruments of social cohesion?
That PTWs reduces travel times?
That travelling by PTWs reduce congestion?
That PTWs help to reduce the negative
impact on the environment?
That PTWs help to reduce CO2 emissions in cities?
That fnding a parking place for a PTWs is an easy task?
That in the EU 35 million citizens use PTWs?
Mobility is and will continue to be a major contributor to the social and
economic wealth of the European Union and a key element for its future
prosperity. Europes growth has been accompanied and fostered by a more
and more performing transport system. Citizens benefted from a better
transport system, exploiting it for their own education, work or social
purposes, with positive eects on the society as a whole.
Road transport plays a vital role in modern economies, as 90% of people
in the EU travel by road. All citizens should beneft from a transport system
whose design and management corresponds to their needs.
Finding a balance between the need to pursue socio-economic objectives Finding a balance between the need to pursue socio-economic objectives
of growth and development and the need to further reduce the negative of growth and development and the need to further reduce the negative
eects that transport may cause to society will remain the key challenge eects that transport may cause to society will remain the key challenge
in the quest for a more sustainable mobility over the coming years. This in the quest for a more sustainable mobility over the coming years. This
is the main challenge of sustainable mobility, which must address at the is the main challenge of sustainable mobility, which must address at the
same time social, economic and environmental factors. Each of these pillars same time social, economic and environmental factors. Each of these pillars
is of equal importance and they all need to be taken into account when is of equal importance and they all need to be taken into account when
assessing the sustainability of transport policy. assessing the sustainability of transport policy.
Transport policy should be based on:
Fair and equal competition between and within transport modes;
Freedom of choice for citizens to select the most appropriate transport for citizens to select the most appropriate transport
mode for their mobility needs; mode for their mobility needs;
Transport efciency encouraging the most suitable and eective mode y
of transport according to the circumstances; of transport according to the circumstances;
Integration of Powered Two-Wheelers in transport policy, in particular of Powered Two-Wheelers in transport policy, in particular
in urban areas. in urban areas.
The Quality of our Lives Relies on Mobility
19
Co-modality, an opportunity for European cities...
Transport policy in cities must build on integrating all modes.
It must preserve and enhance the advantages of each mode
while working at a better integration to the beneft of the users.
In a period of dramatic socioeconomic repercussions due to the
current global fnancial and economic crisis, transport policy
should not fall again into the trap of artifcially forced and
inefcient modal shift policies, but instead to reason in terms of
true co-modality and optimisation of each mode of transport.
Individual and collective transport oer dierent services and
therefore fulfl diferent needs. Innovative mobility should be
about enabling transport users to make their choice, based on
objective and reliable information, and planning their journeys
according to their specifc needs. This may involve resorting to
dierent modes within one single journey, or to dierent vehicles
for dierent journeys.
A forced modal shift policy based on trafc restrictions and
increased costs for individual transport will lead to a high loss of
welfare without the expected benefts for mobility and quality of
life. L-category vehicles, such as mopeds, motorcycles, tricycles
and quadricycles, widen the transport oer in their own right and
as part of a true co-modal approach to mobility.
Policy makers looking to meet citizens expectations need
to exploit every available tool. Smart individual mobility
can contribute to change our transport paradigm, through
innovation. Quality of life depends on our capacity of innovating
our mobility.
20
More Powered Two-Wheelers would ease congestion
10% more motorcycles used for commuting equal to 40% less
trafc jams, concludes a study conducted by Transport & Mobility
Leuven.
If 10% of car drivers would give up their car for a motorcycle or a
scooter, trafc congestion would be reduced by 40%, according
to a study performed in one of Belgiums most congested routes,
typical of Europes densest urban areas.
As the European Commission is seeking to promote a new culture
of mobility aiming at reducing emissions and improving quality of
life, part of the solution could come from Powered Two-Wheelers.
While the recently published White Paper on Transport struggles
to strike a balance between individual needs for mobility and
the ambitious targets making transport more efcient, the study
fnds out that if 25% of all commuting trips were made on a PTW,
congestion could even be a thing of the past.
The study performed by Transport & Mobility Leuven shows that
the inclusion of motorized two-wheelers is defnitely the most
realistic, feasible and aordable answer to eectively address the
problem of congestion and its negative eects on the daily lives
of European commuters. Motorcycles and scooters represent a
strong untapped potential to improve mobility, promising to
deliver results that other options - such as cycling or public
transport most of the time are unable to match.
The investigation commissioned by FEBIAC, the Belgian car,
motorcycle and bicycle distributors association focuses on a
case study, conducted on the section Leuven-Brussels on the
E40 highway during rush hour, based on the trafc statistics of
a regular work day during the month of May 2011. The results
showed that if on this trip and during this peak period, 10% of
drivers swap their car against a motorcycle or scooter, this has
obvious consequences on the extent of the trafc jam.
By extrapolating these observations to the entire road network,
the study makes indicative conclusions: 15,000 hours lost in
trafc per day could be avoided in Belgium, equivalent to a total
time savings of approximately 350,000 per day.
Shorter trafc jams that are reabsorbed faster have an
environmental advantage too. However, no matter how important
the benefts of this modal shift, road safety must be kept in mind.
Appropriate motorcycle rider training and a safe behaviour
adopted by all road users is a priority to reduce risk. The increased
number of motorized two-wheelers on the roads has generated
increased attention on the part of motorists accustomed to seeing
more motorcyclists, thus being more aware of their presence. This
can only promote a greater mutual respect and understanding on
the road.
The study demonstrates that Powered Two Wheelers are an
extraordinary resource for easing jams, making trafc more fuid
and generally improving the quality of life in our cities.
21
The need for ecient and sustainable mobility has become more urgent The need for ecient and sustainable mobility has become more urgent The need for ecient and sustainable mobility has become more urgent The need for ecient and sustainable mobility has become more urgent
in cities as trac, congestion, parking space availability are becoming in cities as trac, congestion, parking space availability are becoming
ever greater concerns for citizens. These challenges are accompanied ever greater concerns for citizens. These challenges are accompanied
by economic issues with increasing costs for transportation in terms of by economic issues with increasing costs for transportation in terms of
money as well as time. money as well as time.
The increase of PTWs in European cities reects the need for an alternative The increase of PTWs in European cities reects the need for an alternative The increase of PTWs in European cities reects the need for an alternative
mode of transport. PTWs can play an important role in providing viable mode of transport. PTWs can play an important role in providing viable mode of transport. PTWs can play an important role in providing viable
solutions to citizens who are struggling with congestion, long city trips solutions to citizens who are struggling with congestion, long city trips solutions to citizens who are struggling with congestion, long city trips
and hard to nd parking places. The European Commission, in its urban and hard to nd parking places. The European Commission, in its urban
mobility action plan, underlined the role of PTWs as an alternative mode mobility action plan, underlined the role of PTWs as an alternative mode
of transport contributing to optimising urban mobility. of transport contributing to optimising urban mobility.
PTWs do not suer from, nor create, congestion due to their limited PTWs do not suer from, nor create, congestion due to their limited
dimensions. Thanks to high fuel-eciency, PTWs help curbing CO dimensions. Thanks to high fuel-eciency, PTWs help curbing CO
2
emissions and are cheaper to run. emissions and are cheaper to run.
Lifestyles and mobility patterns in cities have changed: single-purpose Lifestyles and mobility patterns in cities have changed: single-purpose
journeys are progressively being replaced by multi-purpose and multi- journeys are progressively being replaced by multi-purpose and multi-
destination routes. This is true for business as well as for leisure. Again, destination routes. This is true for business as well as for leisure. Again,
PTWs support this kind of mobility. PTWs support this kind of mobility.
Further, parking places for PTWs demand less space and limited Further, parking places for PTWs demand less space and limited
investment from local authorities, are easier to integrate in the structure investment from local authorities, are easier to integrate in the structure investment from local authorities, are easier to integrate in the structure
of European cities, and create less impediment for pedestrians and of European cities, and create less impediment for pedestrians and of European cities, and create less impediment for pedestrians and
cyclists. cyclists.
The majority of urban trips are individual trips. Cars are by design The majority of urban trips are individual trips. Cars are by design The majority of urban trips are individual trips. Cars are by design
multi-purpose vehicles allowing one or more people to travel over multi-purpose vehicles allowing one or more people to travel over multi-purpose vehicles allowing one or more people to travel over
long distances; however, they are often over-dimensioned in an urban long distances; however, they are often over-dimensioned in an urban long distances; however, they are often over-dimensioned in an urban
environment, exceeding the needs of many city trips. PTWs are single environment, exceeding the needs of many city trips. PTWs are single environment, exceeding the needs of many city trips. PTWs are single
purpose vehicles tailored to the urban and peri-urban environment, purpose vehicles tailored to the urban and peri-urban environment, purpose vehicles tailored to the urban and peri-urban environment,
allowing up to two people to travel and following a less is more allowing up to two people to travel and following a less is more
philosophy: they are constructed to cover specic daily travelling philosophy: they are constructed to cover specic daily travelling
ranges, and each component is calibrated accordingly. ranges, and each component is calibrated accordingly.
For many journeys, PTWs can be an alternative to individual car-based For many journeys, PTWs can be an alternative to individual car-based For many journeys, PTWs can be an alternative to individual car-based
private mobility or a complement to public transport, successfully private mobility or a complement to public transport, successfully private mobility or a complement to public transport, successfully
integrating the urban transport toolbox available to citizens, businesses integrating the urban transport toolbox available to citizens, businesses integrating the urban transport toolbox available to citizens, businesses
and authorities.
Urban Mobility
According to an assessment performed by RACC* in Barcelona,
PTW transport needs to be encouraged if a more sustainable
mobility in cities is to be achieved:
Advantages of PTWs in cities
Parking:
Space occupied by 1 PTW: 2m x 1.3m = 2.6m
Space occupied by 1 passenger car: 5m x 2.5m = 12.5m
Public street occupation:
Space occupied by 1 PTW on the public road:
10m x 2m = 20
Space occupied by 1 passenger car on public roads:
20m x 3.5m = 70m
According to RACC, if PTWs were abandoned in favour of
passenger cars, there would be the need for 35% more
parking places and occupation of city streets would increase
by 47%.
_________________
* La accidentalidadde las motocicletas enzona urbana - Barcelona 2002-2007, FundacinRACC, 2009
22
Need for support
A boost in the segment of electric PTWs requires public policies
supporting both oer and demand. Manufacturers need to be
supported with investments in research projects, recharging
infrastructure, pilot projects testing real life conditions, build up
of electric vehicles feets for companies and local authorities, etc.
On the consumer side, the gap between the cost of an internal
combustion engine and an electric vehicle will need to be addressed
by policy makers.
Electric Mobility
Electric scooters are making their appearance on the market with
increasing expectations from the users who are starting to show
interest in this type of vehicle combining low costs with eco-
friendly mobility. Electric PTWs are light, small and specifcally
intended for urban use. Despite the great potential represented by
EVs and fuelled by extensive media coverage, range anxiety and
costs still represent a limitation for the take up of electric mobility.
Technology available today makes these electric PTWs very
specialised vehicles primarily intended for urban use. Electric
powered two wheelers still account for less than 1% of the market,
however they experienced a 60% surge in purchases between
2009 and 2010, and a similar growth in 2011.
Experts agree on the intrinsic limits of purely electric cars as this
type of vehicle will always by bound to size and mass constraints.
PTWs however are best positioned to fully exploit the advantages
of electric mobility in cities, which is based on limited ranges,
shortage of parking spaces and trips through highly congested
areas. PTWs will be the frst transport mode to achieve a meaningful
shift to electromobility.
Economic benets of PTW mobility in cities
Economist and Sorbonne Professor Pierre Kopp recently published
a study* examining the consequences of the increase in Powered
Two-Wheelers trafc (measured in vehicle/km) in Paris.
The PTW share in Paris trafc increased by 36% between 2000 and
2007, with PTWs now accounting for a share twice as large as that
of buses. An original survey has shown that 21 million additional
passenger kilometres were made by PTWs in 2007 compared to
2000. 53% of this increase comes from people shifting to PTWs
from public transport and 26.5% from private cars. The remaining
20% is attributable to the increased use of PTWs by those already
using such vehicles in 2000.
Through a cost-beneft analysis, weighing time spent in trafc,
impacts on road safety, environment and taxes, the study
concluded that the shift towards PTWs over the period 2000-2007
generated a considerable gain for the community, despite the
absence of supportive accompanying public policies.
________________________
* La contribution des deux roues motoriss la mobilit dans une grande mtropole : le cas de Paris, Revue
Transport, July-August 2009, n 456.
23
Conclusions Real Integration
The future of city centres, their vitality and the preservation of their role as The future of city centres, their vitality and the preservation of their role as The future of city centres, their vitality and the preservation of their role as
assets for social and economic development is closely related to ensuring assets for social and economic development is closely related to ensuring assets for social and economic development is closely related to ensuring
mobility. The recognition of PTWs as a solution to make urban trac more mobility. The recognition of PTWs as a solution to make urban trac more
fuid supports such objectives.
PTWs over short distances are a great solution, on their own or as part PTWs over short distances are a great solution, on their own or as part
of a multi-modal journey, in everyday travel in cities. Joining up travel of a multi-modal journey, in everyday travel in cities. Joining up travel
for longer journeys, meaning that PTWs can be used at the beginning for longer journeys, meaning that PTWs can be used at the beginning
and/or end of journeys where public transport cannot ofer a complete and/or end of journeys where public transport cannot ofer a complete
door to door solution. This will require PTW facilities at public transport door to door solution. This will require PTW facilities at public transport
intersections. Furthermore PTWs are the most likely transport mode to shift intersections. Furthermore PTWs are the most likely transport mode to shift
to full electromobility.
The ability to choose between dierent modes of transport for each The ability to choose between dierent modes of transport for each
specifc journey can dramatically improve the environment in which we specifc journey can dramatically improve the environment in which we
live and work. The quality of our lives would certainly benet from it. live and work. The quality of our lives would certainly benet from it.
PTWs are an essential part of the toolbox available to solve trac congestion PTWs are an essential part of the toolbox available to solve trac congestion
problems.
PTW reduce travel times in cities
A study by the French Environmental Agency* ADEME comparing
PTW and car trips in the city of Paris concluded that with a PTW
pure travel time is halved. The survey was performed in real life
conditions with the aim of comparing the two modes of transport
on the same type of use. They were timed on a typical home-
work trip, between a suburb (Linas) and the Paris city center
(Muse dOrsay), at peak time (time of arrival in Paris: 8.30am).
While car drivers needed, on average, 88 minutes to cover a 31
Km journey, PTW users made it in 44 minutes, clearly benefting
from their lower exposure to congestion (less idling in trafc).
Moreover, the study shows that car drivers needed on average an
additional 16 minutes to fnd a parking place.
For these reasons, PTW are also often chosen by businesses for
their shorter distance logistics and by public services such as local
police.
________________________
* 2 roues motoriss Euro3 : progrs environnementaux et comparaison lautomobile,
Etudes Ademe, 2007
ACEM is a member of Mobility for Prosperity in Europe.
MPE is a transport association bringing together transport
organisations and multinational companies supporting
European transport policy should be fact-based and rely on
users needs and on the ecient use of resources in order to
ensure future prosperity.
24
Tourism is a strategic economic activity in the European Union. The EU Tourism is a strategic economic activity in the European Union. The EU
tourism industry generates 11% of the EU GDP and 12% of the EU work tourism industry generates 11% of the EU GDP and 12% of the EU work
force. The development of many areas in the EU depends on tourism. force. The development of many areas in the EU depends on tourism.
Mobility and transport are a necessary pre-condition to ensure the Mobility and transport are a necessary pre-condition to ensure the
prosperity of the sector. prosperity of the sector.
Recreational motorcycling ofers an unrivalled way to enjoy the Recreational motorcycling ofers an unrivalled way to enjoy the
outdoors, giving to travelling a dierent dimension while allowing riders outdoors, giving to travelling a dierent dimension while allowing riders
to relish the sensation of freedom. For this reason, PTW manufacturers to relish the sensation of freedom. For this reason, PTW manufacturers
develop tourism oriented vehicles, providing improved comfort features develop tourism oriented vehicles, providing improved comfort features
and higher storage capacity. Motorcycle touring has developed to and higher storage capacity. Motorcycle touring has developed to
the point that specialised companies now organise tours combining the point that specialised companies now organise tours combining
dierent cultural and riding experiences across Europe. Similarly, several
companies organise dierent modules aimed at providing advanced
riding skills, such as o-road riding.
Motorcycling also is a popular sport gathering millions of fans
worldwide. The most attended events, such as the Moto Grand Prix
in Jerez, Spain, can draw up to 250.000 enthusiasts over a weekend
attracting investments in racing and tourism infrastructures, and
bringing economic benets to the surrounding area. The success
of motorcycling sports generates a prosperous business related to
sponsoring opportunities and broadcasting rights.
Motorcycling sport is run in dierent disciplines such as road racing, Motorcycling sport is run in dierent disciplines such as road racing, Motorcycling sport is run in dierent disciplines such as road racing,
which includes Grand Prix, and Superbike motocross, trial, enduro, and which includes Grand Prix, and Superbike motocross, trial, enduro, and which includes Grand Prix, and Superbike motocross, trial, enduro, and
track racing. Worldwide these competitions amount to a total of almost track racing. Worldwide these competitions amount to a total of almost track racing. Worldwide these competitions amount to a total of almost
50 championships and prizes, playing an important role as catalyst for 50 championships and prizes, playing an important role as catalyst for 50 championships and prizes, playing an important role as catalyst for
social inclusion and contributing to spread the positive values of sports. social inclusion and contributing to spread the positive values of sports. social inclusion and contributing to spread the positive values of sports.
Sports at the very high level also contributes to manufacturers Research Sports at the very high level also contributes to manufacturers Research Sports at the very high level also contributes to manufacturers Research
and Development activities, which in turn translate into improvements and Development activities, which in turn translate into improvements and Development activities, which in turn translate into improvements
in the product destined to the consumer, in terms of safety, environment, in the product destined to the consumer, in terms of safety, environment, in the product destined to the consumer, in terms of safety, environment,
and overall rideability.
Leisure, Tourism and Sport
Tourism and Sport in the Lisbon Treaty
The Lisbon Treaty, which entered into force on 1
st
December 2009,
includes for the frst time tourism among the policy responsibilities
of the EU institutions. It also gives the EU a formal competence
on sport, which should develop in 2012 in the frst EU sports
programme, with an emphasis on the social and educational
aspects of sports.
25 25
26
ROAD SAFETY
A shared Responsibility
The Industry Strategy
Safety is a top priority for the Powered Two-Wheeler industry. ACEM Safety is a top priority for the Powered Two-Wheeler industry. ACEM
dedicates energy and resources to acquiring and analysing data dedicates energy and resources to acquiring and analysing data
regarding road safety and Powered Two-Wheelers in order to identify regarding road safety and Powered Two-Wheelers in order to identify
and prioritize areas for improvements. This process follows an integrated and prioritize areas for improvements. This process follows an integrated
approach looking at human, vehicle and infrastructure related factors, approach looking at human, vehicle and infrastructure related factors,
seeking to involve policymakers and other relevant stakeholders at seeking to involve policymakers and other relevant stakeholders at
European, National and local level. European, National and local level.
ACEM Members actively support the shared responsibility concept and
are committed to improving road safety by funding research, nancing
and participating to road safety projects, acting together towards the
common objective of improving the road safety of Powered Two-
Wheeler users.
Improving the Knowledge
In order to better understand the nature and causes of PTW accidents,
ACEM conducts studies of motorcycle and moped accidents intended at
improving the knowledge of PTW accidentology. ACEM also participates
to road safety projects aimed at contributing to curbing road accidents.
The results of these projects are then implemented and shared as best
practices with policymakers and other stakeholders. practices with policymakers and other stakeholders.
While the number of car accidents has signicantly fallen over recent While the number of car accidents has signicantly fallen over recent While the number of car accidents has signicantly fallen over recent
years, PTW accidents have improved only marginally. This is why the years, PTW accidents have improved only marginally. This is why the years, PTW accidents have improved only marginally. This is why the
European Commission included motorcycle riders in the category of European Commission included motorcycle riders in the category of European Commission included motorcycle riders in the category of
vulnerable road users, together with pedestrians and cyclists. vulnerable road users, together with pedestrians and cyclists.
Compared to other modes of transport, PTWs have shown a slower rate Compared to other modes of transport, PTWs have shown a slower rate Compared to other modes of transport, PTWs have shown a slower rate
of improvement with a reduction of 18% in all PTWs fatalities in a context of improvement with a reduction of 18% in all PTWs fatalities in a context of improvement with a reduction of 18% in all PTWs fatalities in a context
of a 17 % increase in the parc (the greatest boost of all vehicles parc) of a 17 % increase in the parc (the greatest boost of all vehicles parc) of a 17 % increase in the parc (the greatest boost of all vehicles parc)
over the period 2001-2009. Indeed, PTW fatalities have gone down in over the period 2001-2009. Indeed, PTW fatalities have gone down in over the period 2001-2009. Indeed, PTW fatalities have gone down in
absolute numbers, but their share has increased in overall transport due absolute numbers, but their share has increased in overall transport due absolute numbers, but their share has increased in overall transport due
to the better results achieved by cars.
Safety gures dier signicantly across the EU member states, with Safety gures dier signicantly across the EU member states, with
statistics on PTWs indicating that, with the same vehicles available on statistics on PTWs indicating that, with the same vehicles available on
the market, a considerable disparity exists between best and worst the market, a considerable disparity exists between best and worst
performing countries. Reducing this gap by improving national transport performing countries. Reducing this gap by improving national transport
policies through integration of PTWs will bring considerable and tangible policies through integration of PTWs will bring considerable and tangible
benets to European road safety. The identication and dissemination of benets to European road safety. The identication and dissemination of
best practices would facilitate the introduction of successful road safety best practices would facilitate the introduction of successful road safety
policies by low performing countries. policies by low performing countries.
Road Safety: the Industry Strategy
Improving the knowledge about motorcycling safety
The Integrated approach
- Act on the human factor
- Act on the vehicle
- Act on the infrastructure
Cooperate with institutions and stakeholders
27
MAIDS
Proper knowledge of how road accidents involving PTWs
occur is fundamental to identify the right priorities. With the
European Commissions co-funding, ACEM carried out the most
comprehensive in-depth study currently available for PTWs
accidents in Europe: MAIDS - Motorcycle Accident In-Depth
Study. The investigation was conducted by dedicated research
teams during 3 years on 921 accidents from 5 countries. Since
the publication of the MAIDS report several analysts have
referred to MAIDS and partnerships have been built in order to
continue to make the most of the datas gathered by the MAIDS
team. www.maids-study.eu
Researchers continue to use MAIDS as the main reference tool
for all kind of European projects related to PTWs.
Version 2.0 of the MAIDS report contains a new presentation
of the data with a split between mopeds (L1 vehicles) and
motorcycles (L3). A multivariate analysis on fatal accidents in
the MAIDS database has also been developed.
European Safer Urban Motorcycling
Beneting from the mobility advantages oered by Powered
Two-Wheelers in urban areas and reducing safety related risks
The higher presence of PTWs in cities justifes the need to gather The higher presence of PTWs in cities justifes the need to gather
further information on their use and specic safety needs. The European further information on their use and specic safety needs. The European
Commission co-funded eSUM (European Safer Urban Motorcycling), Commission co-funded eSUM (European Safer Urban Motorcycling),
a project focusing on PTW safety in cities. The project was led by a project focusing on PTW safety in cities. The project was led by
the city of Barcelona involving ACEM PTW manufacturers and three the city of Barcelona involving ACEM PTW manufacturers and three
major European capitals (London, Paris, Rome). eSUM (European Safer major European capitals (London, Paris, Rome). eSUM (European Safer major European capitals (London, Paris, Rome). eSUM (European Safer
Urban Motorcycling) was a collaborative initiative between industry Urban Motorcycling) was a collaborative initiative between industry Urban Motorcycling) was a collaborative initiative between industry
and local authorities of Europes principal motorcycle cities aimed at and local authorities of Europes principal motorcycle cities aimed at and local authorities of Europes principal motorcycle cities aimed at
identifying, developing and adopting measures designed to deliver safer identifying, developing and adopting measures designed to deliver safer identifying, developing and adopting measures designed to deliver safer
motorcycling in the city environment. motorcycling in the city environment. motorcycling in the city environment.
ESUM sought to enable the inclusion of motorized two-wheelers ESUM sought to enable the inclusion of motorized two-wheelers ESUM sought to enable the inclusion of motorized two-wheelers
as an aordable answer to the growing mobility needs of European as an aordable answer to the growing mobility needs of European as an aordable answer to the growing mobility needs of European
commuters.
By tackling the problem from all angles - user behaviour, vehicle design By tackling the problem from all angles - user behaviour, vehicle design By tackling the problem from all angles - user behaviour, vehicle design
and road infrastructure - the project has shown that a reduction in PTW and road infrastructure - the project has shown that a reduction in PTW
collisions and casualties is feasible. Concrete interventions for delivering collisions and casualties is feasible. Concrete interventions for delivering
safer urban motorcycling in the short, medium and longer term. safer urban motorcycling in the short, medium and longer term.
Here are some examples of the numerous initiatives undertaken by the Here are some examples of the numerous initiatives undertaken by the
four European cities:
Rider training/driver awareness:
Building on the successful Bikesafe rider training programme London Building on the successful Bikesafe rider training programme London
encouraged PTW users to follow riding classes rewarding them with free, encouraged PTW users to follow riding classes rewarding them with free,
secure parking at workplaces.
The City of Paris, seeing PTW users rise 64% since 1997, released a Charter The City of Paris, seeing PTW users rise 64% since 1997, released a Charter
entitled Living together also means sharing the street which focuses on entitled Living together also means sharing the street which focuses on
the safety benets of the appropriate motorcycle clothing. the safety benets of the appropriate motorcycle clothing.
Improved safety features: These are gaining in importance as These are gaining in importance as
manufacturers develop and apply new technologies, such as the manufacturers develop and apply new technologies, such as the
protective structure of the BMW C1-E concept or the three-wheel protective structure of the BMW C1-E concept or the three-wheel
architecture of the Piaggio MP3 hybrid scooter.
Infrastructure: In London trials involving the opening of bus lanes to In London trials involving the opening of bus lanes to
PTW lead to an overall decrease of 50.7% for PTW collisions. Based on PTW lead to an overall decrease of 50.7% for PTW collisions. Based on
28
these positive results Transport for London decided to open all bus lanes these positive results Transport for London decided to open all bus lanes
to PTWs. A major public awareness campaign has been launched as a to PTWs. A major public awareness campaign has been launched as a
complementary measure. complementary measure.
Speed limitations: Speed limitations: In Barcelona 30 km/h zones lead in 2009 to an In Barcelona 30 km/h zones lead in 2009 to an
average monthly PTW casualty reduction of 40.5%. average monthly PTW casualty reduction of 40.5%.
An on-line tool kit An on-line tool kit available in several languages and ready for use
The tool kit made up of Action Pack and Good Practice Guide contain all The tool kit made up of Action Pack and Good Practice Guide contain all
measures identifed by the eSUM Project. measures identifed by the eSUM Project.
The Action Pack The Action Pack helps city authorities and technicians analysing the The Action Pack The Action Pack
situation, identifying the most appropriate action and nally evaluating situation, identifying the most appropriate action and nally evaluating
the eectiveness of the adopted measures. the eectiveness of the adopted measures.
The Good Practice Guide The Good Practice Guide is aimed at engineers, road designers and
other road safety practitioners. It assesses over 200 projects from all over other road safety practitioners. It assesses over 200 projects from all over
the world, for their potential to reduce PTW casualties. the world, for their potential to reduce PTW casualties.
The eSUM project provides immediately applicable tools to improve the
safety of trac in European cities and towns.
The Vehicle
Quality, design and product reliability lie at the basis of every choice Quality, design and product reliability lie at the basis of every choice
leading consumers to buy PTWs manufactured by ACEM Members. leading consumers to buy PTWs manufactured by ACEM Members.
Innovation is a strategic driver of success but also a long term process Innovation is a strategic driver of success but also a long term process
requiring considerable resources and adequate time before becoming requiring considerable resources and adequate time before becoming requiring considerable resources and adequate time before becoming requiring considerable resources and adequate time before becoming
a production reality.
To meet type-approval requirements, and high safety standards, ACEM To meet type-approval requirements, and high safety standards, ACEM To meet type-approval requirements, and high safety standards, ACEM
Manufacturers apply the latest state-of-the-art technologies. Manufacturers apply the latest state-of-the-art technologies. Manufacturers apply the latest state-of-the-art technologies.
Advanced Braking Systems
With regard to active safety (accident avoidance) for motorcycles, With regard to active safety (accident avoidance) for motorcycles, With regard to active safety (accident avoidance) for motorcycles,
braking is unmistakably the most important vehicle-related factor. braking is unmistakably the most important vehicle-related factor. braking is unmistakably the most important vehicle-related factor.
Advanced braking systems include a range of systems. There are three Advanced braking systems include a range of systems. There are three Advanced braking systems include a range of systems. There are three
primary types of motorcycle advanced braking systems, namely ABS, primary types of motorcycle advanced braking systems, namely ABS,
CBS and a combination of the two.
While most people have a good idea of what an anti-lock braking While most people have a good idea of what an anti-lock braking
system does
*
, a very eective motorcycle braking system such as the , a very eective motorcycle braking system such as the
CBS needs to be highlighted.
Advanced Braking Systems
The Motorcycle industry has developed over the years several
braking technologies enhancing the eectiveness of these devices
and adjusting to specifc manoeuvers and needs. Advanced braking
systems encompass dierent systems, such as anti-lock brake
systems (ABS) acting on one or both wheels, combined brake
systems (CBS), rear wheel lift-of protection (RLP), automatic brake
force distribution, amplifed braking systems, brake by wire and new
vehicle architectures. These systems can be present individually or in
combination on a PTW.
The varied range of braking systems available today is able to match
the price range of the vehicles on oer.
Find out more
The Action Pack - a simple methodology for designing and
implementing a safety strategy designed for PTWs: www.esum.eu/
actionpack.html
And the Good Practice Guide, aimed at engineers, designers and
those involved in the issue of road safety: www.esum.eu/gpg.html
The MAIDS Urban Accident report: www.esum.eu/actionpack.html. A
series of videos on how the cities handled the project: www.esum.eu
* ABS helps t ABS helps to prevent the wheels from locking during braking by automatically releasing brake o prevent the wheels from locking during braking by automatically releasing brake o prevent the wheels from locking during braking by automatically releasing brake
pressure prior to wheel lock-up. The system senses when a wheel rst begins to lockup and pressure prior to wheel lock-up. The system senses when a wheel rst begins to lockup and pressure prior to wheel lock-up. The system senses when a wheel rst begins to lockup and
automatically releases pressure to allow the wheel to begin to roll again. ABS can help prevent automatically releases pressure to allow the wheel to begin to roll again. ABS can help prevent automatically releases pressure to allow the wheel to begin to roll again. ABS can help prevent
skidding and loss of directional control, especially on slippery surfaces. skidding and loss of directional control, especially on slippery surfaces.
29
CBS
A combined braking system (CBS) applies braking pressure to both the A combined braking system (CBS) applies braking pressure to both the A combined braking system (CBS) applies braking pressure to both the
front and rear brakes when either the front brake lever or rear brake front and rear brakes when either the front brake lever or rear brake front and rear brakes when either the front brake lever or rear brake
pedal is activated. CBS can help slow the vehicle if the rider only applies pedal is activated. CBS can help slow the vehicle if the rider only applies pedal is activated. CBS can help slow the vehicle if the rider only applies
one of the two brake inputs. There are three main types of CBS: one of the two brake inputs. There are three main types of CBS:
Rear CBS Applies the rear and a portion of the front brakes when Rear CBS Applies the rear and a portion of the front brakes when
the rear brake lever (scooter) or pedal (motorcycle) is applied. The front the rear brake lever (scooter) or pedal (motorcycle) is applied. The front the rear brake lever (scooter) or pedal (motorcycle) is applied. The front
brake lever applies only the front brake. This type of system is generally brake lever applies only the front brake. This type of system is generally brake lever applies only the front brake. This type of system is generally
found on small displacement scooters/motorcycles, but has been found on small displacement scooters/motorcycles, but has been found on small displacement scooters/motorcycles, but has been
applied to larger models in some instances. applied to larger models in some instances.
Front CBS Applies the front and a portion of the rear when the front Front CBS Applies the front and a portion of the rear when the front Front CBS Applies the front and a portion of the rear when the front
brake lever is applied. The rear brake pedal applies only the rear brake. A brake lever is applied. The rear brake pedal applies only the rear brake. A
PCV (Proportional Control Valve) may be utilized to minimize or prevent PCV (Proportional Control Valve) may be utilized to minimize or prevent
rear wheel lock under heavy front lever application. This type of system rear wheel lock under heavy front lever application. This type of system
is less common and has been applied only to certain medium to large is less common and has been applied only to certain medium to large
motorcycles.
Dual CBS This type of system employs both types 1 and 2 and is Dual CBS This type of system employs both types 1 and 2 and is
generally found on medium to large motorcycles. generally found on medium to large motorcycles.
Compared to automobiles, the centre of gravity of motorcycles is higher Compared to automobiles, the centre of gravity of motorcycles is higher
and their wheelbase is shorter, making the shift in the centre of gravity and their wheelbase is shorter, making the shift in the centre of gravity
for motorcycles during braking greater than that of automobiles. for motorcycles during braking greater than that of automobiles.
That is why the braking characteristics of motorcycles front and rear That is why the braking characteristics of motorcycles front and rear
wheels largely dier from each other: the front wheel brake causes a wheels largely dier from each other: the front wheel brake causes a wheels largely dier from each other: the front wheel brake causes a
shift in the centre of gravity to the front wheel: a high deceleration can shift in the centre of gravity to the front wheel: a high deceleration can shift in the centre of gravity to the front wheel: a high deceleration can
be obtained but the nosedive is large; the rear wheel brake, on the other be obtained but the nosedive is large; the rear wheel brake, on the other be obtained but the nosedive is large; the rear wheel brake, on the other
hand, cannot yield decelerationslarger than the front wheel, but the hand, cannot yield decelerationslarger than the front wheel, but the hand, cannot yield decelerationslarger than the front wheel, but the
resulting nosedive is small. Furthermore, road surface conditions vary resulting nosedive is small. Furthermore, road surface conditions vary resulting nosedive is small. Furthermore, road surface conditions vary
greatly by the type of pavement and the weather conditions, aecting greatly by the type of pavement and the weather conditions, aecting greatly by the type of pavement and the weather conditions, aecting greatly by the type of pavement and the weather conditions, aecting
the riders ability to properly operate the brakes of the front wheel and the riders ability to properly operate the brakes of the front wheel and the riders ability to properly operate the brakes of the front wheel and
the rear wheel.
CBS enables at any time and for anybody a proper distribution of the CBS enables at any time and for anybody a proper distribution of the
braking forces between the front and rear wheels in accordance with braking forces between the front and rear wheels in accordance with
varying road surface conditions and as such assists the rider continuously varying road surface conditions and as such assists the rider continuously
during his every day braking maneuvers.
Wa Wm
H
m
30
Lighting and conspicuity
Being seen and being perceived accurately by other road users are
extremely important factors that contribute to PTW safety. The relatively
narrow frontal silhouette of PTWs, compared to that of other vehicles, often
leads to a wrong evaluation by other vehicle users and consequently to
accidents. A variety of countermeasures, both human and vehicle related,
should be considered to ensure PTWs are correctly perceived in trac.
Awareness and training (of both PTW and other vehicle operators) are
fundamentally important and must be addressed.
ACEM manufacturers are engaged in a programme aiming at increasing
the conspicuity of PTWs:
1- 1- voluntary introduction of AHO (automatic headlamp on) since 2003
2- 2- a research programme to identify lighting treatments that improve PTW
conspicuity to other vehicles in the future European trac environment conspicuity to other vehicles in the future European trac environment
3- the the exploration of and research into intelligent transport systems (ITS)
that can help in the communication between PTWs and other road that can help in the communication between PTWs and other road
users. users.
On-going research may lead to on-vehicle improvements in the future. On-going research may lead to on-vehicle improvements in the future. On-going research may lead to on-vehicle improvements in the future. On-going research may lead to on-vehicle improvements in the future.
The longer-term ITS eorts will explore how to cooperate with the car and The longer-term ITS eorts will explore how to cooperate with the car and The longer-term ITS eorts will explore how to cooperate with the car and
component industry, among others in the context of the iMobility Forum. component industry, among others in the context of the iMobility Forum. component industry, among others in the context of the iMobility Forum.
ITS
New technologies can help better integrating PTWs in transport while New technologies can help better integrating PTWs in transport while New technologies can help better integrating PTWs in transport while
increasing the driving experience and reducing the risk of accidents. increasing the driving experience and reducing the risk of accidents. increasing the driving experience and reducing the risk of accidents.
However the application of such systems on PTWs is in most cases far However the application of such systems on PTWs is in most cases far However the application of such systems on PTWs is in most cases far
from a simple carry-over from car technology. Fitting automotive safety from a simple carry-over from car technology. Fitting automotive safety from a simple carry-over from car technology. Fitting automotive safety
solutions onto a PTW is a major challenge. solutions onto a PTW is a major challenge.
Not all automotive Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) can be Not all automotive Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) can be Not all automotive Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) can be
ftted on a PTW because of size constraints, specifc riding dynamics and ftted on a PTW because of size constraints, specifc riding dynamics and ftted on a PTW because of size constraints, specifc riding dynamics and
vehicle characteristics. Some systems simply do not t to PTWs. Collision vehicle characteristics. Some systems simply do not t to PTWs. Collision
avoidance, for example, which automatically intervenes on the speed, avoidance, for example, which automatically intervenes on the speed,
acceleration, brakes and engine revs, would have a detrimental impact on acceleration, brakes and engine revs, would have a detrimental impact on
riding stability, with the opposite eect of exposing the rider to greater riding stability, with the opposite eect of exposing the rider to greater
risk. On the other hand, the likes of adaptive cruise control, blind spot risk. On the other hand, the likes of adaptive cruise control, blind spot
monitoring, collision warning, blackspot warning, remote service and monitoring, collision warning, blackspot warning, remote service and
maintenance and accident warning are all highly adaptable and could maintenance and accident warning are all highly adaptable and could
make for a more informed and safer rider with less stress and distraction. make for a more informed and safer rider with less stress and distraction.
ACEM members are actively working on ITS systems for PTWs - Driver ACEM members are actively working on ITS systems for PTWs - Driver
Assistance Systems (DAS) for PTWs are already on the market and steadily Assistance Systems (DAS) for PTWs are already on the market and steadily
extended, such as: ABS, CBS, Traction Control, Tyre Pressure Monitoring extended, such as: ABS, CBS, Traction Control, Tyre Pressure Monitoring
System, Electronic Adjustable Suspension, Electronic Cruise Control, Gear System, Electronic Adjustable Suspension, Electronic Cruise Control, Gear
Shift Indicator/Assistant, Fuel Economy Assistant, Proximity Activation, In- Shift Indicator/Assistant, Fuel Economy Assistant, Proximity Activation, In-
vehicle Navigation System and Riding Mode. vehicle Navigation System and Riding Mode.
At the same time the process of deployment of Advanced Driver Assistance At the same time the process of deployment of Advanced Driver Assistance
Systems (ADAS) is extremely complex - the leaning behaviour of PTWs, Systems (ADAS) is extremely complex - the leaning behaviour of PTWs,
their accurate positioning on the lane may represent some of the technical their accurate positioning on the lane may represent some of the technical
challenges to todays sensor and systems that were developed for cars; challenges to todays sensor and systems that were developed for cars; challenges to todays sensor and systems that were developed for cars;
some of these systems intervene also in the vehicles longitudinal and some of these systems intervene also in the vehicles longitudinal and some of these systems intervene also in the vehicles longitudinal and
lateral control (throttle, braking and steering). Efectiveness, technical lateral control (throttle, braking and steering). Efectiveness, technical lateral control (throttle, braking and steering). Efectiveness, technical
feasibility and market acceptance for ADAS for PTWs requires thorough feasibility and market acceptance for ADAS for PTWs requires thorough feasibility and market acceptance for ADAS for PTWs requires thorough
development and testing. development and testing.
ACEMs Brake Commitment
A pledge for road safety
As a commitment to the European Road Safety Charter, in 2004
ACEM Manufacturers proposed to progressively increase the
number of PTWs ftted with advanced braking systems. As a frst
milestone advanced braking systems would be oered on the
majority of new street models on the European market, at least as
an option, by 2010.
As Manufacturers reached the promised target, ACEM renewed its
commitment setting a new, more ambitious goal of 75% of street
PTWs equipped with Advanced Braking Systems to be achieved
by 2015.
31
Tampering
PTW engine driveline tampering to increase performance above PTW engine driveline tampering to increase performance above PTW engine driveline tampering to increase performance above
legal limits is a major concern in several European countries mainly legal limits is a major concern in several European countries mainly legal limits is a major concern in several European countries mainly
involving mopeds. Modied vehicles not only lose their compliance with involving mopeds. Modied vehicles not only lose their compliance with involving mopeds. Modied vehicles not only lose their compliance with
environmental norms, they also pose a serious threat to safety. environmental norms, they also pose a serious threat to safety.
While it is not an easy task to detect whether a PTW has been tampered with, While it is not an easy task to detect whether a PTW has been tampered with,
gures show that a signicant proportion of moped severe accidents occur gures show that a signicant proportion of moped severe accidents occur gures show that a signicant proportion of moped severe accidents occur
at travel speeds greater than 50 km/h, indicating an illegal modication of at travel speeds greater than 50 km/h, indicating an illegal modication of at travel speeds greater than 50 km/h, indicating an illegal modication of
the maximum speed limit of 45 km/h. the maximum speed limit of 45 km/h.
ACEM proposed new antitampering measures preventing moped users ACEM proposed new antitampering measures preventing moped users ACEM proposed new antitampering measures preventing moped users
from illegally raising the maximum speed of the vehicle in order to from illegally raising the maximum speed of the vehicle in order to
complement the existing regulatory provisions. These new measures complement the existing regulatory provisions. These new measures
would cover electrical/electronic devices participating in the vehicles would cover electrical/electronic devices participating in the vehicles
maximum speed limitation, the interchangeability of components, the maximum speed limitation, the interchangeability of components, the
Continuously Variable Transmissions components, the exhaust silencing Continuously Variable Transmissions components, the exhaust silencing
system and marking.
Authorities enforcing controls ave an important role to play in minimizing Authorities enforcing controls ave an important role to play in minimizing
tampering.
Licensing
The 3
rd
Driving Licence Directive was published in the EU ofcial journal on Driving Licence Directive was published in the EU ofcial journal on
the 30 December 2006. The text was transposed by most Member States the 30 December 2006. The text was transposed by most Member States
in 2011 and will apply as from January 2013. The directive contains new in 2011 and will apply as from January 2013. The directive contains new
provisions governing the access to the dierent categories of Powered provisions governing the access to the dierent categories of Powered provisions governing the access to the dierent categories of Powered
Two-Wheelers (PTWs), introducing new PTW vehicle categories and Two-Wheelers (PTWs), introducing new PTW vehicle categories and Two-Wheelers (PTWs), introducing new PTW vehicle categories and
providing Member States a range of options, among which testing and providing Member States a range of options, among which testing and providing Member States a range of options, among which testing and
training. training.
ACEM believes that training and education are fundamental for improved ACEM believes that training and education are fundamental for improved
PTW safety in the EU. A wide variety of training concepts and contents is PTW safety in the EU. A wide variety of training concepts and contents is
available nowadays across Europe, freely accessible on a voluntary basis or available nowadays across Europe, freely accessible on a voluntary basis or
mandatory prior to passing the licence test. Yet, there are some countries mandatory prior to passing the licence test. Yet, there are some countries
where it is possible to ride a moped or a powerful motorcycle without any where it is possible to ride a moped or a powerful motorcycle without any
kind of training.
Following the principles of lifelong learningACEM encourages
training instead of testing
ACEM proposes access ages to follow straight from trafc safety
school education, using the opportunity provided by low-
powered PTW categories and encouraging progressive access
(mopeds at 14; light motorcycles of 125cc at 16; motorcycles of
35KW at 18 and unrestricted access from 20 years of age).
ACEM proposes to implement mandatory pre-license training, for
all novice riders in Europe.
The initial Rider Training Project ofers a valuable framework for
progressive access(www.initialridertraining.eu)
ACEM supports the equivalence for car driving licence holders
towards mopeds, light motorcycles of 125cc and tricycles) and
proposes training for riders making use of equivalence options
between various license categories.
ACEM supports the direct access option to unrestricted
motorcycle licence, as the current PTW test is among the most
complete and demanding.
Early application of 3DLD in Spain: a case of market distortion
In spite of a clear application date, on December 8, 2009 the Spanish
Ministry of Transport adopted the A2 motorcycle licence which limits
the use to vehicles of less than 35 kW (47 hp). This new licence was
introduced in haste, with Spain as well as Slovenia anticipating the
application date of the EU Directive which clearly prescribes the
simultaneous application in all Member States on January 19, 2013.
Following a sudden decline requests for new motorcycle licences,
Spanish manufacturers asked Government to bring back the old
licence scheme and to restore the access age of mopeds to 14 years
with the aim of rescuing the ailing PTW market. ANESDOR denounced
the Spanish initiative to illegally anticipate the application date of the
3rd Driving Licence Directive.
The ensuing legal incompatibility between Spanish motorcycle
permits and the rest of the EU prevents Spanish riders from legally
using their vehicle outside Spain and if they do so, they risk penalties
and are not covered by insurance. This situation brought about by the
Spanish Administration breaches Community law and violates the
right to free movement of persons, a fundamental principle enshrined
in the European Union treaty.
Furthermore on September 2010, the Ministry of Interior decided to
increase to 15 years the minimum age for mopeds. Next to Greece,
Spain was also the only European country to adopt such a measure.
The result has been a contraction of the moped segment by -73% since
2007, when 126,000 units were registered, compared to slightly more
than 34,000 in 2010. Such a drop equals to the extintion of the moped
segment and of most of the Spanish PTW industry.
The ill-advised early application of the 3DLD has resulted so far in a
PTW market decline of 57%, from more than 395,000 units registered
in 2007 to 169,000 of last year.
It can be estimated that the Spanish Government has caused serious
damage to the PTW industry leading to the destruction of 25% of jobs
in a global workforce of 50,000 in 2007.
In this dire context, ANESDOR has requested to comply with the
application date foreseen in the EU directive and to postpone the
implementation of the new European motorcycle licence scheme to
January 2013.
Until then, ANESDOR demands to re-establish legality through the
restoration of the previous scheme, recognising those A2 licences that
were obtained in the meantime and can not leave the Spanish borders.
ANESDOR also calls for the restoration of the access age to mopeds to
14 years.
e
op equals to the extintion of the moped
The ill-advised early application of the 3DLD has resulted so far in a
egistered
t can be estimated that the Spanish Government has caused serious
damage to the PTW industry leading to the destruction of 25% of jobs
In this dire context, ANESDOR has requested to comply with the
postpone
tation of the new European motorcycle licence scheme to
the
estoration of the previous scheme, recognising those A2 licences that
32
33
Guidelines on Motorcycle equipment
With the aim of encouraging a wider take-up of protective gear ACEM With the aim of encouraging a wider take-up of protective gear ACEM With the aim of encouraging a wider take-up of protective gear ACEM With the aim of encouraging a wider take-up of protective gear ACEM
has released a booklet in seven languages with indications on which has released a booklet in seven languages with indications on which has released a booklet in seven languages with indications on which has released a booklet in seven languages with indications on which has released a booklet in seven languages with indications on which
equipment to choose. This brochure has been developed within the eSUM equipment to choose. This brochure has been developed within the eSUM equipment to choose. This brochure has been developed within the eSUM
Project ensuing from the cooperation between ACEM and four European Project ensuing from the cooperation between ACEM and four European Project ensuing from the cooperation between ACEM and four European
motorcycling capitals (London, Paris, Barcelona and Rome). motorcycling capitals (London, Paris, Barcelona and Rome). motorcycling capitals (London, Paris, Barcelona and Rome).
The goal is the identication, practical demonstration and adoption of The goal is the identication, practical demonstration and adoption of The goal is the identication, practical demonstration and adoption of The goal is the identication, practical demonstration and adoption of The goal is the identication, practical demonstration and adoption of
measures for the safer use of powered two-wheelers in the inner-city trac. measures for the safer use of powered two-wheelers in the inner-city trac. measures for the safer use of powered two-wheelers in the inner-city trac. measures for the safer use of powered two-wheelers in the inner-city trac. measures for the safer use of powered two-wheelers in the inner-city trac.
Most riders use helmets. However moped riders and commuters tend Most riders use helmets. However moped riders and commuters tend Most riders use helmets. However moped riders and commuters tend Most riders use helmets. However moped riders and commuters tend Most riders use helmets. However moped riders and commuters tend
to neglect the benets of protective equipment in terms of safety and to neglect the benets of protective equipment in terms of safety and to neglect the benets of protective equipment in terms of safety and to neglect the benets of protective equipment in terms of safety and to neglect the benets of protective equipment in terms of safety and
comfort. In Mediterranean countries, for example, due to their warm comfort. In Mediterranean countries, for example, due to their warm comfort. In Mediterranean countries, for example, due to their warm comfort. In Mediterranean countries, for example, due to their warm comfort. In Mediterranean countries, for example, due to their warm
climates, users are still widely unaware that good apparel can combine climates, users are still widely unaware that good apparel can combine climates, users are still widely unaware that good apparel can combine climates, users are still widely unaware that good apparel can combine
comfort and safety. The goal of this campaign is to provide some simple comfort and safety. The goal of this campaign is to provide some simple comfort and safety. The goal of this campaign is to provide some simple comfort and safety. The goal of this campaign is to provide some simple
guidelines supported by scientic evidence to help increasing the number guidelines supported by scientic evidence to help increasing the number guidelines supported by scientic evidence to help increasing the number guidelines supported by scientic evidence to help increasing the number
of motorcyclists equipped with appropriate protective clothing - http:// of motorcyclists equipped with appropriate protective clothing - http:// of motorcyclists equipped with appropriate protective clothing - http:// of motorcyclists equipped with appropriate protective clothing - http://
www.acem.eu/cms/ppe.php. www.acem.eu/cms/ppe.php.
The Infrastructure
The poor conditions of many European roads and the fact that PTW The poor conditions of many European roads and the fact that PTW The poor conditions of many European roads and the fact that PTW The poor conditions of many European roads and the fact that PTW The poor conditions of many European roads and the fact that PTW
specic needs are still often neglected in road engineering are among the specic needs are still often neglected in road engineering are among the specic needs are still often neglected in road engineering are among the specic needs are still often neglected in road engineering are among the
causes for accidents. Road Infrastructure Safety Management is part of the causes for accidents. Road Infrastructure Safety Management is part of the causes for accidents. Road Infrastructure Safety Management is part of the causes for accidents. Road Infrastructure Safety Management is part of the
integrated approach to road safety (linking the users the vehicle and the integrated approach to road safety (linking the users the vehicle and the integrated approach to road safety (linking the users the vehicle and the integrated approach to road safety (linking the users the vehicle and the integrated approach to road safety (linking the users the vehicle and the
infrastructure aspects) and a step in the right direction of reducing the infrastructure aspects) and a step in the right direction of reducing the infrastructure aspects) and a step in the right direction of reducing the
number of deaths on European roads. number of deaths on European roads.
ACEM engages with stakeholders responsible for improving the road ACEM engages with stakeholders responsible for improving the road ACEM engages with stakeholders responsible for improving the road ACEM engages with stakeholders responsible for improving the road
environment and urges them to work with local agencies to identify and environment and urges them to work with local agencies to identify and environment and urges them to work with local agencies to identify and environment and urges them to work with local agencies to identify and environment and urges them to work with local agencies to identify and
develop solutions which take PTWs into account. The adoption of PTW develop solutions which take PTWs into account. The adoption of PTW develop solutions which take PTWs into account. The adoption of PTW develop solutions which take PTWs into account. The adoption of PTW
friendly guidelines while engineering and/or maintaining roads would friendly guidelines while engineering and/or maintaining roads would friendly guidelines while engineering and/or maintaining roads would friendly guidelines while engineering and/or maintaining roads would friendly guidelines while engineering and/or maintaining roads would
efectively reduce the risk of accidents and injuries.
To this extent ACEM has published an Infrastructure Guidelines Handbook To this extent ACEM has published an Infrastructure Guidelines Handbook To this extent ACEM has published an Infrastructure Guidelines Handbook To this extent ACEM has published an Infrastructure Guidelines Handbook
*
developed together with road engineers. This technical manual focuses on developed together with road engineers. This technical manual focuses on developed together with road engineers. This technical manual focuses on
infrastructure and provides guidelines for a safer environment for PTWs. infrastructure and provides guidelines for a safer environment for PTWs. infrastructure and provides guidelines for a safer environment for PTWs.
This publication is aimed at trac engineers, urban planners, contractors This publication is aimed at trac engineers, urban planners, contractors This publication is aimed at trac engineers, urban planners, contractors
and policy makers however it included also benets in terms of safety for and policy makers however it included also benets in terms of safety for and policy makers however it included also benets in terms of safety for
PTW users.
However the role of the rider can be crucial to prevent these accidents. This However the role of the rider can be crucial to prevent these accidents. This However the role of the rider can be crucial to prevent these accidents. This
is why ACEM devised a campaign providing more information on the road is why ACEM devised a campaign providing more information on the road is why ACEM devised a campaign providing more information on the road
environment with the aim of helping riders to make better choices and environment with the aim of helping riders to make better choices and environment with the aim of helping riders to make better choices and
contribute to improving their own safety.
*
The Handbook can be downloaded at http://www.acem.eu/cms/publications.php he Handbook can be downloaded at http://www.acem.eu/cms/publications.php he Handbook can be downloaded at http://www.acem.eu/cms/publications.php
34
34
35
ENVIRONMENT
Towards parity with cars.
PTWs require ten times less energy to manufacture and recycle than PTWs require ten times less energy to manufacture and recycle than
passenger cars. passenger cars.
In developing, manufacturing and marketing their vehicles, ACEM In developing, manufacturing and marketing their vehicles, ACEM In developing, manufacturing and marketing their vehicles, ACEM
Manufacturers assure the highest standards and full compliance with Manufacturers assure the highest standards and full compliance with Manufacturers assure the highest standards and full compliance with
stringent environmental norms. stringent environmental norms.
In October 2010, the European Commission proposed a draft regulation In October 2010, the European Commission proposed a draft regulation
with a roadmap towards 2020 for further environmental progress to with a roadmap towards 2020 for further environmental progress to
further reduce the PTW contribution to the total road transport emissions. further reduce the PTW contribution to the total road transport emissions.
This proposal is being considered by the European Parliament and the This proposal is being considered by the European Parliament and the
Council, and the Commission is in parallel developing the delegated acts Council, and the Commission is in parallel developing the delegated acts
comprising the technical details. comprising the technical details.
Regulated Pollutants
Achieved progress
Over the last decade PTWs achieved remarkable progress in reducing Over the last decade PTWs achieved remarkable progress in reducing
their environmental impact, with a 94 % reduction of CO and HC for their environmental impact, with a 94 % reduction of CO and HC for
motorcycles and 88 % reduction of CO for mopeds. motorcycles and 88 % reduction of CO for mopeds.
35.0
35.0
7.0
13.0
3.0
0.3 0.3 0.3
2.0
1998-ECE 40
CO g/km
HC g/km
Nox g/km
1999-Euro 1 2006-Euro 3 2003-Euro 2
0.15
5.5
1.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
8.0
8.0
5.0
1998-ECE 47 1999 - Euro1 2003 - Euro 2
4.0
60
1.2
1.0
0.0
2.0
6.0
3.0
CO g/km
HC + NOx g/km
Limit Values Motorcycle Class II (>150cc)
Moped 2 stroke / 4 stroke (50cc)
36
ACEM proactive proposals partially integrated in EC proposal
Recognising the need to make progress, ACEM members proactively Recognising the need to make progress, ACEM members proactively
proposed, at the occasion of their 5 proposed, at the occasion of their 5
th
Annual Conference in Brussels on
1
st
December 2008, to set two new emissions reduction stages: Euro 3 December 2008, to set two new emissions reduction stages: Euro 3
and Euro 4 for mopeds and Euro 4 and Euro 5 for motorcycles. The EC and Euro 4 for mopeds and Euro 4 and Euro 5 for motorcycles. The EC
has integrated industrys proposals, foreseeing these new Euro standards has integrated industrys proposals, foreseeing these new Euro standards
should apply in 2014-2015 and 2017-2018. The EC also proposes a further should apply in 2014-2015 and 2017-2018. The EC also proposes a further
emission reduction step in 2020-21, using limit values identical to those emission reduction step in 2020-21, using limit values identical to those
of passenger cars Euro 5. The content of this third step will be conrmed of passenger cars Euro 5. The content of this third step will be conrmed
based on the ndings of a comprehensive environmental eect study to based on the ndings of a comprehensive environmental eect study to
be performed by 2016. be performed by 2016.
The proposal is accompanied by a more representative emission test The proposal is accompanied by a more representative emission test
cycle for mopeds and by the worldwide motorcycle test cycle (WMTC). cycle for mopeds and by the worldwide motorcycle test cycle (WMTC).
These cycles will be able to accurately reproduce the typical dynamic These cycles will be able to accurately reproduce the typical dynamic
and usage of both PTW categories.
Motorcycle emissions : reducing carbon monoxide (CO), hydro-
carbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
The proposed Euro 4 stage will achieve a 25% reduction over Euro 3 in The proposed Euro 4 stage will achieve a 25% reduction over Euro 3 in The proposed Euro 4 stage will achieve a 25% reduction over Euro 3 in
tailpipe emissions for motorcycles, and the proposed Euro 5 stage will tailpipe emissions for motorcycles, and the proposed Euro 5 stage will tailpipe emissions for motorcycles, and the proposed Euro 5 stage will
realize a further 25% reduction. These reductions are in line with the realize a further 25% reduction. These reductions are in line with the realize a further 25% reduction. These reductions are in line with the
ones met by passenger cars, but motorcycles will use a tougher and ones met by passenger cars, but motorcycles will use a tougher and ones met by passenger cars, but motorcycles will use a tougher and
more dynamic real-life test cycle.
Moving from current Euro 3 to Euro 5 will determine a 50% reduction Moving from current Euro 3 to Euro 5 will determine a 50% reduction Moving from current Euro 3 to Euro 5 will determine a 50% reduction
of motorcycle pollutant emissions. The proposed steps must provide of motorcycle pollutant emissions. The proposed steps must provide of motorcycle pollutant emissions. The proposed steps must provide
sucient lead time to comply with industrial design and production sucient lead time to comply with industrial design and production sucient lead time to comply with industrial design and production
constraints, phasing in targets and ensuring exible solutions for industry constraints, phasing in targets and ensuring exible solutions for industry constraints, phasing in targets and ensuring exible solutions for industry
and thus containing cost increases for the consumer ACEM maintains and thus containing cost increases for the consumer ACEM maintains
that the 2020-21 envisaged step should be fully evaluated in terms of its that the 2020-21 envisaged step should be fully evaluated in terms of its
need and assess the technical feasibility of its content; very importantly, need and assess the technical feasibility of its content; very importantly,
cost-eciency should be at the core of the 2020-21 step. cost-eciency should be at the core of the 2020-21 step.
1999
Euro 1
15
3
0.25 0.5
2
1
10
C
O

(
g
/
k
m
)
HC + NOx (g/km)
5
1 2 3
2006
Euro 3
2006
Euro 3
(2020-21*)
Euro 6
2003
Euro 2
(2017-18*)
Euro 5
(2014-15*)
Euro 5
* earliest possible proposed implenmetation
dates (subject to legislative process)
EC proposed emission reduction process
WMTC also known as Global Technical Regulation 2 (GTR 2) was
developed in Geneva under the auspices of the United Nations
(UN-ECE). It reects the dynamics of the dierent motorcycle
categories.
1
140.0
130.0
120.0
110.0
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
101
Time
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
201 301 401 501 601 701 801 901 1001 1101 1201 1301 1401 1501 1601 1701
37
Evaporative Emissions
The EC proposal includes requirements for controlling vapours lost from The EC proposal includes requirements for controlling vapours lost from The EC proposal includes requirements for controlling vapours lost from
the fuel storage system. ACEM supports the principle, but wishes to the fuel storage system. ACEM supports the principle, but wishes to the fuel storage system. ACEM supports the principle, but wishes to
underline that solutions should remain simple in order to contain the underline that solutions should remain simple in order to contain the underline that solutions should remain simple in order to contain the
investment in technology and testing facilities. investment in technology and testing facilities.
Durability
ACEM supports the introduction of durability requirements, aimed ACEM supports the introduction of durability requirements, aimed ACEM supports the introduction of durability requirements, aimed
at ensuring that emission performance is complied with over time at ensuring that emission performance is complied with over time at ensuring that emission performance is complied with over time
during normal use of the vehicle. The durability requirements should during normal use of the vehicle. The durability requirements should during normal use of the vehicle. The durability requirements should
reect the actual average mileage performed by dierent L category reect the actual average mileage performed by dierent L category reect the actual average mileage performed by dierent L category
vehicles, which is much lower than passenger cars. The specicity vehicles, which is much lower than passenger cars. The specicity
of some of the L categories, such as smaller displacement vehicles, of some of the L categories, such as smaller displacement vehicles,
as well as Trial and Enduro motorcycles, requires adaptation of the as well as Trial and Enduro motorcycles, requires adaptation of the
durability mileage. Finally, the durability test procedure should follow durability mileage. Finally, the durability test procedure should follow
practices existing in other parts of the world, in order to achieve the practices existing in other parts of the world, in order to achieve the
simplication goals of the EC proposal by avoiding unnecessary simplication goals of the EC proposal by avoiding unnecessary
duplications and related cost impacts. duplications and related cost impacts.
PTW NOx emissions
PTWs are negligible contributors to total NOx emissions, where
heavy duty vehicles dominate.
Therefore, although NOx contribution from mopeds and
motorcycles is increasing due to the gradual shift from rich to
stoichiometric combustion, they are not considered to exceed ~2%
of total road transport NOx emissions by 2020.
Study on possible new measures concerning motorcycle emissions - Laboratory
of Applied Thermodynamics, Mechanical Engineering Department, Aristotle
University, Thessaloniki - November 2008
CO
2
The CO
2
contribution of motorcycles, mopeds, tricycles and quadricycles
to overall transport is marginal. According to projections, it will further fall
and remain marginal in the future, compared to other transport modes.
Considering the fact that PTWs emit lower amounts of CO
2
compared
to passenger cars, the increase in trips done by PTWs will actually have
a positive eect in the overall reduction of CO
2
emissions from road
transport.
ACEM members, committed to contributing to the reduction of CO
2
in
transport, support the introduction of CO
2
measurement for PTWs as part
of the upcoming Euro stage. Labeling would then become possible to
ensure objective consumer information and orienting the modal choice ensure objective consumer information and orienting the modal choice
of citizens in transport. ACEM regards these steps to be essential in ending of citizens in transport. ACEM regards these steps to be essential in ending
speculation about the CO speculation about the CO
2
and fuel eciency performance of PTWs.
On-Board Diagnostics
OBDs are monitoring systems able to identify and inform the user about OBDs are monitoring systems able to identify and inform the user about OBDs are monitoring systems able to identify and inform the user about
vehicle malfunctions and store this information in a computer memory. vehicle malfunctions and store this information in a computer memory. vehicle malfunctions and store this information in a computer memory.
OBD systems with dierent levels of complexity are being proposed by OBD systems with dierent levels of complexity are being proposed by OBD systems with dierent levels of complexity are being proposed by
the EC in the type-approval regulation. ACEM supports the progressive the EC in the type-approval regulation. ACEM supports the progressive the EC in the type-approval regulation. ACEM supports the progressive
introduction of OBD on L category vehicles, taking into account the introduction of OBD on L category vehicles, taking into account the introduction of OBD on L category vehicles, taking into account the
technical constraints and cost parameters of smaller displacement technical constraints and cost parameters of smaller displacement technical constraints and cost parameters of smaller displacement
vehicles, such as mopeds.
PTW CO
2
Facts and Figures
- PTW contribution to European road transport CO
2
is predicted to
remain stable around 1.3%.
- Average PTW CO
2
level is already well below the car 2012 average
mandatory target.
PTWs, a much more energy ecient means of transport
PTWs appear as much more energy efcient means of transportation
than passenger cars and their activity should be promoted as a
measure to further control GHG emissions from road transport. The
energy efciency labeling regulation should be formulated in a way
that will not afect the sensitive PTW market.
Study on possible new measures concerning motorcycle emissions - Laboratory
of Applied Thermodynamics, Mechanical Engineering Department, Aristotle
University, Thessaloniki - November 2008
15
Gigatonnes CO
2
- Equivalent GHG
Emissions/Year
Total
Two- + Three-Wheelers
Buses
Freight + Passenger Rail
Water
Air
Freight Trucks
Light Duty Vehicles
12
9
6
3
0
2000 2050 2010 2020 2030 2040
CO
2
emissions of dierent transport modes
Source: WBCSD Sustainable
Mobility Project calculations
38
39
Noise
PTWs allowed on European public roads undergo a set of tests including PTWs allowed on European public roads undergo a set of tests including PTWs allowed on European public roads undergo a set of tests including PTWs allowed on European public roads undergo a set of tests including PTWs allowed on European public roads undergo a set of tests including
the control of noise levels. Excessive noise is caused by the use of illegal the control of noise levels. Excessive noise is caused by the use of illegal
(non type-approved) exhaust systems and aggressive riding behaviour. (non type-approved) exhaust systems and aggressive riding behaviour.
The same type-approval testing procedure does not apply to every The same type-approval testing procedure does not apply to every
exhaust system. Type-approved non original exhaust systems may exhaust system. Type-approved non original exhaust systems may
violate legal noise levels, due to less stringent type-approval testing violate legal noise levels, due to less stringent type-approval testing violate legal noise levels, due to less stringent type-approval testing
conditions. Simplication and harmonisation of the legal framework conditions. Simplication and harmonisation of the legal framework conditions. Simplication and harmonisation of the legal framework
setting equally stringent measures to every exhaust system, should setting equally stringent measures to every exhaust system, should setting equally stringent measures to every exhaust system, should
contribute to reduce the problem of illegal noise levels. contribute to reduce the problem of illegal noise levels. contribute to reduce the problem of illegal noise levels.
ACEM actively contributed to the revised UNECE regulation on ACEM actively contributed to the revised UNECE regulation on
motorcycle noise emissions adopted in Geneva in 2011. It will bring motorcycle noise emissions adopted in Geneva in 2011. It will bring
signicant improvements: better representation of riding behaviour and signicant improvements: better representation of riding behaviour and
equal treatment of OEM and after sales exhaust systems manufacturers. equal treatment of OEM and after sales exhaust systems manufacturers.
Periodic Inspection
Increasing type-approval requirements determine motorcycle Increasing type-approval requirements determine motorcycle
manufacturers having to invest into more complex and rened manufacturers having to invest into more complex and rened
technologies to ensure the vehicles compliance to higher standards. technologies to ensure the vehicles compliance to higher standards.
Correct maintenance and servicing by the user is necessary to guarantee Correct maintenance and servicing by the user is necessary to guarantee Correct maintenance and servicing by the user is necessary to guarantee
the vehicles proper environmental performance over its lifetime. the vehicles proper environmental performance over its lifetime. the vehicles proper environmental performance over its lifetime.
Maintenance and servicing also make an important contribution to road Maintenance and servicing also make an important contribution to road Maintenance and servicing also make an important contribution to road
safety ensuring the good working conditions of wheels, tires, brakes and safety ensuring the good working conditions of wheels, tires, brakes and safety ensuring the good working conditions of wheels, tires, brakes and
lighting.
Currently, a majority of Member States have introduced PTWs periodic Currently, a majority of Member States have introduced PTWs periodic Currently, a majority of Member States have introduced PTWs periodic
roadworthiness testing for environmental and safety reasons. However, roadworthiness testing for environmental and safety reasons. However, roadworthiness testing for environmental and safety reasons. However,
PTWs are the only vehicle not falling under the scope of Directive PTWs are the only vehicle not falling under the scope of Directive
2009/40/EC.
ACEM members support the inclusion of PTWs in the scope of Directive ACEM members support the inclusion of PTWs in the scope of Directive
2009/40/EC, with appropriate periodicity requirements. Environmental 2009/40/EC, with appropriate periodicity requirements. Environmental
checks should focus on tailpipe emissions and exhaust system nois checks should focus on tailpipe emissions and exhaust system noise.
Motorcycles tted with a type-approved road legal exhaust
system emit similar noise levels to passenfer cars.
Motorcycle noise
40
41
ECONOMY AND COMPETITION
Growth through a level playing feld.
The powered two-wheeler industry plays an important role in the EU in he powered two-wheeler industry plays an important role in the EU in
terms of the economy and jobs. Europe has been a leading production terms of the economy and jobs. Europe has been a leading production
base for Powered Two-Wheelers since the invention of the motorcycle base for Powered Two-Wheelers since the invention of the motorcycle base for Powered Two-Wheelers since the invention of the motorcycle
in the late 19 in the late 19
th
century. More than a century later, the motorcycle century. More than a century later, the motorcycle
industry remains at the forefront when it comes to investment in industry remains at the forefront when it comes to investment in industry remains at the forefront when it comes to investment in
innovation, quality and design. Europe is a key market for many non- innovation, quality and design. Europe is a key market for many non- innovation, quality and design. Europe is a key market for many non-
European brands, to the extent that specialist knowledge and closeness European brands, to the extent that specialist knowledge and closeness European brands, to the extent that specialist knowledge and closeness
to consumers has lead to the establishment of production facilities in to consumers has lead to the establishment of production facilities in
the EU. Over the last two decades, there has been growing competition the EU. Over the last two decades, there has been growing competition
from emerging economies manufacturers on the EU market. from emerging economies manufacturers on the EU market.
For the industry to thrive, it is necessary to ensure a level playing feld and For the industry to thrive, it is necessary to ensure a level playing feld and
provide equal access to opportunities on the EU and extra-EU markets. provide equal access to opportunities on the EU and extra-EU markets.
The PTW Sector at a Glance
As part of the transport sector of the economy, the PTW sector is too As part of the transport sector of the economy, the PTW sector is too
often assimilated to the automobile one. This oversimplication hides often assimilated to the automobile one. This oversimplication hides often assimilated to the automobile one. This oversimplication hides
very peculiar characteristics, which regulate the economic dynamics very peculiar characteristics, which regulate the economic dynamics very peculiar characteristics, which regulate the economic dynamics
of a branch, whose main aspects can be summarized by fexibility and of a branch, whose main aspects can be summarized by fexibility and of a branch, whose main aspects can be summarized by fexibility and
diversity.
In the EU27, almost 40,000 enterprises operate in the PTW sector, in In the EU27, almost 40,000 enterprises operate in the PTW sector, in In the EU27, almost 40,000 enterprises operate in the PTW sector, in In the EU27, almost 40,000 enterprises operate in the PTW sector, in
which more than 960* are dedicated to a certain form of production which more than 960* are dedicated to a certain form of production which more than 960* are dedicated to a certain form of production
of PTWs, from artisanal manufacture of unique personalized models up of PTWs, from artisanal manufacture of unique personalized models up of PTWs, from artisanal manufacture of unique personalized models up
to industrial series production, the core activity of the branch. Around to industrial series production, the core activity of the branch. Around to industrial series production, the core activity of the branch. Around
80% of these enterprises are located in 6 Member States: Austria, France, 80% of these enterprises are located in 6 Member States: Austria, France,
Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom.
The organization of the distribution, maintenance and repair of The organization of the distribution, maintenance and repair of
motorcycles satises the proximity needs of the consumers through motorcycles satises the proximity needs of the consumers through
more than 38,000 points of sales and services spread over the territory more than 38,000 points of sales and services spread over the territory
of the Union. PTW distribution and services represents 2/3 of the of the Union. PTW distribution and services represents 2/3 of the
employment of the sector, which accounts for more than 164,000 jobs as employment of the sector, which accounts for more than 164,000 jobs as
a whole. The above mentioned six countries also account for the largest a whole. The above mentioned six countries also account for the largest
shares in the sectors employment.
In 2008, the turnover of the entire PTW sector was estimated at 34 billion In 2008, the turnover of the entire PTW sector was estimated at 34 billion
Euro, for which the manufacturing of motorcycles accounted for nearly 7 Euro, for which the manufacturing of motorcycles accounted for nearly 7
billion Euro, with a breakdown across the Member States similar to that billion Euro, with a breakdown across the Member States similar to that
of number of enterprises.
Names such as Peugeot (France) and Triumph (UK) have been in
motorcycle manufacturing since the earliest days. Others such as
BMW (Germany) formed soon after. Indeed, Europe gave birth to
new motorcycle brands that quickly grew providing utility and
leisure mobility as shown by Piaggio (Italy), Derbi (Spain), Ducati
(Italy) and KTM (Austria). Manufacturers such as Honda, Suzuki
and Yamaha (Japan) established European production facilities.
Brands like Harley-Davidson (USA), Kawasaki (Japan), Bombardier
Recreational Products (Canada) and Victory Motorcycles (USA)
equally set up their distribution businesses in Europe.
* This value refers to the sector as defned in the classifcation NACE Rev.2 (released in 2008), and is much greater than the total that had been estimated by Eurostat for 2006, which was calculated on the his value refers to the sector as defned in the classifcation NACE Rev.2 (released in 2008), and is much greater than the total that had been estimated by Eurostat for 2006, which was calculated on the his value refers to the sector as defned in the classifcation NACE Rev.2 (released in 2008), and is much greater than the total that had been estimated by Eurostat for 2006, which was calculated on the
basis of the previous version of the classifcation (NACE Rev. 1.1.) and corresponded to 870 enterprises. This diference is due to the fact that according to the old classifcation, the manufacturing of basis of the previous version of the classifcation (NACE Rev. 1.1.) and corresponded to 870 enterprises. This diference is due to the fact that according to the old classifcation, the manufacturing of basis of the previous version of the classifcation (NACE Rev. 1.1.) and corresponded to 870 enterprises. This diference is due to the fact that according to the old classifcation, the manufacturing of
motorcycles engines was not included in the manufacturing of motorcycles (but was part of manufacturing of motor vehicles). motorcycles engines was not included in the manufacturing of motorcycles (but was part of manufacturing of motor vehicles). motorcycles engines was not included in the manufacturing of motorcycles (but was part of manufacturing of motor vehicles).
42
Small and Medium Enterprises represent a fundamental characteristic of Small and Medium Enterprises represent a fundamental characteristic of
the sector as a whole with almost 98% of the total number of businesses the sector as a whole with almost 98% of the total number of businesses
and 3/4 of the PTW manufacturers. This reality often goes unnoticed due and 3/4 of the PTW manufacturers. This reality often goes unnoticed due
to the reputation of international PTW manufacturing groups, directly in to the reputation of international PTW manufacturing groups, directly in
ACEM membership. ACEM membership.
Characterised by a high seasonal eect inuenced by climate conditions Characterised by a high seasonal eect inuenced by climate conditions
especially in Northern and Central Europe, manufacturers are used to
adapt their production capacity to the market demand, which varies in
huge proportions.
Another characteristic is given by the management of a wide variety
of dierent models, ranging from small 50cc scooters up to large
displacement touring motorcycles. This impacts all the industrial and
commercial chain, from research and development, product planning,
logistic, production, up to marketing, distribution, and services and
requires constant exibility and reactivity from all the actors in the sector. requires constant exibility and reactivity from all the actors in the sector.
SMEs, a reality of the PTW sector
In the EU, enterprises operating in the manufacturing of
motorcycles have an average of 29 persons employed each,
while PTW distribution and services employ an average of 3
people.
The seasonal eect
On a monthly basis, the variation of the registrations is
aected by a factor 3.
The diversity of the oer
14 main segments
7 engine capacity classes
SME
Manufacturing
2%
Non SME
Manufacturing
0%
SME
Downstream
98%
PTW Enterprises - Split by Size
Small and Medium Enterprises
represent a fundamental
characteristic of the sector as a
whole with almost 98% of the total
number of businesses and 3/4
of PTW manufacturers.
43
Internal Market
2008-2011: four consecutive years of recession due to the
economic crisis
The crisis that has been aecting the powered two-wheelers market in The crisis that has been aecting the powered two-wheelers market in
the EU since 2008 is not loosening its grasp. 2011 marks the lowest per the EU since 2008 is not loosening its grasp. 2011 marks the lowest per-
formance of the decade. Registrations of Powered Two Wheelers fell by formance of the decade. Registrations of Powered Two Wheelers fell by formance of the decade. Registrations of Powered Two Wheelers fell by
another 9,5%, amounting to almost 170,000 less units, compared to 1.7 another 9,5%, amounting to almost 170,000 less units, compared to 1.7 another 9,5%, amounting to almost 170,000 less units, compared to 1.7
million units. million units.
Since the last quarter of 2008, registrations have begun to fall dramatically Since the last quarter of 2008, registrations have begun to fall dramatically Since the last quarter of 2008, registrations have begun to fall dramatically
in important markets such as Spain, France and Greece. This decline has in important markets such as Spain, France and Greece. This decline has
lead to a revolution in the European market of motorcycles and scooters. lead to a revolution in the European market of motorcycles and scooters.
Consequences on the Italian market, which seemed immune to the crisis, Consequences on the Italian market, which seemed immune to the crisis,
also thanks to measures adopted by the Government in 2008 and 2009, also thanks to measures adopted by the Government in 2008 and 2009,
didnt fail to occur. When the successful scrapping scheme ended, Europes didnt fail to occur. When the successful scrapping scheme ended, Europes
biggest market soon lost its primacy to France. biggest market soon lost its primacy to France.
Marking the greatest losses in 2011 were Italy, with -17%, Spain (-16%) and Marking the greatest losses in 2011 were Italy, with -17%, Spain (-16%) and
The Netherlands (-13%). Greece, because of its known economic situa The Netherlands (-13%). Greece, because of its known economic situa-
tion, set the record low in sales of powered two-wheelers: -25%. Countries tion, set the record low in sales of powered two-wheelers: -25%. Countries
that until now seemed able to contain the damage, such as Germany and that until now seemed able to contain the damage, such as Germany and
France, have reduced their positive trend, -1.6% and -3.3% respectively. France, have reduced their positive trend, -1.6% and -3.3% respectively.
The crisis has as a matter of fact wiped out 37% of the volumes achieved in The crisis has as a matter of fact wiped out 37% of the volumes achieved in The crisis has as a matter of fact wiped out 37% of the volumes achieved in
2008. The year 2010 ended with a blazing -14%, while in 2009 the decline 2008. The year 2010 ended with a blazing -14%, while in 2009 the decline 2008. The year 2010 ended with a blazing -14%, while in 2009 the decline
amounted to -15% year on year. amounted to -15% year on year. amounted to -15% year on year.
The increasing competition in the PTW sector
One of the characteristics of the PTW market is its remarkable dynamism, One of the characteristics of the PTW market is its remarkable dynamism, One of the characteristics of the PTW market is its remarkable dynamism,
which allows an increasing number of new players, providing consumers which allows an increasing number of new players, providing consumers which allows an increasing number of new players, providing consumers which allows an increasing number of new players, providing consumers
with wider choices, value and benets.
Top 5 European markets in 2011
The European PTW market : High competition
At the beginning of 2012, the CIAcem* database included the following
fgures :
Number of commercial brands in competition: 1365
Number of models ofered to the consumers: 16,388
France Italy Germany Turkey Spain
PTWs
Italy France Turkey Germany Spain
Motorcycles
France The
Netherlands
Italy Poland Germany
Mopeds
* CIAcem: the European registration database project developed by ACEM manufacturers * CIAcem: the European registration database project developed by ACEM manufacturers
44
700000
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
2001 2011
(prov.)
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Italy France Spain Germany Turkey United Kingdom
Main Market Trends
Over the last decade the total volume of registrations and deliveries culmi Over the last decade the total volume of registrations and deliveries culmi-
nated in 2007 at 2.7 million units. In 2011, four years into a dire economic nated in 2007 at 2.7 million units. In 2011, four years into a dire economic
crisis, the PTW sector achieved its lowest result with 1.7 million units cor crisis, the PTW sector achieved its lowest result with 1.7 million units cor-
responding to 1 million dierence compared to 2007. The period 1994 responding to 1 million dierence compared to 2007. The period 1994
2008 had been marked by a positive trend. Unfortunately between 2007 2008 had been marked by a positive trend. Unfortunately between 2007
and 2011 the global economic crisis and the subsequent credit crunch and 2011 the global economic crisis and the subsequent credit crunch
lead to a 37% decline of the European PTW market. lead to a 37% decline of the European PTW market.
The crisis has deeply aected the European PTW market not only reducing
its volumes but also changing some of the core aspects which tradition-
ally reected its main features. Italy, historically know as Europes rst PTW ally reected its main features. Italy, historically know as Europes rst PTW
market for PTW, lost its supremacy to France. While Germany rose to third market for PTW, lost its supremacy to France. While Germany rose to third
place, Spain has to hand over its position at the top to a new entry: Turkey, place, Spain has to hand over its position at the top to a new entry: Turkey,
the only country where volumes are increasing. the only country where volumes are increasing.
3000000
2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Total Europe
Total Europe
PTW, Moped and Motorcycle registrations/deliveries 2001 2011
(Source CIAcem)
2726320
2597551
2198199
1889568
1720948
2007 2008 2009 2010
2011
(prov.)
3000000 3000000
2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
0
Total PTWs
The graph highlights the yearly decline of PTW registrations
in the EU since 2007.
Main PTW Market Trends
45
Shifts have also occurred in the share of engine capacity classes. All coun Shifts have also occurred in the share of engine capacity classes. All coun Shifts have also occurred in the share of engine capacity classes. All coun-
tries lost volumes both in the moped as well as in the motocycle seg tries lost volumes both in the moped as well as in the motocycle seg tries lost volumes both in the moped as well as in the motocycle seg-
ments. However, the decline was more severe for motorcycles which lost ments. However, the decline was more severe for motorcycles which lost ments. However, the decline was more severe for motorcycles which lost
12% in 2011 compared to 2010, a double digit fall for the third consecu 12% in 2011 compared to 2010, a double digit fall for the third consecu 12% in 2011 compared to 2010, a double digit fall for the third consecu-
tive year. Mopeds show some resilience declining by only 1% in 2011. This tive year. Mopeds show some resilience declining by only 1% in 2011. This
good performance however hides a -32% in lost volumes since 2007, the good performance however hides a -32% in lost volumes since 2007, the
year before the crisis began to wreak havoc. The good performance of this year before the crisis began to wreak havoc. The good performance of this
segment, which now accounts for 36% of the European market in terms segment, which now accounts for 36% of the European market in terms
of units, is due to the combination of a growing demand for individual of units, is due to the combination of a growing demand for individual of units, is due to the combination of a growing demand for individual
urban mobility and a harshening of licensing provisions decided by some urban mobility and a harshening of licensing provisions decided by some urban mobility and a harshening of licensing provisions decided by some
Member States (i.e. Spain). It is however to be determined whether the cri Member States (i.e. Spain). It is however to be determined whether the cri Member States (i.e. Spain). It is however to be determined whether the cri-
sis itself is pushing consumers toward a more aordable transport mode, sis itself is pushing consumers toward a more aordable transport mode, sis itself is pushing consumers toward a more aordable transport mode,
such as the moped.
The increase of individual mobility needs inuences positively also the The increase of individual mobility needs inuences positively also the
scooter segment, which now dominates the PTW market and reaches a scooter segment, which now dominates the PTW market and reaches a
58% market share in 2011.
Scooters dominate the smaller capacity classes conrming the shift of con Scooters dominate the smaller capacity classes conrming the shift of con Scooters dominate the smaller capacity classes conrming the shift of con-
sumers toward a more utility oriented transport paradigm. The motorcycle sumers toward a more utility oriented transport paradigm. The motorcycle sumers toward a more utility oriented transport paradigm. The motorcycle
style however is still accounting for 53% of the market for the capacity style however is still accounting for 53% of the market for the capacity style however is still accounting for 53% of the market for the capacity
classes above 50cc. classes above 50cc.
Since 2008, European manufacturers represented by ACEM have been call Since 2008, European manufacturers represented by ACEM have been call-
ing on European institutions for increased attention for this situation, as it ing on European institutions for increased attention for this situation, as it
dramatically impacted the labor market. Perhaps the most dramatic case is dramatically impacted the labor market. Perhaps the most dramatic case is
represented by Spain, where the motorcycle industry has lost a quarter of represented by Spain, where the motorcycle industry has lost a quarter of
its original 50,000 jobs since 2007.
Pushed by a worsened economic context, manufacturers have undergone Pushed by a worsened economic context, manufacturers have undergone Pushed by a worsened economic context, manufacturers have undergone
deep restructuring and have invested in innovation. The industry has done deep restructuring and have invested in innovation. The industry has done deep restructuring and have invested in innovation. The industry has done
its part in creating the basis for recovery. However, it is the role of policy its part in creating the basis for recovery. However, it is the role of policy its part in creating the basis for recovery. However, it is the role of policy
makers to reassure consumers and households by ensuring that jobs and makers to reassure consumers and households by ensuring that jobs and makers to reassure consumers and households by ensuring that jobs and
manufacturing remain in Europe. New legislation needs to take into ac manufacturing remain in Europe. New legislation needs to take into ac manufacturing remain in Europe. New legislation needs to take into ac-
count its impact on an already depressed situation.
PTW engine capacity classes
51-125cc
25%
2-50cc
36%
Other
40%
251-500cc
9%
501-750cc
8%
751-
1000cc
7%
1001-
9999cc
7%
126-250cc
8%
Main Styles - All PTWs
MC style
2011
42%
Scooter style
2011
58%
46
The manufacturing of motorcycles
The following analysis of the structure and recent trends of the PTW The following analysis of the structure and recent trends of the PTW
market focuses on the core activity of the PTW sector, the manufacturing market focuses on the core activity of the PTW sector, the manufacturing
of L-category vehicles. All presented data have been derived from of L-category vehicles. All presented data have been derived from
Eurostats databases; at the time of writing the most recent data Eurostats databases; at the time of writing the most recent data
available referred to 2008*. available referred to 2008*.
Structure of the sector
Enterprises in the motorcycles manufacturing
sector by Member State, 2008
The total number of motorcycle manufacturers operating in the EU-27 in The total number of motorcycle manufacturers operating in the EU-27 in The total number of motorcycle manufacturers operating in the EU-27 in The total number of motorcycle manufacturers operating in the EU-27 in
2008 has been estimated by Eurostat at 960. The majority of enterprises is 2008 has been estimated by Eurostat at 960. The majority of enterprises is 2008 has been estimated by Eurostat at 960. The majority of enterprises is
located in some of the largest countries: Italy alone accounted for about located in some of the largest countries: Italy alone accounted for about located in some of the largest countries: Italy alone accounted for about
44% of the total, whereas the United Kingdom and Spain for about 11% 44% of the total, whereas the United Kingdom and Spain for about 11% 44% of the total, whereas the United Kingdom and Spain for about 11%
each. Germany and France followed each at 8%. Considering that the each. Germany and France followed each at 8%. Considering that the each. Germany and France followed each at 8%. Considering that the
magnitude of the economic crisis became evident only in 2009, the magnitude of the economic crisis became evident only in 2009, the magnitude of the economic crisis became evident only in 2009, the
number of enterprises in each country did not experience signicant number of enterprises in each country did not experience signicant number of enterprises in each country did not experience signicant
changes between 2006 and 2008.
Employment in the manufacturing of motorcycles is concentrated in a Employment in the manufacturing of motorcycles is concentrated in a
few countries. In 2008 Italy ranked rst, far above the other countries, few countries. In 2008 Italy ranked rst, far above the other countries,
with more than 15 000 persons employed. Spain and France totalled with more than 15 000 persons employed. Spain and France totalled
2 500-2 800 people each, whereas Austria, Germany and the United 2 500-2 800 people each, whereas Austria, Germany and the United
Kingdom 1 100-1 500. These six countries totalled about 90% of the Kingdom 1 100-1 500. These six countries totalled about 90% of the
sectors employment sectors employment
** **
.
The manufacture of motorcycles can not be compare to the manufacture The manufacture of motorcycles can not be compare to the manufacture The manufacture of motorcycles can not be compare to the manufacture
of motor vehicles: in 2008, at EU level, they had an average of 29 persons of motor vehicles: in 2008, at EU level, they had an average of 29 persons of motor vehicles: in 2008, at EU level, they had an average of 29 persons
employed each, compared to about 500 for the manufacture of motor employed each, compared to about 500 for the manufacture of motor employed each, compared to about 500 for the manufacture of motor
vehicles. vehicles.
11%
11%
8%
8%
5%
4%
3% 2%
4%
44%
United Kingdom
Spain
Germany
France
Sweden
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Other
Italy
Member States which provided data for 2008. Data were not provided Member States which provided data for 2008. Data were not provided
by the Czech Republic, Greece, Ireland, Malta, Romania, Slovakia. by the Czech Republic, Greece, Ireland, Malta, Romania, Slovakia.
Employment in Manufacturing Sector - Split by Country
PTW Manufacturing Enterprises MS Share of Employees
5 countries IT+ES+FR+DE+AT = 88% of employment ies IT+ES+FR+DE+AT = 88% of employment
Italy
57%
Spain
11%
France
9%
Austria
6%
Germany
5%
United Kingdom
4%
Slovenia
2%
Portugal
2%
Poland
2%
The Netherlands
1%
Sweden
1%
Others
12%
* In 2008 a new classication of economic activities was adopted in the EU : such classication is n 2008 a new classication of economic activities was adopted in the EU : such classication is
the NACE Rev.2, and replaces the NACE Rev.1.1 which dates back to 2002. the NACE Rev.2, and replaces the NACE Rev.1.1 which dates back to 2002.
** This percentage is calculated on the total for the countries for which data are available, but it his percentage is calculated on the total for the countries for which data are available, but it
enables to observe the level of concentration. enables to observe the level of concentration.
47
Productivity and performance indicators
The total turnover generated during 2008 by manufacturers of PTW The total turnover generated during 2008 by manufacturers of PTW
amounted to 7.0 billion Euro.
In 2008 Italy alone accounted for more than half of the turnover of In 2008 Italy alone accounted for more than half of the turnover of
motorcycle manufacturing generated in the EU, at around 3.9 billion Euro. motorcycle manufacturing generated in the EU, at around 3.9 billion Euro. motorcycle manufacturing generated in the EU, at around 3.9 billion Euro.
Spain recorded slightly more than 1.0 billion euro, which corresponded Spain recorded slightly more than 1.0 billion euro, which corresponded Spain recorded slightly more than 1.0 billion euro, which corresponded
to a share of 15%; Austria and France accounted respectively for 8.5% to a share of 15%; Austria and France accounted respectively for 8.5% to a share of 15%; Austria and France accounted respectively for 8.5%
(590 million euro) and 8.0% (560 million euro). The United Kingdom and (590 million euro) and 8.0% (560 million euro). The United Kingdom and (590 million euro) and 8.0% (560 million euro). The United Kingdom and
Germany followed with 360 million and 180 million euro respectively. Germany followed with 360 million and 180 million euro respectively. Germany followed with 360 million and 180 million euro respectively.
Big
companies
24%
SMEs 76%
Split by Size of Companies
PTW Manufacturing Enterprises Split by Size
A
u
s
t
r
ia
500
400
300
200
100
0
S
lo
v
e
n
ia
It
a
ly
S
p
a
in
P
o
r
t
u
g
a
l
F
r
a
n
c
e
E
U
-
2
7
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
P
o
la
n
d
U
n
it
e
d
K
in
g
d
o
m
N
e
t
h
e
r
la
n
d
s
H
u
n
g
a
r
y
Average size of enterprises by Member State
Manufacturing Sector
EU average: 29 persons employed verage: 29 persons employed
Austria and Slovenia rank among the countries with the ustria and Slovenia rank among the countries with the
largest average enterprise size due to the presence of few largest average enterprise size due to the presence of few
large players in those countries. large players in those countries. large players in those countries.
PTW Manufacturing Enterprises MS Share of Turnover
5 countries (Italy, Spain, Austria, France, United Kingdom)
= 92% of turnover
Germany 3%
United Kingdom 5%
France 8%
Austria 8%
Spain 15%
Italy 56%
Other 4%
Slovenia 1%
Turnover of PTW Manufacturing Sector - Split by Country
48
Employment
While between 1999 and 2008 employment in the European While between 1999 and 2008 employment in the European
manufacturing industry declined by nearly 11%, the PTW sector manufacturing industry declined by nearly 11%, the PTW sector
recorded a drop (-9.5%) in line with the average. recorded a drop (-9.5%) in line with the average.
Except for a downward trend in 2001-2002, until 2007 turnover of Except for a downward trend in 2001-2002, until 2007 turnover of
the manufacturing of motorcycles increased every year to reach a the manufacturing of motorcycles increased every year to reach a
cumulated growth of 29% between 1999 and 2007. This growth was the cumulated growth of 29% between 1999 and 2007. This growth was the
same as the one recorded by manufacturing of motor vehicles and by same as the one recorded by manufacturing of motor vehicles and by
manufacturing as a whole. manufacturing as a whole.
The drop in enterprises turnover caused by the economic crisis in 2008 The drop in enterprises turnover caused by the economic crisis in 2008
was particularly remarkable in the PTW sector, which recorded a drop of was particularly remarkable in the PTW sector, which recorded a drop of
about 9% in one single year (compared to -6% in the manufacturing of about 9% in one single year (compared to -6% in the manufacturing of
motor vehicles and to -1.3% in manufacturing as a whole).
Until 2007, following the combinationof a sustained growth in turnover
with a decline (or stability) in employment, the average value of turnover
per person employed generally increased. In 2008, the abrupt decline in
total turnover entailed a drop in the value of the turnover generated by
each worker.
Despite this decline, over the entire 1999-2008 period the change in
turnover per person employed remained positive: +30% in manufacture
of motorcycles and motor vehicles, +43% in total manufacturing.
The evolution of value added per person employed (labour productivity)
more or less followed the pattern of turnover per person employed, but
with a more modest growth.
110,0
100,0
90,0
80,0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2000 1999
Manufacture of motorcycles
Manufacture of motor vehicle, trailers and semi-trailers
Total manufacturing
(*) (*) Data r Data refer to Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom as a whole. efer to Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom as a whole.
Number of persons employed
Evolution of selected variables
during the 1999-2008 period (1999= 100) (*)
150,0
140,0
130,0
120,0
110,0
100,0
90,0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1999 2000
Total manufacturing
Turnover per persons employed
49
The crisis that started in 2008 did not have, in that year, a strong impact The crisis that started in 2008 did not have, in that year, a strong impact
on employment in industry, but the drop in the demand aected on employment in industry, but the drop in the demand aected
substantially the production and, consequently, the turnover. substantially the production and, consequently, the turnover.
The sectors turnover also saw a positive trend between 2006 and 2008 The sectors turnover also saw a positive trend between 2006 and 2008 The sectors turnover also saw a positive trend between 2006 and 2008
(only in Spain a decline was recorded). However, the positive change (only in Spain a decline was recorded). However, the positive change (only in Spain a decline was recorded). However, the positive change
over the 2-year period is due to strong increases between 2006 and over the 2-year period is due to strong increases between 2006 and over the 2-year period is due to strong increases between 2006 and
2007, whereas between 2007 and 2008 turnover tended to decline. 2007, whereas between 2007 and 2008 turnover tended to decline. 2007, whereas between 2007 and 2008 turnover tended to decline.
140,0
130,0
120,0
110,0
100,0
90,0
80,0
70,0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1999 2000
Total manufacturing
2008
130,0
120,0
110,0
100,0
90,0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1999 2000
Total manufacturing
2008
Turnover
Apparent labour productivity
50
The downstream activity
Downstream activity is intended here as the sale (both retail and Downstream activity is intended here as the sale (both retail and
wholesale), maintenance and repair of motorcycles and related products. wholesale), maintenance and repair of motorcycles and related products.
In the EU more than 38 000 enterprises and nearly 115 000 people In the EU more than 38 000 enterprises and nearly 115 000 people
are employed in maintenance and repair of motorcycles and trade of are employed in maintenance and repair of motorcycles and trade of
related products. Unsurprisingly, the largest Member States (France, related products. Unsurprisingly, the largest Member States (France,
Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) accounted for the Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) accounted for the
highest proportions of enterprises (66%) and of employment (73%). highest proportions of enterprises (66%) and of employment (73%).
For 2008 the turnover of trade and repair of motorcycle amonuted to For 2008 the turnover of trade and repair of motorcycle amonuted to
24.3 million Euro. 24.3 million Euro.
There are however important structural dierences across these There are however important structural dierences across these There are however important structural dierences across these There are however important structural dierences across these
countries: Italy, where the sector is very fragmented and dominated by countries: Italy, where the sector is very fragmented and dominated by countries: Italy, where the sector is very fragmented and dominated by
small enterprises, accounted for 25% of total enterprises and for only small enterprises, accounted for 25% of total enterprises and for only small enterprises, accounted for 25% of total enterprises and for only
20% of employment.
Conversely, Germany, France and the United Kingdom, where enterprises Conversely, Germany, France and the United Kingdom, where enterprises Conversely, Germany, France and the United Kingdom, where enterprises
were generally larger in size, recorded greater shares for employment were generally larger in size, recorded greater shares for employment were generally larger in size, recorded greater shares for employment
than for the number of businesses. Spain stood somewhere in the than for the number of businesses. Spain stood somewhere in the than for the number of businesses. Spain stood somewhere in the
middle, recording similar shares for both employment and the number middle, recording similar shares for both employment and the number middle, recording similar shares for both employment and the number
of enterprises.
In all countries trade of motorcycles is more important for employment In all countries trade of motorcycles is more important for employment In all countries trade of motorcycles is more important for employment
than for turnover, which is clearly due to the fact that PTW generally than for turnover, which is clearly due to the fact that PTW generally
have lower unit values than motor vehicles, and that such values are not have lower unit values than motor vehicles, and that such values are not
compensated by the quantities (number of units) sold. compensated by the quantities (number of units) sold.
Employment in Downstream Sector - Split by Country
Italy
20%
France
14%
Germany
14%
United Kingdom
14%
Spain
10%
Greece
7%
Portugal
4%
Netherlands
3%
Sweden
2%
Belgium
2%
Poland
2%
Austria
2%
Hungary
1%
Finland
1%
Other
countries
4%
Others
9%
PTW Sales, Maintenance & Repair Enterprises MS Share of Employment
51
Employment in the downstream sector
An analysis of the medium-term evolution of employment and turnover An analysis of the medium-term evolution of employment and turnover
in trade of motorcycles compared to total motor trade in the EU in trade of motorcycles compared to total motor trade in the EU
highlights the following key aspects:
- over the period, both sectors recorded an increase in turnover and ver the period, both sectors recorded an increase in turnover and ver the period, both sectors recorded an increase in turnover and
employment;
- employment growth was higher in PTW trade (+36% over the period) yment growth was higher in PTW trade (+36% over the period) yment growth was higher in PTW trade (+36% over the period)
than in total motor trade (+25%);
- the evolution of turnover was instead greater in total motor trade volution of turnover was instead greater in total motor trade volution of turnover was instead greater in total motor trade
(+55%) than in PTW trade (+29%);
- in 2008 the economic crisis substantially aected the performance isis substantially aected the performance isis substantially aected the performance
of enterprises, and both PTW and total motor trade saw reductions of enterprises, and both PTW and total motor trade saw reductions of enterprises, and both PTW and total motor trade saw reductions
in the turnover. The impact was particularly remarkable in PTW trade, in the turnover. The impact was particularly remarkable in PTW trade, in the turnover. The impact was particularly remarkable in PTW trade,
where turnover dropped by 7.5% in 2008 compared to 2007 (in total where turnover dropped by 7.5% in 2008 compared to 2007 (in total
motor trade turnover fell by only 3.9%).
140,0
130,0
120,0
110,0
100,0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Trade of motorcycles Total motor trade
2000 1999
160,0
140,0
130,0
120,0
110,0
100,0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Trade of motorcycles
Total motor trade
2000 1999
Average size of enterprises in the trade and services of
motorcycles, by Member State, Downstream Sector
EU average: 3 persons employed
S
lo
v
a
k
ia
6
4
2
0
S
lo
v
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Ita
ly
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P
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G
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A
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ith
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B
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C
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R
e
p
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C
y
p
ru
s
S
w
e
d
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n
Number of persons employed
Evolution of employment and turnover during the 1999-2008 period (1999= 100)*
Turnover
* Data exclude the following countries: Estonia, Ireland, Greece, France, Luxembourg, Malta, the United Kingdom. France and the United Kingdom have been excluded because information on employment exclude the following countries: Estonia, Ireland, Greece, France, Luxembourg, Malta, the United Kingdom. France and the United Kingdom have been excluded because information on employment exclude the following countries: Estonia, Ireland, Greece, France, Luxembourg, Malta, the United Kingdom. France and the United Kingdom have been excluded because information on employment
relating to 2008 was not available; other countries have been excluded because there were too many missing data in the time series. For a few other countries, some missing information in the time series relating to 2008 was not available; other countries have been excluded because there were too many missing data in the time series. For a few other countries, some missing information in the time series relating to 2008 was not available; other countries have been excluded because there were too many missing data in the time series. For a few other countries, some missing information in the time series
has been estimated.
52
The upstream activities : a tentative estimation
Employment in the upstream activities of the PTW market can be Employment in the upstream activities of the PTW market can be Employment in the upstream activities of the PTW market can be
broadly estimated (as of 2007) at nearly 23 000 people, while turnover at broadly estimated (as of 2007) at nearly 23 000 people, while turnover at broadly estimated (as of 2007) at nearly 23 000 people, while turnover at
nearly 2.5 billion euro. In relative terms, such values correspond to 2.4% nearly 2.5 billion euro. In relative terms, such values correspond to 2.4% nearly 2.5 billion euro. In relative terms, such values correspond to 2.4%
of total employment of the manufacture of parts and accessories for of total employment of the manufacture of parts and accessories for of total employment of the manufacture of parts and accessories for
motorcycles and their engines and for 1.2% of turnover. motorcycles and their engines and for 1.2% of turnover.
Across the Member States for which data can be calculated, Italy ranked Across the Member States for which data can be calculated, Italy ranked Across the Member States for which data can be calculated, Italy ranked
by far on top of the scale: it recorded about 14 700 persons employed by far on top of the scale: it recorded about 14 700 persons employed by far on top of the scale: it recorded about 14 700 persons employed
and a turnover of nearly 1.5 billion euro allocated to the manufacturing and a turnover of nearly 1.5 billion euro allocated to the manufacturing and a turnover of nearly 1.5 billion euro allocated to the manufacturing
of motorcycles, which corresponded respectively to 8.4% and 17.9% of of motorcycles, which corresponded respectively to 8.4% and 17.9% of of motorcycles, which corresponded respectively to 8.4% and 17.9% of
the entire sector manufacturing of parts and accessories. the entire sector manufacturing of parts and accessories.
Relatively high gures are also estimated for Spain: about 2 600 persons Relatively high gures are also estimated for Spain: about 2 600 persons
employed and a turnover of 400 million euro. However, in this case employed and a turnover of 400 million euro. However, in this case
the proportion of the sector manufacturing of parts and accessories the proportion of the sector manufacturing of parts and accessories
allocated to the motorcycle market is much lower than in Italy (4% of allocated to the motorcycle market is much lower than in Italy (4% of
employment and 2.7% of turnover). employment and 2.7% of turnover).
Other countries where the activities upstream to the PTW industry are Other countries where the activities upstream to the PTW industry are
estimated to account for relatively high shares in total manufacturing estimated to account for relatively high shares in total manufacturing
of parts and accessories are Portugal (8.8% of total employment, of parts and accessories are Portugal (8.8% of total employment,
corresponding to around 1300 persons) and Austria (7.6%, 1000 corresponding to around 1300 persons) and Austria (7.6%, 1000
persons).
53
Manufacturing 2%
Upstream 1%
Downstream 97%
Number of Companies
Total sector: 39,000 + enterprises
Manufacturing: 960 (including micro-businesses) anufacturing: 960 (including micro-businesses)
Upstream: 500
Downstream: 38,400
Manufacturing 21%
Upstream 7%
Downstream 72%
2008 Turnover ( bn)
Total sector billion 33.8
Manufacturing 7.0
Upstream 2.5
Downstream 24.3
Employment in the PTW sector
Manufacturing 16%
Upstream 14%
Downstream 70%
Total sector 152.000 jobs
Manufacturing 27.000
Upstream 23.000
Downstream 15.000
The European PTW sector : an overview
54
Internal Market and Competition - Evidence of unfair
practices
Since 1992 EU legislation on the type-approval of two and three- Since 1992 EU legislation on the type-approval of two and three-
wheeled motor vehicles regulates and harmonises the construction wheeled motor vehicles regulates and harmonises the construction
standards of PTWs. This process achieved a reduction in the overall ex standards of PTWs. This process achieved a reduction in the overall ex-
tent of type-approval testing, compared to compliance with previous tent of type-approval testing, compared to compliance with previous
national regulations. national regulations.
Nonetheless the resultant EU Type-approval process remains complex Nonetheless the resultant EU Type-approval process remains complex
and expensive. ACEM has observed cases where vehicles sold on the and expensive. ACEM has observed cases where vehicles sold on the
EU market do not meet type-approval standards, showing that manu EU market do not meet type-approval standards, showing that manu-
facturers or importers avoided compliance, deliberately or otherwise, in facturers or importers avoided compliance, deliberately or otherwise, in
order to gain an unfair competitive advantage, thereby also posing a order to gain an unfair competitive advantage, thereby also posing a
threat to the health and safety of users and citizens. threat to the health and safety of users and citizens.
Over a period of several years strong evidence has been gathered indi-
cating that a concerning number of motorcycles, scooters and mopeds
imported from manufacturers based in the Chinese Peoples Republic
(CPR) do not comply with the standards required by the conformity of
production obligations in Directive 2002/24/EC.
This practice poses a threat to consumers at risk of buying potentially
unsafe products, to the environment and to manufacturers who must
struggle with an unfair competition.
Non compliance with type-approval is used as an unfair cost reduction
factor in addition to the enormous dierential in labour costs between
China and the EU.
The preparation of the new Framework Regulation creates an oppor The preparation of the new Framework Regulation creates an oppor-
tunity to review the compliance arrangements, and recommendations tunity to review the compliance arrangements, and recommendations
have been made for improvements. A failure to address these decien have been made for improvements. A failure to address these decien-
cies carries the risk that the type-approval process will be devalued, and cies carries the risk that the type-approval process will be devalued, and
simply become a costly bureaucratic exercise burdening those willing simply become a costly bureaucratic exercise burdening those willing
to play by the rules, and avoidable for those less scrupulous. to play by the rules, and avoidable for those less scrupulous.
ACEM defends the right of European and extra EU manufacturers to ACEM defends the right of European and extra EU manufacturers to ACEM defends the right of European and extra EU manufacturers to ACEM defends the right of European and extra EU manufacturers to
compete in the EU market on a level, fair and mutually respected play compete in the EU market on a level, fair and mutually respected play compete in the EU market on a level, fair and mutually respected play-
ing eld.
Market surveillance authorities should not underestimate their role in Market surveillance authorities should not underestimate their role in Market surveillance authorities should not underestimate their role in
contributing to maintain a level playing eld. Control programmes of contributing to maintain a level playing eld. Control programmes of contributing to maintain a level playing eld. Control programmes of
imported PTWs should be developed with adequate means enabling imported PTWs should be developed with adequate means enabling imported PTWs should be developed with adequate means enabling
market surveillance authorities to perform ecient and systematic market surveillance authorities to perform ecient and systematic market surveillance authorities to perform ecient and systematic
checks.
Evidence from the UK
In 2007 UKs Department for Transport (DfT) carried out tests on 4
PTWs as part of its Type-approval compliance programme. All four
motorcycles were manufactured in the Chinese Peoples Republic by
major CPR manufacturers.
The compliance project was carried out by the Vehicle Certifcation
Agency (VCA) on behalf of DfT. Some 95 assessments were carried
out and there were some 21 failures of compliance.
Evidence from Italy
PTWs imported from China that were randomly picked from the
market and tested in 2009 failed to comply with EU Type Approval
in several respects. Again, braking non compliances featured, 3 of
which were potentially dangerous, and excessive CO emissions were
evident, varying from 20% over the conformity of production limit,
through 5 and 10 times the limit, to being outside the scale on the
test equipment.
55
International Trade : A Strategic Priority
The European PTW industry frmly supports the EU in its trade ne-
gotiation programme, and encourages international agreements
that provide mutual benets and shared rewards for the industry
at home and for partners abroad.
Exports are key to sustaining jobs in the motorcycle sector. They con Exports are key to sustaining jobs in the motorcycle sector. They con-
tribute to promote Europes economy, and give the industry a standard- tribute to promote Europes economy, and give the industry a standard- tribute to promote Europes economy, and give the industry a standard-
setting role in foreign markets. setting role in foreign markets.
The European PTW industry is in favour of trade agreements fostering The European PTW industry is in favour of trade agreements fostering The European PTW industry is in favour of trade agreements fostering
innovation, growth and prosperity for the EU and for partner countries. innovation, growth and prosperity for the EU and for partner countries.
However, in order to reinforce competitiveness, bi- and multi-lateral However, in order to reinforce competitiveness, bi- and multi-lateral
trade agreements should be reciprocal, to compensate potentially neg trade agreements should be reciprocal, to compensate potentially neg-
ative eects on EU employment levels. ative eects on EU employment levels.
Trade agreements must take into account the sustainability and long- Trade agreements must take into account the sustainability and long-
term prosperity of European PTW manufacturers and their intrinsic na term prosperity of European PTW manufacturers and their intrinsic na-
ture consisting mainly of small and medium enterprises. ture consisting mainly of small and medium enterprises.
Trends
Over the last 10 years the value of extra EU imports of Powered two- Over the last 10 years the value of extra EU imports of Powered two-
wheelers decreased by 19%, while the value of extra EU exports has wheelers decreased by 19%, while the value of extra EU exports has
grown by 35%. While the impact of the nancial and economic crisis is grown by 35%. While the impact of the nancial and economic crisis is
noticeable for 2009 and 2010, it did not modify the general trend. noticeable for 2009 and 2010, it did not modify the general trend.
These gures however fail to highlight the growth in the number of These gures however fail to highlight the growth in the number of These gures however fail to highlight the growth in the number of
units imported into the EU, mainly from China, consisting of low cost units imported into the EU, mainly from China, consisting of low cost units imported into the EU, mainly from China, consisting of low cost
and low quality products. and low quality products. and low quality products.
During the 2000 2010 period, the historical trade defcit of the extra During the 2000 2010 period, the historical trade defcit of the extra During the 2000 2010 period, the historical trade defcit of the extra
EU PTW exchanges suered from a signicant drop of 36%.
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2000 2008 2009 2010
Imports
Exports

M
i
l
l
i
o
n
International Trade
0
-500
-1,000
-1,500
-2,000
-2,500
-3,000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2000 2008 2009 2010

M
i
l
l
i
o
n
Trade Balance
Selected gures of PTW Asian markets: (million units 2010)
China 20+ India 12.5
Indonesia 7.3 Thailand 1.7 (2008)
- Philippines 0.6 (2008)
56
3,000.000.000
2,500.000.000
2,000.000.000
1,500.000.000
1,000.000.000
500.000.000
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2000 2008 2009 2010
M
i
l
l
i
o
n
Japan China USA Taiwan Thailand
Import Partners
6,000.000.000
5,000.000.000
4,000.000.000
3,000.000.000
2,000.000.000
1,000.000.000
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2000 2008 2009 2010
M
i
l
l
i
o
n
Japan Australia USA Vietnam Switzerland
Export Partners
partner countries. While over the 10-year period imports from US and
Taiwan remained unchanged, imports from Thailand and moreover
China benefted from a steadily growth. However, the imports from Japan
suered from a huge drop over this period with a -53% reduction.
The main export partner countries are the US, Switzerland, Japan, Australia
and Vietnam. Exports to Switzerland and Japan were stable over the
period, whilst the crisis mainly harmed the exports to the US. Australia and
Vietnam both represent promising export partner countries. The exports
to China remain very low (below 10 million ) due to unfair non-technical
barriers to trade such as but not limited to motorcycle prohibition above
a certain engine capacity, or registration quotas..
Market Access
About 80% of the worldwide PTW market is located in Asia which About 80% of the worldwide PTW market is located in Asia which
obviously oers enormous potentials for the European PTW industry. obviously oers enormous potentials for the European PTW industry.
However trade barriers prevent most of the high technology products to However trade barriers prevent most of the high technology products to
be exported there.
As a way to circumvent tari and other non-technical barriers the EU As a way to circumvent tari and other non-technical barriers the EU
motorcycle industry is investing and deploying manufacturing sites locally. motorcycle industry is investing and deploying manufacturing sites locally.
China, India, and Thailand host subsidiaries of EU manufacturers. A similar China, India, and Thailand host subsidiaries of EU manufacturers. A similar
situation is observed in South America and in Brazil in particular, where situation is observed in South America and in Brazil in particular, where
the only way to penetrate the market is to establish a local presence. the only way to penetrate the market is to establish a local presence.
Current FTA negotiations
The EU is currently engaged in a number of Free Trade Agreement The EU is currently engaged in a number of Free Trade Agreement
negotiations. Some agreements have already been concluded, while negotiations. Some agreements have already been concluded, while
others are still being discussed. European industry follows each of these others are still being discussed. European industry follows each of these
negotiations with interest. negotiations with interest.
Competitiveness through Free Access to Extra-EU Markets
Most of the South-East Asian markets do not allow the imports of
high engine capacity motorcycles by adopting barriers. South Korea
provides a unique example: despite the signature of a bilateral trade
agreement with the European Union, large motorcycles have no
possibility of being marketed in this country.
57
High Potential of PTW Exports
Asian and South American motorcycle markets represent a very signicant sian and South American motorcycle markets represent a very signicant
growth potential, in terms of PTW sales. In the short term, 4-5 years, the growth potential, in terms of PTW sales. In the short term, 4-5 years, the
value of ACEM manufacturers products could easily reach a balance value of ACEM manufacturers products could easily reach a balance
should the aforementioned barriers be removed. This scenario could should the aforementioned barriers be removed. This scenario could
easily lead to a positive exchange balance in terms of value in favour of easily lead to a positive exchange balance in terms of value in favour of
the EU and, with the further expansion of distribution capabilities, exports the EU and, with the further expansion of distribution capabilities, exports
could reach around one billion .
Highway Bans
Korea, unlike other developed countries, prohibits all motorcycle
trafc on its toll ways, major highways and designated bridges.
Additionally, certain roads in Korea, including many new national
roads, are sometimes designated automobile-only, thereby also
prohibiting PTWs. There is no underlying rationale for imposing
such motorcycle bans.
These bans severely limit the use of large displacement PTWs,
whether for basic transportation or leisure touring, making them
undesirable to the average Korean consumer.
Similar prohibitions exist in some other Asian countries, in particular
in China, the frst worldwide market for PTWs (in terms of units) as
certain cities or districts limit PTW registrations, while others simply
prohibit PTWs from circulating.
Taris and Taxes
In addition to a signifcant set of taxes (luxury tax, some form of VAT,
registration tax, etc.), many countries maintain motorcycle tarifs.
These duties and taxes raise the retail price of PTWs to levels far
exceeding the means of most customers. In this respect, India with
a market ranging in the area of 8 million PTWs, imposes a 100% tax,
leading the group of countries with the highest import duties.
The removal of this extraordinary duty would establish a fair and
balanced situation of the exchange terms between these countries
and the European Union.
Selection of some of the highest motorcycle taris
India 100%
Vietnam 90%
Thailand 60%
Philippines 30%
Malaysia 30%
Brazil 20%
Argentina 20%
UN-ECE regulations
A short term introduction plan of all PTW related UN-ECE regulations
in South-East Asian and South American countries would certainly
result in a harmonized situation benefcial for manufacturers and
consumers.
58
ACEMs membership is composed by 13 manufacturers and 17 national ACEMs membership is composed by 13 manufacturers and 17 national
associations of 14 countries with business activities and interests in all the associations of 14 countries with business activities and interests in all the
EU and beyond. In order to ensure its mission, the Association is structured EU and beyond. In order to ensure its mission, the Association is structured
in Committees, each addressing a specic policy eld. Where required in Committees, each addressing a specic policy eld. Where required
ACEM sets up task forces made up by experts pursuing specic goals. ACEM sets up task forces made up by experts pursuing specic goals.
5 Committees deal respectively with Legal Aairs, Road Safety, 5 Committees deal respectively with Legal Aairs, Road Safety,
Environment, Market and Transport Policy, Electric Vehicles. A Environment, Market and Transport Policy, Electric Vehicles. A
Coordinating Committee oversees the activity of the Committees. Coordinating Committee oversees the activity of the Committees.
ACEM permanently liaises with the European Institutions such as ACEM permanently liaises with the European Institutions such as
the European Commission, the European Parliament, the European the European Commission, the European Parliament, the European
Economic and Social Committee and, through its members, the Council Economic and Social Committee and, through its members, the Council
of Ministers. Technical matters related to PTWs are dealt by ACEM with
the European Committee for Standardization.
As a member of IMMA, the International Motorcycle Manufacturers
Association, ACEM is represented within UNECE, the United Nations
Economic Commission for Europe, and the International Transport
Forum under the aegis of the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-
operation and Development).
ACEM takes part in the Motorcycle Community, together with FEMA
(Federation of European Motorcyclists Associations) and FIM (Fdration
Internationale de Motocyclisme).
HOW DOES ACEM WORK?
ACEM is a member of the Forum for the Automobile and Society. The
FAS is a forum bringing decision makers from the motor industry
and motoring organisations together with key policymakers from
major legislative institutions. The FAS acts as a place to exchange
information and views and as a think tank for all those interested in
automotive issues.
ACEM Organisational Chart:
Hendrik von Kuenheim, President
(BMWMotorrad)
Stefan Pierer, Vice President (KTM)
Leo Francesco Mercanti, Vice President
(Piaggio Group)
Dietmar Krohm, Coordinating Committee
(BMW Motorrad)
Anna Wetcke, Legal Afairs Committee
(BMW Motorrad)
Pascal De Jonge, Road Safety Committee
(Honda Motor Europe)
Bob Mills, Environment Committee
(Triumph)
Craig Carey-Clinch, Market and Transport Policy Committee
(MCIA)
Rgis Biguinet, Electric Vehicle Committee
(Peugeot Scooters)
59
The Activity of ACEMs Committees
A presentation by ACEMs Coordinating
Committee Chairman
Dietmar Krohm
PROVIDING A LONG TERM PERSPECTIVE FOR
AN INNOVA OV OV TIVE, CO TIVE TIVE MPETITIVE AND SUST D SUSTAA D SUST D SUST D SUST D SUST IINN-
ABLE POWERED-TWO-WHEELER I WW NNDUSTRY I DUSTRY IN
EUROPE
When we talk about motorcycles we face a When we talk about motorcycles we face a
wide and ever-changing landscape of vehicle typologies. The motorcy wide and ever-changing landscape of vehicle typologies. The motorcy-
cle family is not limited to Powered Two-Wheelers neither to single track cle family is not limited to Powered Two-Wheelers neither to single track
motorized vehicles. Today it includes scooters, tricycles, quadricycles motorized vehicles. Today it includes scooters, tricycles, quadricycles
which are intended for specic usages and meet the expectations of a which are intended for specic usages and meet the expectations of a
wide variety of customers.
Despite the proven exibility of manufacturers to constantly answer Despite the proven exibility of manufacturers to constantly answer
the demand for new products, the intrinsic challenge tied to this im the demand for new products, the intrinsic challenge tied to this im-
mense variety of models and segments is to cope with this complexity. mense variety of models and segments is to cope with this complexity.
Behind the image of an innovative and proactive industry, able to read Behind the image of an innovative and proactive industry, able to read-
ily respond to the impact of an unprecedented economic crisis, lies a ily respond to the impact of an unprecedented economic crisis, lies a
complex system which has to take into account seasonal changes of de complex system which has to take into account seasonal changes of de-
mand, low economies of scale, market fragmentation and intense com mand, low economies of scale, market fragmentation and intense com-
petition from emerging markets especially in the low cost segments. petition from emerging markets especially in the low cost segments.
ACEMs job is to convey this complexity by meticulously depicting the ACEMs job is to convey this complexity by meticulously depicting the
fairest and most accurate image of the industry without overloading fairest and most accurate image of the industry without overloading
the communication channels. Within a comprehensive strategy aiming the communication channels. Within a comprehensive strategy aiming
at carrying the PTW industry further toward a secure and prosperous at carrying the PTW industry further toward a secure and prosperous
future, the task of the Coordinating Committee is to tackle this complex future, the task of the Coordinating Committee is to tackle this complex-
ity supporting it with a sustainable vision and setting concrete goals. ity supporting it with a sustainable vision and setting concrete goals.
The structure of our association has changed to answer emerging chal The structure of our association has changed to answer emerging chal The structure of our association has changed to answer emerging chal-
lenges and turn them into opportunities for the industry. ACEM created lenges and turn them into opportunities for the industry. ACEM created lenges and turn them into opportunities for the industry. ACEM created
a working group whose task is to provide a long term perspective as a working group whose task is to provide a long term perspective as a working group whose task is to provide a long term perspective as
regards to electric mobility, a eld full of potential, albeit requiring a vi regards to electric mobility, a eld full of potential, albeit requiring a vi regards to electric mobility, a eld full of potential, albeit requiring a vi-
sion able to see beyond the much paraded announcements. Further sion able to see beyond the much paraded announcements. Further sion able to see beyond the much paraded announcements. Further-
more, positive developments in the urban mobility segment spurred a more, positive developments in the urban mobility segment spurred a more, positive developments in the urban mobility segment spurred a more, positive developments in the urban mobility segment spurred a
merger of our committees dedicated respectively to market policy and merger of our committees dedicated respectively to market policy and merger of our committees dedicated respectively to market policy and
integrated transport.
In the course of the past year and a half, since the beginning of the In the course of the past year and a half, since the beginning of the
discussion in the European Parliament and Council of the long awaited discussion in the European Parliament and Council of the long awaited
Regulation on L-category vehicles type-approval, we have experienced Regulation on L-category vehicles type-approval, we have experienced
how such a complex message needs support, strong arguments but how such a complex message needs support, strong arguments but
particularly persistence to be fully understood. Positive exchanges have particularly persistence to be fully understood. Positive exchanges have
been going on and thanks to the engagement of ACEM, policy makers been going on and thanks to the engagement of ACEM, policy makers
can base their decisions on the best knowledge of our sector ever avail can base their decisions on the best knowledge of our sector ever avail-
able.
Today ACEM Members are at the forefront of a new paradigm of mo Today ACEM Members are at the forefront of a new paradigm of mo-
bility. Building on their experience and heritage ACEM Members are bility. Building on their experience and heritage ACEM Members are
committed to set the highest standards for a sustainable and innovative committed to set the highest standards for a sustainable and innovative
concept of motorcycling.
60
Market and Transport Policy Committee
Craig Carey Clinch
TH TT AN HH KS TO THEIR SPACE S CE CE A SS VING
CHA CH CH RACTERISTICS, P CTERISTICS CTERISTICS TWS WW DO NOT SUFFER
FROM, MM NOR CREA OR CRE OR CRE TE, CO TE TE NGESTION
The ECs White paper on Transport raises
many important questions about mobility
and the future of personal transport. The Motorcycle Industry is in and the future of personal transport. The Motorcycle Industry is in
the ideal position to provide a meaningful contribution to the debate, the ideal position to provide a meaningful contribution to the debate,
through highlighting the opportunities for society that the PTW oers. through highlighting the opportunities for society that the PTW oers.
PTWs provide a practical solution to the problems of trac congestion,
the lack of truly integrated transport policies and underdeveloped
infrastructure (which prevents the proper maximisation of efcient
personal mobility), plus aspects of economic growth and quality of life
in Europe. This challenge is true especially for European cities where
80% of the population will live in 2020.
It is the car drivers most agonizing everyday experience: the search for an
empty parking place. Circling, narrowly missing a spot, outmanoeuvring
other motorists to nally ease into a space. In cities, it is also a vexing
trac problem, with further impacts on society. Drivers cruising for
parking spots generate 30% of all downtown congestion, according
to several estimates. Research found that drivers looking for parking
add considerably to the mileage needed just for the trip they made
to reach their destination. PTWs oer easier access to city centres, and
parking. While some European cities foresee dedicated parking places parking. While some European cities foresee dedicated parking places
for motorcycles (more than 40,000 in Barcelona), other urban areas still for motorcycles (more than 40,000 in Barcelona), other urban areas still
fail to take full advantage of this form of light mobility and should follow fail to take full advantage of this form of light mobility and should follow
these good practices. these good practices.
Cities need ecient transport systems to support their economy and the Cities need ecient transport systems to support their economy and the Cities need ecient transport systems to support their economy and the Cities need ecient transport systems to support their economy and the
welfare of their inhabitants. Around 85% of EU GDP is generated in cities. welfare of their inhabitants. Around 85% of EU GDP is generated in cities. welfare of their inhabitants. Around 85% of EU GDP is generated in cities.
Urban areas face today the challenge of making transport sustainable Urban areas face today the challenge of making transport sustainable Urban areas face today the challenge of making transport sustainable
in environmental (CO2, air pollution, noise) and competitiveness , air pollution, noise) and competitiveness , air pollution, noise) and competitiveness
(congestion) terms while at the same time addressing social concerns. (congestion) terms while at the same time addressing social concerns. (congestion) terms while at the same time addressing social concerns.
Urban mobility is of growing concern to citizens. Nine out of ten EU Urban mobility is of growing concern to citizens. Nine out of ten EU Urban mobility is of growing concern to citizens. Nine out of ten EU
citizens believe that the trafc situation in their area should be improved. citizens believe that the trafc situation in their area should be improved. citizens believe that the trafc situation in their area should be improved.
The choices that people make in the way they travel aect not only The choices that people make in the way they travel aect not only The choices that people make in the way they travel aect not only
future urban development but also the economic well-being of citizens future urban development but also the economic well-being of citizens future urban development but also the economic well-being of citizens
and businesses. In recent years cities have experienced a boom in PTW and businesses. In recent years cities have experienced a boom in PTW and businesses. In recent years cities have experienced a boom in PTW
use with increases of 87% for cities such as Rome and Barcelona. use with increases of 87% for cities such as Rome and Barcelona.
The EU market for PTWs has been particularly dicult since 2008; The EU market for PTWs has been particularly dicult since 2008;
however the Motorcycle industry is in the ideal position to turn many however the Motorcycle industry is in the ideal position to turn many
of these challenges into opportunities. With further optimisation of of these challenges into opportunities. With further optimisation of
internal combustion engine and new propulsion technologies (hybrid, internal combustion engine and new propulsion technologies (hybrid,
electric) already on the market and potentially constituting a signifcant electric) already on the market and potentially constituting a signifcant
segment well ahead of automobiles, as well as with innovative vehicle segment well ahead of automobiles, as well as with innovative vehicle
concepts, the Motorcycle industry could lead the way towards more concepts, the Motorcycle industry could lead the way towards more
responsible vehicle usage in densely populated areas, to the benet of responsible vehicle usage in densely populated areas, to the benet of
society as a whole.
However, this will rely on a regulatory and public policy framework which However, this will rely on a regulatory and public policy framework which
both recognises the role of PTWs in transport and supports industry both recognises the role of PTWs in transport and supports industry
through ensuring a level playing eld with other transport modes in EU through ensuring a level playing eld with other transport modes in EU
regulation and public policy. There is also a need for any legislation to be regulation and public policy. There is also a need for any legislation to be
properly thought through and supported by independent background properly thought through and supported by independent background
research - something which has not often been the case. research - something which has not often been the case.
61
Road Safety Committee
Pascal De Jonge
SA FETY IS ONE OF THE TOP PRIORITIES FOR
THE POWERED TWO-WHEELER I WW NDUSTRY
ACEM members discuss and develop within
the Safety Committee industry positions and the Safety Committee industry positions and
proposals on all safety and vehicle construc proposals on all safety and vehicle construc-
tion related type-approval issues, whether tion related type-approval issues, whether
they are to be introduced in the European Union or at international they are to be introduced in the European Union or at international they are to be introduced in the European Union or at international
level (UNECE). Currently, ACEMs Safety Committee is deeply involved in level (UNECE). Currently, ACEMs Safety Committee is deeply involved in
working with stakeholders on the future EU PTW Regulation, aimed at working with stakeholders on the future EU PTW Regulation, aimed at
simplifying motorcycle technical legislation and introducing new safety simplifying motorcycle technical legislation and introducing new safety
requirements. This new Regulation is expected to be implemented from requirements. This new Regulation is expected to be implemented from
around 2014.
ACEMs Brake Commitment, proposing a 75% target of motorcycles ACEMs Brake Commitment, proposing a 75% target of motorcycles
to be equipped with advanced braking systems by 2015, is one of the to be equipped with advanced braking systems by 2015, is one of the
measures developed with the contribution of this working group. measures developed with the contribution of this working group.
In addition to monitoring and reviewing ongoing European projects In addition to monitoring and reviewing ongoing European projects
that aim to improve the safety situation for motorcyclists, the Safety that aim to improve the safety situation for motorcyclists, the Safety
Committee, together with the ACEM Safety Coordinator, is in charge of Committee, together with the ACEM Safety Coordinator, is in charge of
overseeing ACEMs involvement in some of these projects. One of the overseeing ACEMs involvement in some of these projects. One of the overseeing ACEMs involvement in some of these projects. One of the
most prominent projects in which ACEM was involved in, was eSum, most prominent projects in which ACEM was involved in, was eSum, most prominent projects in which ACEM was involved in, was eSum,
identifying, developing and demonstrating measures designed to de identifying, developing and demonstrating measures designed to de identifying, developing and demonstrating measures designed to de-
liver safer urban motorcycling.
The Road Safety Committee, in close cooperation with the relevant au The Road Safety Committee, in close cooperation with the relevant au The Road Safety Committee, in close cooperation with the relevant au The Road Safety Committee, in close cooperation with the relevant au-
thorities, also supervises and develops the safety initiatives that the PTW thorities, also supervises and develops the safety initiatives that the PTW thorities, also supervises and develops the safety initiatives that the PTW
industry have collectively engaged in, such as creating a mandatory industry have collectively engaged in, such as creating a mandatory industry have collectively engaged in, such as creating a mandatory
scheme for periodical roadworthiness inspection for PTWs, developing scheme for periodical roadworthiness inspection for PTWs, developing scheme for periodical roadworthiness inspection for PTWs, developing
a European standard with safety requirements for non type-approved a European standard with safety requirements for non type-approved
motorcycles used on private terrain, etc.
62
Environment Committee
Bob Mills
PLAYI YY NG OUR PART IN REDUCING EMISSIONS
The ACEM Environment Committee focuses
on a wide-range of subjects relevant to the
PTW industry. Members come from both
manufacturers and national associations,
bringing together a wide range of expertise,
knowledge and experience. knowledge and experience.
The mission of the committee is to develop the industrys environmen The mission of the committee is to develop the industrys environmen-
tal policy, with the overall objective of reducing the environmental im tal policy, with the overall objective of reducing the environmental im-
pact of products and processes. To this end, and throughout 2011, the
committee has worked on practical and eective solutions to emissions
issues raised in the European Commissions proposal COM(2010) 542.
We have brought a wealth of experience and knowledge to the subjects
as a willing and constructive partner to the regulators. As part of this,
fully detailed proposals have been made on emissions durability, evapo-
rative emissions controls and on board diagnostics. Other contributions
include input on energy consumption for traditional, hybrid and pure
electric vehicles, CO2 measurement and, in the name of harmonisation,
our knowledge of international regulation from all over the world.
Other signicant work items have included participation in the comple-
tion of a revised ECE R41 noise regulation and the preparatory work for
other PTW noise regulations in the Geneva forum.
Electric Vehicle Committee
Rgis Biguinet
ACEMM LE LEA LE LE DS THE WA DS THE W DS THE W Y I YY N THE THE DEVELO DEVELO THE THE THE THE PMENT
OF PRE REMMIUM ELECTRIC VEHICLES VEHICLES ELECTRIC ELECTRIC
Electric vehicles will more and more be Electric vehicles will more and more be Electric vehicles will more and more be-
come a common sight in Europes cities due come a common sight in Europes cities due come a common sight in Europes cities due
to growing mobility needs and congestion to growing mobility needs and congestion to growing mobility needs and congestion
challenges. This trend has been stressed by challenges. This trend has been stressed by challenges. This trend has been stressed by
the European Commission in its White Paper on Transport, but regis the European Commission in its White Paper on Transport, but regis the European Commission in its White Paper on Transport, but regis-
tration statistics clearly show that the new e-PTW segment is already a tration statistics clearly show that the new e-PTW segment is already a tration statistics clearly show that the new e-PTW segment is already a
reality.
ACEM Members are leading this process. In 2011 they created a new ACEM Members are leading this process. In 2011 they created a new
committee specically devoted to develop a common sustainable strat committee specically devoted to develop a common sustainable strat-
egy for the deployment of electric PTWs, as part of a comprehensive egy for the deployment of electric PTWs, as part of a comprehensive
long term vision for the sector.
The main objective if this Electric Vehicle Committee is to support the The main objective if this Electric Vehicle Committee is to support the
development of premium, safe electrical L-category vehicles as depend development of premium, safe electrical L-category vehicles as depend-
able and environmentally friendly vehicles throughout their lifecycle. able and environmentally friendly vehicles throughout their lifecycle.
ACEM seeks to establish an international regulatory framework aiming ACEM seeks to establish an international regulatory framework aiming
at facilitating the roll-out of electric PTWs. The priority lies in harmonis at facilitating the roll-out of electric PTWs. The priority lies in harmonis-
ing connectors and charging modes to make the European EV market ing connectors and charging modes to make the European EV market
unique and e-PTWs displacements free through Europe. Standardisa unique and e-PTWs displacements free through Europe. Standardisa-
tion of qualication methods are strongly supported before regulation tion of qualication methods are strongly supported before regulation
and standardisation organisations at UN, EU and member states level. and standardisation organisations at UN, EU and member states level.
ACEM will also provide customers with ample information on EV speci ACEM will also provide customers with ample information on EV speci-
cations in order to help them in their choice. cations in order to help them in their choice.
To safeguard the potential of this promising segment, the jobs related to To safeguard the potential of this promising segment, the jobs related to To safeguard the potential of this promising segment, the jobs related to
it and its contribution to society, ACEM is in the process of developing it and its contribution to society, ACEM is in the process of developing it and its contribution to society, ACEM is in the process of developing
an industry commitment seeking to promote superior quality electric an industry commitment seeking to promote superior quality electric an industry commitment seeking to promote superior quality electric
vehicles manufactured in Europe. vehicles manufactured in Europe.
63
Legal Afairs Committee
Anna Wetcke
PROTECTING THE LEGITIMATE USE OF BRAN BR BR DS
AND PROVIDING LEGA LEG LEG L COUNSEL SEL SEL
Fair and transparent competition is one of
the fundamental principles on which the the fundamental principles on which the
European Union is built. This is why so many European Union is built. This is why so many
eorts are devoted to securing an open and eorts are devoted to securing an open and
equal market for everyone. equal market for everyone.
ACEMs Legal Aairs Committee provides counseling to the PTW indus ACEMs Legal Aairs Committee provides counseling to the PTW indus-
try on specic questions and issues related to legal and regulatory is try on specic questions and issues related to legal and regulatory is-
sues. The Committee provides objective information on the numerous sues. The Committee provides objective information on the numerous
legal aspects relevant to the PTW Industry and has engaged itself in legal aspects relevant to the PTW Industry and has engaged itself in
monitoring legal subjects related to the transport and enterprise sec monitoring legal subjects related to the transport and enterprise sec-
tors. It collects and provides relevant legal information to the members tors. It collects and provides relevant legal information to the members
of ACEM in cooperation with the other ACEM Committees. of ACEM in cooperation with the other ACEM Committees.
Drawing on its experience ACEM is able to design solid and legally sound Drawing on its experience ACEM is able to design solid and legally sound
strategies in defending the position of the industry in the decision mak strategies in defending the position of the industry in the decision mak-
ing process. Decisions of the Coordinating Committee containing legal ing process. Decisions of the Coordinating Committee containing legal
aspects as well as modications to the ACEM statutes are prepared by aspects as well as modications to the ACEM statutes are prepared by
the members of the Legal Aairs Committee. the members of the Legal Aairs Committee.
The Committee also works to protect the legitimate use of brands and The Committee also works to protect the legitimate use of brands and The Committee also works to protect the legitimate use of brands and
fosters the enforcement of intellectual property laws. fosters the enforcement of intellectual property laws. fosters the enforcement of intellectual property laws.
The Legal Aairs Committee is made up of lawyers and other specialists The Legal Aairs Committee is made up of lawyers and other specialists The Legal Aairs Committee is made up of lawyers and other specialists
enabling ACEM to have a permanent input from the daily business and enabling ACEM to have a permanent input from the daily business and enabling ACEM to have a permanent input from the daily business and
priorities of the industry. Thereby ACEM has access to a wealth of exper priorities of the industry. Thereby ACEM has access to a wealth of exper priorities of the industry. Thereby ACEM has access to a wealth of exper-
tise and applied legal experience. tise and applied legal experience. tise and applied legal experience.
The subjects the Legal Afairs Committee currently deals with include The subjects the Legal Afairs Committee currently deals with include The subjects the Legal Afairs Committee currently deals with include
the new Block Exemption Regulation on Vertical Restraints and the the new Block Exemption Regulation on Vertical Restraints and the the new Block Exemption Regulation on Vertical Restraints and the
Regulation on Approval and Market Surveillance for L-category vehicles. Regulation on Approval and Market Surveillance for L-category vehicles. Regulation on Approval and Market Surveillance for L-category vehicles.
64
ACEM Secretariat
The oce of ACEM is based in Brussels, where a sta of 7 persons work The oce of ACEM is based in Brussels, where a sta of 7 persons work
together to coordinate and implement all the activities of the network. together to coordinate and implement all the activities of the network.
The ACEM oce is responsible for supporting the various Committees The ACEM oce is responsible for supporting the various Committees
and Working Groups, for preparing meetings and conferences, and for and Working Groups, for preparing meetings and conferences, and for
providing a range of information and other services to members. providing a range of information and other services to members.
Jacques Compagne
Secretary General
j.compagne@acem.eu
Antonio Perlot
Public Aairs Manager
a.perlot@acem.eu
Filippo Segato
Communications Ocer
f.segato@acem.eu
Veneta Vassileva Veneta Vassileva
Safety Coordinator Safety Coordinator
v.vassileva@acem.eu
Adedoyin Adedipe Adedoyin Adedipe
Marketing Database Operator Marketing Database Operator
a.adelope@acem.eu
Rita Sterckx Rita Sterckx
Financial & Administrative Manager Financial & Administrative Manager
r.sterckx@acem.eu
Hlne Temmerman
Assistant
h.temmerman@acem.eu
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Association des Constructeurs Europens de Motocycles
Avenue de la Joyeuse Entre, 1
1040 Brussels
BELGIUM
Phone : +32 (0)2 230 97 32
Fax : +32 (0)2 230 16 83
Website : www.acem.eu

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