Short-Circuit Calculations

A Handbook to Accompany the

Short-Circuit Calculation Program
From MSHAs Approval and Certifcation Center
y !ayne "# Carey
$anuary %& '(()
Short-Circuit Calculations
Introduction
One of the jobs of the Mine Safety and Health Administrations
(MSHAs) Approval and Certication Center (A!CC) is to approve
electrical e"uipment for under#round mines$ An important part of this
job is to determine if circuit protective devices are si%ed and set
correctly$ Si%in# of circuit protective devices can only be done &hen
ma'imum available short(circuit current is )no&n$ Settin# of the
devices can only be done &hen minimum available short(circuit current
is )no&n$ *he A!CC has a computer pro#ram available throu#h the
MSHA &ebsite (&&&$msha$#ov) to calculate available short(circuit
currents in mine po&er systems$ *his pro#ram+ other pro#rams+ or
hand calculation can be used to perform short(circuit calculations$ Any
method used re"uires specic data on the mine po&er system$ All this
data is converted to resistance and reactance values for each
component in the system$ Impedance can then be calculated and then
minimum and ma'imum available currents$ *his paper describes the
data needed for each type of circuit component and ho& to obtain the
data$ It also describes methods used by the computer pro#ram to
calculate available short(circuit currents$
,tility
*he rst step in analy%in# a po&er system is to #et the data for the
po&er available at the site+ the utility data$ *his data can be obtained
from the po&er company$ -hen callin# the po&er company+ e'plain
the type of information you need and as) for the en#ineerin#
department$ It may be helpful to e'plain &hy you need the
information$
*he po&er company &ill be able to supply this information for the point
in the po&er system &here their responsibility for the po&er system
ends and the customers responsibility starts$ A common location for
this point is the secondary of a pole or pad mounted transformer$ If
the customer is responsible for the transformer+ the transition point
&ould be the primary of the transformer$ Sometimes a pole mounted
disconnect &ill be the transition point$ *he po&er company &ill specify
&here in the system their responsibility ends$
*he data needed is the line to line volta#e (.
//
)+ short(circuit ).A
().A
SC
)+ and 012$ Obtainin# the volta#e is simple enou#h$ Short(
circuit ).A is the po&er available at a bolted three phase fault$ 3olted
means all three phases connected to#ether &ith no added impedance$
4
012 is the ratio of reactance to resistance in the supply$ Short(circuit
).A and 012 may need to be derived from other data$
Short(circuit current (I
SC
) is sometimes supplied by the po&er company
rather than short(circuit ).A$ *his current is the current in one phase
of a three phase bolted fault$ *he short(circuit ).A can be calculated
from the short(circuit current usin# the follo&in# e"uation$
1000
3
LL SC
SC
V I
kVA

(5"$ 6)
If youre not doin# these calculations every day+ it is sometimes hard
to remember &hen to include the s"uare root of three factor$ 7o&er in
a three phase circuit is three times the sin#le phase po&er or three
times the current in one phase times the line to neutral volta#e (.
/8
)$
*he line to neutral volta#e is the line to line volta#e divided by the
s"uare root of three$
1000
3
3
1000
3
1000
3
LL SC LL SC LN SC
SC
V I V I V I
kVA

(5"$ 4)
7o&er factor (79) is sometimes specied instead of 012$ *his must be
the short(circuit po&er factor$ 7o&er factor is dened as the cosine of
the an#le bet&een volta#e and current$ 012 is the tan#ent of this
same an#le$ 012 can be found from po&er factor by ta)in# the tan#ent
of the inverse cosine of the po&er factor$
( ) PF R X
1
cos tan /

(5"$ :)
-hen neither 012 nor po&er factor are specied for the utility+ it is
usually safe to assume the impedance of the utility is all reactance and
012 is innite$ ,nless there are many miles of transmission line+ the
impedance of the utility &ill be mainly reactance in the #enerator$ *his
is all the data needed for the utility$ 9rom this data+ the short(circuit
calculation pro#ram can be used to calculate impedance (;)+ resistance
(2)+ and reactance (0)$ *his data can also be calculated manually$
Impedance is calculated from .
//
and short(circuit ).A$
1000
2

SC
LL
kVA
V
Z
(5"$ <)
2esistance and reactance are then calculated from the impedance
usin# 012$
:
Since=
2 2
R X Z +
(5"$ >)
( )
2
/ 1 R X
Z
R
+

(5"$ >a) And

( ) R X R X /
(5"$ >b)
2esistance and reactance are calculated at the volta#es for the points
in the circuit &here the short(circuit currents are calculated$ 9or
e'ample+ even thou#h the utility volta#e may be ?@ )ilovolts ().)+ if
the short(circuit currents are bein# calculated further do&n the circuit
&here the volta#e is 4<AA volts+ the resistance and reactance &ill be
calculated at 4<AA volts$ *he computer pro#ram initially calculates
resistance and reactance for the utility at the utility volta#e$ As the
pro#ram &or)s do&n throu#h a circuit+ encounterin# transformers+ it
converts the resistance and reactance to the ne& volta#e by
multiplyin# by the ratio of the volta#es s"uared$
2
1
2
2
1 2
V
V
R R (5"$ ?)
-here= 2
4
B resistance at secondary volta#e
2
6
B resistance at primary volta#e
.
4
B secondary volta#e
.
6
B primary volta#e
*his formula is the result of conservation of ener#y$ 5ner#y into the
transformer (.
6
4
12
6
) e"uals ener#y out of the transformer (.
4
4
12
4
)$
*ransformers
*ransformers are specied by output volta#e (.)+ ).A ratin#+ percent
impedance (C;)+ and 012 ratio$ *he 012 ratio is the ratio of reactance
to resistance$ *his information+ &ith the e'ception of 012+ is usually on
the transformer nameplate$ If 012 is not specied on the nameplate+
the transformer manufacturer may be able to supply this$ -hen
contactin# the transformer manufacturer+ it may be helpful to have the
transformer serial number$ If 012 cannot be obtained+ a value of <$@ is
typical and can be used in calculations$ Impedance (;) is calculated
from .+ ).A+ and C;$
000 , 100
%
2

kVA
V Z
Z
Or
VA
V Z
Z
2
*
100
%
(5"$ D)
<
2esistance and reactance are then calculated from ; and 012 as they
&ere for the utility$ A#ain+ these resistances and reactances are for a
short(circuit at the secondary of the transformer$ If the short(circuit is
at a point further do&n the circuit and after another transformer+ the
volta#e at the short(circuit should be used in e"uation D$ Alternatively+
the calculated resistances and reactances can be converted to the ne&
volta#e by multiplyin# by the ratio of the volta#es s"uared$
*hree -indin# *ransformers
*he most common three &indin# transformers used in minin# are
located in under#round po&er centers$ *hey are usually specied li)e
t&o separate transformers &ith no inter&indin# impedance$ *hey can
be modeled as t&o separate transformers$ -hen three &indin#
transformers have separate inter&indin# impedance specied+ it is
usually specied as reactance (0) and resistance (2) in ohms$ *hree
sets of 0 and 2 must be suppliedE primary(secondary (ps)+ primary(
tertiary (pt)+ and secondary(tertiary (st)$ 0
ps
and 2
ps
are measured in
the primary &ith the secondary short(circuited and the tertiary open$
0
pt
and 2
pt
are measured in the primary &ith the tertiary short(circuited
and the secondary open$ 0
st
and 2
st
are measured in the secondary
&ith the tertiary short(circuited and the primary open$ *he three
&indin# transformer is modeled as follo&s$
*he impedances are related by the follo&in# formulas$
s p ps
Z Z Z +
(5"$ Fa)
t p pt
Z Z Z +
(5"$ Fb)
t s st
Z Z Z +
(5"$ Fc)
( )
st pt ps p
Z Z Z Z + 5 . 0
(5"$ Fd)
( )
pt st ps s
Z Z Z Z + * 5 . 0
(5"$ Fe)
( )
ps st pt t
Z Z Z Z + * 5 . 0
(5"$ Ff)
In the e"uations+ all impedances must be referred to a common
volta#e$ 8ote that 0
st
and 2
st
are measured at the secondary volta#e$
If all impedances are to be at the primary volta#e+ 0
st
and 2
st
must be
transferred$
>
Cables
*he minimum data needed for cables is si%e+ len#th+ volta#e ratin#+
and type$ Si%e+ volta#e ratin#+ and type of cables is embossed into the
jac)et$ Si%e and type of aerial cable may be sho&n on a dra&in# or
listed on an invoice$ /en#ths may be measured+ determined from mine
maps+ or paced oG and estimated$ Some cables such as types SHH
and M79 have diGerent constructions for diGerent volta#e ratin#s and
the volta#e ratin# &ill need to be specied$ It &ill be embossed in the
cable jac)et$ It should be noted if more than one cable is used in
parallel$ *he spacin# of conductors of aerial cable &ill aGect
inductance$ *he computer pro#ram uses a default spacin# of three
feet$ If the spacin# is diGerent than three feet+ it should be noted$ *he
computer pro#ram has stored values for resistance and reactance per
thousand feet for most commonly used cable types$ *his data is also
available in cable standards and manufacturers specications$
2esistance is specied at ambient temperature$
Cable operatin# temperature has an eGect on the resistance of a cable$
Most cables have a rated operatin# temperature of @A IC$ Aerial cable
is rated D> IC$ If diGerent operatin# temperature ratin#s are specied+
they should be noted$ *he computer pro#ram uses fully loaded cables
at their rated operatin# temperature to calculate minimum available
currents$ *he cables have hi#her resistances at their rated operatin#
temperature ratin#s than at ambient temperature$ *he resistance at
rated operatin# temperature can be calculated from the resistance at
ambient temperature usin# the follo&in# formula$
( ) [ ]
1 2 1 2
1 T T R R + (5"$ @)
-here= 2
4
B resistance at operatin# temperature
2
6
B resistance at ambient temperature
*
4
B rated operatin# temperature
*
6
B ambient temperature
J B temperature coeKcient of resistivity correspondin#
to temperature *
6
(A$AA:@: for copper at 4A IC)
-hen calculatin# ma'imum available current by hand+ the resistance
of the cable at ambient temperature should be used$ Ho&ever+ the
current that causes the cable to reach its hi#hest temperature may not
be the ma'imum available current$ If the cable is initially at a
temperature bet&een ambient and its rated operatin# temperature
?
and a short(circuit occurs+ it is possible that the cable &ill reach a
hi#her nal temperature at a current lo&er than the ma'imum
available current$ *he current depends on the cables resistance+ but
the resistance depends on the current$ *herefore+ the computer
pro#ram calculates current that causes ma'imum temperature &ith an
initial temperature of ambient and &ith an initial temperature at one
de#ree increments up to the cables rated operatin# temperature$ *his
is one place &here the po&er of the computer really comes in handy$
*he computer pro#ram also uses the subtransient reactance
(discussed belo&) to calculate temperature after one cycle of short(
circuit$ *his temperature is used as the initial temperature alon# &ith
transient reactance in an additional calculation to calculate
temperature at the end of the short(circuit (&hen the circuit protective
device opens)$ *he ma'imum available current calculated in the
computer pro#ram is actually the current that causes ma'imum
temperature$
2eactance of most cables is published by the manufacturer$ *he
reactance in ohms per 6AAA feet of aerial cables &ith one foot spacin#
can be found &ith the follo&in# formula$

,
_

GMR
X
L
1
ln 02298 . 0
(5"$ 6A)
LM2 is the #eometric mean radius in feet$ It can be calculated by
multiplyin# the &ire O$H$ in inches by $A:4<>$
d D e R GMR

03245 . 0 3894 . 0
25 . 0
(5"$ 66)
-here= 2 B &ire radius in feet
H B &ire diameter in feet
d B &ire diameter in inches
*he reactance of aerial cable depends on the spacin# bet&een &ires$
2eactance at spacin#s other than one foot can be calculated &ith the
follo&in# formula$
( )
1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
GMR
spacing
X X
old new
1
ln
ln
1
(5"$ 64)
D
Motors
Motors are a source of short(circuit current$ *hey &ill act li)e
#enerators &hen a short(circuit occurs$ At a minimum+ motors must be
specied by horsepo&er &hich &ill be listed on the motor nameplate$
*heir reactance may also be specied$ Motors have t&o values of
reactance+ subtransient and transient$ Subtransient reactance is the
reactance of the motor durin# the rst cycle of the short(circuit$
*ransient reactance is the reactance of the motor durin# the remainder
of the short(circuit$ *he computer pro#ram supplies typical values of
subtransient and transient reactance for motors$ 2esistance is
considered to be ne#li#ible$ AC motors may be further identied as
induction or synchronous$ Synchronous motors can be ?(pole or F( to
6<(pole$ *he subtransient and transient reactance &ill vary dependin#
on &hether the motor is induction+ ?(pole synchronous+ or F( to 6<(pole
synchronous$ It also varies bet&een induction motors rated less than
or e"ual to ?AA volts and induction motors rated #reater than ?AA
volts$ Induction motors &ill not contribute to a short(circuit after the
rst cycle$ *ypical values of reactance are listed in *able 6
6
$
*ype o+ Motor Subtransient
,eactance -per
unit.
*ransient
,eactance
-per unit.
HC A$6> A$:A
?(pole Synchronous A$6> A$4:
F( to 6<(pole Synchronous A$4A A$:A
Induction M?AA .olts A$4> (
Induction N?AA .olts A$6D (
*able 6
Subtransient and transient reactances are usually #iven in per unit
values$ *he actual value of reactance can be found &ith the follo&in#
formula$
HP
V X
X
P

746
2
(5"$ 6:)
-here= 0
7,
B per unit reactance
. B volta#e
H7 B horsepo&er
Subtransient reactance should be used to calculate ma'imum available
short(circuit current$ Minimum available short(circuit current does not
usually include contributions from motors+ but &hen it does+ transient
F
reactance should be used in the calculation$ A!CC does not include
motor contribution in minimum available short(circuit current$ -hen
addin# impedances &or)in# do&n throu#h a circuit+ the impedance of
a motor should be added in parallel &ith the total impedance up to the
point in the circuit &here the motor contributes$ *his reduces the
impedance at that point$ Addin# impedances in parallel is most easily
done by rst convertin# resistance and reactance to conductance and
susceptance+ addin# the conductances and susceptances+ and
convertin# the conductance and susceptance bac) to resistance and
reactance$ Conductance+ susceptance+ resistance+ and reactance are
related by the follo&in# formulas$
2 2
X R
R
G
+
(5"$ 6<a)
2 2
X R
X
!
+
(5"$ 6<b)
2 2
! G
G
R
+
(5"$ 6<c)
2 2
! G
!
X
+

(5"$6<d)
-here= 2 B resistance
0 B reactance
L B conductance
3 B susceptance
Lenerators
Lenerators are treated just li)e motors$ *hey are specied by ).A+
subtransient reactance+ and transient reactance$ *he ).A &ill be listed
on the #enerator nameplate$ *able 4 lists typical values of reactance
for dc and four types of ac #enerators
4
$ *he four types are t&o(pole
turbine+ four(pole turbine+ salient pole &ith dampers and salient pole
&ithout dampers$
*ype o+ /enerator Subtransient
,eactance -per
unit.
*ransient
,eactance -per
unit.
HC A$6> A$:A
4(7ole *urbine A$A@ A$6>
<(7ole *urbine A$6< A$4:
Salient 7ole &ith Hampers A$4A A$:A
Salient 7ole &ithout
Hampers
A$:A A$:A
*able 4
2eactance is calculated &ith the follo&in# formula$
@
kVA
V X
X
P

1000
2
(5"$ 6>)
-here= 0
7,
B per unit reactance
. B volta#e
).A B )ilovolt(ampere ratin#
Capacitors
Capacitors are specied by ).A2 on their nameplates$ *his is ).A
reactive$ If no tolerance is specied+ 6>C may be used$ Capacitors
&ill feed a short(circuit just li)e motors and #enerators$ *he follo&in#
formula calculates reactance for a capacitor usin# a tolerance of 6>C$
1000
15 . 1
2

kVAR
V
X (5"$ 6?)
-here= . B volta#e
).A2 B )ilovolt(amperes reactive
2ectiers
5Kciency is the only ratin# needed for rectiers$ If no eKciency ratin#
is specied+ @@C can be assumed$ Current throu#h the rectier is
reduced by the factor 5Kciency (C) 1 6AA$
Minimum Available Current
Minimum available current is calculated for a line to line arcin# fault
usin# the follo&in# formula$
MAX
LL
MIN
Z
V
I

2
95 . 0
(5"$ 6D)
-here= .
//
B line to line volta#e
;
MA0
B
ma'imum impedance
*his formula is used for AC and the HC output from a three phase
rectier$ *he factor of A$@> accounts for volta#e Ouctuations$ *he
ma'imum impedance is calculated from the ma'imum resistances and
reactances for all the elements in the circuit$ 9or AC circuits+ the
current is further reduced by multiplyin# by an arcin# fault factor+ P
A
$
*his factor is listed in *able : for various volta#es
:
$
6A
0oltage -0. 1
A
. M <FA A$F>
<FA Q . M
?AA
A$@A
?AA Q . M
6A<A
A$@>
6A<A Q . 6$A
*able :
9or HC circuits the arc volta#e depends on the current$ 9irst+ the
current is calculated &ith 5"uation 6D$ If the calculated current is
#reater than or e"ual to ?AA amperes+ the arc volta#e is ?A volts$ If
the calculated current is less than ?AA amperes+ the arc volta#e is
calculated &ith the follo&in# formula
<
$
( )
1
]
1

303
1842 I
ARC
e V
(5"$ 6F)
-here= I B initially calculated current
*he volta#e is then reduced by the arc volta#e and the available
current is recalculated$
Ma'imum Available Current
Ma'imum available current for AC circuits is calculated for a three(
phase bolted fault usin# the follo&in# e"uation$
MIN
LL
AC MAX
Z
V
I

3
(5"$ 6@)
-here= .
//
B line to line volta#e
;
MI8
B
minimum impedance
Ma'imum available current for HC circuits is calculated for a line to line
bolted fault usin# the follo&in# e"uation$
MIN
LL
DC MAX
Z
V
I

2
(5"$ 4A)
-here= .
//
B line to line volta#e
;
MI8
B
minimum impedance
66
5'ample
A mine is supplied @> M.A of po&er at :<$> ). &ith an 012 ratio of
>$4:$ *he po&er travels 64AA feet throu#h number 4+ ACS2 aerial
cable &ith three(foot spacin# to a substation$ *he substation has a
secondary volta#e of 64$<D ). and is rated 6A M.A &ith ?$AFC
impedance$ *he po&er then travels ?AAA feet throu#h number 41A+ 6>
).+ mine po&er feeder cable to an under#round po&er center$ *he
po&er center has a secondary volta#e of 6A<A volts and is rated 6:>A
).A &ith >$AC impedance$ 7o&er then travels F>A feet throu#h
number 41A+ 4 ).+ shielded trailin# cable to a continuous miner$ If a
short(circuit occurs on the continuous miner at the point &here the
trailin# cable ends+ &hat are the minimum and ma'imum available
short(circuit currentsR
9i#ure 6
64
6$ Startin# at the utility+ calculate the impedance usin# e"uation <$
2emember to use the volta#e at the short(circuit+ 6A<A volts$

0114 . 0
1000 000 , 95
1040
1000
2 2
kVA
V
Z
LL
9rom the impedance and 012 ratio+ nd 0 and 2$
( )

+

+
0021 . 0
23 . 5 1
0114 .
/ 1
2 2
R X
Z
R
( ) 0112 . 0 23 . 5 0021 . 0 / R X R X
4$ 8o&+ nd the reactance and minimum and ma'imum resistance
for the aerial cable$ *he LM2 must rst be found &ith 5"uation
66$ 9rom manufacturers specications+ the O$H$ of number 4+
ACS2 &ire is A$:6? inch$
' 0103 . 0 " 316 . 0 03245 . 0 03245 . 0 d GMR
*he reactance is then found &ith 5"uation 6A$

,
_

,
_

105 . 0
0103 . 0
1
ln 02298 . 0
1
ln 02298 . 0
GMR
X
L
Since this is the impedance for one(foot spacin#+ you must
correct for three(foot spacin# usin# 5"uation 64$
( ) ( )

1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

+ 1304 . 0
0103 . 0
1
ln
3 ln
1 105 . 0
1
ln
ln
1
GMR
spacing
X X
old new
*he reactance of 6AAA feet of number 4+ ACS2 aerial cable is
A$6:A<S$ *he reactance for 64AA feet is 6$4 T A$6:A< B A$6>?>S$
*his needs to be converted from the overhead line volta#e to the
volta#e at the short(circuit$
0001 . 0
5 . 34
04 . 1
1565 . 0
2
2
X
9rom the manufacturers specications+ the resistance of number
4+ ACS2 aerial cable is 6$D>: S per mile at D> IC$ *he resistance
of 64AA feet is A$:@F< S at D> IC$ Multiplyin# by the ratio of the
6:
volta#es s"uared #ives a ma'imum resistance of A$AAA< S$ *o
#et the minimum resistance+ the resistance at D>IC must be
converted to the resistance at 4A IC usin# 5"uation @$
( )

+

+
0003 . 0
55 * 00393 . 0 1
0004 . 0
20 75 1
75
20

R
R
:$ *he ne't component in the system is the substation$ 9irst+ nd
the impedance usin# 5"uation D$

0066 . 0
000 , 100 * 000 , 10
1040 * 08 . 6
000 , 100
%
2 2
kVA
V Z
Z
*he 012 ratio is not specied for the substation$ A value of <$@
can be assumed$ ,sin# this value and the impedance+ nd 0 and
2$
( )

+

+
0013 . 0
9 . 4 1
0066 .
/ 1
2 2
R X
Z
R
( ) 0065 . 0 9 . 4 0013 . 0 / R X R X
<$ 8e't is the ?AAA feet of number 41A+ 6> ).+ mine po&er feeder
cable$ 9rom manufacturers specications+ reactance of 6AAA
feet of this cable is A$A:F S$ *he reactance of ?AAA feet at 6A<A
volts is calculated as follo&s=
0016 . 0
470 , 12
1040
* 038 . * 6
2
2
X
9rom manufacturers specications+ resistance of this cable at
4AIC is A$AD@4 S per 6AAA feet$ 2esistance of ?AAA feet at 6A<A
volts &ould be=
0033 . 0
470 , 12
1040
* 0792 . 0 * 6
2
2
MIN
R
*he ma'imum resistance &ill be at @A IC+ the rated operatin#
temperature of mine po&er feeder cable$
( ) [ ] ( ) + + 0042 . 0 70 * 00393 . 0 1 * 0033 . 0 20 90 1 *
MIN MAX
R R
>$ *he po&er center is the ne't component in the circuit$ 9irst nd
the impedance$
6<

0401 . 0
000 , 100 * 1350
1040 * 5
000 , 100
%
2 2
kVA
V Z
Z
*he 012 ratio is not specied for the substation$ A value of <$@
can be assumed$ ,sin# this value and the impedance+ nd 0 and
2$
( )

+

+
0080 . 0
9 . 4 1
0401 . 0
/ 1
2 2
R X
Z
R
( ) 0393 . 0 9 . 4 0080 . 0 / R X R X
?$ /ast is the F>A feet of number 41A+ 4 ).+ shielded cable$ 9rom
manufacturers specications+ reactance of 6AAA feet of this
cable is A$A:6 S$ *he reactance of F>A feet is A$F> T A$A:6 B
A$A4?< S$ 9rom manufacturers specifications+ resistance of this
cable at 4AIC is A$AF:@ S per 6AAA feet$ *he minimum
resistance (2
MI8
) of F>A feet is A$F> T A$AF:@ B A$AD6: S$ *he
ma'imum resistance is the resistance at the @A IC rated
operatin# temperature of mine po&er feeder cable$
( ) [ ] ( ) + + 0909 . 0 70 * 00393 . 0 1 * 0713 . 0 20 90 1 *
MIN MAX
R R
D$ 8o& that all the resistances and reactances are calculated+ &e
total them and calculate impedances and available currents$
Component Minimum
,esistance
-2.
Ma3imum
,esistance
-2.
,eactance
-2.
,tility A$AA46 A$AA46 A$A664
Aerial Cable A$AAA: A$AAA< A$AAA6
Substation A$AA6: A$AA6: A$AA?>
Mine 7o&er 9eeder
Cable
A$AA:: A$AA<4 A$AA6?
7o&er Center A$AAFA A$AAFA A$A:@:
*railin# Cable A$AD6: A$A@A@ A$A4?<
*otal A$AF?: A$6A?@ A$AF>6
*able <
+ + 1212 . 0 0851 . 0 0863 . 0
2 2 2 2
X R Z
MIN MIN
+ + 1366 . 0 0851 . 0 1069 . 0
2 2 2 2
X R Z
MAX MAX
6>
3436
1366 . 0 * 2
1040 * 95 . 0 * 95 . 0
2
95 . 0

MAX
LL A
MIN
Z
V "
I
Amperes
4954
1212 . 0 * 732 . 1
1040
3

MIN
LL
MAX
Z
V
I
Amperes
Conclusion
Accurate calculations of available short(circuit currents can be made
&ithout a po&er systems speciali%ation in electrical en#ineerin#$
Symmetrical components and the per(unit system can be left for more
advanced analyses$ Hand calculations can still be tedious thou#h$ A
computer pro#ram can ma)e short &or) of the calculations$
6?

2eferences
6$ 2ecommended 7ractice for 5lectric 7o&er Histribution for
Industrial 7lants+ Std$ 6<6(6@D?+ I555+ 6@D?$
4$ 5lectrical *ransmission and Histribution 2eference 3oo)+ 5ast
7ittsbur#h+ 7A+ -estin#house 5lectric Corporation+ 6@?<$
:$ -illiam S$ .ilchec)+ Leor#e 9esa)+ and -illiam U$ Helfrich+
VInstantaneous Circuit 3rea)er Settin#s for the Short(Circuit
7rotection of *hree(7hase <FA(+ ?AA(+ and 6A<A(. *railin#
Cables+W I555 *ransactions on Industry Applications .olume I5(6D
8o$ <+ pp$ :?4(:?F+ I555+ Uuly1Au#ust+ 6@F6$
<$ Leor#e 9esa)+ -illiam S$ .ilchec)+ -illiam U$ Helfrich+ and Havid
C$ Heutsch+ VInstantaneous Circuit 3rea)er Settin#s for the Short(
Circuit 7rotection of Hirect Current :AA( and ?AA(. *railin#
Cables+W I555 *ransactions on Industry Applications .olume I5(6D
8o$ <+ pp$ :?@(:D>+ I555+ Uuly1Au#ust+ 6@F6$
6D