L7

16 JoURNAL, R.A.s. (cnyr,oN).

[Vor,.
XIV.
GENERAL
MEETING.
Colombtt
Mwseu,rn, JulY 13, 1895.
Present :
Mr. P. B6man6,than,
c.n.b., in the Chair.
Mr^ F. C. Roles.
Mr. E. S. W. Send,ihi Rd,j6.
Mr.'W. A. cle Silva.
Dr. W. G. Vandort.
No.
46.-1895.] aNcrnNr rAurrr rrrrER,AruRE.
OI,EANINGS
FROM
ANCIENT
TAMIL
IJITEBAIURE.
By the Hon.
p,
Coourinaswduy.
I.-puRA\tANUBu.
As a contribution to the history of the ancient Tamils
and
their
literature, I have prepared
(I.) a lisi of the poets
whose
otleg
are containeil
in the Pwrun6,nttru,
antd, (II.) a list of
the
persons to whom the ocles were addresseil.
Ih.e Pwrcr,nd,Tp&,rw
is a very interesting
collection
of four
hundrecl short poems
or odes by celebrated
Tamil poets
of
ancient
times. This anthology,*
tradition
says, was
made
by the Sangam of Maclura.
The Sangam was a collego or academy
of literary
men of
eminence established.
by the
prindiya
kings.
Mr. Casie
Chitty observes in the Tamdl
plwtarch..
((these
kings bad
three different Sangams established
in their capital
at three
tlifferent periods,
for the promotion
of literature ........rand
they
macle it
a rulo that evory literary production
shoulcl
be submitted.
to their sena,hts acc{demicus
before it was
allowecl
to circulate in the country.o'
It ft now difficult
to
say when the Sangam was first establishecl,
or to give
the
exact
time it ceased to exist. fn the commentary
written
by
Nakkirar
(a member
of the Sangam in its last days),
forming
the greater
part of the now existing commentary
on Iraiya_
n{r's
1(
AkapporuJ,o'
an account of ihe three Sangams
is
given.
Nakkirar
was a coniemporaryt
of the
Chola king
Karikdla,
who livect prior to the
second contury
of the
Christian
era.f
Accorcling to the ancient authorities
there
,',".^T", ;i"g.f-a:", !: _16,,.
Viraoholiyam,',
Mr. Tam6tarampillai,s
edition
;
'tm
p.
tG
of
-his eCition of
.,
Kalirtokai."
Mr. J. Alexander.
The Hon. P. Coom6,raswr{my.
Mr. C. M. Fernando.
Mr. J. G. L. Ohlmus.
Mi. J. Ilarward and Mr. G. A. Joseph, Ilonorary Secretaries.
Tisitors : one lady ancl ten gentlemen.
Busi'ness.
1. On a motion proposeil by Mr. C. M. Fernando-anil seconcletl by
Mr. G. A. Joseph, Mr. P. Rimand,than took the Chair.
2. Reacl anil confirmeil
Minutes of Meeting helcl on February
1 6, 1895.
3. The Chairman laid on the table a complete
printecl Index to the
Journals ancl Proceedings of the Society, Volulnes I. to XI., comprising
Nos. 1 to 42
(1845-90),-compiled bv Mr. J. F' IM. Gore, and in doing so
stated thal, ii was in conneclion with that work that the compiler had
been matle a Life Member of the Society.
4. The Author read the following Paper :-
,*-D..
Cul,l*el['s
introduction to his
,rGrammar
of the Dravidian
"4guoges,"
seconrl
edition, p. l3l,
.r^i_-"/'-
my
Paper,
"
A llalf-hour with two Ancient Tamil
poets,,,
in the
'uu."ou,
of
the
Royal
Asiatic Society, Ceylon Branch, vol XIII., pp. 1 90_193.
15-95
(l
18 .IoURNAL, R,.A.S. (CEYr,oN).
[Vor''
XIV.
were three* Sangams, known as the first, middle, ancl last'.
Amongst the members of the first Sangam were Agastiya,
l\{udinagarriyar of Muranjiyfr,
and others" And it is saidtti
have lasted 4,440 years, during
the reigns of eighty-nine
Pri,ndiya kings, beginning
rviih l*iysinavaluti and' ending
in the reign of Kadunkon,
rvhen the city of Maclura-not
moclern Maelura, but another in the southernmost
part of
India-was submergecl
in the sea. The number of authors
rvhose works received- tine ittT trimatwr of that Sangam was
4,449, including seven Pandiya kings' The seconcl Sangam
rvas established by the P6ncliya king Veldoccheliyan t
at
Kapd,dapuram, anil ceased to exist rvhen that city, the theu
capital of the Pd,ndiya kings,
rn'as also submergeil in the
sea during the reign of 1\IudattirutnA,ran,
having lasied 3,700
years, uncler fifty-nine different Pandiya kings' Amon
its members were Toikzi,ppiyanir, Karunkoli, Mosi, Kirantai
and others. The works of 3,700 persons, including fi
Prindiya kings, rn'ere acceptect by ihis Sangam. The onl
rvork of impottance of the time of this Sangam rvhich no
exists is the
"
Tolkripiyam," the celebrateil treatise on Tami
grammar. The thirct and last Sangam was established by th
Pri,ndiya king Mutlaitirumd,ran at Maclura (modern Maclura
which was callecl Uttara (Northern) Madurai, to d'istingui
it from Southern ffaclura, which was destroyed by ihe
Amongst its members were Sirumed6,vi, Sentambhritan6r
Kilhr of Perumkunclnir, l\{arutan llandganir, Nallanduvand'r
NakAirar, Para+ar, Kapilar, Iiallddar, Sitialai Sattanar,
others. The works of 449 poets, including three Prindi
were accepteil by this Sangam, which existed for 1
years, cluring the reigns of forty-nine Pd,ndiyas, anil enil
either ln the time of Ugrapperu Valuti or some time
after, that is to say, about the first century of the Christian e
,
r
Cf . preface,
"
Yiracholiyam"
;
also Nakkirar, Nachchin6rkkiniy6'r,
Asiriyappa, inp. 3, footnotb, in Chilappatikd,ram, Uraip-p6'yiram, andotl
t 'Ihe name is so given in Mr, Tam6tarampillai's edition of Irai
AJ<apporul; but in the Asiriyappa above menbionetl it is given
Yenddrchche liyan.
No,
46.-1895.]
arvcrnrvr rAMrrr rrrrERATURE.
19
I am a,rvare that Dr. Caldwell says that the last days of the
thlrd
Snngam, if it ever existed, should be placed in the
thirteenth
century.'3 But I think that those rvho have studie4
the
resuits of Dr. Ilultzsch's researches in South Ind"ian
Archreoiogy,
as well as the ancient Tamil works lvhich have
been
printed since the seconcl eilition of Dr. Caldwell's
Grammar
of the Dravid"ian Languages appeared, will see
ample
reason to doubt the correctness
of the dates assigned
by Dr. Caldvell to ancient Tamil authors ancl kings. I
give. a fet instances in illustration
of his erroneols
conclusiotrs.
I{arikrila, the Chola king, contemporary
of Nakkirar,
according to Dr. Caldwell livecl in the thirteenth century. I
have established that Karikdta livecl prior to the second
century.t
Dr. Caldwell says that Jn6,na Sambanilha,
Appar or
Ti.rniv'kkara$u, and sundara Mrirtti, the three authors of
"Devd,rarn,"
lived inthe time of Sunilara
pdrndiya,
who, he says
reigned at the encl of the thirteenth
century. en these three
authors are mentioned in an inscription
of the time of the
Chola king Rri,ja-r6ja Deva, which states ilrattheirimageswere
worshipped
in a ceriain temple (Sowth fndian fnscrilttions,
vol. II., part II., p. 1b2), ancl Rri,ja-nija Deva's reign began in
1004 of the Christian em (South fndlian fnscti1ttions,
vol. I.,
p. 169).
Mr. P. Sund.aram
pillai,
m.e. ancl
professor
of
Philosophy
at the Mahdr5jri's
Coti"g" at Trivendru*,
O-,
:-ho*"
in his essay
6(On
the Age of Jo,i.ru Sambandha,,
that
Jnlr,na
Sambanclha's
age musi be placed prior to the
seventh
century.
But there is perhaps reason for placing
it.even
earlier,-earlier
than the second century. Those
wtro.are
familiar
with Tamil literature
have reacl of one
:"t,j.U-
miracles
pelformed
by Jnilna Sambanclha,
viz., his
;;;'#.;;
,*
O..
au'U*ell's
introcluction
to his
tTtlo*l."'
second
edition, p. r:il.
,d_ffi
Journal,
Royal Asialic Socieby,
"
Grammar of the
Ceylon Brauch, vol.
Dravidian
XIII., pp-
C2
20 JounNArr'
R.A.$ (cETrroN)'
[Vor"
XIV'
snake-bite. This miracle is mentionecl
in the
('Tiruvilayadat
Purdnam,"* as also by Sekkildr
in
tt
Periyapurinam"'written
in the eleventh century.f
It is mentionetl in two poems' the
"Tiruvantiti"
and
t'Tiruvul6,"
on Jnina Sambandha' by
Nambi AncLi.r Nambi,
who lived in the tenth century ; t
it is
also refeffecl to by Jn6,na sambanclha'S
contemporary, Appar,
as well as by Sunclara Mrirtti, in their
tt
DevArams'" Now
this identical miracle is referrecl to in the chilappatikd,ram, a
poenl of the seconcl century, by Kallaki'{ It may therefore
be that Jneina Sambandha
and his contemporary'
Appar'
liveil prior to the seconcl anil not in the thirteenth century'
I take this opportunity to state that I think I have been
fortunate enough to iclentify the Pzindiyan king who was
reconverted
into Hindriism by Jnd'na Sambandha
from
Jainism, ancl about whom Dr. Caldsrell'g work contains much
erroneous writing-the
learnecl Bishop confouncling
him
with a Sunilara
P6,ndiyan,
tt
Marco Polo's Sender Bandi"' of
the thirteenth century. Mr. Sunilaram
PiIIai has established
that the seventh century is tlne term'inws ad' qwem of the time
of Jnd,na Sambanclha,
and I have shown above that he may
perhaps be placed prior to the second" century' Ilow then
*uo ttt" king whom he converted
have lived' in the thir-
teonth century ? The right name o{ this king was Nedu
*
Yanniyu4L Kinarum lli4kamum Alaitta Bailalam'
f
See
"Age
of Jn6,na Sambandha "; also Arumukha Ni
etlition of th"" p"or"
t'Periyapur6'4am," p' 9; ancl
"-South
Inclian I:
iioos,"
"o1.
I.,
ip.
63, aa. I'or an account of this miracle see
"
Periy
,.,u*;'
1s*d6.ioappillai's
edition), p. 317, v' 473 et seq'
{
See Chilappatik6ram,
Vanjina M5'1ai'
-T}ris
poem was written by
n"Jtfr"" of the Chera king Ser.;kuttuvan in the second century'
.A*j:
;ffi;;htp &h"1
no"*,.""
ctt"ilappatikd'ram itself ,
as well as Ma4imekha'
ArumpaclavuraiAsiriyar, ancl Ailiy6,rkkunall6r;,Clilappat'ik6'ramj:t91
Nachctinirkkiniy6r in his comdentary on Tolk6'ppiyam'
For the age
Kannaki,,Bee -e;a"ks on Se4kuttuvan
(who built a temple
l:"
O:1)'.
uol. XIII., R. A. S., Ceylon :
"*y
?tpu" on
"
Chilappatikdram"'
pp' 81-84
Mr. Ranasi4ha's rape",
"
Whici Gaja B5'hu visited Inclia ? "
p' r44 et se4'
antl
"A
flalf-hour witl two .A'ncient Tamil Poets," p' L90 et seq' Se
No.
46.-1895.]
eNcrnwr rAMrr, LrIERATURE. 2L
Md,ran,
ancl
he is still worshippecl as a saint uncler that
nape.x
Nambi Andri,r Narrrbi mentions him. :
"
The Md,ran,
conqueror
of Nel'uel'i, rvho formerly impaled the Jains whom
Jnd,na
Sambandha
overcalne."t Sundara Mrlrtii sayrlr
"
f am
the
servant
of the d'evotee, the righteous Nedumdran, who
conquered
Neluel'i'"|
The
word Nedumzi,ran is convertible into Neduncheliyan,
as M(iran
and" Cheli,yan have the same signification, Yiz.'
prindiya. Neduncheliyan was a contemporary$ of Karikd,la,
and
was the subject of poems by Nakkirar and M:i,gkudi
Marutandr.ll
The latter calls him,
('O
great king, who
captureal
Nel-in'('n'."\ Nel-in-ttr means, ur Lhe countr\',
,in
of
,
nel, pacldy or rice. Neluel'i means also the country of
Nel,,**
and Nachchinrirkkiniyri,r says that by Nel-in-{tr is
meant Stili,ytcr.ll
And there is only one Pdndiya in Tamil
literature, who is styl e cl the conquero r of N ela eli, ot N el -'in -(t r.
If my conjecture, that the terms Nedumd,ran and Nedun-
cheliyan denote the same Pdndiya king, be correct, then
Jn6na Sambanclha must have lived about the time when
Jesus was born, when the throne of the Cholas was occupied
by Karikrila, a conclusion which is supportecl by the fact
that, juclging
from the Tamil literature of that period, this
was the time when the Jain religion began to lose ground
in Southern Intlia.
Let us come back, however, to Puranrin(tru, Amongst
several collections or anthologies made by the Sangam is
..]","4
uboy:.
q:oi._q
l,
Age of Jn6,na Sambanclha.', Also
periyapur6trraur
lsao.asivappillai's eciition, Marlras, 1884), p. 2*6, v.
g,
and p. 498.
f
Tiruttoldar
Tiruvant6,ti.
I
Tiruttonrlattokai,
$ dfr Tamil
i!
Chilappatik6ram"; alsonote
*
on page 3t, inft,a,
ll
Soth poets
were members of the last Sangam
f
tn" po"^. referrecl to
are Neilunalvd,daijantt
Maduraikk6nji, respectiu-"ty'.
--
![ Macturaikkdnji.
^4x
VeLi
as an affix means d/, or
-country.
(See Winslow,s Tamil-English
urctionary.
uncler
the word
Go,o$.)
tt lfeZ :
Sanskrit,
Srild
:
pad.dy or rice.
also p.36,'inJ'ra.
22 JouRNArr, R.A.s. (cEYr,oN).
[Vor,'
XIY"
one known as Ettuttokai,* or
'(
the Eight Anthologies,"
whereof Purancin(trz is one. An ancient stanza, quoted
boih by Mr. Tam6tarampilleri ancl Mr. Swrimindtha lyer,t
gives the names of the
"
eight anthologies," namely,
$attri4ai,
I(uruntokai, Ainkfrunriru, Padittuppattu'
Paripd,dal, Kalittokai, Akand,niiru, and Purand,nriru. Of these
only two have yet been printed : Kalittokai in 18E7 and
Puran6nriru in 1E94'
ThePurand,ry(tfwlis cited by the great Tamil commentator
Nachchinrl,rkkiniy;i,r in several of his commentaries. In the
commentary onTolktiptlti,yumbe cites it very often. Nachchi-
nrirkkiniyar, according to the author of the Tamit Plwtct'rch,
Iived. prior to the tenth century, Mr. Tam6tarampillai, to
my thinking, more correctly places him before the eighth
century. Parimelalakar, ihe commentator of the Kwral and'
a contemporary of Nach chinrirkkiniyii,r, also cites llne Purand,-
2v&,rw,
and so does Adiydrkkunalirir in his commentary on
Chilappatikaram. Swriminri,tha lyer believes ihat Adiydrk-
kunalld,r liveit prior to Nachchinri,rkkiniyeir, but this is open
to doubt.
Therefore the tradition that this collection Purandn'ir,rt'r'
was mad,e by the Sangam of Madura is well founded.
A series of short Papers und.er the heading
"
Gleaningsfrom
Ancient Tamil Literature," which I shall from time to time
contribute, will,'I venture to think, convince the reader that
all the poets and princes mentioned in the Purand'ntrn'r'
flourished before the end of the second century of the
Christian era. The proposetl Papers will also give an
account of whatever is known of the lives of some of these
poets ancl. their patrons.
*
d/, Kalittokai, p. 16, preface, for the names of all the collections'
f
Mr. C. W, Tam6tarampillai, e.4., r.1., Tamil examiner for the
University of Madras, andeditor of
"
Tolk6piyam," "
Kalittokai''' &c. Mr'
Sw6,min6,iha Iyer, Tamil Pandit at Kumbhak6nam College, eclitor of
"
Pu1an6nriru,"
'(
Chint5,mapi," &o,
f
C/. .lisiriyappa mentioned in p. 18, footnote, which also gives Puran6,-
nrl1u as one of the collections macle by the last Sangam,
No.
46.-1895.] aNcrnlvr rAMrL rrrrERATURE. 23
It will be observed that amongst the names of the poets
sl-Lown
in the annexed. Iists are included twelve princes
ancl
gix poetesses, one of whom was a queen of Maclura
;
antl that
$ome
of tho poets and their patrons have more than one
ilame,
thus creating a certain amount of confusion as to
identity,
but this will disappear by a careful stucly of the
4ifferent
o.des, the circumstances under which they were
$,ritten,
and by a comparison of references in other Tamil
rvorks.
Lrsr I.-Ponrs.
1 Attanvennd,gand,r, of Kallitkaclai, Madura
2 Arlainedun Kalliyr{r
3 Arivudainambi (Pdn{iya)'}
4 AtLiraiyanir of Kallil
J-r Aliyir
{i Aiyyd,tichchiruvenderaiydr
7 Idaikkridanir
8 [rumpidarttalaiyd,r
I Ilankannikkausikand,r, of Madura
10 Ilankiranar, of Poruntil
11 llantirayan, the Tondaim6n
12 llamponva4ikanSr, of Uraiyrir
13 Ilamperuva-luti who
"
died in the sea "
::
1p6,ndiya)
14 Ilavettan6,r, of the Yaniga caste, of Maclura
15 Ilaveyini,
((the
daughter of the Kuravar " f
16 llaveyini,
'i
the daughter of the devil"f
17 Ulochchandr
18 linpotipasunkudaiyir
tr9 Drumaivelijandr
20 Eyitiiyandr, of Pull4trrlr
2L O{aikifdr, of Turaiyur
22 Orampokiydr
23 Orusiraippeyarinair
24 Orrittandr
25 Ordrulavar
.o.
auvaryar
27 Katappillai,
of Karuvdr
28 Kataiyanka44an6,r
^*^
Belonging
to the royal families of the Chera,
[Chola,
or
p6,ndiyas,
some
or rvtom
only were kings.
T Poetesses.
24 JouRNArr, R.a.s. (cEYr,oN).
29 Kandappillai S6ttan6,r, of Karuvrlr
30 Ka{riyan Pfnkundran
31 Kanaikkdl Irumporai (Chera)*
32 Kanakkiyan6r, of l\fadura
33 Ka44ampukuntr4,r6yattanar, of the 6luikku4"i
34 Kaq4an5r, the son of Perunk6linr4,ykan
35 Ka4pandr, of Ti,mappal
36 Ka'f+akandr
37 Kapilar
38 Kayamand,r
39 Karunkulaldtand,r
40 KalS,tialaiy6r
41 Kall{dan6r
42 Kalaitiu Yinaiydr
43 Kivallanir
44 K6,kkaip6,tiniydr Naccennaiy6,r
45 K6makkarlliy6r
46 Kr{vatpenilu (female guard)f
47 KdrikkalrlanS,r, of Kriverippdmpattinam
48 Kil6r, of Kdri
49 Kil6,r of Arisil
50 Kil6r, of i.lattdr
51 Kilar, of Av{rr
52 Kil6r, of klaikkunilrur
53 Kild,r, of Perunkundrdr
54 Kilir, of Kridaldr
55 Kil4r, of Kovrir
56 Kildrr, of M6,nkudi
57 Kil6r, of Yadamotlam
58 Kild,r, of Kulunk6liydr
59 Killivalavan (Chola)*'
60 KiranSr, of Mosi
61 Kiran6,r, the Kuttuvan .
62 Kudapulaviyan6,r
63 KundukalpS,liyritan
'64 Kundrrir Kil6r's son
65 Kumaran6,r, of Vdmpatttr
66 Kuluvaluti, the son of Andar
67 Kulamp6tr6,yan6r
68 Kfkaikkofiydr
69 Kotamanir
70 Kopporuncholan (Chola)*
No.
46.-1895.] eNcrnrr rAMrrr rrrrERATURE.
25
71 Tamilkkrittandr, of Madura
72 TlaYankal\iYir
.73
Tiyanka!|anrir, of Ettrir
74 Tirutt6,man6r
75 Tumbiserkirandr
?6 D6modaran6r, of Vadama Vafrlakan
77 Dhmodaran6r, the medical man of Ulaiyrir
78 Nakkirar, of Madura
79 Nakkiran6r, the son of Kanakk6,yan6r of Madura
80 Nakkandr, of Viriyrir
81 Nanmullaiyar, of All6r
82 Nanndgan6r
83 Nanndgan6r,
'1
the writer on Purattinai
"
84 Nanndgan6r, of Yiricciyrir
.85 Nariverrittalaiydr
86 Nall6tan6r, of Kudavdyil
87 Nallurittiran (Chola)':
88 Nalankilli (Chola)*
89 Nalliraiyan6r
90 NappasaJaiydr, of Mar6kkam
91 N6,gariyar, also called Sangavarunar
92 Ndgand,r, of Yellaikkudi
93 Niyamankild,r, of Nocci
94 Neilunkaluttupparaf ar
95 Neilunpalliyattan6,r
96 Necluncheliyan,
'.
victor in the battle of Talaiydlankinam
(Prindiya)*
97 Nedurlcheliyan,
I(the
conqueror of the Aryas
,'
(pd,ndiya)f
98 Nettimaiydr
99 Pakkud,ukkainankaliy6r
100 Padaimangamalliy6r
l0[ Paranar
102 Pdndaranka+rlanr4r
103 Piri's claughtersf
104 Piramandr
105 Pisir6ntaiy6r
106 Pftappd,ndiyan
.,who
captured Ollaiyur', (P6,ndiya)
107
Pftan6,than6,r, of the Perunsatukkam in Karuvrir
108
Prii;anilan6gandr, of Madura
109
Pr"rtkovalandr,
of Tangal
.
ll0
Pfinkanuttiravar
111
Per6lav6var
112
Perunkadunko,
,,the
author of a poem on Pilai " (Chera),i
-
[Yor,.
XIV"
in Maclura
+
Belonging to the royal families of the Chera, Chola, or P6ndiyas,
of whom only were kings.
t
Poetesses.
".._
Bei-onqinS
to the royal families of the Chera, Chola, or
p6ndiyas,
ooTg
of whom only were kings.
t Poetesses.
26 JouRNAr,, R.A.s. (cEYr,oN).
[Yor,.
XIY-
113 Perumpritand,r
'rthe
author of a poem on Kodai "
114 Perundevan6,r,
('the
author of Bhd,ratam"
115 Perunkoppenc.lu, wife of Pdtapp6,ncliyaisf
116 Periya Slittan6r, of Yadamava4r.rakkan
117 Perum S1rttan6,r, of Va{ava4qa-akkan
I l8 Perum Sitbiranar
119 Perumpadumanir
120 P6reyinmuruval6.r
121 Pottivir
122 Ponmudiydr
123 Poykaiyir
124 Maduv6l6sin
125 Marutanilan6ganir, of tr{ailura
126 Mallan6,r, the son of Alakkavjnil6r, of Maclura
127 1\I6kkrjiai (Chera ?)t3
128 Mrlitimdtirattandr
129 Mitpittiyd,r
130 M6,clalan MaduraikkumS,ranir, of KolS,ttu Ericcalur
131 Md,rkkanileyar
,
132 M6,s6ttand,r, of A{uturai
133 Mfsd,ttanar, of Okk/rr
134 M6,sittiy6r, of Okk6r
135 Mudukalnan Sd,ttanSr, of Ulaiyirr
136 Mudukfrttandr, of Uraiyfr
137 Mudavandr, of Aiyirr
138 Mudamosiyd,r, of Enicceri in Ulaiyrir
139 Muclindgar6,yar, of Muranciyrlr
140 Mrilankildr, of Avrir
14l YadanedunLattan6r
1 42 Yanparanar
143 Vangan6r
144 Vdnmfkiyar
145 Viraiveliyandr
146 Yennikkuyattiyr{,r
1-17 Yellaimilar
l{B Vellerukkilaiyrlr
149 S6ttan6r
'(
of the big head "
150 Sd,ttandr
('of
the ulcered heacl "
15L Sd,ttan6r, of Mosi
152 Sd.ttantaiy/rr
153 Siruvencleraiy6,r
154 Sirukaruntumbiy6r, of Mukaiyalfr in Chola territory
*
Belonging to the royal families of the Chera, Chola or P6,ndiyaq some"
of wbom only were kings,
f Poetesses.
No.
46.-1895.]
encrnr*n rAurr, r,rrERAruRE. 2'{
Irrsr' trf.-P,rrnous.
'l
Akutai
2 Anii
3 Antuvansd,ttan
4 Antuvankiran
5 Antuvan Seralirumporai (Chera)
6 Arivudainambi (Pdndiya)
7 Aruvantai aftias Sentan, the chief of Ambar
R Atanalisi
I Atanungan
l0 intai
11 I'Y
12 Ilankantirakko
l3 Ilankumanan
14 llanchetchenni,
{tof
Neytalanklrnal fame " (Choia)
15 llanchetchenni,
((conqueror
of Seruppdli " (Chola)
16 Ilanchelchenni,
('of
Neytalank6nal fame, conqueror of Cher6s,
Pimuhir "
(Chola)
17 Ilantattan
18 Iiaviccikko
1!) IlaveLimin
20 lrunkovel
21 Iyakkan
22 Ugrapperuvaluti
"
conqueror
(Pd,ndiya)
of the fortress K6,napp6r
23 Uruvappahrer Ifanchetchenni (Chola, father of Karikila)
il{ Enridi Tirukkilli
1j Eiiniyitan, of Vittiru
26
9lini,
the AtiyamAn
27 Eraikk6n
28 6vvi
29 Olv6t Kopperum Seral lrumporai (Chera)
30 Oymin Nalliyakk6drln
;31 Oym6n Nalliydiin
3! Oymdn Villiydirln
33 Ori
34 Kadiyaneclu vettuvan
35 Karlunkov iiiy 6,tdn ( Chola)
36. Kalrlraki, wife of Pekan
37 Kapilar
38
Karikd,la
39 Karumban{rrki}dn
40 Karunkai olv6i Perum Peyarvaluti (P6ndiya)
'11
Kriri, ihe Malayam6,n
42 K6riy6t| the son of the ohief of Malli
28 .IouRNAr,, n.a.s. (cEYLoN).
[Vor,.
Xl\r.
43 Killivalavan
44 Kirans6ttan (P6ndiya)
45 Kuttuvankotai (Chera)
46 Kudakko Seralirumporai (Chera)
47 Kolk6nankild,n
48 Kopperuncholan (ChoJa)
49 Kumalan
50 fantumiran
51 Tarumaputtiran
52 Tdman, chief of T6ndrj
53 Tittan (Chola)
54 Tirumudikkiri
55 Tervanmalaiyan
56 Tondaimd
57 T6yanm6,ran, chief of Irantrlr
58 Nannan
59 Nanm6ran
(P6ndiya)
60 Nanmd,ran (Pdndiya)
61 Nambineduncheliyan (Pindiya)
62 Nalankillichelchanni (Chola)
63 Nalankilli (Chola)
64 Nalli
65 Nallurittiran (Chola)
66 N6gan, chief of N6lai
67 Nedunkilli
68 Neduncheliyan (P6ndiya)
69 Neduvel6t6,n
.
70 Palnan, chief of Yall6r
71. Pa4nan, chief of Sirukudi
72 Palayan
73 P6ri
74 Pittankot{ran
75 Pekan
76 Perunatkilli (Chola)
?7 Perunkadunko,
((author
of a poem on PSlai
"
(Chera)
78 Perunchottucliyan Seral6tan (Chera)
79 Perumsd,ttatr, son of the chief of Ollaiyrir
80 Perumsr4,ttan, son of the chief of Pidavtr
81 Perunaseralirumporai (Chera)
82 Peruvaluti (P6,ndiya)
83 Pokut Elini
84 Poraiydttrukil6n
85 P6rvaikkopperuna{kil}i (Cho}a)
86 Malayamdn's sons
87 Mallan, of Mukkdvaln6ttu Amrir
88 Marutand,r, of llanku{i
No.
46.-1895.]
encrnpr raMrr/ rrrrERATURE.
89
Mdntaram
Seralirumporai (Chera)
90
Md,ranvaluii
(Pd,ndiYa)
il
Mivalattdn
(Chola)
U2
Mdvenko
(Chera)
93
Muilukutlumbipperuvaluti
(P6ndiya)
94
Muc.liitalaikkopperunatkilli (Chola)
95
Mrlvan
96
Ya{imbalambanindra Pr{,ndiyan (P6ncliya)
97
Vanjan
(Chera)
98
Yalluvan, of N6iyil
99
Vichchikk6n
100
Vi44antdYan
101
VenkaimS.rpan
102 Senkalldn (Chola)
103 Serald,tan (Chera)
104 Soliya Enddi Tirukkuttuvan
105 Soliya En6di Tirukkar,rlan
II.*Krua SEATKUTTUvAN
o; THE CHERA DvNASTv.
OF the Chera kings of olclen times,
Se4kuttuvan
may be
rirnked
among tho most famous, not only by reason
of his
own greatness,
but also as tho grandson
of the great
Chola
king
l(arikriLla,
and., what is interesting
to all Tamil
scholaI,s,
as
the
brother of one of the most esteemeal of Tamil poets.
I shall
endeavour to gather
together \vhatever is said. of
Segkuttuvan
in Tamil literature.
The
Chera kiigdom extendecl on the north to
palani
(the
rvell-known
sanitarium near Mad"ura), on the east to Tenkri,si,
ou
the
south to tho sea, and on the west to K6likk6clu
(Calicut),
and inclucled" within its limits mod.ern Travancore-
Its
capital
was Yaffji. The inhabitants
of this kingdom
were
in
those
clays
both warlike anal enterprising, presenting
a
siriking
contrast
to their clegenerate descendants.
Their
Ianguage
then
was Tamil.
,.
S_e+kuttuvan's
father was Seral6,tan,
who was called
Kutlakko
Neclun
Seralatan and.
perum
Seraldtan.
Ife, too.
29,
28 .IouRNAr,, n.a.s. (cEYLoN).
[Vor,.
Xl\r.
43 Killivalavan
44 Kirans6ttan (P6ndiya)
45 Kuttuvankotai (Chera)
46 Kudakko Seralirumporai (Chera)
47 Kolk6nankild,n
48 Kopperuncholan (ChoJa)
49 Kumalan
50 fantumiran
51 Tarumaputtiran
52 Tdman, chief of T6ndrj
53 Tittan (Chola)
54 Tirumudikkiri
55 Tervanmalaiyan
56 Tondaimd
57 T6yanm6,ran, chief of Irantrlr
58 Nannan
59 Nanm6ran
(P6ndiya)
60 Nanmd,ran (Pdndiya)
61 Nambineduncheliyan (Pindiya)
62 Nalankillichelchanni (Chola)
63 Nalankilli (Chola)
64 Nalli
65 Nallurittiran (Chola)
66 N6gan, chief of N6lai
67 Nedunkilli
68 Neduncheliyan (P6ndiya)
69 Neduvel6t6,n
.
70 Palnan, chief of Yall6r
71. Pa4nan, chief of Sirukudi
72 Palayan
73 P6ri
74 Pittankot{ran
75 Pekan
76 Perunatkilli (Chola)
?7 Perunkadunko,
((author
of a poem on PSlai
"
(Chera)
78 Perunchottucliyan Seral6tan (Chera)
79 Perumsd,ttatr, son of the chief of Ollaiyrir
80 Perumsr4,ttan, son of the chief of Pidavtr
81 Perunaseralirumporai (Chera)
82 Peruvaluti (P6,ndiya)
83 Pokut Elini
84 Poraiydttrukil6n
85 P6rvaikkopperuna{kil}i (Cho}a)
86 Malayamdn's sons
87 Mallan, of Mukkdvaln6ttu Amrir
88 Marutand,r, of llanku{i
No.
46.-1895.]
encrnpr raMrr/ rrrrERATURE.
89
Mdntaram
Seralirumporai (Chera)
90
Md,ranvaluii
(Pd,ndiYa)
il
Mivalattdn
(Chola)
U2
Mdvenko
(Chera)
93
Muilukutlumbipperuvaluti
(P6ndiya)
94
Muc.liitalaikkopperunatkilli (Chola)
95
Mrlvan
96
Ya{imbalambanindra Pr{,ndiyan (P6ncliya)
97
Vanjan
(Chera)
98
Yalluvan, of N6iyil
99
Vichchikk6n
100
Vi44antdYan
101
VenkaimS.rpan
102 Senkalldn (Chola)
103 Serald,tan (Chera)
104 Soliya Enddi Tirukkuttuvan
105 Soliya En6di Tirukkar,rlan
II.*Krua SEATKUTTUvAN
o; THE CHERA DvNASTv.
OF the Chera kings of olclen times,
Se4kuttuvan
may be
rirnked
among tho most famous, not only by reason
of his
own greatness,
but also as tho grandson
of the great
Chola
king
l(arikriLla,
and., what is interesting
to all Tamil
scholaI,s,
as
the
brother of one of the most esteemeal of Tamil poets.
I shall
endeavour to gather
together \vhatever is said. of
Segkuttuvan
in Tamil literature.
The
Chera kiigdom extendecl on the north to
palani
(the
rvell-known
sanitarium near Mad"ura), on the east to Tenkri,si,
ou
the
south to tho sea, and on the west to K6likk6clu
(Calicut),
and inclucled" within its limits mod.ern Travancore-
Its
capital
was Yaffji. The inhabitants
of this kingdom
were
in
those
clays
both warlike anal enterprising, presenting
a
siriking
contrast
to their clegenerate descendants.
Their
Ianguage
then
was Tamil.
,.
S_e+kuttuvan's
father was Seral6,tan,
who was called
Kutlakko
Neclun
Seralatan and.
perum
Seraldtan.
Ife, too.
29,