Article 1156. An obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do or not to do.

(n)
Article 1157. Obligations arise from:
(1) Law;
() !ontracts;
(") #uasi$contracts;
(%) Acts or omissions &unis'ed by law; and
(() #uasi$delicts. (1)*+a)
Article 1158. Obligations derived from law are not &resumed. Only t'ose e,&ressly determined in t'is
!ode or in s&ecial laws are demandable, and s'all be regulated by t'e &rece&ts of t'e law w'ic'
establis'es t'em; and as to w'at 'as not been foreseen, by t'e &rovisions of t'is -oo.. (1)+))
Article 1159. Obligations arising from contracts 'ave t'e force of law between t'e contracting &arties and
s'ould be com&lied wit' in good fait'. (1)+1a)
Article 1160. Obligations derived from /uasi$contracts s'all be subject to t'e &rovisions of !'a&ter 1,
0itle 1233, of t'is -oo.. (n)
Article 1161. !ivil obligations arising from criminal offenses s'all be governed by t'e &enal laws, subject
to t'e &rovisions of article 144, and of t'e &ertinent &rovisions of !'a&ter , 5reliminary 0itle, on 6uman
7elations, and of 0itle 12333 of t'is -oo., regulating damages. (1)+a)
Article 1162. Obligations derived from /uasi$delicts s'all be governed by t'e &rovisions of !'a&ter ,
0itle 1233 of t'is -oo., and by s&ecial laws. (1)+"a)
CHAPTER 2
Nature and Effect of Oli!ation"
Article 116#. 8very &erson obliged to give somet'ing is also obliged to ta.e care of it wit' t'e &ro&er
diligence of a good fat'er of a family, unless t'e law or t'e sti&ulation of t'e &arties re/uires anot'er
standard of care. (1)+%a)
Article 116$. 0'e creditor 'as a rig't to t'e fruits of t'e t'ing from t'e time t'e obligation to deliver it
arises. 6owever, 'e s'all ac/uire no real rig't over it until t'e same 'as been delivered to 'im. (1)+()
Article 1165. 9'en w'at is to be delivered is a determinate t'ing, t'e creditor, in addition to t'e rig't
granted 'im by article 114), may com&el t'e debtor to ma.e t'e delivery.
3f t'e t'ing is indeterminate or generic, 'e may as. t'at t'e obligation be com&lied wit' at t'e e,&ense of
t'e debtor.
3f t'e obligor delays, or 'as &romised to deliver t'e same t'ing to two or more &ersons w'o do not 'ave
t'e same interest, 'e s'all be res&onsible for any fortuitous event until 'e 'as effected t'e delivery. (1)+:)
Article 1166. 0'e obligation to give a determinate t'ing includes t'at of delivering all its accessions and
accessories, even t'oug' t'ey may not 'ave been mentioned. (1)+4a)
Article 1167. 3f a &erson obliged to do somet'ing fails to do it, t'e same s'all be e,ecuted at 'is cost.
0'is same rule s'all be observed if 'e does it in contravention of t'e tenor of t'e obligation. ;urt'ermore,
it may be decreed t'at w'at 'as been &oorly done be undone. (1)+*)
Article 1168. 9'en t'e obligation consists in not doing, and t'e obligor does w'at 'as been forbidden
'im, it s'all also be undone at 'is e,&ense. (1)++a)
Article 1169. 0'ose obliged to deliver or to do somet'ing incur in delay from t'e time t'e obligee
judicially or e,trajudicially demands from t'em t'e fulfillment of t'eir obligation.
6owever, t'e demand by t'e creditor s'all not be necessary in order t'at delay may e,ist:
(1) 9'en t'e obligation or t'e law e,&ressly so declare; or
() 9'en from t'e nature and t'e circumstances of t'e obligation it a&&ears t'at t'e designation
of t'e time w'en t'e t'ing is to be delivered or t'e service is to be rendered was a controlling
motive for t'e establis'ment of t'e contract; or
(") 9'en demand would be useless, as w'en t'e obligor 'as rendered it beyond 'is &ower to
&erform.
3n reci&rocal obligations, neit'er &arty incurs in delay if t'e ot'er does not com&ly or is not ready to
com&ly in a &ro&er manner wit' w'at is incumbent u&on 'im. ;rom t'e moment one of t'e &arties fulfills
'is obligation, delay by t'e ot'er begins. (11))a)
Article 1170. 0'ose w'o in t'e &erformance of t'eir obligations are guilty of fraud, negligence, or delay,
and t'ose w'o in any manner contravene t'e tenor t'ereof, are liable for damages. (11)1)
Article 1171. 7es&onsibility arising from fraud is demandable in all obligations. Any waiver of an action
for future fraud is void. (11)a)
Article 1172. 7es&onsibility arising from negligence in t'e &erformance of every .ind of obligation is also
demandable, but suc' liability may be regulated by t'e courts, according to t'e circumstances. (11)")
Article 117#. 0'e fault or negligence of t'e obligor consists in t'e omission of t'at diligence w'ic' is
re/uired by t'e nature of t'e obligation and corres&onds wit' t'e circumstances of t'e &ersons, of t'e time
and of t'e &lace. 9'en negligence s'ows bad fait', t'e &rovisions of articles 1141 and )1, &aragra&' ,
s'all a&&ly.
3f t'e law or contract does not state t'e diligence w'ic' is to be observed in t'e &erformance, t'at w'ic' is
e,&ected of a good fat'er of a family s'all be re/uired. (11)%a)
Article 117$. 8,ce&t in cases e,&ressly s&ecified by t'e law, or w'en it is ot'erwise declared by
sti&ulation, or w'en t'e nature of t'e obligation re/uires t'e assum&tion of ris., no &erson s'all be
res&onsible for t'ose events w'ic' could not be foreseen, or w'ic', t'oug' foreseen, were inevitable.
(11)(a)
Article 1175. <surious transactions s'all be governed by s&ecial laws. (n)
Article 1176. 0'e recei&t of t'e &rinci&al by t'e creditor wit'out reservation wit' res&ect to t'e interest,
s'all give rise to t'e &resum&tion t'at said interest 'as been &aid.
0'e recei&t of a later installment of a debt wit'out reservation as to &rior installments, s'all li.ewise raise
t'e &resum&tion t'at suc' installments 'ave been &aid. (111)a)
Article 1177. 0'e creditors, after 'aving &ursued t'e &ro&erty in &ossession of t'e debtor to satisfy t'eir
claims, may e,ercise all t'e rig'ts and bring all t'e actions of t'e latter for t'e same &ur&ose, save t'ose
w'ic' are in'erent in 'is &erson; t'ey may also im&ugn t'e acts w'ic' t'e debtor may 'ave done to
defraud t'em. (1111)
Article 1178. =ubject to t'e laws, all rig'ts ac/uired in virtue of an obligation are transmissible, if t'ere
'as been no sti&ulation to t'e contrary. (111)
CHAPTER#
%ifferent &ind" of Oli!ation"
'ECT(ON1
Pure and Conditional Oli!ation"
Article 1179. 8very obligation w'ose &erformance does not de&end u&on a future or uncertain event, or
u&on a &ast event un.nown to t'e &arties, is demandable at once.
8very obligation w'ic' contains a resolutory condition s'all also be demandable, wit'out &rejudice to t'e
effects of t'e 'a&&ening of t'e event. (111")
Article 1180. 9'en t'e debtor binds 'imself to &ay w'en 'is means &ermit 'im to do so, t'e obligation
s'all be deemed to be one wit' a &eriod, subject to t'e &rovisions of article 11+4. (n)
Article 1181. 3n conditional obligations, t'e ac/uisition of rig'ts, as well as t'e e,tinguis'ment or loss of
t'ose already ac/uired, s'all de&end u&on t'e 'a&&ening of t'e event w'ic' constitutes t'e condition.
(111%)
Article 1182. 9'en t'e fulfillment of t'e condition de&ends u&on t'e sole will of t'e debtor, t'e
conditional obligation s'all be void. 3f it de&ends u&on c'ance or u&on t'e will of a t'ird &erson, t'e
obligation s'all ta.e effect in conformity wit' t'e &rovisions of t'is !ode. (111()
Article 118#. 3m&ossible conditions, t'ose contrary to good customs or &ublic &olicy and t'ose &ro'ibited
by law s'all annul t'e obligation w'ic' de&ends u&on t'em. 3f t'e obligation is divisible, t'at &art t'ereof
w'ic' is not affected by t'e im&ossible or unlawful condition s'all be valid.
0'e condition not to do an im&ossible t'ing s'all be considered as not 'aving been agreed u&on. (111:a)
Article 118$. 0'e condition t'at some event 'a&&en at a determinate time s'all e,tinguis' t'e obligation
as soon as t'e time e,&ires or if it 'as become indubitable t'at t'e event will not ta.e &lace. (1114)
Article 1185. 0'e condition t'at some event will not 'a&&en at a determinate time s'all render t'e
obligation effective from t'e moment t'e time indicated 'as ela&sed, or if it 'as become evident t'at t'e
event cannot occur.
3f no time 'as been fi,ed, t'e condition s'all be deemed fulfilled at suc' time as may 'ave &robably been
contem&lated, bearing in mind t'e nature of t'e obligation. (111*)
Article 1186. 0'e condition s'all be deemed fulfilled w'en t'e obligor voluntarily &revents its fulfillment.
(111+)
Article 1187. 0'e effects of a conditional obligation to give, once t'e condition 'as been fulfilled, s'all
retroact to t'e day of t'e constitution of t'e obligation. >evert'eless, w'en t'e obligation im&oses
reci&rocal &restations u&on t'e &arties, t'e fruits and interests during t'e &endency of t'e condition s'all
be deemed to 'ave been mutually com&ensated. 3f t'e obligation is unilateral, t'e debtor s'all a&&ro&riate
t'e fruits and interests received, unless from t'e nature and circumstances of t'e obligation it s'ould be
inferred t'at t'e intention of t'e &erson constituting t'e same was different.
3n obligations to do and not to do, t'e courts s'all determine, in eac' case, t'e retroactive effect of t'e
condition t'at 'as been com&lied wit'. (11))
Article 1188. 0'e creditor may, before t'e fulfillment of t'e condition, bring t'e a&&ro&riate actions for
t'e &reservation of 'is rig't.
0'e debtor may recover w'at during t'e same time 'e 'as &aid by mista.e in case of a sus&ensive
condition. (111a)
Article 1189. 9'en t'e conditions 'ave been im&osed wit' t'e intention of sus&ending t'e efficacy of an
obligation to give, t'e following rules s'all be observed in case of t'e im&rovement, loss or deterioration
of t'e t'ing during t'e &endency of t'e condition:
(1) 3f t'e t'ing is lost wit'out t'e fault of t'e debtor, t'e obligation s'all be e,tinguis'ed;
() 3f t'e t'ing is lost t'roug' t'e fault of t'e debtor, 'e s'all be obliged to &ay damages; it is
understood t'at t'e t'ing is lost w'en it &eris'es, or goes out of commerce, or disa&&ears in suc'
a way t'at its e,istence is un.nown or it cannot be recovered;
(") 9'en t'e t'ing deteriorates wit'out t'e fault of t'e debtor, t'e im&airment is to be borne by
t'e creditor;
(%) 3f it deteriorates t'roug' t'e fault of t'e debtor, t'e creditor may c'oose between t'e
rescission of t'e obligation and its fulfillment, wit' indemnity for damages in eit'er case;
(() 3f t'e t'ing is im&roved by its nature, or by time, t'e im&rovement s'all inure to t'e benefit of
t'e creditor;
(:) 3f it is im&roved at t'e e,&ense of t'e debtor, 'e s'all 'ave no ot'er rig't t'an t'at granted to
t'e usufructuary. (11)
Article 1190. 9'en t'e conditions 'ave for t'eir &ur&ose t'e e,tinguis'ment of an obligation to give, t'e
&arties, u&on t'e fulfillment of said conditions, s'all return to eac' ot'er w'at t'ey 'ave received.
3n case of t'e loss, deterioration or im&rovement of t'e t'ing, t'e &rovisions w'ic', wit' res&ect to t'e
debtor, are laid down in t'e &receding article s'all be a&&lied to t'e &arty w'o is bound to return.
As for t'e obligations to do and not to do, t'e &rovisions of t'e second &aragra&' of article 11*4 s'all be
observed as regards t'e effect of t'e e,tinguis'ment of t'e obligation. (11")
Article 1191. 0'e &ower to rescind obligations is im&lied in reci&rocal ones, in case one of t'e obligors
s'ould not com&ly wit' w'at is incumbent u&on 'im.
0'e injured &arty may c'oose between t'e fulfillment and t'e rescission of t'e obligation, wit' t'e
&ayment of damages in eit'er case. 6e may also see. rescission, even after 'e 'as c'osen fulfillment, if
t'e latter s'ould become im&ossible.
0'e court s'all decree t'e rescission claimed, unless t'ere be just cause aut'ori?ing t'e fi,ing of a &eriod.
0'is is understood to be wit'out &rejudice to t'e rig'ts of t'ird &ersons w'o 'ave ac/uired t'e t'ing, in
accordance wit' articles 1"*( and 1"** and t'e @ortgage Law. (11%)
Article 1192. 3n case bot' &arties 'ave committed a breac' of t'e obligation, t'e liability of t'e first
infractor s'all be e/uitably tem&ered by t'e courts. 3f it cannot be determined w'ic' of t'e &arties first
violated t'e contract, t'e same s'all be deemed e,tinguis'ed, and eac' s'all bear 'is own damages. (n)
'ECT(ON 2
Oli!ation" )it* a Period
Article 119#. Obligations for w'ose fulfillment a day certain 'as been fi,ed, s'all be demandable only
w'en t'at day comes.
Obligations wit' a resolutory &eriod ta.e effect at once, but terminate u&on arrival of t'e day certain.
A day certain is understood to be t'at w'ic' must necessarily come, alt'oug' it may not be .nown w'en.
3f t'e uncertainty consists in w'et'er t'e day will come or not, t'e obligation is conditional, and it s'all be
regulated by t'e rules of t'e &receding =ection. (11(a)
Article 119$. 3n case of loss, deterioration or im&rovement of t'e t'ing before t'e arrival of t'e day
certain, t'e rules in article 11*+ s'all be observed. (n)
Article 1195. Anyt'ing &aid or delivered before t'e arrival of t'e &eriod, t'e obligor being unaware of t'e
&eriod or believing t'at t'e obligation 'as become due and demandable, may be recovered, wit' t'e fruits
and interests. (11:a)
Article 1196. 9'enever in an obligation a &eriod is designated, it is &resumed to 'ave been establis'ed for
t'e benefit of bot' t'e creditor and t'e debtor, unless from t'e tenor of t'e same or ot'er circumstances it
s'ould a&&ear t'at t'e &eriod 'as been establis'ed in favor of one or of t'e ot'er. (114)
Article 1197. 3f t'e obligation does not fi, a &eriod, but from its nature and t'e circumstances it can be
inferred t'at a &eriod was intended, t'e courts may fi, t'e duration t'ereof.
0'e courts s'all also fi, t'e duration of t'e &eriod w'en it de&ends u&on t'e will of t'e debtor.
3n every case, t'e courts s'all determine suc' &eriod as may under t'e circumstances 'ave been &robably
contem&lated by t'e &arties. Once fi,ed by t'e courts, t'e &eriod cannot be c'anged by t'em. (11*a)
Article 1198. 0'e debtor s'all lose every rig't to ma.e use of t'e &eriod:
(1) 9'en after t'e obligation 'as been contracted, 'e becomes insolvent, unless 'e gives a
guaranty or security for t'e debt;
() 9'en 'e does not furnis' to t'e creditor t'e guaranties or securities w'ic' 'e 'as &romised;
(") 9'en by 'is own acts 'e 'as im&aired said guaranties or securities after t'eir establis'ment,
and w'en t'roug' a fortuitous event t'ey disa&&ear, unless 'e immediately gives new ones
e/ually satisfactory;
(%) 9'en t'e debtor violates any underta.ing, in consideration of w'ic' t'e creditor agreed to t'e
&eriod;
(() 9'en t'e debtor attem&ts to abscond. (11+a)
'ECT(ON #
Alternati+e Oli!ation"
ART(C,E 1199. A &erson alternatively bound by different &restations s'all com&letely &erform one of
t'em.
0'e creditor cannot be com&elled to receive &art of one and &art of t'e ot'er underta.ing. (11"1)
Article 1200. 0'e rig't of c'oice belongs to t'e debtor, unless it 'as been e,&ressly granted to t'e creditor.
0'e debtor s'all 'ave no rig't to c'oose t'ose &restations w'ic' are im&ossible, unlawful or w'ic' could
not 'ave been t'e object of t'e obligation. (11")
Article 1201. 0'e c'oice s'all &roduce no effect e,ce&t from t'e time it 'as been communicated. (11"")
Article 1202. 0'e debtor s'all lose t'e rig't of c'oice w'en among t'e &restations w'ereby 'e is
alternatively bound, only one is &racticable. (11"%)
Article 120#. 3f t'roug' t'e creditorAs acts t'e debtor cannot ma.e a c'oice according to t'e terms of t'e
obligation, t'e latter may rescind t'e contract wit' damages. (n)
Article 120$. 0'e creditor s'all 'ave a rig't to indemnity for damages w'en, t'roug' t'e fault of t'e
debtor, all t'e t'ings w'ic' are alternatively t'e object of t'e obligation 'ave been lost, or t'e com&liance
of t'e obligation 'as become im&ossible.
0'e indemnity s'all be fi,ed ta.ing as a basis t'e value of t'e last t'ing w'ic' disa&&eared, or t'at of t'e
service w'ic' last became im&ossible.
Bamages ot'er t'an t'e value of t'e last t'ing or service may also be awarded. (11"(a)
Article 1205. 9'en t'e c'oice 'as been e,&ressly given to t'e creditor, t'e obligation s'all cease to be
alternative from t'e day w'en t'e selection 'as been communicated to t'e debtor.
<ntil t'en t'e res&onsibility of t'e debtor s'all be governed by t'e following rules:
(1) 3f one of t'e t'ings is lost t'roug' a fortuitous event, 'e s'all &erform t'e obligation by
delivering t'at w'ic' t'e creditor s'ould c'oose from among t'e remainder, or t'at w'ic'
remains if only one subsists;
() 3f t'e loss of one of t'e t'ings occurs t'roug' t'e fault of t'e debtor, t'e creditor may claim
any of t'ose subsisting, or t'e &rice of t'at w'ic', t'roug' t'e fault of t'e former, 'as
disa&&eared, wit' a rig't to damages;
(") 3f all t'e t'ings are lost t'roug' t'e fault of t'e debtor, t'e c'oice by t'e creditor s'all fall
u&on t'e &rice of any one of t'em, also wit' indemnity for damages.
0'e same rules s'all be a&&lied to obligations to do or not to do in case one, some or all of t'e &restations
s'ould become im&ossible. (11":a)
Article 1206. 9'en only one &restation 'as been agreed u&on, but t'e obligor may render anot'er in
substitution, t'e obligation is called facultative.
0'e loss or deterioration of t'e t'ing intended as a substitute, t'roug' t'e negligence of t'e obligor, does
not render 'im liable. -ut once t'e substitution 'as been made, t'e obligor is liable for t'e loss of t'e
substitute on account of 'is delay, negligence or fraud. (n)
'ECT(ON $
-oint and 'olidar. Oli!ation"
Article 1207. 0'e concurrence of two or more creditors or of two or more debtors in one and t'e same
obligation does not im&ly t'at eac' one of t'e former 'as a rig't to demand, or t'at eac' one of t'e latter is
bound to render, entire com&liance wit' t'e &restation. 0'ere is a solidary liability only w'en t'e
obligation e,&ressly so states, or w'en t'e law or t'e nature of t'e obligation re/uires solidarity. (11"4a)
Article 1208. 3f from t'e law, or t'e nature or t'e wording of t'e obligations to w'ic' t'e &receding article
refers t'e contrary does not a&&ear, t'e credit or debt s'all be &resumed to be divided into as many s'ares
as t'ere are creditors or debtors, t'e credits or debts being considered distinct from one anot'er, subject to
t'e 7ules of !ourt governing t'e multi&licity of suits. (11"*a)
Article 1209. 3f t'e division is im&ossible, t'e rig't of t'e creditors may be &rejudiced only by t'eir
collective acts, and t'e debt can be enforced only by &roceeding against all t'e debtors. 3f one of t'e latter
s'ould be insolvent, t'e ot'ers s'all not be liable for 'is s'are. (11"+)
Article 1210. 0'e indivisibility of an obligation does not necessarily give rise to solidarity. >or does
solidarity of itself im&ly indivisibility. (n)
Article 1211. =olidarity may e,ist alt'oug' t'e creditors and t'e debtors may not be bound in t'e same
manner and by t'e same &eriods and conditions. (11%))
Article 1212. 8ac' one of t'e solidary creditors may do w'atever may be useful to t'e ot'ers, but not
anyt'ing w'ic' may be &rejudicial to t'e latter. (11%1a)
Article 121#. A solidary creditor cannot assign 'is rig'ts wit'out t'e consent of t'e ot'ers. (n)
Article 121$. 0'e debtor may &ay any one of t'e solidary creditors; but if any demand, judicial or
e,trajudicial, 'as been made by one of t'em, &ayment s'ould be made to 'im. (11%a)
Article 1215. >ovation, com&ensation, confusion or remission of t'e debt, made by any of t'e solidary
creditors or wit' any of t'e solidary debtors, s'all e,tinguis' t'e obligation, wit'out &rejudice to t'e
&rovisions of article 11+.
0'e creditor w'o may 'ave e,ecuted any of t'ese acts, as well as 'e w'o collects t'e debt, s'all be liable
to t'e ot'ers for t'e s'are in t'e obligation corres&onding to t'em. (11%")
Article 1216. 0'e creditor may &roceed against any one of t'e solidary debtors or some or all of t'em
simultaneously. 0'e demand made against one of t'em s'all not be an obstacle to t'ose w'ic' may
subse/uently be directed against t'e ot'ers, so long as t'e debt 'as not been fully collected. (11%%a)
Article 1217. 5ayment made by one of t'e solidary debtors e,tinguis'es t'e obligation. 3f two or more
solidary debtors offer to &ay, t'e creditor may c'oose w'ic' offer to acce&t.
6e w'o made t'e &ayment may claim from 'is co$debtors only t'e s'are w'ic' corres&onds to eac', wit'
t'e interest for t'e &ayment already made. 3f t'e &ayment is made before t'e debt is due, no interest for t'e
intervening &eriod may be demanded.
9'en one of t'e solidary debtors cannot, because of 'is insolvency, reimburse 'is s'are to t'e debtor
&aying t'e obligation, suc' s'are s'all be borne by all 'is co$debtors, in &ro&ortion to t'e debt of eac'.
(11%(a)
Article 1218. 5ayment by a solidary debtor s'all not entitle 'im to reimbursement from 'is co$debtors if
suc' &ayment is made after t'e obligation 'as &rescribed or become illegal. (n)
Article 1219. 0'e remission made by t'e creditor of t'e s'are w'ic' affects one of t'e solidary debtors
does not release t'e latter from 'is res&onsibility towards t'e co$debtors, in case t'e debt 'ad been totally
&aid by anyone of t'em before t'e remission was effected. (11%:a)
Article 1220. 0'e remission of t'e w'ole obligation, obtained by one of t'e solidary debtors, does not
entitle 'im to reimbursement from 'is co$debtors. (n)
Article 1221. 3f t'e t'ing 'as been lost or if t'e &restation 'as become im&ossible wit'out t'e fault of t'e
solidary debtors, t'e obligation s'all be e,tinguis'ed.
3f t'ere was fault on t'e &art of any one of t'em, all s'all be res&onsible to t'e creditor, for t'e &rice and
t'e &ayment of damages and interest, wit'out &rejudice to t'eir action against t'e guilty or negligent
debtor.
3f t'roug' a fortuitous event, t'e t'ing is lost or t'e &erformance 'as become im&ossible after one of t'e
solidary debtors 'as incurred in delay t'roug' t'e judicial or e,trajudicial demand u&on 'im by t'e
creditor, t'e &rovisions of t'e &receding &aragra&' s'all a&&ly. (11%4a)
Article 1222. A solidary debtor may, in actions filed by t'e creditor, avail 'imself of all defenses w'ic'
are derived from t'e nature of t'e obligation and of t'ose w'ic' are &ersonal to 'im, or &ertain to 'is own
s'are. 9it' res&ect to t'ose w'ic' &ersonally belong to t'e ot'ers, 'e may avail 'imself t'ereof only as
regards t'at &art of t'e debt for w'ic' t'e latter are res&onsible. (11%*a)
'ECT(ON 5
%i+i"ile and (ndi+i"ile Oli!ation"
Article 122#. 0'e divisibility or indivisibility of t'e t'ings t'at are t'e object of obligations in w'ic' t'ere
is only one debtor and only one creditor does not alter or modify t'e &rovisions of !'a&ter of t'is 0itle.
(11%+)
Article 122$. A joint indivisible obligation gives rise to indemnity for damages from t'e time anyone of
t'e debtors does not com&ly wit' 'is underta.ing. 0'e debtors w'o may 'ave been ready to fulfill t'eir
&romises s'all not contribute to t'e indemnity beyond t'e corres&onding &ortion of t'e &rice of t'e t'ing
or of t'e value of t'e service in w'ic' t'e obligation consists. (11())
Article 1225. ;or t'e &ur&oses of t'e &receding articles, obligations to give definite t'ings and t'ose
w'ic' are not susce&tible of &artial &erformance s'all be deemed to be indivisible.
9'en t'e obligation 'as for its object t'e e,ecution of a certain number of days of wor., t'e
accom&lis'ment of wor. by metrical units, or analogous t'ings w'ic' by t'eir nature are susce&tible of
&artial &erformance, it s'all be divisible.
6owever, even t'oug' t'e object or service may be &'ysically divisible, an obligation is indivisible if so
&rovided by law or intended by t'e &arties.
3n obligations not to do, divisibility or indivisibility s'all be determined by t'e c'aracter of t'e &restation
in eac' &articular case. (11(1a)
'ECT(ON 6
Oli!ation" )it* a Penal Clau"e
Article 1226. 3n obligations wit' a &enal clause, t'e &enalty s'all substitute t'e indemnity for damages
and t'e &ayment of interests in case of noncom&liance, if t'ere is no sti&ulation to t'e contrary.
>evert'eless, damages s'all be &aid if t'e obligor refuses to &ay t'e &enalty or is guilty of fraud in t'e
fulfillment of t'e obligation.
0'e &enalty may be enforced only w'en it is demandable in accordance wit' t'e &rovisions of t'is !ode.
(11(a)
Article 1227. 0'e debtor cannot e,em&t 'imself from t'e &erformance of t'e obligation by &aying t'e
&enalty, save in t'e case w'ere t'is rig't 'as been e,&ressly reserved for 'im. >eit'er can t'e creditor
demand t'e fulfillment of t'e obligation and t'e satisfaction of t'e &enalty at t'e same time, unless t'is
rig't 'as been clearly granted 'im. 6owever, if after t'e creditor 'as decided to re/uire t'e fulfillment of
t'e obligation, t'e &erformance t'ereof s'ould become im&ossible wit'out 'is fault, t'e &enalty may be
enforced. (11("a)
Article 1228. 5roof of actual damages suffered by t'e creditor is not necessary in order t'at t'e &enalty
may be demanded. (n)
Article 1229. 0'e judge s'all e/uitably reduce t'e &enalty w'en t'e &rinci&al obligation 'as been &artly or
irregularly com&lied wit' by t'e debtor. 8ven if t'ere 'as been no &erformance, t'e &enalty may also be
reduced by t'e courts if it is ini/uitous or unconscionable. (11(%a)
Article 12#0. 0'e nullity of t'e &enal clause does not carry wit' it t'at of t'e &rinci&al obligation.
0'e nullity of t'e &rinci&al obligation carries wit' it t'at of t'e &enal clause. (11(()
CHAPTER$
E/tin!ui"*0ent of Oli!ation"
1eneral Pro+i"ion"
Article 12#1. Obligations are e,tinguis'ed:
(1) -y &ayment or &erformance;
() -y t'e loss of t'e t'ing due;
(") -y t'e condonation or remission of t'e debt;
(%) -y t'e confusion or merger of t'e rig'ts of creditor and debtor;
(() -y com&ensation;
(:) -y novation.
Ot'er causes of e,tinguis'ment of obligations, suc' as annulment, rescission, fulfillment of a resolutory
condition, and &rescri&tion, are governed elsew'ere in t'is !ode. (11(:a)
'ECT(ON1
Pa.0ent or Perfor0ance
Article 12#2. 5ayment means not only t'e delivery of money but also t'e &erformance, in any ot'er
manner, of an obligation. (n)
Article 12##. A debt s'all not be understood to 'ave been &aid unless t'e t'ing or service in w'ic' t'e
obligation consists 'as been com&letely delivered or rendered, as t'e case may be. (11(4)
Article 12#$. 3f t'e obligation 'as been substantially &erformed in good fait', t'e obligor may recover as
t'oug' t'ere 'ad been a strict and com&lete fulfillment, less damages suffered by t'e obligee. (n)
Article 12#5. 9'en t'e obligee acce&ts t'e &erformance, .nowing its incom&leteness or irregularity, and
wit'out e,&ressing any &rotest or objection, t'e obligation is deemed fully com&lied wit'. (n)
Article 12#6. 0'e creditor is not bound to acce&t &ayment or &erformance by a t'ird &erson w'o 'as no
interest in t'e fulfillment of t'e obligation, unless t'ere is a sti&ulation to t'e contrary.
9'oever &ays for anot'er may demand from t'e debtor w'at 'e 'as &aid, e,ce&t t'at if 'e &aid wit'out
t'e .nowledge or against t'e will of t'e debtor, 'e can recover only insofar as t'e &ayment 'as been
beneficial to t'e debtor. (11(*a)
Article 12#7. 9'oever &ays on be'alf of t'e debtor wit'out t'e .nowledge or against t'e will of t'e latter,
cannot com&el t'e creditor to subrogate 'im in 'is rig'ts, suc' as t'ose arising from a mortgage, guaranty,
or &enalty. (11(+a)
Article 12#8. 5ayment made by a t'ird &erson w'o does not intend to be reimbursed by t'e debtor is
deemed to be a donation, w'ic' re/uires t'e debtorAs consent. -ut t'e &ayment is in any case valid as to
t'e creditor w'o 'as acce&ted it. (n)
Article 12#9. 3n obligations to give, &ayment made by one w'o does not 'ave t'e free dis&osal of t'e
t'ing due and ca&acity to alienate it s'all not be valid, wit'out &rejudice to t'e &rovisions of article 1%4
under t'e 0itle on C>atural Obligations.C (11:)a)
Article 12$0. 5ayment s'all be made to t'e &erson in w'ose favor t'e obligation 'as been constituted, or
'is successor in interest, or any &erson aut'ori?ed to receive it. (11:a)
Article 12$1. 5ayment to a &erson w'o is inca&acitated to administer 'is &ro&erty s'all be valid if 'e 'as
.e&t t'e t'ing delivered, or insofar as t'e &ayment 'as been beneficial to 'im.
5ayment made to a t'ird &erson s'all also be valid insofar as it 'as redounded to t'e benefit of t'e creditor.
=uc' benefit to t'e creditor need not be &roved in t'e following cases:
(1) 3f after t'e &ayment, t'e t'ird &erson ac/uires t'e creditorAs rig'ts;
() 3f t'e creditor ratifies t'e &ayment to t'e t'ird &erson;
(") 3f by t'e creditorAs conduct, t'e debtor 'as been led to believe t'at t'e t'ird &erson 'ad
aut'ority to receive t'e &ayment. (11:"a)
Article 12$2. 5ayment made in good fait' to any &erson in &ossession of t'e credit s'all release t'e
debtor. (11:%)
Article 12$#. 5ayment made to t'e creditor by t'e debtor after t'e latter 'as been judicially ordered to
retain t'e debt s'all not be valid. (11:()
Article 12$$. 0'e debtor of a t'ing cannot com&el t'e creditor to receive a different one, alt'oug' t'e
latter may be of t'e same value as, or more valuable t'an t'at w'ic' is due.
3n obligations to do or not to do, an act or forbearance cannot be substituted by anot'er act or forbearance
against t'e obligeeAs will. (11::a)
Article 12$5. Bation in &ayment, w'ereby &ro&erty is alienated to t'e creditor in satisfaction of a debt in
money, s'all be governed by t'e law of sales. (n)
Article 12$6. 9'en t'e obligation consists in t'e delivery of an indeterminate or generic t'ing, w'ose
/uality and circumstances 'ave not been stated, t'e creditor cannot demand a t'ing of su&erior /uality.
>eit'er can t'e debtor deliver a t'ing of inferior /uality. 0'e &ur&ose of t'e obligation and ot'er
circumstances s'all be ta.en into consideration. (11:4a)
Article 12$7. <nless it is ot'erwise sti&ulated, t'e e,trajudicial e,&enses re/uired by t'e &ayment s'all be
for t'e account of t'e debtor. 9it' regard to judicial costs, t'e 7ules of !ourt s'all govern. (11:*a)
Article 12$8. <nless t'ere is an e,&ress sti&ulation to t'at effect, t'e creditor cannot be com&elled
&artially to receive t'e &restations in w'ic' t'e obligation consists. >eit'er may t'e debtor be re/uired to
ma.e &artial &ayments.
6owever, w'en t'e debt is in &art li/uidated and in &art unli/uidated, t'e creditor may demand and t'e
debtor may effect t'e &ayment of t'e former wit'out waiting for t'e li/uidation of t'e latter. (11:+a)
Article 12$9. 0'e &ayment of debts in money s'all be made in t'e currency sti&ulated, and if it is not
&ossible to deliver suc' currency, t'en in t'e currency w'ic' is legal tender in t'e 5'ili&&ines.
0'e delivery of &romissory notes &ayable to order, or bills of e,c'ange or ot'er mercantile documents
s'all &roduce t'e effect of &ayment only w'en t'ey 'ave been cas'ed, or w'en t'roug' t'e fault of t'e
creditor t'ey 'ave been im&aired.
3n t'e meantime, t'e action derived from t'e original obligation s'all be 'eld in t'e abeyance. (114))
Article 1250. 3n case an e,traordinary inflation or deflation of t'e currency sti&ulated s'ould su&ervene,
t'e value of t'e currency at t'e time of t'e establis'ment of t'e obligation s'all be t'e basis of &ayment,
unless t'ere is an agreement to t'e contrary. (n)
Article 1251. 5ayment s'all be made in t'e &lace designated in t'e obligation.
0'ere being no e,&ress sti&ulation and if t'e underta.ing is to deliver a determinate t'ing, t'e &ayment
s'all be made w'erever t'e t'ing mig't be at t'e moment t'e obligation was constituted.
3n any ot'er case t'e &lace of &ayment s'all be t'e domicile of t'e debtor.
3f t'e debtor c'anges 'is domicile in bad fait' or after 'e 'as incurred in delay, t'e additional e,&enses
s'all be borne by 'im.
0'ese &rovisions are wit'out &rejudice to venue under t'e 7ules of !ourt. (1141a)
'23'ECT(ON 1. A44lication of Pa.0ent"
Article 1252. 6e w'o 'as various debts of t'e same .ind in favor of one and t'e same creditor, may
declare at t'e time of ma.ing t'e &ayment, to w'ic' of t'em t'e same must be a&&lied. <nless t'e &arties
so sti&ulate, or w'en t'e a&&lication of &ayment is made by t'e &arty for w'ose benefit t'e term 'as been
constituted, a&&lication s'all not be made as to debts w'ic' are not yet due.
3f t'e debtor acce&ts from t'e creditor a recei&t in w'ic' an a&&lication of t'e &ayment is made, t'e former
cannot com&lain of t'e same, unless t'ere is a cause for invalidating t'e contract. (114a)
Article 125#. 3f t'e debt &roduces interest, &ayment of t'e &rinci&al s'all not be deemed to 'ave been
made until t'e interests 'ave been covered. (114")
Article 125$. 9'en t'e &ayment cannot be a&&lied in accordance wit' t'e &receding rules, or if
a&&lication can not be inferred from ot'er circumstances, t'e debt w'ic' is most onerous to t'e debtor,
among t'ose due, s'all be deemed to 'ave been satisfied.
3f t'e debts due are of t'e same nature and burden, t'e &ayment s'all be a&&lied to all of t'em
&ro&ortionately. (114%a)
'23'ECT(ON 2. Pa.0ent . Ce""ion
Article 1255. 0'e debtor may cede or assign 'is &ro&erty to 'is creditors in &ayment of 'is debts. 0'is
cession, unless t'ere is sti&ulation to t'e contrary, s'all only release t'e debtor from res&onsibility for t'e
net &roceeds of t'e t'ing assigned. 0'e agreements w'ic', on t'e effect of t'e cession, are made between
t'e debtor and 'is creditors s'all be governed by s&ecial laws. (114(a)
'23'ECT(ON #. Tender of Pa.0ent and Con"i!nation
Article 1256. 3f t'e creditor to w'om tender of &ayment 'as been made refuses wit'out just cause to
acce&t it, t'e debtor s'all be released from res&onsibility by t'e consignation of t'e t'ing or sum due.
!onsignation alone s'all &roduce t'e same effect in t'e following cases:
(1) 9'en t'e creditor is absent or un.nown, or does not a&&ear at t'e &lace of &ayment;
() 9'en 'e is inca&acitated to receive t'e &ayment at t'e time it is due;
(") 9'en, wit'out just cause, 'e refuses to give a recei&t;
(%) 9'en two or more &ersons claim t'e same rig't to collect;
(() 9'en t'e title of t'e obligation 'as been lost. (114:a)
Article 1257. 3n order t'at t'e consignation of t'e t'ing due may release t'e obligor, it must first be
announced to t'e &ersons interested in t'e fulfillment of t'e obligation.
0'e consignation s'all be ineffectual if it is not made strictly in consonance wit' t'e &rovisions w'ic'
regulate &ayment. (1144)
Article 1258. !onsignation s'all be made by de&ositing t'e t'ings due at t'e dis&osal of judicial aut'ority,
before w'om t'e tender of &ayment s'all be &roved, in a &ro&er case, and t'e announcement of t'e
consignation in ot'er cases.
0'e consignation 'aving been made, t'e interested &arties s'all also be notified t'ereof. (114*)
Article 1259. 0'e e,&enses of consignation, w'en &ro&erly made, s'all be c'arged against t'e creditor.
(114+)
Article 1260. Once t'e consignation 'as been duly made, t'e debtor may as. t'e judge to order t'e
cancellation of t'e obligation.
-efore t'e creditor 'as acce&ted t'e consignation, or before a judicial declaration t'at t'e consignation 'as
been &ro&erly made, t'e debtor may wit'draw t'e t'ing or t'e sum de&osited, allowing t'e obligation to
remain in force. (11*))
Article 1261. 3f, t'e consignation 'aving been made, t'e creditor s'ould aut'ori?e t'e debtor to wit'draw
t'e same, 'e s'all lose every &reference w'ic' 'e may 'ave over t'e t'ing. 0'e co$debtors, guarantors and
sureties s'all be released. (11*1a)
'ECT(ON 2
,o"" of t*e T*in! %ue
Article 1262. An obligation w'ic' consists in t'e delivery of a determinate t'ing s'all be e,tinguis'ed if it
s'ould be lost or destroyed wit'out t'e fault of t'e debtor, and before 'e 'as incurred in delay.
9'en by law or sti&ulation, t'e obligor is liable even for fortuitous events, t'e loss of t'e t'ing does not
e,tinguis' t'e obligation, and 'e s'all be res&onsible for damages. 0'e same rule a&&lies w'en t'e nature
of t'e obligation re/uires t'e assum&tion of ris.. (11*a)
Article 126#. 3n an obligation to deliver a generic t'ing, t'e loss or destruction of anyt'ing of t'e same
.ind does not e,tinguis' t'e obligation. (n)
Article 126$. 0'e courts s'all determine w'et'er, under t'e circumstances, t'e &artial loss of t'e object of
t'e obligation is so im&ortant as to e,tinguis' t'e obligation. (n)
Article 1265. 9'enever t'e t'ing is lost in t'e &ossession of t'e debtor, it s'all be &resumed t'at t'e loss
was due to 'is fault, unless t'ere is &roof to t'e contrary, and wit'out &rejudice to t'e &rovisions of article
11:(. 0'is &resum&tion does not a&&ly in case of eart'/ua.e, flood, storm, or ot'er natural calamity.
(11*"a)
Article 1266. 0'e debtor in obligations to do s'all also be released w'en t'e &restation becomes legally or
&'ysically im&ossible wit'out t'e fault of t'e obligor. (11*%a)
Article 1267. 9'en t'e service 'as become so difficult as to be manifestly beyond t'e contem&lation of
t'e &arties, t'e obligor may also be released t'erefrom, in w'ole or in &art. (n)
Article 1268. 9'en t'e debt of a t'ing certain and determinate &roceeds from a criminal offense, t'e
debtor s'all not be e,em&ted from t'e &ayment of its &rice, w'atever may be t'e cause for t'e loss, unless
t'e t'ing 'aving been offered by 'im to t'e &erson w'o s'ould receive it, t'e latter refused wit'out
justification to acce&t it. (11*()
Article 1269. 0'e obligation 'aving been e,tinguis'ed by t'e loss of t'e t'ing, t'e creditor s'all 'ave all
t'e rig'ts of action w'ic' t'e debtor may 'ave against t'ird &ersons by reason of t'e loss. (11*:)
'ECT(ON #
Condonation or Re0i""ion of t*e %et
Article 1270. !ondonation or remission is essentially gratuitous, and re/uires t'e acce&tance by t'e
obligor. 3t may be made e,&ressly or im&liedly.
One and t'e ot'er .ind s'all be subject to t'e rules w'ic' govern inofficious donations. 8,&ress
condonation s'all, furt'ermore, com&ly wit' t'e forms of donation. (11*4)
Article 1271. 0'e delivery of a &rivate document evidencing a credit, made voluntarily by t'e creditor to
t'e debtor, im&lies t'e renunciation of t'e action w'ic' t'e former 'ad against t'e latter.
3f in order to nullify t'is waiver it s'ould be claimed to be inofficious, t'e debtor and 'is 'eirs may u&'old
it by &roving t'at t'e delivery of t'e document was made in virtue of &ayment of t'e debt. (11**)
Article 1272. 9'enever t'e &rivate document in w'ic' t'e debt a&&ears is found in t'e &ossession of t'e
debtor, it s'all be &resumed t'at t'e creditor delivered it voluntarily, unless t'e contrary is &roved. (11*+)
Article 127#. 0'e renunciation of t'e &rinci&al debt s'all e,tinguis' t'e accessory obligations; but t'e
waiver of t'e latter s'all leave t'e former in force. (11+))
Article 127$. 3t is &resumed t'at t'e accessory obligation of &ledge 'as been remitted w'en t'e t'ing
&ledged, after its delivery to t'e creditor, is found in t'e &ossession of t'e debtor, or of a t'ird &erson w'o
owns t'e t'ing. (11+1a)
'ECT(ON $
Confu"ion or 5er!er of Ri!*t"
Article 1275. 0'e obligation is e,tinguis'ed from t'e time t'e c'aracters of creditor and debtor are
merged in t'e same &erson. (11+a)
Article 1276. @erger w'ic' ta.es &lace in t'e &erson of t'e &rinci&al debtor or creditor benefits t'e
guarantors. !onfusion w'ic' ta.es &lace in t'e &erson of any of t'e latter does not e,tinguis' t'e
obligation. (11+")
Article 1277. !onfusion does not e,tinguis' a joint obligation e,ce&t as regards t'e s'are corres&onding
to t'e creditor or debtor in w'om t'e two c'aracters concur. (11+%)
'ECT(ON 5
Co04en"ation
Article 1278. !om&ensation s'all ta.e &lace w'en two &ersons, in t'eir own rig't, are creditors and
debtors of eac' ot'er. (11+()
Article 1279. 3n order t'at com&ensation may be &ro&er, it is necessary:
(1) 0'at eac' one of t'e obligors be bound &rinci&ally, and t'at 'e be at t'e same time a &rinci&al
creditor of t'e ot'er;
() 0'at bot' debts consist in a sum of money, or if t'e t'ings due are consumable, t'ey be of t'e
same .ind, and also of t'e same /uality if t'e latter 'as been stated;
(") 0'at t'e two debts be due;
(%) 0'at t'ey be li/uidated and demandable;
(() 0'at over neit'er of t'em t'ere be any retention or controversy, commenced by t'ird &ersons
and communicated in due time to t'e debtor. (11+:)
Article 1280. >otwit'standing t'e &rovisions of t'e &receding article, t'e guarantor may set u&
com&ensation as regards w'at t'e creditor may owe t'e &rinci&al debtor. (11+4)
Article 1281. !om&ensation may be total or &artial. 9'en t'e two debts are of t'e same amount, t'ere is a
total com&ensation. (n)
Article 1282. 0'e &arties may agree u&on t'e com&ensation of debts w'ic' are not yet due. (n)
Article 128#. 3f one of t'e &arties to a suit over an obligation 'as a claim for damages against t'e ot'er,
t'e former may set it off by &roving 'is rig't to said damages and t'e amount t'ereof. (n)
Article 128$. 9'en one or bot' debts are rescissible or voidable, t'ey may be com&ensated against eac'
ot'er before t'ey are judicially rescinded or avoided. (n)
Article 1285. 0'e debtor w'o 'as consented to t'e assignment of rig'ts made by a creditor in favor of a
t'ird &erson, cannot set u& against t'e assignee t'e com&ensation w'ic' would &ertain to 'im against t'e
assignor, unless t'e assignor was notified by t'e debtor at t'e time 'e gave 'is consent, t'at 'e reserved 'is
rig't to t'e com&ensation.
3f t'e creditor communicated t'e cession to 'im but t'e debtor did not consent t'ereto, t'e latter may set
u& t'e com&ensation of debts &revious to t'e cession, but not of subse/uent ones.
3f t'e assignment is made wit'out t'e .nowledge of t'e debtor, 'e may set u& t'e com&ensation of all
credits &rior to t'e same and also later ones until 'e 'ad .nowledge of t'e assignment. (11+*a)
Article 1286. !om&ensation ta.es &lace by o&eration of law, even t'oug' t'e debts may be &ayable at
different &laces, but t'ere s'all be an indemnity for e,&enses of e,c'ange or trans&ortation to t'e &lace of
&ayment. (11++a)
Article 1287. !om&ensation s'all not be &ro&er w'en one of t'e debts arises from a de&ositum or from t'e
obligations of a de&ositary or of a bailee in commodatum.
>eit'er can com&ensation be set u& against a creditor w'o 'as a claim for su&&ort due by gratuitous title,
wit'out &rejudice to t'e &rovisions of &aragra&' of article ")1. (1))a)
Article 1288. >eit'er s'all t'ere be com&ensation if one of t'e debts consists in civil liability arising from
a &enal offense. (n)
Article 1289. 3f a &erson s'ould 'ave against 'im several debts w'ic' are susce&tible of com&ensation, t'e
rules on t'e a&&lication of &ayments s'all a&&ly to t'e order of t'e com&ensation. (1)1)
Article 1290. 9'en all t'e re/uisites mentioned in article 14+ are &resent, com&ensation ta.es effect by
o&eration of law, and e,tinguis'es bot' debts to t'e concurrent amount, even t'oug' t'e creditors and
debtors are not aware of t'e com&ensation. (1)a)
'ECT(ON 6
No+ation
Article 1291. Obligations may be modified by:
(1) !'anging t'eir object or &rinci&al conditions;
() =ubstituting t'e &erson of t'e debtor;
(") =ubrogating a t'ird &erson in t'e rig'ts of t'e creditor. (1)")
Article 1292. 3n order t'at an obligation may be e,tinguis'ed by anot'er w'ic' substitute t'e same, it is
im&erative t'at it be so declared in une/uivocal terms, or t'at t'e old and t'e new obligations be on every
&oint incom&atible wit' eac' ot'er. (1)%)
Article 129#. >ovation w'ic' consists in substituting a new debtor in t'e &lace of t'e original one, may be
made even wit'out t'e .nowledge or against t'e will of t'e latter, but not wit'out t'e consent of t'e
creditor. 5ayment by t'e new debtor gives 'im t'e rig'ts mentioned in articles 1": and 1"4. (1)(a)
Article 129$. 3f t'e substitution is wit'out t'e .nowledge or against t'e will of t'e debtor, t'e new
debtorAs insolvency or non$fulfillment of t'e obligations s'all not give rise to any liability on t'e &art of
t'e original debtor. (n)
Article 1295. 0'e insolvency of t'e new debtor, w'o 'as been &ro&osed by t'e original debtor and
acce&ted by t'e creditor, s'all not revive t'e action of t'e latter against t'e original obligor, e,ce&t w'en
said insolvency was already e,isting and of &ublic .nowledge, or .nown to t'e debtor, w'en t'e delegated
'is debt. (1):a)
Article 1296. 9'en t'e &rinci&al obligation is e,tinguis'ed in conse/uence of a novation, accessory
obligations may subsist only insofar as t'ey may benefit t'ird &ersons w'o did not give t'eir consent.
(1)4)
Article 1297. 3f t'e new obligation is void, t'e original one s'all subsist, unless t'e &arties intended t'at
t'e former relation s'ould be e,tinguis'ed in any event. (n)
Article 1298. 0'e novation is void if t'e original obligation was void, e,ce&t w'en annulment may be
claimed only by t'e debtor or w'en ratification validates acts w'ic' are voidable. (1)*a)
Article 1299. 3f t'e original obligation was subject to a sus&ensive or resolutory condition, t'e new
obligation s'all be under t'e same condition, unless it is ot'erwise sti&ulated. (n)
Article 1#00. =ubrogation of a t'ird &erson in t'e rig'ts of t'e creditor is eit'er legal or conventional. 0'e
former is not &resumed, e,ce&t in cases e,&ressly mentioned in t'is !ode; t'e latter must be clearly
establis'ed in order t'at it may ta.e effect. (1)+a)
Article 1#01. !onventional subrogation of a t'ird &erson re/uires t'e consent of t'e original &arties and of
t'e t'ird &erson. (n)
Article 1#02. 3t is &resumed t'at t'ere is legal subrogation:
(1) 9'en a creditor &ays anot'er creditor w'o is &referred, even wit'out t'e debtorAs .nowledge;
() 9'en a t'ird &erson, not interested in t'e obligation, &ays wit' t'e e,&ress or tacit a&&roval of
t'e debtor;
(") 9'en, even wit'out t'e .nowledge of t'e debtor, a &erson interested in t'e fulfillment of t'e
obligation &ays, wit'out &rejudice to t'e effects of confusion as to t'e latterAs s'are. (11)a)
Article 1#0#. =ubrogation transfers to t'e &ersons subrogated t'e credit wit' all t'e rig'ts t'ereto
a&&ertaining, eit'er against t'e debtor or against t'ird &erson, be t'ey guarantors or &ossessors of
mortgages, subject to sti&ulation in a conventional subrogation. (11a)
Article 1#0$. A creditor, to w'om &artial &ayment 'as been made, may e,ercise 'is rig't for t'e
remainder, and 'e s'all be &referred to t'e &erson w'o 'as been subrogated in 'is &lace in virtue of t'e
&artial &ayment of t'e same credit. (11")