4-2

I E S LIGHTING HANDBOOK
It is not suggested that the I.S.C.C.-N.B.S. names will replace either the
numerical specifications or the trade names which manufacturers of tex-
tiles, wall coverings, tiles, paint, and so forth, have been using conveniently
for many years, but rather that they may assist in correlating and expedit-
ing all color work.
Color and Visual Performance
From a practical standpoint, when compared on an equal-lumen basis,
colors of light emitted by common illuminants are about equally satis-
factory for most seeing problems. Apparently the only major exception
occurs when the seeing problem involves color discrimination. The color
of light most effective for discriminating some surface colors is among the
least effective for discriminating others. The increase and decrease of
brightness contrasts between colored objects in consequence of differential
increase and decrease of their luminous reflectance is the major effect of
different illumination colors.
1
(See Color Grading, page 4-17.)
The color of walls, furniture, and other equipment seems to influence
comfort and efficienc3
r
,
but insufficient data are available to permit develop-
ing harmonious color combinations on a strictly engineering basis. Since
taste and emotional reactions are involved in any evaluation of the results,
it is probable that the solution of aesthetic design problems will continue
to be based in good part on experience and judgment for some time, despite
the existence of several proposals whereby solutions ma}^ be obtained
through the application of mathematical formulas. (See page 4-16.)
Color combinations and contrasts for working areas. The effects on seeing
of contrast between task and background and of brightness and brightness
distribution in the field of view are discussed in Section 2. However the
data apply to tasks which for the most part involve black objects on white
backgrounds. If it is desirable to have contrast but at the same time nearly
uniform brightness in the field of view, color may be used.
Few studies have been made to determine the effect of the color and
brightness of surrounding surfaces on the utilization of light for seeing.
2
"^jSurfacc colors and luminous reflectance. The luminous reflectances of
surfaces vary with their color and with the light source used for illumination.
Luminous reflectances are of major importance in lighting design since
they influence brightness and flux distribution ratios, and illumination
levels. The quantitive effects of the luminous reflectance and color of
wall materials have been studied both by direct measurement and by mathe-
matical analysis. It may be stated positively that light walls and ceilings,
whether white or colored, are much more efficient than dark walls in con-
serving light and in distributing it uniformly.
3
In Fig. 4-1, photographs of a room in an industrial building before and
after interior modifications were made are shown with sketches which
suggest the step by step changes in luminous reflectance and color scheme.
3
The results of these changes in terms of footcandles and utilization coeffi-
cients also are indicated.