960-963

-tral axis measured from the compression face'of the section and d
t
is the distance from the
extreme compression fiber to the extreme tension steel.
ACl-Appendix B does not in any way change the calculation for the strength of a
nonprestressed section; for a prestressed concrete section having the reinforcement parameter
high enough to be in the situation covered by ACI-18.8.2, there would be a simpler calculation
because the effectiveness of the steel would not be restricted.
EXAMPLE 21 .8.1 Determine the nominal moment strength M, of the pretensioned bonded section
investigated in Example 27.5.2, and evaluate whether or not the strength is adequate for the given
service loads. Use the limits of ACI-18.8. The concrete has fc:5000 psi and the stress-relieved
prestressing strand has fpu= 25O, OOO psi. Assume 200lo prestress losses and an average stress-strain
relationship for the steel, as given in Fig. 21.8.1.
Solution: The approximate stress when nominal strength is reached may be taken, according to ACI-
18.7.2, or Eq. (21.8.5), as















Which, when added to the strain clue to prestress after losses, gives










The strain e, of 0.0119 corresponds approximately), to that for a stress .f
ps
of 225 ksi, using a typical
stress-strain relationship for a steel with f
pu
= 25A ksi, such as in Fig. 21.8. 1. Tl.re value of f
ps
agrees
closely with the starting assumption of 221 ksi based on Eq. (21.8.4).
Thus, the nominal moment strength is


The factored service load moment Mu based on the service loads of Example 27.5.2 is



EXAMPLE 21 .4.2 for a typical prestressed concrete beam, using high tensile strength steel wire having a
stress-strain curve as in Fig. 21.8.1, show, that the balanced strain condition at nominal strength Mu
may be approximated by
P
p
=
Solution: (a) Consider that crushing strain for concrete is 0.003 as prescribed by the ACI Code. Referring
to Fig. 21.8.1, the proportional limit is about 0.85$,, above which value strain increases more rapidly
than stress. Thus the approximate balanced strain condition occurs when and Ae, (change
in steel strain due to external loading) equals tl.re sirain er. at .fpr: 0.85$, less the initial prestress strain
r,. For tl-ie balanced strain condition,










Where Ppb the prestressed reinforcement ratio at the balanced strain condition. At f
ps
= 0.85fpu,
e
ps
=0.0075 from. Fig. 21.8.1. Also, if the initial tension in the prestressing steel is O.60 f
pw
, then the initial
tensile strain in the steel (representing a compressive strain in concrete) is




















(b) Suppose that e
c
= 0.0035 instead of 0.003. There will be no change in Ae
s
, if it is still assumed
f
ps
=0.85f
pw



In effect the values of P
pb
represent the "balanced" amount of reinforcement, which if exceeded would
have the concrete reach crushing strain while the steel is still in the elastic range. Probably 0.50B
1
fc/f
ps

represents a reasonable upper bound and 0.45 B
1
fc/f
ps
, represents a typical value for the balanced
condition.
Thus the ACI code implied use of 0.48 B
1
fc/f
ps
, as the balanced reinforcement ratio seems reasonable;
consequently, 0.36 B
1
fc/f
ps
reasonably represents 0.75 of the balanced reinforcement ratio.
EXAMPLE 21 .8.3 Using ACl-Appendix B, evaluate the design strength M
n
for the pretension bonded
section investigated in Examples 21.5.2 and 21.g.1. The concrete has fc= 5000 psi and the stress-
relieved prestressing strand has f
pu
= 250,000 psi. Assume 20% prestress losses and an average stress-
strain relationship for the steel as given in Fig. 21.8.1.
Solution: (a) Nominal strength M
n
The nominal moment strength is identicall to that calculated in
Example 21.8.1,



(b) Evaluate the strength reduction factor (gamma) to be used. The neutral axis distance x for
the section n.as determined in Example 21.8.1 to be
X = 7.17 in.
This section has h = 30 in. and d = 25 in. for say, two layers of strands. The distance d, from the extreme
compression fiber to the extreme tension steel will be larger than d, say d, : 27 in. The strain r at the
extreme tension steel is


Since the strain , exceeds 0.005, the section is "tension-controlled, and (gamma) = 0.90. Had the strain
, been less than 0.002, the section would be "compression-controlled" and @ wouid have been 0.70 oi
0.75, depending upon whether the section was tied or spirally reinforced. If , is between 0.005 and
0.002, Eqs. (3.12.1,) or (3.12.2) would be used for the linear interpolation.

















The abscissa (Fig. 21.10.3) involves M
cr
/(M/V d/2) which reperesents the applied load shear at d/2
from the cross-section being investigated. A moment M and a shear V act on section A-A. From the basic
shear-moment relationship, the change in moment between two points equals the area under the shear
diagram between those points. Thus referring to Fig. 21.10.4,


Since the difference between V and V
cr
will usually be small, assume V
cr
= V; thus

Solving for M
cr

















Finally, the shear on the section investigated becomes


Thus the linear relationship for the flexure-shear cracking strength resulting from high principal stress in
the vicinity of a flexural crack is, according to Fig. 21.10.3,

Since 1971, ACI 11.4.2 has simplified the expression by eliminating the subtracted d/2 term.
Thus the nominal flexure-shear cracking strength V
cd
ACI Formula (11-10), is


In Eq. (21.10.8), M
max
replaces M of Eq. (21.10.7) and represents the maximum moment that can occur
at the section under consideration, due to externally applied factored loads (i.e., applied loads other
than beam weight and prestress, unless the prestress causes an external reaction). Vi replaces V of Eq.
(21.10.7) and represents the shear force at the section due to the factored loading that caused
maximum moment. In other words, one uses the moment envelope values for Mmax along with the
corresponding shears, rather than the shear envelope values which would be larger. Of course, where
partial span loadings are not considered, the full span loading gives Vi and Mmax for each point along
the span. When full span uniform loading is used in a simply supported span. Vi =w(L-2x)/2 and Mmax =
wx(L-x)/2, and