Potential savings in welding stainless steels

using flux cored welding wires

BHLER
Selection depends mainly on 3 factors that have essentially
equal significance in the decision-making process
Fig. 1: Deciding factors for the introduction of welding processes in
various welding shops
POTENTIAL SAVINGS IN WELDING STAINLESS STEELS
USING FLUX-CORED WIRES
H. Schabereiter, R. Drfler, J. Ziegerhofer
1. GENERAL
The use of high-alloyed flux-cored wires has undergone a remarkable upturn in recent years and more
particularly in the very recent past.
For cost reasons the constant aim in welding fabrication shops is to substitute established welding pro-
cedures with more up-to-date and above all more cost-effective processes. This is usually achieved by
means of a close working relationship between the technicians, salesmen and welders. The factors
shown in Fig. 1 represent the main considerations for this.
Flux-cored welding wires are primarily measu-
red on the properties of coated electrodes and
solid wires. For many years the consumption of
flux-cored wires in Europe was less than 5 % of
the overall potential for high-alloyed filler metals
and this has increased to almost 10 % in the last
few years. An additional increase in the con-
sumption of flux-cored wires is anticipated. This
will not be so much at the cost of coated elec-
trodes but rather as substitution of solid wires.
The following sections will deal in greater detail
with the most significant deciding factors for sel-
ecting welding processes and the possibilities of
reducing costs by using modern filler metals in
fabrication of corrosion resistant components.
2. SIGNIFICANT FACTORS FOR DECISION-MAKING
IN THE SELECTION OF WELDING PROCESSES
Generally speaking, the only welding processes
and filler metals considered in practice are those
where the weld metal deposits satisfy the require-
ments in the standards and the characteristics
specified for mechanical properties and corrosion
resistance.
Assuming these basic requirements, cost effi-
ciency is compared with additional factors influen-
cing overall cost outlay in the manufacture of
welded components.
Fig. 2: Typical factors in the cost calculation

Filler metal
Welding
current
Wire
extension
Welding
voltage
Duty cycle
Metal recovery
Weight of weld
Deposition rate
Joint area
Weight of
filler metal
Filler metal
costs
Electricity costs
Gas costs
Labour costs
Capital
expenditure
Total cost
of weld
Arc burning
time
Weld
dressing
Total
welding time
CRITERIA
FOR SELECTING
WELDING
PROCESSES
PRODUCTIVITY
PROFITABILITY
3
2.1 Productivity
Fig. 2 lists all the basic factors to be taken into account when determining the total costs of welded
joints.
In practice the main emphasis is placed on the welding time which actually only represents a fraction
of the total costs. The manufacturing costs depend on a series of additional variables which may have
a considerable effect in practice on a component's service life.
It is surely hardly necessary to illustrate or explain in detail the economic superiority of flux-cored wires
compared with coated electrodes. A detailed comparison of costs using flux-cored wires is, however,
useful in cases where semi or fully automatic welding processes using solid wires are employed. Some
of the factors significant for the total fabrication costs are frequently ignored when determining the
costs per metre or inch of weld which is usually the method used in practice. However, it is precisely
the factors which do not pertain purely to the welding time that may be crucial as reasons for process
changeover. Improved welding quality and quality assurance also represents an economic factor which
does not make itself felt until after the welding process has been changed over.
The following sections will illustrate as briefly as possible the productivity advantages when using flux-
cored wires for welding stainless steels.
2.1.1 Welds primarily in the flat and horizontal welding position
Best suitable flux cored wires for these welds have a rutile slag system with a slow freezing slag. These
wires operate in the spray transfer mode with minimum spatter formation. The self releasing slag
covers the weld completely. This type of flux-cored wire is suitable for single and multi-pass welds in
the flat and horizontal position, horizontal/vertical position as well as the slightly vertical-down position
(1 oclock).
Fig. 3 illustrates a comparison of deposition
rates for coated electrodes, solid and flux-cored
wires. The superiority of the flux-cored wires
compared with the other filler metals is clearly
visible. The reason for this is the high current
density (A/mm
2
) due to the current being con-
ducted through the metal strip mainly which
represents a smaller cross sectional area than
solid wires. Apart from submerged arc welding,
GMAW with flux cored wire belongs to the most
productive welding processes.
Fig. 3: Comparison of deposition rates of stick electrodes, solid wires
and flux-cored wires
Flux-cored wire
0.9 mm Argon + 18% CO2 distance of contact tip 15 mm
1.2 / 1.6 mm Argon + 18% CO2 distance of contact tip 20 mm
Solid wire Argon + 12% CO2 distance of contact tip 12 mm
Amperage (A)
Flux-cored wire 0.9 mm
Flux-cored wire 1.2 mm
Flux-cored wire 1.6 mm
Solid wire 1.0 mm
Solid wire 1.2 mm
Stick electrode
D
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
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e

a
s
s
u
m
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1
0
0
%

d
u
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y

c
y
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e

(
k
g
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)
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
100 200 300 400
4 mm
5 mm
Welding position: horizontal (PA)
4
Fig. 4 shows the comparable lengths of fillet welds with a specified throat thickness of 3 mm and the
welding time of 1 minute. The considerably faster travel speed using the flux-cored wire (800 mm) com-
pared with the solid wire (670 mm) and the stick electrode (280 mm) speaks for itself.
a ... flux-cored wire 1.2 mm = 800 mm
b ... solid wire 1.0 mm = 670 mm
c ... stick electrode 3.2 mm = 280 mm
Fig. 5 illustrates additional comparisons of travel speed. In this case different fillet weld thicknesses
(3/5/7 mm) were produced using solid and flux-cored wire and the weld lengths achievable were mea-
sured. The welds obtainable using the flux-cored wires are between 19 and 50 % longer with the same
welding time.
Gas: Argon +18 % CO2 for flux-cored wire
Argon +12 % CO2 for solid wire
Plate 5 mm for 3 mm fillet welds
thickness: 10 mm for 5 & 7 mm fillet welds
Severe bead oxidation with MAG solid wire,
especially at 275 A. Wetting behaviour also not
good.
Only slight bead oxidation with MAG flux-cored
wire even at 275 A!!
throat thickness 3 mm 5 mm 7 mm
Bhler EAS 4 M-FD, 1.2 mm 80 cm/min 48 cm/min 21 cm/min
235 A, 33 V, 14 m/min (+ 19 %) (+ 33 %) (+ 23 %)
Bhler EAS 4 M-FD, 1.2 mm

54 cm/min 25 cm/min
275 A, 35 V, 18 m/min (+ 50 %) (+ 39 %)
Solid wire, 1.2 mm
60 cm/min 32 cm/min 15 cm/min
235 A, 28 V, 8 m/min
Solid wire, 1.2 mm
36 cm/min 18 cm/min
275 A, 31 V, 10.5 m/min
Solid wire, 1.0 mm
67 cm/min 36 cm/min 17 cm/min
235 A, 31 V, 14 m/min
Fig. 5: Comparison of travel speeds for MAG solid wire and MAG
flux-cored wire type 316L, welding position 2F
Fig. 4: Comparison of travel speed between stick electrode, solid
wire and flux-cored wire (type 316 L) in fillet welds, welding
position 2F
5
Post weld cleaning
The basic requirement for achieving optimum corrosion resistance with austenitic welds is the presence
of a completely clean bright metal surface. The passive layer responsible for corrosion resistance can
only form in the appropriate shape under these conditions. Thus the dressing of welds is equally a
variable which determines quality during the fabrication of welding components.
The cost saving benefits gained by welding with flux-cored wires as opposed to solid wires are listed
below.
Minimum post weld cleaning due to:
Flat and smooth weld finish (minimum grinding expenditure), see Fig. 6
Minimum spatter formation
Lower pickling expenditure (temper coloration is minimized), see Fig. 7
Less distortion due to increased travel speeds
Lower repair rates (pores, slag inclusions, fusion defects)
Actual information regarding the overall cost
savings achievable depend to some extent on
the cost structure and plant set-up of the indivi-
dual company as well as on the particular wel-
ding work undertaken.
However, with a saving in welding time of bet-
ween 19 and 50 % (see Fig. 5) and calculated
industry rates of an average DM 100.-/hr for
MIG/MAG welding in Western Europe, the flux-
cored electrode, which is more expensive than
solid wire, usually makes savings of between
10 and 30 % possible if the overall calculation
includes lower-cost weld dressing. Fig. 8 graphi-
cally illustrates this financial advantage when
using flux-cored wires in the flat or horizontal
welding position.
Fig. 7: Differences in weld oxidation between:
a) flux-cored wire
b) solid wire
a)
b)
Fig. 6: Component welding using flux-cored wire:
smooth, notch-free welds with good wetting
and uniform weld finish
Fig. 8: Cost savings when using flux-cored wire in the flat and
horizontal welding position
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Solid wire Flux-cored wire
savings of
10 %
to
30 %
100 %
6
Statements from fabricators:
New filler metals are essentially developed by working closely with potential users. Following exten-
sive laboratory testing, samples are used in practice to determine the products' suitability for large-
scale production. Intensive discussions with consumers of stainless flux-cored wires then resulted in
the following practical knowledge.
Cost-effectiveness (quality and through put are decisive)
Productivity of the welding process
Duty cycle
Downtimes
Post weld cleaning
Power Sources
Conventional MAG welding machines with 4-roll drive and water-cooled torches
Average amperage when using flux-cored wires 1.2 mm can be 260 270 A. Higher than average
increase in productivity in this current range amperages compared with solid wire 1.2 mm (see Fig. 5)
Weld Dressing (pickling problems/costs)
Depends on design and plant set-up but still up to 30 % lower costs using flux-cored wire
Pickling baths approx. DM 150.-/hr, waste disposal extremely expensive
Spray pickling collection neutralisation disposal of liquid
Glass bead blasting hourly rates DM 250.- to 350.-
The following additional benefits for the user of flux cored wires are worth mentioning:
Easier to operate than MAG solid wire
No pulsed power source required (lower noise level)
Lower gas costs (Argon + 18 % CO2 instead of Argon + 2 % CO2)
Smooth bead appearance
Less risk of fusion defects and thus lower repair rates
Easier control of heat input due to higher welding speeds
Good root pass welding characteristics with extra high productivity gains when using ceramic backing
2.1.2 Positional welding
Positional type flux-cored wires produce a rutile slag that solidifies rapidly and are therefore suitable
for all welding positions. Both, mixed gases and 100 % CO2, are used as shielding gases. The typical
characteristics of such FCAW wires are:
Rutile slag with rapid solidification (high melting point)
Excellent backing effect for the weld pool
Use of high current intensities possible for out-of-position welding, e.g. 160 A instead of 100 120 A
using solid wire (3G, 3F)
Up to 100 % higher travel speeds
Excellent wetting behaviour, flat and smooth treat profile
Powerful penetrating arc, spray transfer, minimum spatter formation
Good mechanical properties
7
Fig. 9 reproduces a comparison of the travel
speeds achievable in single-V butt welds in the
vertical-up position (filler passes). The flux-
cored electrode permits a saving in welding time
of 45 % compared with solid wires. Comparison
welds produced on the same basis using filler
metals for ferritic-austenitic duplex steels have
resulted in time savings of up to 100 %.
The upper part of the Fig.10 clearly shows that
a flat bead configuration when using the flux-
cored wire is easy to assess in spite of the con-
siderably higher current intensity (155 A) com-
pared with the solid wire electrode (115 A).
It is only possible to produce a similar flat fillet
weld by using a solid wire by further reducing
the current intensity to 100 A. From the econo-
mic point of view, reducing the current intensity
naturally has an adverse effect on the welding
time and therefore on the costs.
In positional welding actual cost comparisons
result in overall cost savings of more than 50 %
when using positional flux-cored wires despite
considerably lower prices for solid wire.
Fig. 10 shows cross-sections of fillet welds which were produced using solid wires and flux-cored wires
in the vertical-up (3 F) position.
Fig. 9: Travel speed achievable in single-V butt welds in the verti-
cal up position
Fig. 10: Weld profiles of fillet welds performed using solid wire
and flux-cored wire respectively in the vertical-up position
Flux-cored wire 1.2 mm
8.2 m/min, 25 V
155 A
spray arc
Bead configuration
= flat
Solid wire 1.0 mm
6.4 m/min, 25 V
115 A
Pulsed arc
Bead configuration
= convex
Flux-cored wire 1.2 mm
8.2 m/min, 25 V
155 A
Spray arc
Bead configuration
= flat
Solid wire 1.0 mm
5 m/min, 25 V
100 A
Pulsed arc
Bead configuration
= flat
Welding position: vertical up
Fast freezing slag of the FCAW 55 Ampere higher current!
Current intensity: 160.0 A 110.0 A
Voltage: 25.0 V 19.5 V
Wire speed: 8.0 m/min 5.0 m/min
*
Solid wire electrodes 1.2 mm exhibit neither welding nor
economic advantages over 1.0 mm in out-of-position
welding.
SINGLE-V BUTT WELD, VERTICAL UP,
1
ST
FILLER PASS
19.5
13.4
25
20
15
10
05
00
Weld length with flux cored wire
+ 45 % compared to solid wire
8
In Fig. 11 it is easy to see the time saving and
the cost benefit gained by using a positional
type flux-cored wire. Approximately 70 to 80 %
higher travel speeds can be achieved in fillet
welds compared with the solid wire electrode.
This is many times higher than with manual arc
welding.
Fig. 13: Macro-section and side bend test specimen
from a thick-walled pipe joint.
Fig. 12: Example of practical application
Fig. 11: Comparison of weld lengths achievable in the same
amount of time
Flux-cored wire Solid wire Stick electrode
9
Fig. 12 illustrates a particular example of a prac-
tical application. Here dished boiler ends with
wall thicknesses of 38 mm are manufactured
from material AISI 316L. The double-V butt welds
are produced by automatic welding in the verti -
cal-up position. Bhler EAS 4 PW-FD 1.2 mm
was used as the flux-cored wire. The self-pee-
ling slag and smooth weld finish with only slight
oxidation (can be removed by brushing easily)
are clearly visible.
Joining pipes in the Offshore industry gives rise
to almost all the welding positions possible in
practical use. As an example, Fig. 13 shows a
macro-section and a side bend test specimen
originating from a thick-walled 1.4462 pipe joint.
The pipe dimensions are 508 x 49 mm.
Bhler CN 22/9 PW-FD 1.2 mm was used as
the flux-cored wire with optimum results regar-
ding welding characteristics, mechanical pro-
perties and corrosion resistance.
2.1.3 Sheet metal fabrication using 0.9 mm FCAW wires
1.2 mm is the most commonly used diameter
of flux-cored wire employed in practice for
wall thicknesses above 3 mm. Flux-cored
wires of 0.9 mm diameter are especially
suitable for joining thin metal sheets above
1.5 mm.
They are ideal for welding small, well-wetted
weld cross-sections at high travel speed and
with less heat input. This is one aspect that
has an effect on costs since there are fewer
distortion problems and less post-weld
straightening at the same time as visual
benefits, Fig. 14.
2.1.4 Lower-priced shielding gases
Stainless steel flux-cored wires are welded using the commercially available shielding gases
Argon + 1525 % CO2. At approx. 16 litres per minute the gas flow rate is the same as when welding
solid wires using argon + 2 % CO2. The use of shielding gas containing higher levels of CO2 for slag-
forming flux-cored wires is rendered possible since every single metal droplet transferred in the arc is
completely covered with slag. This prevents any reaction with the shielding gas.
Fig. 15 shows a metal droplet completely covered
with slag at the end of the FCAW wire. Thus there is
no carburisation or burn-off of elements with an oxy-
gen affinity, such as chromium, which would be unac-
ceptable for corrosion reasons.
The cost benefits for the user result on one hand from the lower gas costs and also from the lower gas
consumption which follows on from the shorter welding time.
2.2 Reliable and consistent weld quality
The basic requirement for proper performance of welding work is the use of suitably trained welding
staff. In many cases a requirement is made for certified welders for the production of welded compo-
nents and in certain regulations this requirement is mandatory. On the European market the proce-
dure for testing welders is specified in standard EN 287. There is reference to the individual welding
processes, such as metal active gas (MAG) welding using flux-cored wires.
Fig. 14: Welded joints produced on 2 mm thick metal sheets using flux-
cored wire 0.9 mm
Butt weld Fillet weld
Complete covering of the Partially peeled slag
droplet with rutile slag after cooling off
Lap joint Corner joint
Fig. 15: Metal droplet on a flux-cored electrode
10
Training, testing and maintaining the validity of test certificates for the welding staff represents a con-
siderable amount of time and money for the welding shop. Welding processes that allow the training
time to be shortened and that reduce possible weld defects therefore represent a cost reduction factor
from the quality management point of view.
Easy to operate and reliable in processing
Flux-cored wires ensure a very wide range of
possible setting parameters. This makes the sel-
ection of optimum welding data significantly
easier see Fig. 16.
The welding behaviour remains constant through-
out broad ranges of current intensity and volta-
ge. The large parameter box tolerates uninten-
tional changes to the operating point by the wel -
der without loss of quality. Welding with a
smooth, non-spatter spray arc is possible as low
as 150 Amps, 25 Volts and 6.5 m/min wire feed
with 1.2 mm FCAW wires and 0.9 mm wires
operate in the spray arc transfer already at 110 A, 26 V and 9.5 m/min. By comparison solid wire only
tolerates a very narrow operating range. This requires a high level of concentration from the welder
regarding correct torch positioning especially since relatively small deviations lead to impairment of the
welding behaviour.
The greater independence of parameter setting and the lower risk of welding defects compared with
welding using solid wires speak for the reliability of flux-cored wires.
Fig. 17 illustrates the characteristic penetration profiles of the wires mentioned. Using the flux-cored
wire provides more even penetration with excellent side wall fusion and a good weld profile due prima-
rily to the wider arc. The solid wire on the other hand exhibits very deep penetration in the middle but
in this case it is possible to see poor fusion of the lower side wall due to torch manipulation being a little
too flat. In practical application the problems caused by lack of fusion continue to give rise to diffi-
culties even when working with the most vigilant and experienced solid wire welders.
Flux-cored wire 1.2 mm
Gas: Argon + 18 % CO2
Excellent penetration
Good bead appearance
Solid wire 1.2 mm
Gas: Argon + 2.5 % CO2
Deep penetration at the
bead centre, however,
the lower plate is hardly
penetrated
Fig. 16: Possible parameter ranges in the spray transfer
for flux-cored and solid wires
Formation of spatters
Solid wire1.2 mm
Solid wire1.0 mm
FCAW wire 1.2 mm
Poor bead appearance
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
150 200 250 300
Amperage (A)
Fig. 17: Comparison of penetration profiles of solid wire and flux-cored wires
11
2.3 Product quality and constancy
Years ago there was some scepticism regarding the use of flux-cored wires. This was due to the fact
that the flux core was sometimes variable in quality or possibly even missing. Today this scepticism is
no longer appropriate since flux-cored wires from well-known companies are manufactured in modern
production plants. They consist of high-alloy austenitic precision steel strips and a filling of various
mineral and metallic components exhibiting a special composition depending on the type of alloy. At
Bhler Welding the infills are agglomerated prior to filling to ensure uniform filling and to prevent
decomposition of the different raw materials during filling due to their different specific weights.
A specially installed control system using up-to-date monitoring technology constantly and efficiently
checks the consistance of filling. The whole production process satisfies the criteria of EN ISO 9001.
At Bhler Welding every production lot is checked for the welding characteristics, feed properties and
chemical composition of the weld metal during quality assurance.
Increased precautions when storing partly used spools
and spools removed from their original packaging are
particularly important for today's users. As is the case
with high-alloyed rutile-coated stick electrodes, all rutile
slag-forming flux-cored wires must also be protected
from atmospheric moisture and the formation of con-
densation on the wire surface if the dew point falls.
They are more sensitive to the formation of worm-holes
than solid wires. The reason for this is that an excess
of hydrogen of humid wires is unable to effuse in time
prior to solidification of the weld pool due to the slag
protection of the weld on one hand and the high travel
speeds and simultaneously lower heat input on the
other too. Therefore care must always be taken to
store partly used spools correctly and always to use
wires which have acclimatized. Wires which have
become humid can be rebaked at 150C.
Today thousands of tons of high-alloyed flux-cored wires are successfully used for production welding
throughout the world. The wires have proven and established themselves in the construction of
chemical and petrochemical plants, offshore engineering, tanker construction, the paper and pulp indu-
stry, plant construction in the food, drinks or textile industries up to the welding of highly corrosion-
resistant flue gas desulphurisation plants.
12
Conveyer screw from AISI 316 Ti for the pulp industry welded with
Bhler EAS 4 M-FD
Pressure vessel with heating coil from AISI 316L welded with
Bhler EAS 4 M-FD
Pipe segment from duplex steel UNS S 31803 for the offshore
industry welded with Bhler CN 22/9 PW-FD
Part segment of a scrubber & separator made of
UNS S 31803 welded with Bhler CN 22/9 N-FD
Dissimilar joint weld, 3G,
welded with Bhler CN 23/12 Mo PW-FD
13
High-alloyed flux-cored wires are available for the most commonly used stainless CrNi and CrNiMo
steels as well as for dissimilar joints or weld cladding and are standardised in the European standard
EN 12073 and the American standard AWS 5.22 respectively.
3. SUMMARY
The present report investigates in depth the basic factors such as productivity, processability and qua-
lity in the selection of welding processes. The significant advantages of using flux-cored wires for wel-
ding stainless steels become perfectly apparent. Despite the higher product price of flux-cored wires,
there are remarkable time savings, productivity gains and potential cost savings to be made if all the
cost factors relevant to fabrication are taken into consideration.
Users who already have extensive practical experience of production welding using high-alloyed flux-
cored wires have given the following factors as reasons for changing over:
High deposition rate and increased productivity
Easy to operate
Smooth welding characterisitcs & weld finish
Radiographically sound weld deposit
Lower costs for the shielding gas
Simple and more cost effective post weld cleaning
Less repair work
Decreased overall fabrication costs
14
RANGE OF PRODUCTS
For flat and horizontal welding positions
* size 0.9 mm can be operated in all welding positions
For positional welding
If you have special questions or if you need expert consultation and
competent advice, please feel free to contact us.
A team of Bhler welding experts with special knowledge
in every sphere of welding engineering is at your disposal.
DESIGNATION EN 12073 AWS A 5.22
BHLER EAS 2 PW-FD T 19 9 LPM (C) 1 E 308 LT 1-4 (1) 1.2
BHLER EAS 4 PW-FD T 19 12 3 LPM (C) 1 E 316 LT 1-4 (1) 1.2
BHLER CN 22/9 PW-FD T 22 9 3 NL PM (C) 1 E 2209 T 1-4 (1) 1.2
BHLER CN 23/12 PW-FD T 23 12 LPM (C) 1 E 309 LT 1-4 (1) 1.2
BHLER CN 23/12 Mo PW-FD T 23 12 2 LPM (C) 1 E 309 L Mo T 1-4 (1) 1.2
BHLER E 308 H PW-FD TZ 19 9 HPM (C) 1 E 308 HT 1-4 (1) 1.2
size
in mm
size
in mm
DESIGNATION EN 12073 AWS A 5.22
BHLER EAS 2-FD T 19 9 LRM (C) 3 E 308 LT 0-4 (1) 0.9* 1.2 1.6
BHLER SAS 2-FD T 19 9 Nb RM (C) 3 E 347 T 0-4 (1) - 1.2 -
BHLER EAS 4M-FD T 19 12 3 LRM (C) 3 E 316 LT 0-4 (1) 0.9* 1.2 1.6
BHLER E 317 L-FD TZ 19 13 4 LRM (C) 3 E 317 LT 0-4 - 1.2 -
BHLER CN 22/9 N-FD T 22 9 3 NL RM (C) 3 E 2209 T 0-4 (1) - 1.2 -
BHLER CN 23/12-FD T 23 12 LRM (C) 3 E 309 LT 0-4 (1) 0.9* 1.2 1.6
BHLER CN 23/12 Mo-FD T 23 12 2 LRM (C) 3 E 309 L Mo T 0-4 (1) 0.9* 1.2 1.6
BHLER A 7-FD T 18 8 Mn RM (C) 3 E 307 T 0-G - 1.2 -
15
Bhler Schweit echnik
Aust r ia GmbH
Bhler Welding St. 1
A-8605 Kapfenberg
Tel.: ++43 (0) 3862-301-0
Fax: ++43 (0) 3862-301-95193
e-mail: postmaster.bsga@bsga.at
http://www.boehler-welding.com
Forwarded by:
Bhler Schweitechnik
Austria GmbH
Bhler-Welding-St. 1
8605 Kapfenberg / AUSTRIA
Tel.: ++43 (0) 3862-301-0
Fax: ++43 (0) 3862-301-95193
e-mail: postmaster.bsga@bsga.at
http://www.boehler-welding.com
Forwarded by:
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