Glossary
abhanga."Betd"; a standing posture with a slight
bend in both the upper and lower halves of the
body so that a plumb line from the top of the head
to a point midway between the heelspasscsslightly
to the right ofthe navel.
abhaya mudra. A gesture of protection and reas-
sumnce (the granting of the "absence of fear")
dispiayed by deitics to their worshipers; the hand
(usually the dght) is held palrn outward with the
fingers pointing upward. In Buddhism, it is used
as a teaching gesture,for it is through the Buddhist
teachings thar the "absence of fear" (of death) is
granted.
a&fiirr&a.Religious consecrationor initiatiotl by sprin-
kling with water.
acarya.O\e who observes(the rules of his religious
otder); a teacheror spiritual guide.
-llLe
adhiyhana. base (of a Hindu tenple) .
Adi Buddha. The supremeBuddha; rhe enbodimenr
of linyati;in certain esoterictraditions, the Buddha
fion whom emanatethejlaa Buddhas.Technically,
he is withoutforDr, but, accordillg tovarioustcxts, he
may manifest as difercnt suprene Buddhas, includ-
ing Vairocana,Vajradhara, Aksobhya, and othcrs.
driAsa.Without violence; the doctrine of non-injury
to living beings praciced by members of many
Indic religious sects.
aiil'arya. Sovercignty.
Ajaikapnda Bhairava. "One-lcgged goat Bhairava."
A one-leggcdform ofBhairava. SeeFig. 19.43.
akala. Eaher. In Buddhism, "spacc" in the absolute
sense;thc itlfiniry of Universality.
Aksobhya. "Imperturbable." One of thejina Suddhas;
he symbolizesthe awakening ofthe will to cnlight-
enment and presidcs over the eastcm paradise,
Abhirati. SeeFig. r8.rr.
al ha. A standitg posrure in which the deiry is
shown activeiy posed, sometimes trampling upon
an cnemy, usually with onc leg bent, the other
stretched.SeeFig. r8.uz.
715
-amalalea,"Fruit"; a fattened, fluted round form used
as a crowning member of the superstructure of
northern-style Hindu temples, as a relearing de-
corative motif on such superstructures,and some-
times in other atchitectural contexts.
Amitebha. "Light (Radiance) Without End"; "in-
finite radiance." One of thejlna 3r:ddhas; he sym-
bolizcs entry to attainmenr rhrough mediratiol and
presides over the westem paradise, Sukhavati. As
presiding Buddha in Sukhtvati, he is identical with
Amltayus.
An.ritabha/ Amitayus. The Bnddha who presides
over the westcrn paradise, Sukhavati. Sre a/-,o
Amirabha; Amitayus.
Amitayus. "Life Without End." Another name for
Amitebha as the presiding Buddha of the western
paradise,Sukhavati. In contrast to Arnitabha, how-
ever, Amitayus is not considered to be one of the
jina Buddhas.
Amra. Mxngo trcc.
anandafindara. A dance performed by the god Siva;
the nadantu.Seepp. J3J-36 ard Fig. 2r.34.
Ananta. "Endless." Thc serpent upon which Visnu
reclinesor sits. Also called Sega.SeeFig. ro.z9.
aiijali xndra. "'lwo-h"ndf,r1. pose"; a g.rt"oreofrespect
and saiutation in which the two hands are held
together near the chest, palms touching. See Fig.
5.r2.
aflturAla.An interrncdiate space in a temple; an an-
techamber or vestibule bctween the main shrine
and the ardhanatdapa.
-Ihe
anugnha. god Siva's power to grant grace to a
devotee.
Afiuttatuyagini-f4nttu- A classificationof Buddhist Tan-
tric texts that emphasize the most esotcric teach-
ings of the "nrother" or femalc f prajin radition.
apsaras(pl. apsansas).A female minor divinity that
inlrabits the sky, apwrasasare the "wives" of the
gatidharuasand ^re often depicreddancing or making
music.
716 GTOSSARY

ardhantandapa.A closed hall (na4dapa) wiicb may be ligions, iqnorance is seenas an "encmy" that must
joined to the main shrine of a terr-rPle6y an anturald bJ defeatld in order to achievereligious "victory."
or rnay abut it dirccdY ayudhapwuga.A personilication of one of Vignu's
Ardhanarilvara. "The Lord who is half woman"; a weapon attributes. SeeFig. ro.:9. CI

represcntationof Siva cornbined into a single body bocn

wlth his consort. The proper right side ofthe body bala. A term for "wall" in Orirsrn architec(rrrc.
is rnale, the proper left, female. SeeFigs. r3 6, 18 3o' Bahubali (Gommate6vara).A Jain saint; thc son of ?t-

ardhaparyairka. A half-squaning standing pose char- !.gabhan-dra(thc first lair tithaikara) . SeeFig. zz.3
acteriitic ofangry (&rodlra)deities. SeeFig. 18 13 bala. Powcr strcngth; forcc.
ardha pataka. "Half-flag"; a hand gcsture. See pp' Balarlma. "Rama of strength"; thc clder brother of bodln
267-68. Kr$na. Balarima is considered to be the seventh Brat
asatld.Se t or throne; the leg Positions or slttlDg incarnationofVignu. SeeFig r8.3z. he
postures assumed by deities and religious practi- Bhagavad-Ctta.The "Song of the Lord [Krgna]"; an
doners. appendedportion ro the Mahabhantu which has as tri
ajola. "Absence of sorrow"; a kind oftrec; also the a theme thc notiou that only deedsspringing fron
red flower of that tree. altruistic motives, devotion, alrd faith can lead ro Fi!
aloka dohada.A dahadawho grasPsatr djokd tree; a rhe rcalization ofBrahman. Central to much Kr;na Brah
symbol ofbirth and creation. SeePP. 68-69' tir
asidhanr. Metal of eieht alloys. Seep. 388 and cheP. bhagawta. A devotee. In later Hinduisrn, generalll' bo
r 8 ,n . 7 . used for devoteesof Krsna. lo.
aStadikpalas. The eight protective, directional deities; bhakti. "Devotion"; a mystical religious doctrine oi Brah
the iesenrsofrhe regronsofthe sky faith by which the devotee, through ardent, un- brAh
'
astapaririradevata. l\i eryhr pa'iuara or "retrnue compromising love of the god, attains unity wjth Hi
deiriesarrendingthc rn:ringod ofa shrine Usurlly the god. brha
p[accdin surroundingcircuit'. corridors.or shrine' bhasdaLTl\e libftty of a Jain religious establishment Budr
of a templc. flre number r"ric' accordtngto some bhik5u.A "beggar" or "mendicant." A Buddhist or M
systems. fain monk (fem. bhiklu4r, a nun). mi

asflia. "Asserter"; one who is "orthodox" and accepts biogona4dapo. The "hall of offerings [enjoyl.renr. rei

the authority ofthe Vedas. wealth, possessions]"in an Orissantempie. bxdd

'Farth";
asurc.ln the Vedas, a classof gods who were adver- bhntni. floor; [otrndation; level: stagc:
sariesofthe deras.Later, the teln came to refer to a story. In architecture, the levels or stories (of a Budt
type of demon. burlding or supcrsfructurc). In Buddhist Lhoughr. tel

aivanedha.Y cdichorsesacrifice the stalcs 1or spirirurl sphcre') through uh'ch : budd
alrotd/d. A rrurler rhe uahata of the goddessSrr' See bodhisattva (or practitioner) moves in quest oi Bud
Pl. zz, enlightenment. se
alt)attha. A {ig tree (Lat Fins teligiosa)',the bodhi bhunispdrla mudra. "Earth-totching gesture." Char- Pc
tree of Sakfamuni Br'rddha; a fipal tree' Its lcaves acteristic of depictions of Sekyamuni Buddha in dh
arc essentialiyheart-shapcdand have an elongated his victory ovet Mtra. The right hand exten& cr
ooint. SeeFig. r'4d. downward, palm inward, and touches (or reaches oli

Arman. In Indrc rcliqiou' thought. the Un'versel; toward) the earth. Used only for seatedfigures. rel

Brahman. SeePP. 29, 3o. Sc?Fig. 8.2r.

ahlafl.lnhrdic religious thought, the individual See btja. Seed; semen; sound essence.A mystic syllabl:
p.29. that constitutes an essentiaiPortion of a ,ratrrr; caityr
A.'alokite3vara.A nnhasattva bodhisattva,the embodi- Can also refer to the rel,icirLa stipa. re
mcnt of compassion and sometimes of enlighten- biuda. An epithet; usually for a god, a king, or : by
nent itsell Afrer xbout lhe sixth century, he becane great religious teacher. ral
the most populer bodhisattva in Buddhivn For ,oJ[i. In suddhi,-, enlightenment; perfectedknol:- caity
some ofhis variAn! names and forms, seeIndex and edge or wisdom; the result of the uni{ication c:
lllustration Index compassion(&araaa)and wisdon (pra.1na). In
avafit, Ln incartation (lit "descent") of a deiry; bodhitree(botlhiuTky).Enlighrenment tree; eachmorrr lar
generally used to refer to the lorms of the god (lranr.r5i)Buddha became cnlightened while med:- Bl
Vi9nu. tating under a type offfee that cameto be considerea wl
aailTa. "Non-wisdom"; ignorance. In Indic re- his "cnlightenment tree."
 crossARY 717
bodhipaksika. The rhirty-seven "rvings" or aspcctsof adkrdprrrsn.A nale figurc rvho pcrsonilics \risnu's
cnlightcnment; "ralcnt" lbr enlishtcnment or the rvireei (ra&ra); onc of tbe ayudlnptrusa:.
thiftv-seveD nrcntll gifts characteristicof e Bud- cdkrardttin. A univcrsaln]onarch Sf. Fjg. J.36.

F
dirx. rarrdrajalr."Moon-charnbcr" ; thc rou,roccropenrng ar
bodlrisattvalboihtsduual). "ErrlighrcnmcnrBeilg." A thc enclof a "barrcl-vaulrcd"ball. lts shapcis used
potenrialBuddha; a bcirg desrinedro atrainllutl- as e rcfeating decorativernotlf in Sotdt Asirn
dhahood;a bcinq capableofattainirrgBuddhahood religiousarchrtccnrrc. Src Fig. t2.3.
.,r'hoscrvcs:rsa guidc to others on thc luddhLt carrrra. A danccpose.SceFig. :r.33.
padr. Srr:p. ri5. cdlrltDitillatilltltrti. Thc menfl -four lbr1lls or :rspcccs
It bodhyaiginudra. Scepp. 4o2-l and Fi.s.r ti.r S. '1'hey
of Visnu. are usuall_v dcpiccd :r\ sran;ing,
b Brahna. A Vcdic and Hindr godlin latcr l-lrnduisln, lbur-armed ligures llho crn Lc rccognrzeo onr1,
hc is seenas the god of crcatiorl and is considc'rcd bl the twcntv-four variant rrrrs n r,,,hich thc
i to be, aions u'ith Siva and Visnrr, one of thc Hindu god's four principal attribures ma., bc rotercd
] triad. Hc is soncrines cotrsidl-rcdro be a rlil,pala , . r ' e L i ' I . r n , l . .F . lr o ,l 'rpLor'. ,.'
pr1' ard suardian of thc zenith resiolr of the sk\. Src T. A. Cioplnathallao, Eluutntsol llituh lrattogralthy
E I i s . I t .r 8 . (Mrdras: Larv liinting Horrsc, r9r4 r6; : vols.
Brahna &rpala. Thc severcclhcrd of li-aluni: somc- in 4, Ncu York: Paragon l3ook Rcprinr Corp.,
tincs held in dre hand of a lludclhist dein to sr-rn- r 9 6 3 J r, : r : 2 2 9 3 2 .
bolizesuprcrnacvovcr Ilrahnranism.S.. iig. ri.rr, rarrrl. Fh-r'hisk; chowriel rlso callcd rarrrara.Held
lor'"'erproper left hand. by figurcs artending respccrcdindividuals (borh
Brahnan. Thc Universal;Atnan. Seepp. :t9, 3o- relglous and sccular).S.r Fjq. 4.12.
0 , a t . r . n ' t ' t , aoh a ) .T ' r e ; r ' . . r l r . 1 . . ' i . \ e d . . r , . d cl,rrrr. Urrlbrell:r: parasol. A smrbol oi roralt1.,
Hinduisrn.
Pfotcction,or honor.
[1had.Great; 1:rrge; gigantic. chaya:tanbha. "Shadc-pilJar";a t\fe ol hcro storrc
Iluddha (l.,rrl/la). An enlight,:.ncd,omniscicnt leing. (rrdgdl).S.r Fig. 9.3r.
May rcGr to rnortal 0rtrrlri) beines (suchasSak-r'a-
n . r r n 'S r d d h - ) o r L h o \ c^ r h e . b . r r - . r , r n . . . " r r c " r Daksinanhrti. SeeSiva Daksinanlrti
realns. danaru. A typc of drun consisringof r$,o rriangul:u
buddhaloha. Buddha-world. A world that is presided forms Soincd at the apc)ies;uscd by drnccrs. Whcn
over by a Buddha.Srcp. 2,47. hcld rn thc hand of e deitv, it can rcpresent thc
Buddhandt&a.Morber of Buddhas. The Pr,tjii a?arcniia rhlthm of tirnc and thc crcrtivc ener!j\'. Thc te.o
texls. joiDed sectionsmA\ also represcnt thc nrlc arrd fe-
Ituddhapada. Footprint of a BLrddha. rtralc principlcs. S.. Fig- 19.47, propcr right hantl,
B u d d h i . n , .T h e B r r o d i r r sr t. l i , r , . l r . r , - n \ r u r r . , sccondfrom top.
sects,and variatioDsrevc:ria greatdivcrsitv; onLl.a dardahasta. "Stall-hand," or tgajahdsta("clcphanr-
portioDofthc religionccnrerson rhc historicalBud- hand"): a harrdgcsrurc.Ss. p. JIJ and Fig. 2r.33.
dha, Saklarnuni, and his tcachrngs.Irs basic prur, dar'aan."Vicrvurg"; espcciallvh:rvrng siehr of :r sacred
, ' u l e , r ' r l . . d e n o n r : . l e n c cr. . ! j j p r . 5 l o n .I n d g e rc - - inage, placc,or revcrcdperson.
ous works; for most Buddhists,the eoal of thc dataltlnnnika.The ten sragcsof achiercmcnr of thc
rellgiorl is to att?in cnlighleDrnent,and, bencc, bodhisattva,leading to Buddhahood. Sometines
cxtinccionof individualexistcnce (rrlrrana). Dunbers other dran tcn are given (sucb as cicvcn
md drirtcen) though thev arc srill calic.l thc ren
carrya.A sacred spot, sotrrerinlesassociatcdrvith a saagcs.
r . l i c . t . . n - r . . 1p . r e . o r b u r . . J .I r n r 1 b c r . , r ^ c d da\A1jdtarc. Tl\c ten principal ararar-ror rncarn:rtionsof
by a trec or nroond and surroundcdby a sacrcd Visnr.r.The incarnationsusuall.,citerl rrc: r. Ma-
railing (relila). A srrpais a tvpe ofrairTa. r ' 1 r / f J : : . h u r m . , r . r r o : , e 73:. \ - r " l r . b o , r ; l
caitya\z|l. A ha11that conrainsa rnirya. 4 Nrsirhha (nanJion); 5. Vimana-Trivikrama
;aftra. Wheel; discus; sonretinrcsa solar svnrbol. (drvarf); 6. ParaiLrrama (Ranrarlith the axe); 7.
l n l i u n d h I l , r h c . a l r ar . t c r . ^ r h . \ r ' c c o t r L . Ranra; 3. Krsna; 9. llalaram:r(or, sometrr-ncs, Sikya-
law (dharntacahra) and, soncrirnes, to (tkvaruunj muni Iluddha); ro. Kalkin. Accordlng ro Vaisnevitc
B r r d d - r ' .t r r . r' - r r r r u r rb. r ' r r 1 . ,, 1 , . , r ' , 1 1 l t l . r r g h r .r l . c L r ' r r . i l e r r r ,' r r . , r r .r , l ' . ' e . ) r e r d ;
rvheelof the laql' jnro motion. In llinduisrl, thc apleared;thc tcnrh,Kalkin, is srillawaited.
ca&r,ris a s,vmbol(aud *'eapon) of Visnu. /eal. l-he residcncc of rhe dcity; rhe main shrine
718 CLOSSARY

ofa Hindu temple and its suPentructure; a ritltra. Signifies deep meditation rather than communica-
Sometimes used to refel to the temPle as a whole, tion to a devotee. The term may also refer to the
including its manfopas.IJscd especially in Orissan similar lap position of one hand while the other
architectural terrninology. (Similar terms include (usually the right) makes another mu&a. See Figs.
derakula, ilevagara,deuagrha,devalaya.J 8.r3,8.14,8.r8,8.2o.
deva.A god of the Vedic Pantheon belonging to the Digambara. "Sky-clad" (naked) Jain sect; one of the
ry'eraclass;later, the term is used generically to refer two rnainJain sects,distinguishedfrom the Svetan-
to a god or deity. (Fcm. /eri.) bar. b1 irt more rigorottr asceticism.
dikpala. A rcEent or guardian of one of the directions gala'
devakoitha.A niche on the exterior of the wall of a
or quarters of the sky who protects the world fron-r a5
sourhcrn-styleHindu temple conceiningan image
IO:
of a deity or, sometimes, other {igures. See Figs. demons.Imagesofdi[palas are often depicted facing
the directions on Hindu temples. Usually, eight ofl
2r.t2-r4' 2r.r7, 21,r8.
a'la
deva-kulika. A variant of deoabula(see deul\. Ofren such guardians are listed (attadikpala),who guard
the four r,rain and four intermediate directions; tb,e:
used to refer to the small cells containing sacred
images in the cloister surrounding a temPle. See sometimes,two others are cited as protectors of the
Fig.2o.Jr. zenith and nadir. SeeFig. r5.r4 for Agni, guardian
de::-'
devaprtra. "son of god"; a term sornctimes used to ofthe southeast.
"-lwo-iearted one"; seepp. 68-69. the :
refer to kings in Indic epigraphsand other contexts doha,La.
ilhartna."Lrw; practice; justicc; duty (moral or rcli- drauida. Or.e of the three major "styles" of Hirrdu
giou')." h Buddhi.rn.refersto the be'is or c"sence architecture; the "southei' tryl". s." p. slo.
Dravidian. Rlrlrtilrg to e group of South Indian Ganes:
of the religion itself, its foundation ln Hinduism,
languages(Tamil, Malayalarn, etc.) and the people ano
refers especially to duty performed for its own
elel{
sake,without thought of reward. who spcak ther,r.
as \_-:t
dharnacakra."Law-wheel"; "whecl of the law": the dlrga. A fort; difiicult ofaccessor impassable.
Durga. The supremegoddessin Hinduism, who came to ::,q
fust sennon of Sakyamuni Buddha is said to have
to have her owr very important cult. Shc cornbines beg-:!
"set the wheel of the law into motion," that is, to
have set the process of world righteousnessinto aspectsof a war,rior goddessand a lrother Iigure P P ': T
and is lakti of Siva, to name only a few of her Gang:- 1
motion. Reprc'entedas a whecl in arr. ln dcpic-
characteristics.SeealsoDurg- MahiSisurarnardini. the .'r
rion. of Sai.yamuni'sfirr. \eImon, a wheel m,y
be placed in front of or beneath the Buddha. See Durga Mahi;asuramrrdini. Durga a5 suPremevicto:
over the demon (aslra) Mahiga and a symbol oi Gange.-:
Fi9.8.22.
rciigious attainment. See p. r9r and Figs. ro6. Gar,=-
dharmacahramtdra. A teaching gesture (nulra); the
r4.r7, r J.8, r5.2o,r7.26. gafihal,t
gesture of "setting the wheel of thc law into mo-
duarapala.Door guardian. SeeFig. rc.s, (Fetu. doar6- cotn:E
iion." The gescure requircs both hands, held at
about chest level and touching each other, though palika- SeeFig. 14.22.)
tbafttura1llt.An arch (tora1a)surrounding a doorwa! seec :
there are many variations in the way the hands
(duaru).SeeFrg.9.9. Garud.r
can touch.
dvitala. "'fwo-tiered"; a tvro-tiered superstntctureon wirl: :.
dharnakaya,"Law-body"; the universal condition of
a southern-style Hindu temple. See Figs. 14.23' dess:-
order. Scepp. I15. :o3. Secalsorri&aya.
27.15, to b:
dhannapala.Guardian of the lawi a protector of the
to re l
Buddhist faith; a Buddhist tutelary deity often
EkadaSamukha."Elcvcn-headed"; a forr,r of Avalokr- ghatfi. !
having a tcrrifying appearanceand an angry (&rolia)
1111!re
character.Seep. i83 and Pl. 2r' teivara in which he has cleven heads. Seep. z6;
and Fig. rz.z7. iranci :
dhoti, A g tr.rrentcovering the lower portion of the
body, worn around the waist and passedbetween ekawkhaliiga. A li*ga with a representatior of :
singleface. SeeFig. ro.9. non: :
the legs to be tucked in behind.
gods.-
dhuaja. A stardard, banner, fag, or pole A form -lheLatin
Fius religiosa, attha laee.
i ne for the 43:u SeeF-:
.rnd 'ymbol usedunivcr'ally in Indic religions
dhvajacanbha. A pillar standard; a flagstaff.
and r:
dhynna nudrn. A meditation hand-pose. Usually, gada. A nace or club. One of Vi94u's principal ai-
cribotes.SeealsoGadidcvi. Gomm::
both hands are placed in the lap of a seated{igure,
gonuleli:
palms upward, with the right hand atop the left. Gadadevr. "Mace-goddess"; the personification c:

Vignu's mecc (gada), which rakes a ftnale fbrm.
ter
SscFig. ro.7.
!!ri
qajala-va."Elcphant-htnd" ; secdandahasta.
T
b" Gajalak5rni. "Elephant-Laksnl" ; a goddess sym-
b o t z r r r gp r o ' p e r : t r . ' 1 ,. r , l r ' r c e".r r d 4 l l \ nc r o u \ r . \ \ .
Shc is depictcd with two clephants sprinkling
waterover hcr. seL'Fig.r4.rr-
rmr
Gajendraurokse. Sre p. zrr and Fig. ro.3r.
1ala. "Flock,"'inulritude":
E
asdwarvcs. Src Fig. r4.36. SolDeservc Asattendants
to Siva (Fig. r4.r9, top lcft). The god Gane$ (Lord
ofgaaas)presidesovcr thclanas who, in this contcxc
end sorne othcrs, syrubolizc tirc "categoricf' (all
drat c"tr bc counted, conprehendcd, or n:rmed).
gandhakuti. "Fraqrauthall."
oattlharua. "Frtgrarcc"; a kind of sky-drvelling
IT
dcttt gardhntas are somctinrcs considcrcd to bc
tire rnusiciens of thc gods. Their "rvivcs" erc thc
gaali. "TrrurL"r an architcctural terrn. Sedp. 413.
r n ' r 1 C . . n r 1 ' r r i tL. o - d f . n r n : . r r " r r ' o ( o r '
mcl popul:rr HindLr god, charactcrizcd b,r, his
elephant hced (antl, oftcn, lrodv). lIe ts tlso Kno\\'rl
asVighncSv:rta(Overconer of Obsuclcs Ihindrences
to religious anrinncnt]) and is rrrvokcd rt thc
bcgrnning of :rny verturc, inclLrding rvorship. Sre
pp. r9o-9r and Fig. r3.:7.
Gangi. Thc Cartgeslliver; tirc goddesspcrsonif,ving
the G:urgcs lliver. llcr synbol and r,r/rarrais drc
tnkart. SceFigs.7.2,ro.37.
Carigndhare(rrrrrLi). Siva as bc:rrcr of G:rnge, the
(iangcslliver. Sr:cpp.279,28r xnd Fig. 13.8.
garbhagln. "Wonb chambcr." l'hc rnncr, ;.rincipal
conlpaltnlcllt ofr tclnple in rvhich thc n.rjor unage
or /iriqa is placcd and, rs such, thc coutaincr ol the
sccdof rnanilcstation.
GarLrde.A p:ut Lrird, pxrt human crcarure essociatcd
u'idr suu and rir; dre tardlr,r of Vi9nt. l1c rs t[e
desrrover of scrpenrsand, likc Gane(a,is considercd
to bc :r reruover of obstacles(th:rt is, hindrances
to religiors .Ltt.inmcnt).
,qharta.A bell; lts tmnsieirtsound is svmbolic of rhe
irnpermanencc of cxlstc'trcc.M:ry' be held in thc
1'",'d dcity. As an attribLrtcof Slv:1,it rnay
"f "
symbolizccrcation.Ils sourrrlcan n'lm lu':rt'dc-
mons and lttracr thc :rttcntiooof worshlPcrsor thc
gods.hr llLrddhisr, ir can rcprcscntpralria(rvisdotn).
.S.fFigs.rE.22,2o.rj.
.grn (,gri). Cl:rrifrcd bLrttcr. Uscd irr borh cooking
and religiousritcs.
(lornnratc(vara.Src Behubah and lig.22.3.
.goalrAla.Corv's-licc; sorrerinlesrctirs ro shapc of
GrossARY 719
torso, cspecially as a convcntiotl in mature Pala
sculpture.SccFigs. r8.r7, I8.r9.
gopl. Milkmaid; cowhcrdcss. One of Krsna's fcoale
comp:urions.Scr Pl. 43.
go7,ura.A south Iidirn tcnple gatervay. See Figs.
2r.29,23.8,24.6.
grira. "Ncck"; an architecturaltern. In southern
lnclin stlle tenr1,les,thc n'a1l portion bcncath the
usuall,v, rcprcsented liklnra nd -vtli of the superstrlrcture over the
shrinc. It ma,v be square, circular, or octagon:ll in
shapc.
g u d h n t ' . t n l a 1 a I. I e a ' , r ' , b l r I r l l o f r . r r ' p l e :-
rerm Lrscdcspcci:ll,v in *'estern lndian (Gujarati)
nomcnclature.Scrp. 485.
ganas.(]ualiries; thc threc universal qualities.Seeralas,
sdttrdjtd las)and pp. :79, 367.
jrnl. "Vcncrible": a religious guitle; a spiritual
lari-,,:. A (*i1d) goosc; sonctinlcs erroncoLlsll trms-
lared as srvan.ln Bucldhisnr,a semidivine bird that
is ficclucntll cited es a rcsidcnt of various paradises
llarill:ua. A clcit-vwho is half-Vi;nu (llarj), half-
Siv:L(Hrra). The inraec is said ro rcprcscnra syr-
crcrisnr betrvccn thc cults of drc trvo gods. S.e
F i g s .t o . r o , z o . r r .
Hariri. A goddcs; patronessof children. Sre pp.
r47 .+8.LDdFig. 8.26.
hdrntika.A reiiing crownins x Ilr/d. Sr( Fjg. 6.I.
Ha-r'egrivrL. "Horsc-r'rcck"; a ficrcc form of Avaloki-
tc(vrr:r. Slr Fie. I8.23. In lluddhisn, he is also a
dhanldpnlu. ln Flinduisrn, the narue tcf.rs to onc
of \iisnu'snren) inc:Lm:rtions.
Hcruka. A lluddhisr dcitl and a classof deities.Scr
p p . 3 9 E9 9 e n d F i g . r i l . r t .
Ilcv:rjLr.A BucLlhistdeity. Ser p. 399 and Fig. t8.r4.
Hirralarra."Lcsscr or sm:rllcr vehicle"; uscd ro dc-
scrib.' thc foru of Buddhism in rl,hicir it is believcd
,',^l..rl.r11.,or',.r'tl . g r . o ' 1 , ^ 1 " 1 'I 1 1
iluddhahood. The tcnn rvas apprreDtl-r crc:rtcd b,v
\ 4 . 1, . , r . . r l i Ld d l ,' ' . , r " 1u ' e r r .r ' . , ] , c t o l I \
cormotxtiorl.Thc so-callcdHinalinists, thcrclbrc,
rcjcctrhc tc[rr. S.f pf. 32,70, rrJ.
HindLrlsru.A tcrm uscd to describcthc nan), Pri-
rnaril,vorthodox (Vedic), indigcnousrelisionsxnd
sectsof soLrth Asie (thLrsexcluding Buddhism and
J.rinisrn),drcir oLrscrvarccs, pracices, and belicG.
The ternr itsclf 1resa fofelen oriqtn; rhele rs no
simrhrlr' corrprehensive*ord nlrive to thc Indic
l:urgu:rges.L)uc to thc vast v;trlance ill bclicfs and
prirctices,IliDduls111 is virruallv irrpossiblcto de-
6nc: thcrc is rro conurloncrccd,sctofdognlas,uni-
 720 GLOSSARY

versally acceptedcanon of texts or deities,nor any servesas Siva's abodc; it is also the residenceoi
"Church," per se. It evolved over nrillennia and Kubera. SeeFig. r6.7.
has roots in the prehistoric cultures of South Asia kala. "'tirr.e" ; the destroyer of all; death. Oftcu used
and thc Vedic beliefs. The major Hindu deities as a name and epithct of deities (both Hindu and
includc Siva, Visnu, and Durg- Buddhnt). AIso neans "black," thc "black one "
(Fcm.lali.)
lndra. Vedic god of thunder, rain, clouds; later K i h c a k r . . T r r r r e - ' r h c c l .A t u t e l a r l d c i t y o f r h c
rvorshipcd ti a dikpala and as Indra/Sakra, lord Vajrayana / Tantric Buddhist pantheon. SeePl. z6
'7.7a' 17.2o. kalanaka. The d:tnceof time and cternjty; Performed
of TrayastJiriria hcaven. Sce Figs
Indra4r. The consort oflndla. SeeFig. r7.14 by Siva.SeeFig. zr.zo, right.
kdlaia. Pitch,er',\letcr pot; ewer. Sonerimes held as
Orissan architectural tetn for na4dapa; an attribute by a deirl. In architecture,may be the
'Tagarrofian.
--n,r.cnrb ly rel::'r
l r . . l l l. r c n c l o s c Jp o r c h . crowning emblcm of a Hindu temple.
jdgdta. In architecture, a terrace, piinth, or platforrn; Kaliy.r.Secpp. JiG37 and Fig. 2r.35. kitur::
fralpa. "World period": aIr aeon; a cosmic cycle. p2r:
rhe basernenrof a temPlc.
fron the creation to the destructiol of the physical be'
I a i n r . r r rl.l r e I . L i nr c l i g i o n .l t s r w o m a i t ri e c l s . r r e( h e
ktrttir..t
I . ) i g r r r r b . ' ' . r , n d( i c t r r l t b r r * . A " n o n o r t h o d o x ' univcrse.
rcligiotr, its followers reject the authority of the kalpadrunn. "Trce of the world period"; a wish- !
VeJas and bclieve in a series of twcllty-four iit- fulfilling tree. SeeFig. 5.2. 9'l
kalpalata."Yire of the world pcriod"; a wish-fulfilline c-:{
/fiaa&aras, onc of whon-rwas Mahlvira (Grcat Hero)'
vine or ctccpcr. Sc€ Fig. i.9, along thc copine r6. -
a contcnporiuy of Sekyamuni Buddha's. Sea pp.
stone. koSan
3t-32.
undcr which the kalpaulk5a."Tree of dre world pcriod"; a ll'ish- krodha
' /anlu. Rose-applc tree; the trce deic
princc Siddhartha (Sakyarnuni Buddha) sat during fulfilling tree. S?eFig. J.2.
his first neditation. SecFig. 8.r8. kalya4a na4/apa. "Marriagc h:rli " In late soutb
jafi. Mafied hair; charactcristicespecially of ascetics Indian architecture, a building or pavilion in the det:
tempie complex for celebration of divine wcddine krodh:
and ofSiva asthe great Yogitr.
of one of the many festivals.SeeFigs.23.J,23.6. kroe
-iatuko. "Birth story"; a narrativc Kfq{ra
lives of Sakyamuni Buddha prior to his final life. Kalytnasunduam[ i. Marriage ceremony of Siva
and Parvati.SerFigs.20.2,20.3,27.31. Hin:
As a fully eniightened being, thc Buddha was able
frap;/a. A skull or cup nade of the upper part of, vip
to reracmber theselivcs and he revealcd then ro his
disciples.In erch case,the purpose of tLe rcvelation skull. The ternr nav also refcr to a severedhead-
Such :r cup or head n-raybe hcld as an attribute in Krs4a
was to enPhesize the virtuc denonstrated by his
actions in that life and, thereby, to have his lives the lrand of a deity (usually o{ rhe krodha typc).
kaparda.A type of scashell; a hairstyle in which rhe hisc
serveas a modcl for others.
locks of hair curl spirally like the top of a shei1. k ika
loatnuk la. Crown o[ rnJtted ]lliLi worn bv sotrrc
of 5ivr'
charJclerrstic
is espccr'rlly
L-rLrr Characteristicof some Buddha figurcs as well :s tot
bodfusan,r.,'.
jina. "Yictor; victorious." A beirrg who has attained the!
rhe state of suprene knowlcdge. In Jainism, a tir- kapadfu. Chuacterized by or wexitg a kapardc rDot

,tdi[a/,1, In Buddhism, one ofthe uraniGstationsof (hairstyle).

the fivejidaas (transccndentknowledges) that make karnta. "Act; actiotri deed." Seepp. z9 3o. ksatril
kartri. L typc of knife. An attributc hcld by some ktelra
Lrpl.,orlli{enhghrcnrnenr). lhc fivejrrraBuddhesare
considcredro-b. d;rc.t,on*l Buddha'.I he Frveare deities. In Buddhism, it is used n-retaphoricaliyto Pro
flay the skin ofthe meditaror asa gestureofdestror-- i!uDc
aimost invariably given as A}5obhya (east), Rat-
ing the ego. and
nasambhava(south), An.ritnbha (west), Amoghasid-
Karnikeya. "Related to the Krttikas (Pleiade$." The InI
dhi(rrord4.^ ,d V,'rocrn,lccnter) In 'orrrc'ystems.
Hindu god who is rlso known as Skanda,Kunara. kno
Vairocana is associatedwirh the east and Akgobhya
with the celter. Guha, Subrahnanye, and Sakddhara,arrrong other an1(

jnara. Knowledge: specifically, suprernc knowlcdge narnes.He is sometimes considered to be the son kula.
of Si.ra; gene'ally, he is depicted as a youth. S.. srd
or cranscetdentinsight
Figs.8.4o,rr.7, r9.12. ilr!
&aruza.(Buddhist) Conpassion; a quality that con- isti(
Kailasa. A ralgc of mouncains in the Himalayas'
sritures half of Buddhahood, the other half oi usu
In Hinduisrn, it is the name of the mountein that
 cLClssARY 7 21
lhich is praTia(u'isdonr).Cbaracterisric of the Bo- A)l beilgs, inclLrdinsBLrddhrs,bodhis:rrtves, and
dr,.,,rr.A . r . , ^ l . r c , v , . , .s ! L r ( 1 . odrcrs,le cirssificdaccordinqto rhrss\'stcm.
ka1o,sdtld. A stAndinqnleditationpose ch:]racteristic t r' ,., ..ij ) . A r .l, .l . r. .. rro r,:.
ofJein irqures. The bc'dl shorvs no bcld lurd thc Slc Fiq.:r.:6.
hatrdshans do*n at thc sides.Scr:Fiq. :-r.3. /r a.{ r..' .'r'.\-..l
Kctllrlati. The exrrhlv p:1r:1.lisc thar rvill l-.c prcsidcd kirroll,dl,in. A rheirrricrlfaviliol irr r l(cr alareml']e.
ovcr bv Maitrc)':! rt thc ti1llc of his dcsccntes I Sr'r'ligs. :;.3 ro.
Bucldhr.
I(LasarpanaAvalokiteiv:rr:r.A lor nr of Avalokjreivua. la"L.vn,r.A rnrrk, s.,rrl.ol, ,l sisn, espccl.rllv rhc
S f . F r q .r S . J . .ruspicious nurts oD rhe bodl.of e lluddh.r,bodhi-
lhatrniga. A tlpe of stall or club rvirh :r sknll rLtthe saLLva, ol calralarrir;.
Sikllrruni is srirl to hrvc had
b top svmbolizing victorv ovcr dcmons, fiat is, thi1t1-t$'ornrlor lol.r,;rr,r-'.
.!rr p. r:r.
r"
I
rcligiorrsettainnrcnt.
lihnara. A crearr.rrc thxt is p.rrt bird, part human, or'
Lakyrane. "Erdoucd lith .ruspicious nrarks-" The
h.rlt bro$cr of Itarr:r. A lrlor ch:uactcrof thc
I par! horsc, pilrr hrmrn. SoDrctillrcs considcrcdto Rar;a1,anl. Stl I'iq. ro.39rrcl Pls.j5,.1,-r.
! bc :Ltvpc ofgarr/l,rrlr. Lrksnri. "N1aLk": "tokcn"; "sigu." Tlrc goddes of
]<trrtint&ha. A "denron" ruask p1acc,:labolc doof- so,:,,:lfortune urci *crLth. qL'lrerrll\consjdcrcclro
wals:rnd nichcsoftcmplcs or at the rop ofrhe h.rlo be rhc prircipal conyrrt of VjsnLr.Shcls conrmollv
or back-slab of sculpted imagcs. It is intcndcd to lino\l'1r i]\ )fi
drive awav cvil rnd protcct thc devour. Scr Fig. '1
L| lr' 'o u'1, ' t... 1 , . r ' o u. r r f
rS.I7. s|stcnr.rtizef)of thc l)iiup:rre Srivirc scd, u.ho rs
ko sattbakut i. Trcasurehall. cr-.rrslclcrcd ro bc :ur in<lrnrrion of 6ivr. Hc is
lrolra. "Anqr;"; "lvrrrhfirl"; cherrctcrlsricof sornc gc'n.'le11r dc.picrcdln err rs rukcd, u.trh rn crecr
d ^ ' r. . B r , . l . l' lrr , r d H l d . . . l ' " r'g. , r,r l l n g r rS. t l i l g . r 5 . r r .
to rvard olf enemiesof rhe iiidr rnd protcc the lallta\dttn. A posturcof c.rsclrd rclrrerion. f)ne Jeg,
devout..SrrI)l. r,tr. gcrcrallr'the lcfi. is tblclcdorr thc scrt u.hjle rhe
lrodhdkaya.An urgrl lbnr of a clcitr. Scc alvr orhcr bugs clo*n.,r'erdrtrd somcimcs rcstsLrl)orr a
pedcsralor srool. Sfr Fi-g..\.39.
Krsna. Thc "D:rrlt-One." Olc of drc mosr popular . ' 1. . | . r l ' . . . .r,. pi.rlo .u.e
llirrdu qods, considercd to bc en incirrlrriolr of siqn or indic.rt,:rr oi gr.ndcr or ,cx, cspecirlLl'rhc
V i q n u .. S r lF i s s .r o . r r , 2 T - j J ,r l . r z a n d P 1 .4 3 . S c c nrele ser orqan or firlrllLrs.ln I linduisrl, rhe lrl;ga
d/\-cKrsnaVcnugapala- (phrllus)is asoci.rrccl alnrosrcxclLrsivc'lv rvith Siva.
K;y.raVcqr.rgopela. A ilm of Krsn:r in u'hich hc is 1cnrplcsdcdicarecL ro Sir.r qcncrelh havc a sroneor
rlepictcd plering r llutc q'ith r'hich hc cnch:urts nreral linXa cnshlilccl rs tlrc nt.Linobject ol vencra-
hjs dcvotees.SreFiq.2.2.46. tiorl A /it1j,d
rrul bc sctiuto a l or,, a slDTbolof thc
lrttila. Thc PL'iadcsconsrellation, \\41icL,iccordi.q lcmrlc gcnerativcorqeu, dnr scrvcs:rsits pcdcstll,
to lndic thouglrt, hes six (nor sevcn)srrrs: cech of but, rlore imporr:urt1r',toqcthcf, thc /iri3lrxnd
rhcscstersis considcredto be one ofthc sis ioster yorrr srnrbolizc thc unitr rvithin clLnLlo rhat is
rnothcrs of K:rrtikel.a (Skrnd.r).Scr p. :3r rnd ' , , . ! r i^ r h , . . , , ,, 1 , " . . . s . 1 .
"n rxg.r:
C h a p .r r , n . r 5 . rrrl be aclorncdrvirh hcadsor llccs rLno,occrsron-
l . r p r y r A r , r r " r , ' - . r l , . " f r l r , r n , r . . . r .. . .ll .j.r1,.. 1,. s,r f ..i.. r.j.ro.o..rlPl.
' : , a , a ' a . l , - J . t r . c r r c l . ^. . :. , . i ' 1l
lrorcctivc dcrw. Sr:cFig. r r. r4. Lohnrtin. "]&illd toLcl." lrr lLrrldhism,a irrm of
KLrbcla.A lalsa erd kins ofthe la[sa-'.Cod of$crhh Ar.rLrkiteivrrr. Sr,r'Pl. -:7.
and richesan.l a /i&lala of$c nor.herh dLrcctlon-
Irr I3Lrddhisnr,hc scrvcs as a rllrararllala. He is rlso , ' n l . r . n lr . F . , r . n , c . . . , , .td. r .., ofbr*1. r:;'r.e
knorvn ls \'eiirevana, Jlrrrrbh:I1x,and Pincik.,, fourrrlorr rcnrplesofKirnatrkr. Sff Fiq.22.2E.
i1n1o|gother nillllcs.scr Fig. j.3. trltlfil,ltaram.Onc of thc tlo lujor cpics of South
L ' . l a f t t l r . I r l l r r ' , r1' , , . . . . r ' . ^ ( 1 . . . - Asii. Sc. pp. .lo J r.
sidcretions thar hc)psdcfine m individueL's posirion nnhubhi,isl<rutLnna. The Grcrt I)cparrure *.hcreby
in socie!\'.In M.rharina lluddhisru, all cL:Lr,rctcr- Pnrrcc Srdllhlr:thrlcft Lis pehcc ro scck rruth and
istics ol cxistcncc arc classiierl irto "fanriLies," k n o r v l c d g eS. i r p p . 9 9 ,r 4 r 4 z : r n dF i g . E . r 9 .
usu:rllyconsiderecl to bc cithcr t'rveor srxrrrrrurrrbcr. tltaltAdrAra." ()rcat daar" ; a nrorulrr'trtai ctrtl ancewf,y.
722 GtossARY

Mahakale. An angry, Protective rnanifestation of the shrine area directly, or nray Prccede a transi-
Avalokite3vara and a dharnapdla(protector) of the tional space (such as an antechamber) beforc thc
Buddhistlaw. SeePl. zr' drrine, or rnay be completely detached from the i.:
mahamandapa. L latge rna4dapa(usually with rnany portion of thc temple that contains thc shrine r-
oillar,t preccding checentrrl shrinearea' May be entircly enclosed, partially cnclosed, or :_
,nnharo,,io. "C."riB.ittg': in Buddhi'rn, a rupre:rre opet (without walls)-
bodhisattva,S??P. rr5. na4dk. "Tenple." o:
nahastupa.'Grcarsrttpa : , lrrgc stapa.SccFig 6 t' ntaigala. ftt auspicious:igrr. U'u.rlly erght ,re ciicd o:
'
Maha-uidyadeus. "Gre.rt KrrowledgeGoddcs'es lrr (astanLahgala).
tlre larn religion, the 5ixteengoddes'c' who per- nanfrd. Ar. incantatiou; a vcrbal cha[t; a nystic sy1-
,oniiy tlrc varioLrskind' of knowlcdge and arc lablc; a phonetic synbol that both evokes and
tx
invoLed at various stagesin rcligious Practices Ses vivilies the divinity bei[g propitiared. A araatra IL

Ftg. zo.S7. consistsof a sericsof syllableswhich mav or rnav ri

^ohaiilraro. "Gt. r,ihara"; a large Buddhist monastic not have tratslarableneaning; ir is thc sound ofthe d
establishrnent,usually having a number of srnalicr anlTd,ttot its "sense," that is ilnPortant. A ,tdtr,/n
tnonesclcunlts. rnay be personifred(seeFig. 18.6).
Mahevira. "Great Hero." Thc twenty-fotuth of the lrirlfi Buddha. A morcal (human) Buddha, such as
Megadha, ca 540-468 Sakyamuni. In various types ofBuddhisrn, difcrent
fain turhaikaras; he lived in I
B.c. SccpP. 3r-12. nun-rbcrsare cited, bur, frequently, Iive, or eight,
Mahayina.-'iGrcat Vehicle." one of the rnajor cate- such Buddhas are mentioned- Sce Fig. 12.39
sorics of Buddhist practices,encomPassing:r wide Maravijaya. "Victory over Mara." Sikyanuni Bud- nirl,
iariery of secrs,beliefs, and Pracliccs.Mrheyenists dha'sdefeatof Mira ("death," "destroycr," "killcr"l s
tyPe ald
crnpn,,.rzebodhi.attr'r' of tlrc ,'r,:/ra'art,'o rnd, th r', hi' art rinrrrcnroI thc lrber.'t'veprorni'c oi nag
b.lieve i,, rhe potentiel of all ,enricnt being' ro Buddhahood. In arcistic represcntations,the Bud- d
achieveBuddhahood. S?ePP. 32, 70, Ir4-r5 dha-to-be is shorvn scated bcneath his borlll tree. ilal
Maheivara. "Great Lotd " Ao epith.r ofSi.'". his right hand usr.rallyrcaching lowrfd the eardl or
Mahilasuranardini. "slavcr of the Buffalo DeInon " touching ir (lfitLnispatla rrrlrlra) to call the carth t
S?eDurga Mahiglsurarnardini. (goddes) to lvirness his right to attainnent ind. tlaS
i'Friendly"; "benevolcnt"; "loving." In somctimes, the arlties of Mara, his tempter's
Mairreya,
Budihisrn, Maitrcye appeersas both a Buddha and daughtersor others of Mira's retituc, are shown iI: I
a nahasattuabodl.risattva As a bodhisattva,Maitrcya the composition. See pp. r4z 43 arrd Figs. 8:t. tfig
is said to reside in the Tuqita heavcl, where he r 2 .r J . r,Ag
awaits his rebirth as the ncxt mortal (rMrrrr;i) nnstaka."Head" ; lhe crowning elemcnts of a Hindu nal
Buddhe. As a Br.rddha(of the fucure), Maitreya will ternple towcr. r
presidc over KetLur:rti, an earthly pamdise whcrc lritr. "Mother"; a goddcs; rhe goddcsswho persoui-
iris dcvotccs will residc in great tranquility and rvill ies the Grcar Mother, rhe mother ofall thilgs.
!
bc able to hear hirn preach the docrrine. For Bod- ,,dtld. A lno[astcry or c]olster' Na
hisattvaMairrcya,seeFigs 8.rJ, 8 3,1,r8'2o, 2r'38; naika. (Also, fifildrd arTdrrfl.) "Mother"; a divinr
for Maitrcva l]uddira, -,eePl. 8. nother; a jaAfl of one of tire Hindu gods. Sevcra,
nakara, L nythologicxl qutsi-crocodilian creaturc r r r t n b . r t , r e g i v c n , b u f . o f t e l l . ) r ' v e l la r c n J l l l e i Na.
that is a symbol of auspiciousnessand thc primal (sdptafitka). Also, a type ofloatra. Srr Figs. 13 r:. t'
lifc sourcc-The vehicle (ealana)ofthe rivcr goddes r6.8. t'
G.rns;. S.c Fig. 5.8. rrrayn.Thc illusionary naturc ofrhe phcnomenalworlC' 2
T
u , r / o .i r o . ^ r y l , g , r r l r r r d : . r r i r r go f L ' c , r d ' : ,w r c . r d r ' Thc power ofillusion or arti{ice. Srr P. 29. fiAs1
tnndala. L circular diagram; a tyPc o[ Yttrd' A Ma)'a(dcvi)."lllusion"; "pon'et of illusion." Th: C
nnddla car.scrve as the basisfor the groLrnd plan nxme of the rDothcr of Sakyauruni Buddha; thai nAtl
of a buiiding, es au aid to visuelization during from which he was born. c
ncditation, as a r,-ragicalor syrnbolic offering, ald ,,rd),t/d.A Pexcock.The aa,arraof Skanda,Anitalus. l\x
in othcr capacities.Used in all Indic rcligions. For and othcrs. I
An architectural exal-rplc, sre Fig. 6.u; for a trl-o- 'rcdrr, lnc OernrOt :r-rrrryd,
dinrcnsionalexarnple,serPl 15. nitltuna (rlso naithuna).A loving couple; the act t':
fldftddDd,A hall or porchlikc area, usually pillared' in Iove. Mithunns serve as sYnlbols of r.urion (r.rnit:
*..,"ru... A rlaadaparnay bc atrachedto wirhin duality) in thc Ildic rcligions and har':
"."iigiou,

other meanings as well. They are cotsidered fitting
ldornrnents to religious slructures and are found
decorating or flanking doorways and at other loca-
lions on suchbuildings.Sre Figs.9.4, r;.r4, r9.4o,
24.r3,
nro[pa. "Reiease"; "liberation." The religious goal
of Hindus, whcrcby the ildividual realizesa sratc
of otenesswith the Universal.
nndra. A "sca'l" or "sign." A gcsturc madc rvith
one or both hands. Sometines, the terrrr lrdrtd
(hand) is substituted for nndrd ir naming rhe ges-
turcs. In Buddhism, the term is r generrc nanle
for thc fcmale compatrion (prryria) of a male
deity.
'atkln r,a\dapn.fhe front lr..1lor porch of. rerrple.
rrrl&lta. "Crown or diadern"; a tiara.
,rrrli. A forrn; al image or represerltatroD ; a tDalll-
ftstation; a personiftcarion(esofa god).
aada.A roar (asofa lion); a voice.
nddanh. TLe atLdndafil1da1,adancc pcrformcd by
S i v a .S e ep p . J 3 J - 3 6a n d F i g . 2 r . 3 4 .
trag,r.A snake (sarpa);gcnerally, a cobra. A serpent
oerr\. lrenl. r4gl?r.J
,agalc-rara.A type oftree; :l twig or 11owcrofrhis rree
nrrv bc clrricd as an atribute of Bodhisatrva Mai-
rrcya.
rrarara."Town"; "pertaining to tllc city." Thc stylc
of tcnrplc archirecture associatedwilh northern
India. Seep. 5,10.
1filarajd.A scrpc\tking. Sre Figs. 5.r2, 12.5.
Agi i. SeetiAta.
nnlanbaldn. In Kerafa, thc cloistcr sulroruding a
H i r r d ur c r r r p lcco r r r p l e \S. c . F I g .2 J .r .
ttandlkAta naqddpa. Iu Kerafa, :L deac\crJ nandapa
preceding the rnain telnple. Src Fig. :5.4.
Nandi (Nandin). "Thc Happy One." Siva's bLrll
L,ahad. SeeFig.23.11.
11dtd. seenf.
Nara-Narayana (Nr-Narayana). Two saints rvho are
together considered to cornpr-isetirc fourth of rhc
twenty-two rninor incarnaliots of Vi5nu. Scc pp.
zro-r r and Fig. ro.3o.
rrasti[a. "Denier." Onc who rejects dre aLrthoriry
of che Vedas. Src pp. 28-29.
natat atdir. "Hal1 of dance"; onc of rhc arandapas
ofan Orissal tcurple;a trila sabhh.
\ . r r . r r - j - . K i n g o l l ) - n c e : S i v . ,. . , l o r d o f d . , r r . c .
SceFigs. r3.:o, 2r.33) 2r.31. Orher vlrtualiy equi-
valent terms includc Nateia and Natesvara.
noa-cltokl A nine-conpartrnent hall; a typc of
rnandapa,tlrc ceiling of which is divided into nirrc
coliers, arrangcd in three rows of thrce.
GrossARY 72Ji
xaugraha (nangrha). Thc nine pianets or the nine
pl:rnct dcities. SdeFig. 19.33.
nidhi. "Treastre." Kubera, the god of wealth, is
said to havc :nile nidhis, all of which may be pcr-
sonificd.
i latrakaya. In Buddhisrn, the "transformation
bod,v." The bodv-form taken by a rrrdraslBuddha
or another r,r:nifcsr tcachcr. See pp. rr4-r5. See
riryana."B1ow oui'; "extinguish."The goal towards
rvhich Buddhists strivc. The alraiDnlenr of perfec!
knowledge and intcgration with the Universal.
r , i a . A r t r c h eo l c . , v i r t :. ' r ' i c \ e r e r . , p l e .
,''. "Mar." Used wirh rhc namc of one of Vi5nu's
dtjatars)refels to a humai.or partially human fon,r.
Seca/soNrsirirha aud Nr-Varahr.
Nrsirhha (Narasirhhe). Thc man-1ion incamarion of
V i s n u .S c eF i g s .9 . 3 o ,r 7 . 2 7 , 2 3 . r 5 .
nftta trrti. A dancc-fomr; a manifestalior ofa dcit)'
perforrning a dalce. EspeciallycharactclisricofSiva,
but other gods, such as K;gna alrd Ganela, arc also
s l , o * n d a n c i n gS. r t F i g s .: r . 3 3 , : r . 3 4 .
nrtta salfia. A dance-pavilion; ^ taqddpa lot daice
pcrforrnancesand ccremonies; a fiald1ita4dir.
Nr-Varaha. Visnu in his Veri)r:r (boar) irrcarnarion,
depiccd rvith the bod,v of e nan and the head of
a boar. Scepp. 19:-93 and Fig. ro.r:'.
Otu na4i patlnt lrrira. A lluddhist jartra; t\1e t antn
of Avalokirelvara. ft is generall,vtrenslatcdto neau
" t r L c e $ c l / , ' , ? r di ' i r r t l r el o r r r r. 7 ' a 1 , , ,' la 7
in c.or(ric
lluddhism, thc jcrvel is seen ,rs the mele sex orgaD
(rajm), rvhile the iotus in which ir restsis intcrprercd
as the fenlrlc generativc organ (l,aga). The six syl-
lablesof thc rrrarro-a are personi{icd in dre Sad:rkgari
forrr of Avalokiteiv:rra.S??Fig. r8.6.
patlua. "LotL:'s." Onc of rhc mort Lrniversal arrd
u idcsprcrdsrnbols in Indic cuhure,the lotus scrvcs
as a pedcst.l upon which divinc bcings sland or sir
rnd is an attributc characteristic of narv dcitics.
Its syrlbolism has manv veriations, brrt ir is invari-
abiv associatedrvith transcendcnce,lifc-asserrion,
gricc, and peacefulness.Speci{ic subt,vpcs ald
color variations of thc lorus carrv specific ncan-
rngs.
Padruapani."Flaving a iotus in thc haud": a fomr of
the Bodhisettva Avalokiteivara.
lddnfisafia- "Lotus-seat"; a sittiDg posture in *hich
both lcgs are crosscdand each foor rests upon thc
thigh of tire oppositc 1cg. Used bv 1,ogiru and
religious practitioners primarily during meditation.
Characteristic of divinities, especially of Ruddhas
724 GlossARY
and tnthaikdlas or otherswho are being depicted in
pcaceful,meditative forms. Other namesfor idcnti-
cal (or slighdy variant) forms inclnde vajrayary-
aikasana, vajfisana, dhyanasdna. S.'eFig. ro.2o.
pallippadai.h sott\India, a ternplc that servesParti:llly
as a coirnemorativc funerary monun-rentfor a dc-
ceasedrolal personagebut is, at thc sarnetime, also
dcdicated to e deit-v.
-fhc
paiiu jina tnandala. na4dala of the five jirra Bud-
dhas.Seep. 263.
paicaloha. An alloy of iive mctals, usuallf cired as
being copper, silvcr, gold, tin, and lcad; the alloy
prcsur,red to have bccn popularly used in south
Indian rr ctalwork.
paica nakarc. The iivc "rl'-i'; in Hindu Tanrric
practiccs,the enjoyrDentofthe conrpanv ofwomcn
(nrdra), tbe drinking of wine (rrra,/a),thc cating of
llcsh (raafisa),thc ceting of fish (rrrar-,1,a),
intercoirsc (lnilnna). Thc,v are so called bccause
in Sarskrit all the tames of thcse things begin rvidr
thc letter l;. Sornc lists substitute htuuan sacriice,
the use of thc human skull as a drinking vessel,and
thc singing of lusty soDgsfor sone of thc prlctices.
Although the fivc "rrr'-." arc not specifrcallv ruen-
tioned as a group irr Buddhist tcnts, the sxnlc
practicesoccur in Tentric Buddhisn. Seep. 468.
paicaratha. "Fivc-rat/ra": a side of a pcdcstal or tt
building thar is ollier so that its length is divided
into Iive sections.S.e p. trri.
Peicer,tra. A Vaignavite sect. The Drflrning of ils
n . r r n e( " F r v eN r g l r t . ' ) r . o L r ( L r r ci .' r r c i t ' o r ' g i r r ' .
Its doccrines,however, can be tr"ced to the latc first
rnillenniun g.c. and arc known to have bcen
formalized around A.o. roo. Thc Pencaratra sect
ernphasizesrnonotheisnl, bhakti, ad simple lbrurs
of worship.
paiayatatl(I. "Five-tcmple (shrine, support, abodc,
rcsdng piace)." In architecture, a temple thar has I
ccnrr.rl,hrine strrrorrndcdbv {otrr othcr. Scr Frg.
ro.27.
Pdncika. A rvcrlth god aud ya&saking; another nanre
fbr Kubera. Scc pp. 146 48 end Fig 8:5. Seeaho
r r r . ' r tr: r c r c l t e r :, u ' r d t .
p a n d i , aA. . c h o b r : r l e . ' r r ' c d
'lcr[c.rlur)
para,,fiaA . Fudd]ri* r c r r r rt t t e r r ) l n g
specifically,rhe virrues to be perfcctcd b,vI bodhisat-
tva in thc quest for brtddhehood. Gcnera1l1',six or
tcn ere cited, though mmerinrcs rrvclvc are narDed.
The ten arc: r. rinaa(giving, charitt, generosiry); 2
rila (rnoralitl',proper conduct): 3. lsarrii(patiercc);
4. Irirya (cnergy, vigor'): 5. dhyatn (ncditetion);
6. rpaya (skillful lneans);7. pra4idhana(vows);8.
lala (strength);9. jtara (transceDdent knowledgc);
nd rc. prajin (transcendentwisdon). Whcn onlv
six are given, thc first five oftJre iist remain ascitcd,
bLrtthe tcnth, pralria,is listed asthe sixth.
parcit, " Axc" ; lhe axe attribute carried by a numbcr
of Buddhist and Hindu dcities.
parikranB. " Circtrnambulrtion" ; "roaming abour":
cspcci:rll,v, circumambulatiol (ofa deity or a reJigious
. r n r c r u r e pr e rl o u r r d p . , n o f r e l r go L r 'u r . , c t i . t .
"
whel circurumbulation is perforDrcd with thc
objec of vcncrrtion to the right of thc dcvotcc
(that is, with the devotee noving in a clockrlise
llrshion), the circumambulrtior, is ci)ed pralakSina;
whcn the objcct is to the left (and tJrc rvorshipcr
. . , o v e ,i r r , c o r r n r c r c l o . k w i sdei ' e . r i , . r , ) r. h c , . -
culTambulationis calledprnsar,ya. Cloclwisc novc-
rDcnt is considcrcdto be auspicious;counterclock-
and sexual lvisc lnovement is inauspicious and gcncrrllr'
associeted wjth death.Se. pp.62,:o8-ro.
pari irNalJa.Thc "completc" rrln,ipa; thc 6rr.rl p:rssing
. r s r y o f S a k l r r r r u r rBr u d d h " : h r s c x t i n c t i i, . I l (
dceth aftcr which the lluddhe was to havc no rrrorc
births.SerFigs.8.23,rz.r4.
pariudra. O:nc of the "retitruc"; e deity attcnding
rire main deiry ofa shrinc.
yorivaralaya. A 'hrir'c for ,r 1'arirar,r dcrry.
Parnaiabari. A femalc &rorllradeity and :rn emanation
ofdre BuddhaAkgobhla. Seep.4oo and Fig. rE.r5.
parlta-rlevata."Side-deit1"; secondar) deitics of
:lr iconogrephic progranr, usu:rll,v placed in sub-
sidiarynichcsin a tcn,ple.
P r r v . r t r .I h e p f i r ) c r p r(l o r . s o r ro t S r v : . H c r e l ' i r h r, '
and variant forms includc Devi, Durga, Crr.rrr,
^ilt t, lvl-1t1ilocvl, ano uDtJ,
po1,r.A paintcd bemrer or cloth.
phatirsaa. A peakcd, p,r'relnidal roof rising fr-onr a
squarebase.SccFig. II.rr.
pidla. Horizoltal platformlike divisions or courscs
of lhc superstrucllrc o\er t\e .idgd,iahal1llual1daj)a)
ofan Orissantemplc.Sft Fig. I9.r9.
-the
ptpal. borlhitree of Sali\arullni Buddh:r. Scc :rlst-'
pi-va. In Orissan architecture, thc p1:rtfornr or brse
comprisirg thc lower portion of a tcnrplc.
: p,rl,n. \i,rr": Lhlolc. Thc pede.r',1of .'r' i:rr'';.
or liiga.
prul*anandala. "Circle of light or radi:tncc"; :rn alr,:
or haio radiaring 6on the head or bod,v indic:rtirre
trrnscendencc or diviDit,v. Sonetjmcs c:rlled a
yrabhavalt.Sccalsoiirajcalratnd \nasprablfiukra.
p r , r r l ,srrir n . T o t r - r d r h c r i g l r t " : r ' , , t . t t s o r t r r r ' t t i t t c
in a clockwiscdirecrion.Sccalsolari[rorrra.
 crossARY 725
prdrlaksindpathd. A passager"'ayor rv:rlkwav 1bl cir-- pufiyaparafiita.Pcrlcction of moral or religious ncrit.
cunrarnbulation surrounding an in,:rgc, shrirrc, or Purenxs. Meaning "o1d," these arc ancient tales or
building. In lX/eslcrn lircrature, the term is uscd histories, especiallya specific type of rext that re-
gcncricalll to refer to all circLtuanbulatorv pas- cords stories abont thc gods and the anciclrt Indic
segervals.Ho'"vcvcr, since the lerrn prarlaksinatn- dvnasries. Sedpp. 3o-3r.
plics onlv cJocku'isc nlovenrent, the nAnc nav It nrnaghatn. Vase-of-plcntv.
b e r n . , p p r o ; ,rt e l " r r o r r ' cr o n ' r . o f c i r c r r r r . r r r r b r r l . r -lrl/,r,!d. "Mln." As a sullix (esit cakraptnrsa),it refers
tion, rvhich are performed in a connterclockwisc ro a personification.Thc tcrm alsorefcrs to the nrale
( p r , r , , r , , ydai )r , , r " r . . 5 L c . r l s o nrernbcr of tbc prakrti-purusa dualjtr. Scc also
1nrrtrn,r,a.
lrdJ,in. "Wisdon." Thc transcendentelrvisdonr that
constitutcsone half of rhe srareof buddhahood. pustaka-A lrook or nTanrucript; sonletirllc'sheld in
It is personified in MahaleDa Buddhisn :rs a thc hand ofa deitv asen :rtliburc.
li:rr alc who can servc es a consorr to a nalc dcitv,
ald, rhus,ashaifofa unitcd du:rlitl that reprcsents Rahu. "Seizer." Onc of thc nine p1:rnets (nauagroha)
buddhahood.As:r fcmale consort, rhc fr,1i, js in Indic astroDornical thought; thc :rscetdingnode
sonlctirnes corrpirrcd rvith dre jn&ti in HjnduisrD of thc moon. IlahLr is bclicvcd to causeeclipscsby
althoughthe ternrs:rrcnor full,vcquivaient. seizing and slvallo*ing the sun and moon. His
Pr:!jnaparan1ita.In Buddhisn, thc fcninine personifi- bodv rvas supposcdlyseveredfron Jrisheed and,
cxrion of dle P/dj,l,ilaldnil, tcxrs and thc pcrsoni- thus, he is ofrcn dcpictcd as a head rvithour:r bodv.
f i c . , t i o no f p c r t c c r\ \ r s d o ' r . S h . i s r o r n e t i n r er,c - r H i . b o J y . s K < r r r . r r r o r l r eo rf r l r cr r n e p l , r , r c r. sr n r l
g,rrdcd as thc nrodrcr (thrt is, crcator or source) thc descending nodc ofthe moon.) SccFigs. r9.33,
of all Buddhas. r9.31.
yakata. An cnclosure wxll of e south Indian tcmple; ra.id."Ki1g."
au enclosurewall ar,dthc conrpoundcrearcdb.r,the lajallla. Ali, a-{rr,li rhe posc of royal casc. Both legs
u . r l l n . . , o r r r hl r r d r . r lne r )r l ( : I r . \ e r e d ! \ . r i k \ \ ) arc beDtand xrc pl:rcedorr the sc:rt;one knee (usually
that scr'vesas ln enclosure boundarv in a soudr thc riehl) js raised *fiilc dle othcr resrs flir on
l n d i . r rtre r r f l c .S c i I i g . : 4 . r o . rhc scat. The t&'o fcet are closc togcther. Ser:Fig.
prckti. \he "urge to produce." That which has the 20.37.
imnanenr qu:rlity of crearivitv or production; the rafa-r.One of the threc universal qualitics (guza-r);it
rescrvolr of potcrrial. In FlindLrthoLrghr,prakri irnplies ncntal activitl and rhe rhlrhmic division
is seenas thc active prirrciple and is pcrsonified as a ofspaceand timc. Secp. :79.
fcnralc. With ! flt$d) the rTTaleprinciple, r'hich is rafarrrar."King-bor'"; a priDce.
coDsidercdto be inactivc, all things are nallifested. Ranra. The scvcnth inc:nlation of Visnu, rvho ap-
Togethcr, thc n1ile and femrlc principles represent pcared on earth as thc king of Avodhli ro save
all of crcation, that is, Nature, whjch is both rhc the world fron destruction br the den,on Rtvana.
crertor and destrovcrof:rll. l h e . r o r \ 'o f h i s + r r g g l c , i , r . r ep r . n c i p . r. rl r L r j e or rf
pralanbapaddsatn. A sitting posture in r'hich rhe trvo (ne Kal ,afahi.
legs hang dou,nrvard. It is often ca1led"Europcan Ranayata. One of the two major epics of ancient
pose." Also knorvn as lladrr-.arraand,paryaikasana. Indii. S.r pp. 30 3r.
SccFig. 8.2. raiXa nondapa.An asscmbll hall in a tcmple; a tlpc of
prasauya."'loward the left"; r'noving or rurning in a nandapa; a sabhananrlapa.
counterclockr"'iscdircction. Scc alsoparikronfi. fithd. "C^rt or chariot." Solnetinrcs used to refcr
ltraslata.A Aat surfece; e flat top; a level. In rrchltcc- to the tcrnple dlar scrvcs as rhe "charior" (even
turc, the ent:lblatlrrcabove the rvall ofa structurc. though inuuov:ble) of :r deity. The term rlso rcfcrs
prcln."Dcad"; "departed."Often deined asa "hungry to the pcdcstalofrn jmagc or thc b:rscofa building
ghosr," the term refcrsto thc fornl into lvhiclr bejngs (that houscsan inrage). In forrr, the pcdestalor base
who havc been lustful end sreedl in their past livcs nray be ofiiet, in which case,rhc r,1lr,1is dcfined by
ere born. Scr p. 393and Fis. r8.J. the nunrbel of its scctions.For this latter neaning,
paf. Thc acts perfomed to honor or u orship a r.. P. 213.
divinitr. M:r1 includc rhc ollcring ofilorvers, food, 'Jervcl-born."
Ratnasambhava. Onc of the jlrra
aDdl'!'aterto the god. Buddhas; thc Buddha of the sourh, $'hose 1/rrdr4
pr,r1a.Monl or religiousfrcrit. is the horse.Scr Fig. r8.r:.
72b GrossARY
Ravana. A demon who is bcst known as the principal
demon of the Rarrtala4acPic.
rckha. "Streztk"', "ourlinc." In orissan architccture,
the name for the ji/ehala-tyPctenPlc; the curvilinear
portior of a jilfirld.
rckhadeul.A rckha-ryPetcnPle.
!.9abhandtha.Thc' first ttrthaihard. Srs Fig' ro 42'
rsitrisr). A reer. An inspi|cdpocr:a s;ge'
',,ipnkayo. '[orrn-bodl of
n errly B.rddhi',n, the
'tIrc'two-kaya
systcn. At solne Point before the
fourth century, the concept was divided into the
sanbhogakayaand the nimuryakaya,which are still
krrown collectively x pakaya. See also trift'l'd'
Seepp. r t4-r J.
sabhama4lapa.An assemblyhall in a tcrnple; a rnaz-
dapa;a rai|a tna\daPa.
S"d.k5"., iu,lokit.ivera. "Six-syllrble \vrloki-
tc3vara." A forn-r of the Bodhisatrva Avalokite3vara
as the Personification of the six-syllable ntarrra
6'
"on nini padnehluh." sedpP. 393 94 and Fig 18
Saddhanttaptt4danka-sLrrra. A Buddhist sitra; "tl.e
rrrra ofihc lotus of drc wonderful l:rw."
sadhau, Thet which lcads to thc (religious) goal;
a type of Tantric religious practice. Also, in Bud-
dhi.-, typ" of text that serves as a ritual and
" bhya. SeeFiq. t 8.zz
. iconographic guide.
Saivite. Pertaining to Siva.
latii. r. A spearlikeirnplemcnt that is $e cmblcm of
Skanda (Karnikeya). See Fig. 8.4o z "Energy "
In Hinduism, the fen-rinile creativeforce or the per-
sonification of that forcc as the fenale consort of
a male dcity. A coroliary of the concept ofprale1i
Scc also praAlti. Thc corresponding terrn in Bud-
dhism is praiia. It is unhrowr asto whethcr thc two
rnc"ning, of thc *ord iakti as "spear" and "fcnale
.nergy't stc,tt frorn rclated or completely difercnr
root-words. In al1ycase,in certain Buddhist contexts
at least,thc spearsubstirutesfor the fcmalc (pralria),
perhrps;sr pun on rhe word saAtr'
5ri'vr,,r,rrti.One of rhc rrorr'l i'rrla'r5irBLrddh"':thc
Buddha who livcd in Magadha (ca 563-483 n c )'
Thoueh sometines rcqarded as the "founder" of
Buddirisrn, hc is nr fait held by Buddhisrs ro be
only one of a number of Pastnortxl lluddhas and
potential future mortal Buddhas.Seepp. 31 3u
jni (iald). A tree (L*. Shoreatobtsta); thc rree graspcd
by Quccrr Maya rs .he g.ve birtlr ro Prirrc' 5id-
dJrarrha,tltr future Saky:mrrnrBuddha
jala. A type ofshrine or a nriniature version of a shrinc
thar is rcctangularin plan and hasa "barrei-vaulted"'
o, perh"ps, ltto.. propcrly, "barrel-shaped" rooi
It may servc as thc crownilg clement of a tower
(s, lig. :4.n) ot a. a decor.rivc morif rePertedon
rhe ,roric, of rhe suPe-strrrclureof , to,'rh lndirn
sryle tcnplc (-reeFig. 14.23), as well as in other
architccrurai and dccorative contexts.
jifa. An enclosureor cloister (seep 457).
lalal:haijika. A tree goddes (ur&Saderdtr)who grasPsa
:Al i'rce.
sannbltahga.A sranding posturc in which thc legs are
unbeni and thc weight of the body distributed
equally on the feet. SeeFig. 14.26.
sonihogokaya."Bliss Body." One of the thtee kayos
of dre Mahayana Buddhist rrileayasysteir. It is one
branch of thc rnpakafa, the odrer being the lir-
na1al<aya-It is iD this form that Buddhas appcar to
their bodhisanvas.The jlta Buddhas arc manifesta-
Se
tiois ofthis ftaya.Sccalso lrlAdya.SeePP. 261-64'
'll,e
sarhgha. Buddhist monastic comrnunity; the
rnernbcrsofsuch a comnunity.
SN
hlharatB. A monasterY.
saaiara. Thc rounds ofrebirths undergone by a living
being; transrnigratiou.The concept, and acceptalce
iik
of it, is a presuppostiou of tire Indic rcligions in
gencral. Seepp. 29-30.
Srr"n,".". one oithe Heruka deities ofBuddhism and
an angry (&rodha)emauAtion of the Buddha Akso-
,a,iuot. Aye^rl ar er^.Used in calendricreckonings
sdntlhara.A. type of temple characterizcd by an en-
closed passagelvayfor circuurambulation. Sse Figs'
24.24 20.27.
sin
iailla. A conch or conch shell Carried asan attribute
of deitics, especiallyVig4u. It servesas both a rvar
t.u*p.t a musical instrurnent; its sound is
"nJ
consideredto be a symbol of the tratsience of the
universe.
^flte
sannudfi. six bone ornaments wom by Tantric
yo.gi,Jand Tantric divinities. SeeFig. r9.47
saptiitattka. "Scven Mothers." Though the numbtr
of these goddcssesis generally given as scven, the
li.t oF goddc*es 'rho compri'e thc group varies'
The'inothers" are seenesia&tisofsevcral principal
Hindu gods.
saptaratha."severtatha"; a side of a pedestal or
building that is olIset so that its length is divided
into sevcnsecdonsSre P. zl3.
Sarasvati.Thc namc ofonc ofdrc ancient rivers ofthe
northwestern Indic region. Though it was one of
thc n-rostrenowned of the rivers rnen[ioncd in the
4g Verta,it is today virtually dried up. Also, rhc
pe-.scni{icationofthe river asa goddesswho is seen
Si
cooro.t (^,td sonetines a daughtcr) of Brahma,
"s

but also asa consort of Vignu. Sheis regardedase
goddessoflearning andwisdom. SeeFig. zo.4r.
Sadnlo.Aleogryph; a winged lion or tiger.
Sarvavid Vairocana. "All-knowledee Vairocarra." A
manifesadon of the Adi Buddhal the embodirnenr
of.iarya and omniscience;the personificationofthe
undill-erentiated state.Seepp. 402-3and Fig. r8.r8.
Jdti. A suttee: a faithful. dutiful wife who immolates
henelf on her husband'sfuneral pyre. In someparts
of India, sucha woman is afterward honored by a
memorial stone.
tattlid. r. A being or creature. z. One of the three
qualities (gr4ar) in operation throughout the uni-
versein Hindu thought; the cohesiveforce implying
a concentrationof energy and a coming together.
- Seep.279-
Sega."Remainder"; the serpent upon which Vignu
reclinesor sits. Also called Anenta ("Endless").See
Fig. ro.29.
Siddhartha.The princely nameofSakyamuni Buddha;
the name of that Buddha during the preenlighten-
ment yearsofhis lastlifetime.
3ikharu,t. In north Indian architecture,the spireor
tower over the shrine of a temple. SeeFig. zo,z|.
z. In south Indian architectue, the term doesnot
refer to the entire superstructurebut only to the
globular or domical roof of the uppermostelement
in the supersructr:re.It is topped by a finial known
asa rtrli andis supportedby the "neck" (grita). See
Figs.14.23(for an examplelackng e stupi),zt.zt.
Silpin.An atchitect;.a craftsman.
sirhha-A Iion-
sirhhaghoga, "Voice of the lion"; a referenceto the
teachingsof Sikyamuni Suddha.
3ithhaxada. 'Ihe,
"lion's roar"; a referenceto the
teachingsof S-kyamuni Buddha.
SirhhanadaAvalokite3vara, "Avalokite6vara of the
lion's roar"; Avalokite3vara asreciterof the Bud-
dhist teachings.SeeFigs. r8.7, 2o.37.
sirhhasana. "Liot seator throne"; a throne supported
by lions.SeeFig. 8.3r. Also, "sitting postureof the
lioq" an asana.
lbalcahra."Head-whee1"; a halo that is restricted to
the head of a figure. See alsoliraiptabhacaktaatd
ptabhana4dala.
3iraiprabhaukta."Head-light wheel"; a halo that is
restrictedto the headof a figure. See*lso litaicakra
atd.ptabhana4dala.
Slta. "Furrow"; the heroite of the Ranayattaepic ar.d.
the wife of Rama; shewas abductedby the demon
Rivana and carried off bv him to Sri Lanka.
Siva."Auspicious."One ofthe principalHindu gods;
crossARY 727
god of desruction. He may appearin many forms,
botlr peacefuland angry. Ifis charactetisticvahana
is the br:ll Nandi; he has many attributes, bur one
of the most important is the trident. Irr temples
dedicatedto htn, a lilrya is usuallyplacedas the
centrel votive object in the shrine rather than an
. anthtopomorphicimageof him.
Siva Aadhakasuravadhamuri. Siva as destroyer of
. the demon (asuta)Ar.dhaka.SeeFig. 16.6.
SivaBhiksSgaaa. A form of Siva.Seepp. 516-17and
Fig.2r.rr.
SivaDaksinamurti.A form of Siva as the supreme
teachetof yoga, knowledge, music, and the Vedas.
The tetm daksinais thought to reftr to the south
(supposedly the direction thc god faced when
teachingthe sages,and the direction associatedwith
deathand,hence, perhaps,the overcomingof death
through Siva'steachings)or, ahematively,to the
right, perhaps io referenceto the usual teaching
gestureof the god's right hand in this form. See
, FLgs.14.38,2r.r7-
SjvaVisapraharanamurti. A form of Sivaasa world
savior.Seep.3zr and Fig. 14.39.
Skanda.SeeKirttikeya.
Skandamata, "Modrer of Skanda."Seehrttika.
Somaskanda.Siva with Uma and Skanda.A rype of
representationof Siva witl his consort and son that
waspopular in south India beginning in the Pallava
period.SeeFig. 14.27.
auaqta.An ascetic;a monk,
Sri. In Hinduism, the goddessof good fonune and
wealth, sometimesconsideredto be an espectof
Lak5mi. In Tantric Suddhism, aa angty (krodha\
female. For the latte\ seePl- 22-
i/t&oril.The main shrineofa Hindu templein Kerala.
Seep- 602.
stanbha,A pillar; frequently,a fiee-standingpillar.
AIsoknown aslatl.
sthAnaka."Standtng." The representationof a figurc
in a standingposture.
stipa. "Crest"i "summit." ln Jainismand Buddhism,
an architectural term denoting a dome-shapedor
rounded structurethat containsthe relic of a Bud-
dha,greatteacher,or other honoredindividual, and,
thus,generallyconsidered to be a type ofsepulchral
monument.May be madein miniature(or votive)
form, but even smallerversionsoften contain relics.
A srupaisa rypeof ruitya.SeeFig.6.t.
$npi (elsosfipika)."Pimacle." The usuallyvase-shaped
finial atop the superstructureof a south Indian
sryle Hindu temple.
Subrahman. ya. "Dear to btdhmans."An epithet and
 726 GIOSSARY

form of Skauda. Known primarily in south India. ered a 6ster method of attaining religious achieve-
SeeFi,g.24.2. ment than the more conveltional means: however,
Sukhtvati. "Land ofBliss." The narne of the western it is also more dangerous, due to its involvement
paradiseover which Amitebha / Amitayus presides. of_ the practitioner in normally prohibited jn-
3linya."Zerc" ; dre void,. Seeinnyata, dulgedces.Seep. 468.
luhyafi. "Err'ptlness"; "nothingness"; "voidness." tapas."Heat" (and, hence, ?orential power). In con-
In Buddhism and Hinduism, the trental state that trast to the heat generatedby sexual desire (&ana),
is to be achieved as the final result of religious fiis rype of "hear" is associatedwith religious
practices;neither exiscence nor [onexisrence;non- austerity. Through penance and renunciation, the
being; a state ofcomplete neutrality that is consid- individual-whether well- or evil-intentioned-
eredto be the ultimate realiry.It is seenasa dynamic, may gain power of such rnagnitude that even the
not a passive,stete. gods rnay be threatened. For a penance-perform-
Surya. "Sun"; the sun god. See Figs. 8.42,, r7.zr, ing individual, seeFig. r4.r9, top center.
19.3J. Tara (also Taraka). "Star"; a goddessknown in the
sutra. "Thtead." A short text or doctrine consisring of Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist religions. She is besr
aphoristic thoughts or rules "threaded" together known in Mahayana Buddhism, where she is
into a sequence.In Buddhism, all siilras are con- implicitly the Nordr Star, and, hence, a guide (to !trr
sidered to represent the teachings of Sakyamuni the devotee). As such, she is an importani goddess brt
Buddha. However, the Hinayanists do not accept in her own right; she is also the consort of Avalo- .hiF
all Mahayana sitras as being authentrc. kite$ara. SeeFig. 20.63 and Pl. 30. cotrl
suabha kakaya."Selioriginated form." In Buddhism, tarjani mwhA.A thre rening gesture.SseFig. r8.rj. Tipq.
the Adi Buddha; the source of all and that from Tathagatagarbha. "Womb of the Thus-Gone One." tioDt
which all things derive. The word tathagatuis rranslated as "Thus-Gonc
suastika."Of good. fortune"; an auspicious emblem One" (that is, one who has arrived at perfect thet
shapedlike an equal-armed crosshaving bent legs. knowledge and, thus, a Suddha). Widt garbha seco
It is found in the Indic regions as early as the Indus ("womb"), the rerm refers to Buddha-poteniial or
, civilization. SeeFig. 2.r7. the essenceof Buddhahood. In Maheyena Bud- dhir
Svetinbara. One of the two pincipal Jain sects; dhism, the term refers specifically to the germ or (dho1
rne wnl(e-lrressed seci. essenceof potendal Buddhahood that is found in
all seatientbeings. nuol
tala, "Place." In architecture, a tier, especially, one of le7as.Spiritual power. bi!ulapl
the tiers of the supentructure over the shrine in a thang-ka ('fibet^n). A painting on cloth; a banner Trivih
south Indian style temple . Perntlngi ^ !at4. Vi5o-r
tetmds-One of the three qualities (grias) in operation Theravada. The Pali term for the SansLrit stharirar.rada, is oq
throughout the unive$e according to Hindu 'ipeech
the of the elders." A form ofBuddhism of and l
thought; the opposite of sattl)a; the destructive, the so-called Hinaytfla category. Tusit2-
disintegrating charactedstic that prevents concen- . rirtha.A holy sire: a pJaceof pilgrrmage. MaiE
ffation and is symbolic ofdissolution and nonbeing. tithaikata. "Ford-[nder." A Jainjina ("conqueror").
Seep. 279. One rvho has attainedperfect knowledge. There are Una-tr!
'Iantra
(taxtld; also, Tantric, Tantrisrn). The origin twenty-four such beings in the Jain system for the siniu
of the term is obscure and has been variously in- present time-cycle, the twenry-fourth being Maha- Up*i:
terpreted. In Indic religions, the term refers to a vira, who lived in Magadha (ca. 54c468 !.c.). For Seep1
classof texts and the practicesand beliefs associated a list of the twenty-four, see Senjamin Walker, updsaka
with them; Tantras are characteristicof some sects Hindu Woid: An Extyclopedic Sutuey of Hinduisn, (Fen-
in all the Indic religions. They are associatedwith z vols. (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1968), ,pay. '
emphasis on the Gmale, se:-ual syrnbolism, and 2i505-O. mearu
secret,esoterictraditions and practices.Though the totatra. An arch; a portal; a gateway. See Fig. 5.8. be m;
goels of Tantrins and practitioners of other fonns Trtyastririria. The heaven of thirty-three (Vedic) male I
of the Indic religions are essentially similar, the gods, situated above Mount Meru; it is presided iltnA. Or
methods used to achieve the goals propounded by over by Indra / Sakra. fested
the Tantrins difler greatly from the other more 'lhe
tribhaiga. "thrice-bent" posture. A standing
widespread religious practices. Tantrism is consid- posture in which the head, chest,and lower portion (luckv

ofthe body are angled instcadofaligned verrically;
a plurnb line from the top ofthe headpasses through
the lcft 1orighr) pupil. rhe center of rhc chcst,
rhcn to the lefi 1or righr) o[ rhc nrvel .rnd.Irnrlly.
to a point betweenthe heels.SeeFig. r8.5.
nikaya. "'lhtcc bodics"; a Mahayana Buddhist doc-
trine conccrning the rhreefold naturc of Buddha-
hood. Thc thrcc "bodies" ue the nirnanakaya
i l r - n r f o r r r , - t r o r ro" - " l o r r " B o d l ) , r h c r c . ' l n r
of the norral Btddhas; -rarrbfioga&a7a ("3liss
Body"), t)rc rcalm of thc jlrra Buddhas; and the
dharnakayn("Law Bod,v"), dre realm of the Adi
Buddha. Thc tiit firakayd and sanbhogakayarc
together klowD as r pakAta.
/ril!/a. "Three-h:Jl" ; :r triple-shrined structure.
l r r n u r r i . " T - i p l c f o r r r r "o r " t n p l e i m r g e . - - s o l c -
times used to refer to a singlc, triplc-hcadcd figLrre,
b r r r : l r o n r . . 1r e f e ' t . , r h ' c c \ e p . . r . r tier n r g e ' $ o r -
shiped together (-rceFig. r4.i3). Thc triad usually
consisrsof Siva, Vi;nu, and Brahna.
Tripitaka. "-fhtce baskcts"; in Buddhisn, the collec-
tions of sacredwritings.
triratha."'lhrcc-ratha"; a side of a pedestalor building
that is offset so rhat irs length is dividcd into three
sections. ,Se(p.2r3.
triratfla. "'lhtee ie'nels"; the thrcc "jewels" of Bud-
dhism, that is, the Buddha, thc Buddhist law
(dharna), er,d thc nonastic community (-rd/igra).
tri.iala. A tridcnt; en attribute characteristic of a
numbcr of dcitics, espccially 5iva.
hiiilaptltusa. The pcrsonificetion of the tndent.
Trivikrar,Ta. r. Onc of rhe twentl.-four forms of
Visnu. z. An epithet for Vanana, thc dwarf, who
is onc of Visnu's ten major incarnations.Sccp. 298
and Fig. 14.ro.
Tugita. The heaven presided ovcr by Bodhisattvr
Maitreya.
Urna-Mahe6vara-Siva, scatcd,with his consorr Uma
sitting upon his left knee. Ser Fig. 15.26.
Upanigads.A body of encient Indic religious texts.
Seepp. z8-3o.
rpa-ra&a."Follower." ln Buddhism, a lay worshiper.
lrem. upastFa,)
ryaya. "Ski1lful neans; praclice." In Buddhism, the
r u c , n s b y u h i c h k n o w i e d g eo r r o m p a . s i o nm a r
be madc nanifest; it is identiiied with thc active,
male principle.
rrrra. Onc of thc auspiciousmarLs of the body mani-
fesredas a whorl ofhair or a circle or protubcrancc
between the eyebrows. lt is one of the lal5anas
(lucky signs) of a Buddha and is characteristicof
GrossARY 729
other exalted beings, sucb zs nahasatna bodhi-
s a t t v a sS. e eF i g . 7 . t r .
a;ri;a. A knot of hair, probably a turbarl knot, atop
thc head of a nale figure; indicative of princcly
hcritage.SeeFig. 7.rr.
vahatla."Vclricle"; the mount or carrier of a god; a
'lhe
being who accornpanies a god. ualtand is
rusuallya thcrior,rorph and may synbolize an aspect
or quality of the deity.
Vairocana. One of the -.arrrllrola&a7a Buddhas and, in
some systems,a rnanifestation of rhe dhannakaya.
He is also sometimesconsideredto bc a manifcsta-
rion of thc Adi Buddha.
Vaiqnavite.Pertaining to Vignu.
ugrra. Atr implcment; an attribute. It rs sometrrnes
dcincd as "thundcrbolt," though this is only a
limired explanation of the term. The word is
comr,ronly translatcdas "diamond"; however, this
is epparcntly incorrect. Regaldiess of its cxact
rranslation, it servcs as a s,vmbol of pernunency
and imnutability, and, in Buddhism, thc adaman-
tine nature ofthe universe.The rajra is a pronged in-
slnulcnt, sometimesflat, sometimesfully rounded,
with prongs at both cnds. The number of prongs
varies but is alr'ays idcntical at both ends and is
an odd, rather than even, nunber. (SeeFig.8.3z,
lefr, for a one-pointed cxample.) In Tantric Bud-
dhism, all Buddhist deities are considcred to be
uajras or njra-betngs rnd thc rrajra also servcs as
a synbol of the phallus. In sonc Buddhist contexts
(seePl. r5), deities ofnon-Buddhist panthconsrvho
havc bccn convertcd to the Buddhist dharna re
referred to as aajra-c.
t,airahlikarc (nadra). A hand posture that signi{ics
the syllable hwh (hun) h Vajrayana Buddhisn.
Thc hands and wrists are crossedin front of thc
chest; the right hand holds a lajra whilc thc lcft
holds a glraata-the two symbols in the crossed
lrands thus symbolizc thc union of male (uajra) ard
femde (gharta), and of skillful means (upaya; t\e
rnale) and wisdom (prajna; tbe female). See Fig.
19.47.
Vajrapani. The bodhisatwa who bears ;L uajta it hts
hand. See Fig. 8.32, left; for his angry form, sea
Pl. 14.
v ajraparyaikasana." Vajrc-thtone sitting." The lotus
position dsdrr; seepadnfisana.
uajrEsana."Vajra-seat." The scat of cnlightcnment
urder the lodll tree. Also, rhe seat (or alrar?)
prescntly bcneath the lndhi ttee at Bodh Gaya is
kr.o'Nr as hijtasalla. Sc€ Fig. 4.ro. Thc tcrm also
730 GLOSSARY
refers to a throne or seat that has a aajra upon it
or o padmdsana, the sitting posrure. (Some authori-
ties, howcver, contend that there are diferences
between the udiasalla, rajrularyaikisana, xrd
padnasana postves.)
Vajrasattva. "Vajru Being." In Buddhisrn, a being
th,rr rhe practirionerbcconret wh"n genel.rringr
ma4dala.In Buddhist art, an image that symbolizes
the fully-enlightelcd practitioner as the undif:
ferentiatcd state of the Universal (iiryara). See
p. 46o and Fig. zo.r3.
Vajra)'ena. "Vajra vehiclc." one of the major
types of Buddhist Practices; Tanlra, or Tantric
BuCdhisrn. Seep. 32.
Vdman:r. The dwarf incarnation of Visnu. Sre also
Trivikrama and Fig. zo.ro.
vatla lala. "Fotest g rland." A garland worn by Visnu
that is usually shown hanging down to his knecs.
Sr? Fig. r 8.28.
rarada nndfi- The gift-bestowing gesture. It can be
nade with eithcr the right or left hand; thc hand
extcnds dowflward, rvith the palm outward, as if
offering son-rething to a devotee, and, in fact,
sonetimcs an object of offcring is held in e hand
perfonrring thts utfua. Scr Figs. r8.8, r8 28.
Varaha. The boar incarnarion of Vi9nu. In this form,
the god may appear completcly as an anin-ral(see
Fig. rr.r) or as Part-lnan, Part-beast,iu which case
he rnay be identiiied as NJ-Variha (see Figs ro.8,
ro.rz). Seepp. r9z-93.
Varu4a. one of the principal Vedic gods and, iater,
one of the dikpalas (protector of the west). Sec
Fig. tg.z,z.
Vasudeva. A maniGstation of Visnu; one of the
twenty-four fonr-rsof Visnu; sonetincs, an epithet
ofKr;na. (The namc should not be confused with
that ofVasudeva, the father ofKrqna.)
vau (also war). A step-wcll. SecFigs. 20.60, 20.61.
Vedas. A group of texts sacled to Hinduism. See
pp. 27 28.
or pcdesta
,reJi.An ^l,.r.l .rn .Lltar-sr*nd
uedika. P' railing enclosing a sacrcd .4ir14) or a sPot
or object ofvenemtion.
t,esara.L "rrrlle" or a "hybrid." The name of a stylc
of architecture believed to be associatedwith the
Dcccan rcgion. Seep. 54o.
ridya. Ktowledge, especially practicel knowledge;
lore.
'Berrer '
vidyadhata. of Wisdorn Esoe.irlly, ligrrre'
,iepicrcd,, if flvrns a6ot. thq lc.ri5 qf i.'i1i65whrle
b.".irrg g".l"nis (lhat symboiize the attainlnent of
s r r p r e r nuei ' d o r n ) .S c eF i g s .r 8 . 8 .1 8 2 5 . 1 82 8 .
vighia. An obstaclcor impcdiment (to rcligrou! ir-
tAinnent). Sometimes, uighnasarc pcrsonilied and
deities are shown trampling upon them as if to
l".r^- fhF- .(rp Fio rR r<
rihala. A rnorTestety;may be eicher f.ee-standing
or rock-cut.
'lhe
titnana. shrine porcion of a telnplc and its super-
str!1cture.
,i/dgdl.A hero store. SeeFig.9.3r.
rirl,d. Hcrois11l.
Vigaprahipflanurti. SeeSiva Vigapraharanamfirti.
uisnayd, A gesture of wonder, astonishmcnt, ol ya ft:
praise. The arlr is bcnt at the elbow; the fingers s1-
point upward and the palm irward. SeeFig. 2r.3. ro
Visnu. Onc of the nost important Hindu gods; rhe 35:
"preretver" of tlre Urr'rcrsc.Hc apperrt in rn-nr
forms, but is perhaps best known in his ten in-
cxrnations (dalatafird) aud his twcnry-four forns
(tat nimlattufift\. tic5
Vignu Amttyairyana. Visnu as creator, reclining
on the serpent Ananta. Seep. zro ald Fig. ro.29.
Also called Viinu Segaiayana.
Visnu Caturmurti. A four-headed fonn of Vi9nu.
Seep. 367and Fig. 17.r7,
Visnu Sankartana.One of the twenty-four fornrs of
Visnu. SeeFig. z,o.6z.
Visnu Scsaiayana.SeeVismr Anantalayana.
Visnu Vi3varupa. "Visnu (Having) All FonTTs."
Vi5nu as the Univcrsai, in whom is embodied all
things and frorn whom all things cmanate. See p.
: 3 3 a n dF i g s .r r . r J , 2 o . 4 .
uitatka nudri. A gesturc of discourse or discussion.
Thc tips ofthe index linger and thurnb of the hand
are pressed togcthcr to form a circle, with the
othcr lingets pointing upward. See PI. 3r, lefr
figures.
nkladevatd. A tree goddess. Sre Fig. 6.6. Sec also
ryaklryana mufua. A gesture of expianation or dis-
course in which the pain is outward, and thc lin-
gers upward, with the thunb and index ftrgcr (or
the thumb and mother finger) forming a circle
SeeFig. 7.ro.
ryala (or uyalaka).A homcd lion (1;li).
uyiha. A manifcstrtion or enlanation; generalll, an
emrnation of Vilnu but lot a ftrll incarnation
\ r s i o no f r P a r a d i r c .
L r B u d d h i ' m . . nc x p a n s i \ e
yajia. A sactifice an offcring; a religious practice.
cspcciaily characteristicof Vedic worship.
ya&sa.A malc nature spirit; a wealth dcity and guardr-
ao of treasurc. Yafr;asare especiallyassociatedwith
trees.(Fenr. yokti, yaksirl.)
yakqr(ar yak5ilti).See7aftsaand Fig. 5.r3.

1ali. A holncd lion (r,1,a/a).
\ r r r r ' . I n c - o . Lo f d e . r t l rt :l ' e . l r o ' ," r l r ' I - d . r l ' ,
orre lvho conchrctsthe dead ro the ghcc of the
ancestots.Hc is consicleretlto be guardian of thc
sorth (thc dircction asvrciated lr'ith dceth) and is
onc of d1e directionel eurrclian dciries (diATalas).
S . s p . 3 3 8a n dF i g . r j . 2 J .
Yarnuna. Thc Yemurra (or JerrrLnl andJumne) River;
thc goclless per-sonifrurg thrr rivcr. Her slnbol
and r/rlard is thc tortoisc.SccFig. ro.37.
; n , , r r n\. r r r c c l r . . r i d. ' ' , c r'lr '\'. oeol I i\ i
s,vrnbolic di:rqrrnr. A 1,ntrrr,:rrrar' scrvc :rs itn ai.l
to mcdit:rtion, alnlos! xs a rli1p or ch:ut caD scr\ic
.rsa grricle. A nayJnld is .\ trpc of y Ma.
l-
l ldrii. A pole; in Buddhist -.itl, xrchitecture,thc
I 1tr4. pole drat rcprcscnrsrhe World Aris.
D yoga."YoLc": "union (asifjoined b,vr -r'oke)."Prac-
ticcs bv rvhich the iodlvidual rtaerllpts to "\'oke"
t himself rvith the Univer-s:rl.1'hcrc rre rlenl' trpcs
; ofloga, and yoglc practicesxrc niversal to a1l thc
Irrdicr-eligions:thcv can be tracedin a1t at lcilsr:ls
! far back es thc lnclus civilization. In Hinduisur, the
nanrv t"vpes of 1,opainclude: hatha yoga, .'bidt
enrplrasizcsm:rsterr. of drc bodr'; bhakti yaga,
rvhich srcssesunconditionallovc:rnd devotion of'
god; .iiana i,o3a, t'hich propounds reintegr-i1!;on
tlrrongh kuorvlcdgc; kanta yooa, *hich cmphasizes
GrossARY 7J7
the perlbrmar,ce of religiors dutics; and raja 1oga,
tire ro,valw'ay,which is considcrcdto be thc suprcnc
forrn of Toga and rhe one for which ali othcrs
scrve merely ils prefxratioD, Yrga ts a vcrv im-
. | ] . . I I . l r . n r ,w l t p r e . r r
logir pmcticesare classiliedinto various svstcms.
yogrrr.A practirionerofTqgn.
yo.grrri.A ferualc practitiotcr ofyya. A1so, :r goddcss
or .r rvom.rn possessed of uaercal pox'cr-s.l)illclcut
nurlbcrs ofyrgirrir arc citcd; sirt,v-four is :r popular-
ly given nurnber. l'o.qiri * orship implicitlv srrggcsts
scxualreligrouspractices.Vcrr' fcl' tenples of the
),ogiri cult rrc krroln irr Sourh Asia. Sre Figs.
r9-4r 43 and zo.:r, zo.::.
7ori. The female gendrtlvc orEan; thc vulva. The
s,vnrbol of tl,c limJc principle. Mav selve as thc
pedcstal (or rccciver) of the liiga cnshrincd il
a Saivitc tcmple. Togethcr, thc ltlLga :Ltd yotti
fepresent thc uniq rithin dualit! th:rt is ccnrral
to much Hindu thought.
yr.qanaddha.Scxuallr joirccl: joincd :rs a pxir. A re-
pfeserlretion()1x mrle il intercourservith his fcmale
consof!. Thc cxtcnsioD aDd complction of the con-
ceptofrrrirlrrra.Srl Fig. r8 r4.
ytn'arnja. T\c heir :rplarent; the clorvn pritrcc. Thc
term is sonretinresused to lefel to thc Bodhisattva
lr,laitlcve, thc futurc Buddha.