Jamshedpur Research Review - 7th Issue (ISSN 2320-2750)

ISSN 2320 2750 Jamshedpur Research Review YEAR II VOL II ISSUE VII
JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 0



JAMSHEDPUR RESEARCH REVIEW
GOVT REGD. MULTI DISCIPLINARY INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL

Year II Vol. II Issue VII

RNI JHA/ENG/2013/53159
ISSN: 2320-2750
Postal Registration No.-G/SBM-49/2013-14

Dateline: June 1 2014- August 30 2014
Year II: Volume II: Issue: VII
Place: Jamshedpur
Language: English
Periodicity: Quarterly
Price: Rs.150
No. of Pages- 106(Incl.Cover Pages)
Nationality of the editor: Indian
Name of the editor: Mithilesh Kumar
Choubey.
Owner: Gyanjyoti Educational and Research
Foundation (Trust), 62, Block No.-3,
Shastrinagar, Kadma, Jamshedpur,
Jharkhand, Pin-831005.
Publisher: Mithilesh Kumar Choubey
Nationality of the Publisher: Indian
Printer: Mithilesh Kumar Choubey
Nationality of the Publisher: Indian
Printing Press: Gyanjyoti printing press,
Gyanjyoti Educational and Research
Foundation (Trust), 62, Block No.-3,
Shastrinagar, Kadma, Jamshedpur,
Jharkhand, Pin-831005.

Declaration: Owner of Jamshedpur Research
Review, English Quarterly is Gyanjyoti
Educational and Research Foundation (Trust),
62, Block No 3, Shastrinagar Kadma,
Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, Pin -831005, and
published and printed by Mithilesh Kumar
Choubey and printed at Gyanjyoti Printing
Press, Gyanjyoti Educational and Research
Foundation, 62, Block No.-3, Shastrinagar,
Kadma, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, Pin-831005,
and published at Gyanjyoti Educational and
Research Foundation(Trust), 62, Block No.-3,
Shastrinagar, Kadma, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand,
Pin-831005, and editor is Mithilesh Kumar
Choubey
June 1 2014 August 30 2014

YEAR II Vol.II Issue VII

ENGLISH QUARTERLY

Editor- in -Chief
Dr. Mithilesh Kumar Choubey
editorjrr@gmail.com

A Publication of

GYAN JYOTI EDUCATIONAL AND RESEARCH
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English Quarterly
June 2014-August 2014 Year II Volume II Issue VII
Ever since its first issue in 2012, Jamshedpur Research Review is the most reputed govt. registered research
magazine in Jharkhand.

EDITORIAL BOARD

Dr. Mithilesh Kr Choubey
Editor in Chief

Dr. P.Venugopal
Associate Director, XLRI, Jamshedpur.

Dr. J.P Misra
Dean, Student Affairs, SOMS, Varanasi.

Dr. A.N Misra
Principal, MGM Medical College, Jamshedpur.

Dr. Neha Tiwari
Prof in-Charge, Dept of MassCom. Karim City College, Jamshepur, Jharkhand.

Dr. Vijay Bahadur Singh
Reader, Dept. of Commerce, Ranchi University. Ranchi. Jharkhand.

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL REFEREE

Dr. Brij Kumar Pandey
Retd. Prof. BSRBA Univ. Bihar.

Dr. S.K Sinha
HOD, English, Jamshedpur Co-operative College, Jamshedpur.

Dr. Vijay Kumar Piyush
HOD, Hindi, Jamshedpur Co-operative College, Jamshedpur.

Dr. Raksha Singh
Principal, Sri Sankaracharya Mahavidhyalya, Bhilai, Chattisgarh.

Mr. Rajesh Dwived
Senior Consulate, Ministry of External Affairs, Govt of India., Ho chi minh City, Vietnam.

COPY EDITOR
Dr. Sanjive Kumar Singh
Dept of Commerce, Jamshedpur Co-operative College, Jamshepur.

GRAPHICS AND CREATIVE ART EDITOR
Mr. Krishna Kumar Choubey



PAPER REVIEW COMMITTEE

Dr.P.K Pani
Dept of Commerce, ABM College, Kolhan University, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.
Prof. Sudeep Kumar
Xavior institute of social science , XISS, Ranchi, Jharkhand
Dr. S.B.P Gupta
Dept.of Commerce, Nilamber Pitamber University, Palamu, Jharkhand.
Dr. Swati Chakraborty
Royal Thimphu College, Bhutan.
Dr. Prakash Chand
Dept of Political Science,, Dayal Singh (Ev) College, Delhi University.
Dr. Danish Ali Khan
Associate Professor, NIT, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.
Dr Abhay Kr Pandey
D.K College, Dumraon, Buxar, Bihar.
Prof. L Kachap
Dept of Psychology, Jamshedpur Co-operative College, Kolhan University, Jharkhand.
Dr. S. Ansari
Dept of Hindi, Karim City College, Jamshedpur. Jharkhand.
Dr. Poonam Sahay
Dept. of psychology, ABM College, Kolhan University, Jamshedpur.
Dr. K.M Mahato
Dept of Commerce, Jamshedpur Co-operative College, Kolhan University, Jamshedpur. Jharkhand.
Dr. Deepa Saran
Department of Commerce, Jamshedpur Womens College, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.
Dr. Sanjiv Chaturvedi
Dept of Commerce, Doranda College Ranchi, Jharkhand.
Dr. Ishtiaque Ahmed
Associate Professor, Dept. of Commerce, Purnia College, Purnia, (B.N Mandal University, Bihar.)
Dr. Manisha Kumari
Institute of Management Studies, Ranchi University, Ranchi, Jharkhand.

I N D E X
From the Editors Desk 08-08
1. HEDONISTIC PHILISHOPHY: ANCIENT AND MODERN VIEWS
Dr. Mithilesh Kr. Choubey & Dr. Vijay Kumar Piyush 09-14
2. TRIBAL SELF GOVERNANCE AND WOMEN OF SANTHALPARGANAS IN JHARKHAND :A
SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY
Dr. Ambrish Gautam 15-25
3. THE IDIOM IN NECTAR IN A SIEVE AND THE COFFER DAMS
Minakshi Pandeya 26-29
ISSN 2320 2750 Jamshedpur Research Review YEAR I I VOL II ISSUE VII


4. SEEKING INDIVIDUALITY A FEMININE CONCERN IN THE NOVEL THE DARK HOLDS NO
TERRORS BY SHASHI DESHPANDE
Rupa Sarkar 30-32
5. IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF JHARKHAND: A CASE
STUDY OF WEST SINGHBHUM DISTRICT OF JHARKHAND
Dr. Sanjive Kumar Singh & Gaurisankar 33-43
6. IMPACT OF TRAINING ON MANAGEMENT & SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF TATA
STEEL
Sweta Gupta 44-51
7. WOMEN WORKFORCE IN INDIA: STATUS REPORT
Chandni Nath 52-56
8. MICA INDUSTRY OF JHARKHAND: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES
Dr. S.K Mujibar Rahaman 57-61
9. FUTURE OF E-RETAILING IN YOUNG INDIA
Kumari Sneha & Vikas Kashyap 62-65
10. AN UNTAPPED POTENTIAL OF JHARKHAND TOURISM
Dr. Kamini 66-70
11. AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF CELLULAR PHONES ON STUDENT
Dr. Istiaque Ahmed 71-79
12. ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTATION IN GOVERNMENT COLLEGES IN KERALA: AN OVERVIEW
Anilkumar.R 80-82
13. SOCIO-EMOTIONAL SCHOOL CLIMATE AND PUPIL ACHIEVEMENT
Dr.Lakshmi Pandey 83-89
14. MUTUAL FUND IN INDIA : AN APPRAISAL OF SELECTED MUTUAL FUNDS
Dr. Ajay Varma 90-92
15. ONLINE BANKING IN INDIA : A CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVE
Meetu Ahuja 93-97
16. ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS OF TAMAR BLOCK OF RANCHI DISTRICT, JHARKHAND
Dara Singh Gupta, Manoj Ranjan Sinha & Pushpa Salo Linda 98-101

Sentinelese: Most I solated Community in the World-
Page 14
Walt Disney of India Died-Page 32
New books: Narendra Modi - Ek Tilism-Page-44
Indias Biggest Library-Page 61



English Quarterly
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From the Editors Desk..
BETWEEN GOOD AND BAD FORMS OF SELF-
CONCERN
In Greek mythology, Narcissus was renowned for his
beauty. Exceptionally proud of his beauty, he disdained those who loved
him. Nemesis noticed this behavior and attracted Narcissus to a pool, where he
saw his own reflection in the water and fell in love with it, not realizing it was
merely an image. Unable to consummate his love, Narcissus "lay gazing
enraptured into the pool, hour after hour," and finally changed into a flower that
bears his name, the narcissus.( )
According to a new study published in a journal of Social Networking,
some Facebook features like profile photo and status updates are linked with
encouraging narcissism. The profile picture is the most tangible aspect of a user's
online self-presentation, making it a touchstone for narcissists seeking to draw
attention to themselves. For the study, researchers investigated the relationship
among adult Facebook users between ages 18 and 50.They asked over 400
individuals a range of questions about their Facebook behaviours. Participants in
the study used Facebook an average of two hours per day and had approximately
500 friends for both.
We all criticize narcissism, especially in others. The vain are by turns
annoying or absurd, offending us whether they are blissfully oblivious or proudly
aware of their behavior. But are narcissism and vanity really as bad as they
seem? Can we avoid them even if we try? In Mirror, Mirror, Simon Blackburn,
the author of such best-selling philosophy books as Think, Being Good, and Lust,
says that narcissism, vanity, pride, and self-esteem are more complex than they
first appear and have innumerable good and bad forms. Drawing on philosophy,
psychology, literature, history, and popular culture, Blackburn offers an
enlightening and entertaining exploration of self-love, from the myth of
Narcissus and the Christian story of the Fall to todays self-esteem industry.
A sparkling mixture of learning, humor, and style, Mirror, Mirror
examines what great thinkers have said about self-lovefrom Aristotle, Cicero,
and Erasmus to Rousseau, Adam Smith, Kant, and Iris Murdoch. It considers
todays me-related obsessions, such as the selfie, plastic surgery, and
cosmetic enhancements, and reflects on connected phenomena such as the fatal
commodification of social life and the tragic overconfidence of George W. Bush
and Tony Blair. Ultimately, Mirror, Mirror shows why self-regard is a necessary
and healthy part of life. But it also suggests that we have lost the ability to
distinguishlet alone strike a balancebetween good and bad forms of self-
concern.
Dr. Mithilesh Kr. Choubey



HEDONISTIC PHILISHOPHY: ANCIENT AND MODERN
VIEWS
Dr. Mithilesh Kr Choubey
Director, Gyanjyoti Educational & Research Foundation, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.
Dr. Vijay Kumar Piyush
Head of the department, Hindi, Jamshedpur Co-operative College, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand
__________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Modern views on Hedonism that
defines hedonism as a pursuit of pleasure as a
matter of ethical principle, or an ethical
system that evaluates the pursuit of pleasure as
the highest good open new windos for studing
the hedonism today. These new views are
quite different from the the old views where
hedonism was considerd as unethical, immoral
and totally out of human values. The paper
presented here, studies the ancient and modern
views on hedonism and investigates how these
new views are distinct from previous ones. It
is indeeded an attempt to see the hedonism
from a different angle.
Key Words: Hedonism, Nihilism, Atheist,
Rama, Ayodhya, Jabali, Ethical Hedonism,
Modern Marketing, Ajit Keshkambli,
Lokayat, Charwak, Modern Indian society

n Ramayana, Rama abandons his claim to
the royal throne and goes on a 14-year
exile, in order to help his father keep a
promise. Rama considers his decision as his
dharma (righteous duty), necessary for his
father's honour. In Ayodhya Khanda, Jabali
accompanies Bharata to the forest, as part of a
group that triesto convince Rama to give up
his exile Jabali uses nihilist (someone who
rejects all theories of morality or religious
belief) reasoning to dissuade Rama from
continuing the exile. He states that those give
up artha (material pleasures) for the sake of
dharma suffer in this life and meet extinction
after their death. Showing further disbelief in
the concept of afterlife, he criticizes the
shraddha ritual, in which people offer food to
their dead ancestors. He calls it a wastage of
food, and sarcastically suggests that if food
eaten by one person at a given place could
nourish another person at another place,
shraddha should be conducted for those going
on long journeys, so they would not need to
eat anything. When Jabali used nihilist
reasoning rejecting all theories of morality or
religious belief to dissuade Rama from
continuing the exile and states that those give
up artha (material pleasures) for the sake of
dharma suffer in this life and meet extinction
after their death.

Some editions of Valmiki's
Ramayana contain a section that depicts Rama
angrily denouncing Jabali, beginning with the
following verses:

( 2-109-33)
|
|
|
( 2-109-34)
[I accuse the act done by my father in taking
you into his service, you with your misleading
intelligence, a firm atheist fallen from the true
I


path. (2-109-33) It is an exact state of the case
that a mere intellection deserves to be
punished as it were a thief and know an atheist
to be on par with a mere intellectual.
Therefore he is the most suspectable and
should be punished in the interest of the
people. In no case should a wise man consort
with an atheist. (2-109-34)I accuse the act
done by my father in taking you into his
service, you with your misleading intelligence,
a firm atheist fallen from the true path. (2-109-
33) (Translation by D. H. Rao & K. M. K.
Murthy)]

Table 1: Materialistic Schools of philosophy
School of
Philosophy
Definition
Hedonism Hedonism is a school of thought that
argues that pleasure is the only
intrinsic good. In very simple terms,
a hedonist strives to maximize net
pleasure (pleasure minus pain).
Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a theory in
normative ethics holding that the
proper course of action is the one that
maximizes utility, usually defined as
maximizing total benefit and
reducing suffering or the negatives.
Nihilism Nihilism is a philosophical doctrine
that suggests the negation of one or
more reputedly meaningful aspects of
life. Most commonly, nihilism is
presented in the form of existential
nihilism, which argues that life is
without objective meaning, purpose,
or intrinsic value. Moral nihilists
assert that morality does not
inherently exist, and that any
established moral values are
abstractly contrived. Nihilism can
also take epistemological or
ontological/metaphysical forms,
meaning respectively that, in some
aspect, knowledge is not possible, or
that reality does not actually exist.
Carvaka
/Lokayata,
Carvaka is classified as a heterodox
Hindu (Nastika) system. It is
characterized as a materialistic and
atheistic school of thought. While
this branch of Indian philosophy is
today not considered to be part of the
six orthodox schools of Hindu
philosophy, some describe it as an
atheistic or materialistic
philosophical movement within
Hinduism.
In the Hindu way of life, the four
purusharthas or goals of human life are,
Dharma (righteousness, duty and moral order),
Artha (wealth and prosperity), Kama (wordly
desires) and Moksha (liberation). Dharma
refers to moral duties, obligations and
conduct, namely, vidhis (do's) and nishedhs
(dont's). Dharma is always given a highest
importance, in Ramayana; Rama himself
represented the Dharma and was crowned as a
King.
An ancient Indian philosopher of 6th
century BC, named Ajita Kesakambali is
considered to be the first known proponent of
India Hedonism. He was probably a
contemporary of Buddha and Mahavira. It has
frequently been noted that the doctrines of the
Lokayata school were considerably drawn
from Ajita's teachings. Like those of
Lokayatins, nothing survives of Ajita's
teachings in script, except some scattered
references made by his opponents for the sake
of refutation. Thus, due to the nature of these
references, the basic framework of his
philosophy has to be derived by filtering out
obscure legends associated with him.
An early Buddhist source

Ajita
Kesakambali argued that:
There is no such thing as alms or
sacrifice or offering. There is neither fruit nor
result of good or evil deeds...A human being is
built up of four elements. When he dies the
earthly in him returns and relapses to the
earth, the fluid to the water, the heat to the
fire, the wind to the air, and his faculties pass
into space. The four bearers, on the bier as a
fifth, take his dead body away; till they reach
the burning ground, men utter forth eulogies,
but there his bones are bleached, and his
offerings end in ashes. It is a doctrine of fools,
this talk of gifts. It is an empty lie, mere idle
talk, when men say there is profit herein.
Fools and wise alike, on the dissolution of the
body, are cut off, annihilated, and after death
they are not.



According to the Brahmajala Sutta,
Ajita propounded Ucchedavada (the Doctrine
of Annihilation after death) and Tam-Jivam-
tam-sariram-vada (the doctrine of identity of
the soul and body), which denied the separate
existence of eternal soul. The extent to which
these doctrines, which were evidently
inherited by Lokayata, were found
contemptible and necessary to be refuted in
the idealist, theist and religious literature of
the time is a possible evidence of their
popularity and, perhaps also, their
philosophical sophistication.
DD Kosambi, an Indian historian

calls
Ajita a proto-materialist, notes that " he
preached a thorough going materialist
doctrine: good deeds and charity gained a man
nothing in the end. His body dissolved into the
primary elements at death, no matter what he
had or had not done. Nothing remained. Good
and evil, charity and compassion were all
irrelevant to a man's fate." It is believed that
Lokayata, a system of Indian philosophy that
assumes various forms of materialism,
philosophical skepticism and religious
indifference is hugely based on Ajits views.
Carvaka is classified as a heterodox Hindu
(Nastika) system. It is characterized as a
materialistic and atheistic school of thought.
Caarvaka emerged as an alternative to the
orthodox Hindu pro-Vedic Astika schools, as
well as a philosophical predecessor to
subsequent or contemporaneous nstika
philosophies such as Ajivika, Jainism and
Buddhism (the latter two later spinning off
into what may be described today as separate
religions) in the classical period of Indian
philosophy.
As opposed to other schools, the first
principle of Carvaka philosophy was the
rejection of inference as a means to establish
metaphysical truths. Etymologically, Carvaka
means "agreeable speech" or "sweet talkers"
(caru agreeable, pleasant or sweet and vak
speech) and Lokayata signifies "prevalence in
the world" (loka world and ayata
prevalent).
It is only from about the 6th century
that the term Lokayata was restricted to the
school of the materialists or Lokyatikas. The
name Carvaka was first used in the 7th century
by the philosopher Purandara, who referred to
his fellow materialists as "the Carvakas", and
it was used by the 8th century philosophers
Kamalasila and Haribhadra. Adi Shankara, on
the other hand, always used Lokayata, not
Carvaka. By the 8th century, the terms
Carvaka, Lokayata, and Barhaspatya were
used interchangeably to signify materialism.

The Carvaka School of philosophy had a
variety of atheistic and materialistic beliefs.
They held perception to be the only valid
source of knowledge.

Carvakas thought that
body was formed out of four elements (instead
of five) and that consciousness was an
outcome of the mixture of these elements.
Therefore, Carvakas did not believe in an
afterlife. To them, all attributes that
represented a person, such a thinness, fatness
etc., resided in the body. To support the
proposition of non-existence of any soul or
consciousness in the afterlife Carvakas often
quoted from Brihadaranyaka Upanishad.
Springing forth from these elements itself
solid knowledge is destroyed
when they are destroyed
after death no intelligence remains
Carvaka believed that there was
nothing wrong with sensual pleasure. Since it
is impossible to have pleasure without pain,
Crvka thought that wisdom lay in enjoying
pleasure and avoiding pain as far as possible.
Unlike many of the Indian philosophies of the
time, Carvaka did not believe in austerities or
rejecting pleasure out of fear of pain and held
such reasoning to be foolish.
The berries of paddy, rich with the
finest white grains, what man, seeking his true
interest, would fling away because covered
with husk and dust? Very similar to
Lokayatas Greek school of Hedonism is a
school of thought that argues that pleasure is
the only intrinsic good. In very simple terms, a
hedonist strives to maximize net pleasure
(pleasure minus pain). Despite the long


protests against materialism, and hedonism by
religious organization and philosophers of
idealism, elements of materialism and
hedonism remained influencing the societies
world over. Many thinkers strongly insist that
modern marketing activities are responsible
for endorsing a consumer society that arguably
follows hedonistic lifestyle and materialistic
stance. This, for many critics, is the dark side
of consumer marketing, undermining its
ethical standing. A consumer society is
defined as one directed largely by the
accumulation and consumption of material
goods. The term "consumer society" is used in
a pejorative sense, coming from the perception
that such a society will inevitably be
hedonistic. It is the search for instant
gratification that we traditionally associate
with hedonism.Phrases such as the "me-
generation and "the culture of narcissism"
have entered the language of popular
discourse with individuals viewed as standing
apart from their community obligations, less
aware of any connectedness to the larger
whole, beguiled by the ceaseless medley of
consumer offerings. When the term
"marketing" is used by critics in this context, it
is meant to cover all the ways used by
marketing to tempt the consumer into buying,
whether through product design, brand name,
packaging or promotion. Materialism and
idealism both will exist. What we need is a
proper balance so that our society grew
democratically.
Ethical hedonism is the idea that all
people have the right to do everything in their
power to achieve the greatest amount of
pleasure possible to them. It is also the idea
that every person's pleasure should far surpass
their amount of pain. Ethical hedonism is said
to have been started by Aristippus of Cyrene, a
student of Socrates. He held the idea that
pleasure is the highest good. In the original
Old Babylonian version of the Epic of
Gilgamesh, which was written soon after the
invention of writing, Siduri gave the following
advice "Fill your belly. Day and night make
merry. Let days be full of joy. Dance and
make music day and night [...] These things
alone are the concern of men", which may
represent the first recorded advocacy of a
hedonistic philosophy.

A dedicated contemporary hedonist
philosopher and writer on the history of
hedonistic thought is the French Michel
Onfray. He has written two books directly on
the subject (L'invention du plaisir: fragments
cyraniques and La puissance d'exister :
Manifeste hdoniste. He defines hedonism "as
an introspective attitude to life based on taking
pleasure yourself and pleasuring others,
without harming yourself or anyone else."

"Onfray's philosophical project is to define an
ethical hedonism, a joyous utilitarianism, and
a generalized aesthetic of sensual materialism
that explores how to use the brain's and the
body's capacities to their fullest extent -- while
restoring philosophy to a useful role in art,
politics, and everyday life and decisions."

Onfray's works "have explored the
philosophical resonances and components of
(and challenges to) science, painting,
gastronomy, sex and sensuality, bioethics,
wine, and writing.
His most ambitious project is his
projected six-volume Counter-history of
Philosophy,"

of which three have been
published. For him "In opposition to the
ascetic ideal advocated by the dominant
school of thought, hedonism suggests
identifying the highest good with your own
pleasure and that of others; the one must never
be indulged at the expense of sacrificing the
other. Obtaining this balance my pleasure at
the same time as the pleasure of others
presumes that we approach the subject from
different angles political, ethical, aesthetic,
erotic, bioethical, pedagogical,
historiographical."
The Abolitionist Society is a
transhumanist group calling for the abolition
of suffering in all sentient life through the use
of advanced biotechnology. Their core
philosophy is negative utilitarianism. David
Pearce is a theorist of this perspective and he
believes and promotes the idea that there
exists a strong ethical imperative for humans
to work towards the abolition of suffering in


all sentient life. His book-length internet
manifesto The Hedonistic Imperative outlines
how technologies such as genetic engineering,
nanotechnology, pharmacology, and
neurosurgery could potentially converge to
eliminate all forms of unpleasant experience
among human and non-human animals,
replacing suffering with gradients of well-
being, a project he refers to as "paradise
engineering". A transhumanist and a vegan,
Pearce believes that we (or our future post
human descendants) have a responsibility not
only to avoid cruelty to animals within human
society but also to alleviate the suffering of
animals in the wild.
Indeed contemporary views on
hedonism aim to make the society more
ethical and morally sound. They establish an
alternative vision that even without the
religious interference; an ethical society can
be developed where injustice, bias and
inequality can be addressed properly.
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and Religion in Ancient India. Anthem Press.
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Ayodhya, Chapter [Sarga] 109". Valmiki's
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Rao & K. M. K. Murthy.
3. Valmiki. "Book II: Canto CIX.: The Praises of
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Rmyana, Illustrating the Tenets of the
Chrvkas, or Indian Materialists, with Some
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Vedic and Buddhistic Polities, Explaining
Their Origin, Prosperity, and Decline. printed
at the Oriental Printing Press by N. W.
Ghumre. p. 449.
8. The Indian Year Book of International Affairs.
Indian Study Group of International Affairs,
University of Madras. 1963. p. 458.
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Nobility and Civility: Asian Ideals of
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Charles A. A Source Book in Indian
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14. Richard King (1999). Indian Philosophy: An
Introduction to Hindu and Buddhist Thought.
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December 2013.
16. Cowell and Gough, p. 2; Lokyata may be
etymologically analysed as "prevalent in the
world " (loka and yata)
17. Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter,
"Consequentialism", Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N.
Zalta (ed.),
18. Anscombe, G. E. M., "Modern Moral
Philosophy" in [[Philosophy (journal)|]], Vol.
33, No. 124. (Jan., 1958), pp. 12
19. Bentham, Jeremy (1776). "A Fragment on
Government". Retrieved 31 January 2013.


20. Bentham, Jeremy (2001). The Works of
Jeremy Bentham: Published under the
Superintendence of His Executor, John
Bowring. Volume 1. Adamant Media
Corporation. p. 18. ISBN 978-1402163937.
21. Mill, John Stuart, Utilitarianism (Project
Gutenberg online edition)
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defense of utilitarianism. University Press of
America. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-7618-2731-3.
Retrieved 23 April 2011.
23. Dean Bredeson (2011). "Utilitarianism vgs.
Dentological Ethics". Applied Business Ethics:
A Skills-Based Approach. Cengage Learning.
pp. 710. ISBN 978-0-538-45398-1.
24. Michael Slote (1995). "The Main Issue
between Unitarianism and Virtue Ethics".
From Morality to Virtue. Oxford University
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pp. 11. ISBN 978-1-55111-874-1.
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Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.134
29. Epicurus Principal Doctrines tranls. by Robert
Drew Hicks (1925)
30. Christian Hedonism Forgive the Label, But
Don't Miss the Truth - Desiring God
31. Jonathan Edwards, A treatise concerning
religious affections (Dublin: J. Ogle,
1812)[1](accessed on Google Book on July 26,
2009)
32. , Salters-Nuffield Advanced Biology for
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33. Torbjrn Tnnsj; Hedonistic Utilitarianism.
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(1998).
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Life: Concerning the Nature, Varieties, and
Plausibility of Hedonism. Oxford University
Press and (1997). Utilitarianism, Hedonism,
and Desert: Essays in Moral Philosophy.
Cambridge University Press
35. "The Genomic Bodhisattva". H+ Magazine.
2009-09-16. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
36. "Criao animal intensiva. Um outro
Holocausto?". Revista do Instituto Humanitas
Unisinos. 2011.
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ethics of hedonism". US: Division 24 of the
American Psychological Association, the
Division of Theoretical and Philosophical
Psychology.

SENTINELESE: MOST ISOLATED COMMUNITY IN THE WORLD
Perhaps no people on Earth remain more genuinely isolated than the Sentinelese. They are thought to be directly
descended from the first human populations to emerge from Africa, and have probably lived in the Andaman Islands
for up to 55,000 years. The fact that their language is so different even from other Andaman islanders suggests that
they have had little contact with other people for thousands of years.This does not mean, however, that they live just
as they did 55,000 years ago. Commonly described, for instance, as belonging to the Stone Age, they do in fact
make tools and weapons from metal, which they recover from ships wrecked on the islands reefs. Like so many
isolated tribal people with a fearsome reputation, the Sentinelese are often inaccurately described as savage or
backward. Their hostility to outsiders, though, is easily understandable, for the outside world has brought them
little but violence and contempt. In 1879, for example, an elderly couple and some children were taken by force and
brought to the islands main town, Port Blair. The colonial officer in charge of the kidnapping wrote that the entire
group, sickened rapidly, and the old man and his wife died, so the four children were sent back to their home with
quantities of presents.



TRIBAL SELF-GOVERNANCE AND WOMEN OF SANTAL
PARGANAS IN JHARKHAND: A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY

Dr. Ambrish Gautam
Assistant Professor, Central University of Bihar, Gaya Campus, Bihar
_________________________________________________________________________________

Santal village community presents a blend of ultimate democracy with influential leaders,
of private ownership with claims and a community with rights. W. G. Archer.

ABSTRACT

Period of half a decade in looking closely at the
PRIs in the Scheduled Areas of undivided
Madhya Pradesh was not less for me to
guesstimate the prevalence and interference of
bureaucracy and officialdom, and its associated
callousness, domination, insensitivity, etc., in
the lives of tribes and poor. Nothing significant
has ever changed in the tribal villages except
that of penetration of party politics, growing de-
fragmentation in the families/communities,
heavy inflow of funds with least visible impacts,
and increasing number of NGOs claiming
empowering the gram sabhas. Question now
arises, are the tribes the animals for our
unprecedented experimentation, or do we
respect them as equal human beings deserving to
'determine themselves' to rule, to govern their
lives and resources? Public institutions, more
often unaccountable, of the 'mainstream' seem to
have dearth of willingness on the later question.
Where do we want to land then? Tribal self-rule
first and foremost is a peculiar area to
understand, to work in. I so far have encountered
the civil society actors and public servants who
advocate for merely the representation,
attendance, decision/distribution of schemes,
and alike. Why do the people not address the
more fundamental issues of the governance
validity/ relevance/ applicability of the legal
frameworks guiding the local self-governance,
actual (not rhetorical) space for
weak/marginalized in the process and means and
ends, the exclusion/ inequity/ disempowerment
issues as perpetual social processes underneath
the village society, support/hindrances and

control of external actors, and alike. At the end,
it seems, the hegemony of power centers of all
sort will long last, leaving the tribes in constant
distress.More surprising is the silence among the
tribes around the country except states of
northeast and Jharkhand. In Fifth Scheduled
Areas, Jharkhand is the first state where tribes
have raised their voices in support of their
traditional self-governance and demanded its
recognition as PRIs after reformation of the
current frameworks of governance. It is the step
towards seeking 'inclusive' and 'accountable'
governance. But, on the other side, the issue is
very complex and sensitive. Grassroots Institute
of Grassroots India Trust is the pioneer in
commissioning this inquiry entitled into the
crucial issue and at least to reach some vantage
point from where further action can be
ascertained by even other actors.

Keywords: GVS, IAY, JPRA, MWS, NTFPs,
PDS, PESA, PWD, SDO, SPTA, SSA, TSG,
VLW

ribal communities in India have their own
history of struggles for identity,
citizenship, survival, representation and
pro-people development. Jharkhand is
characterized with unique history of
mobilization and assertion for ethnic identities
and control over resources and self-
determination. In the quest of governing the
tribal territories the tribes evolved their own
system of governance for the purpose of
T


regulating the individual and communal
behaviour of the people in the society.
Jharkhand is reported to the tribal groups having
their traditional social institutions called
traditional self-governance (TSG) institutions
with a strong concept of democratic
participation and governance. With the growing
changes in the societies and the formulation of
modern governance systems in the country the
TSG institutions underwent a decay process;
however, the traditional institutions at some
places developed resilience and considerably
overcome the erosion. In the recent times, with
the advent of 73
rd
Constitutional Amendments
the whole scenario seems to have changed.
Incorporating inadequately the spirits of PESA,
Jharkhand promulgated in 2001 Jharkhand
Panchayat Raj Act, but owing to bounteous
political awakening among dominant tribal
groups of Jharkhand the party in power could
not dare to announce elections of local bodies.
Voice of a section of tribals, who reject the
election of panchayat bodies under modern
system of local self-governance, cannot be
ignored. They contend, if PESA rules to
constitute PRIs in consonance of traditional,
customary, cultural and localized norms of the
tribal groups, then what is the necessity of
forming new governance institutions in the
villages once TSG institutions have already
existed.
Santals have their own 3-tier community
council. The village council (more hor) is
headed by a manjhi, who is assisted by other
council members in looking after village affairs.
Ten, fifteen or more villages constitute the
jurisdiction of a pargana, headed by a pargana or
parganait, who also is helped by his councilors
to look after the inter-village affairs. The highest
political authority rests with the khunt council
(lo bir), headed by a dehri. Chieftain of the
village is the manjhi. His duties are multifarious
as his position is that of a hospitable
disciplinarian and a communal custodian.
Manjhi is supported by other officials such as
jogmanjhi, godait, paramnik, naeki, kudum
naeki, lasser tengoi' and bhoddos. The tenure of
manjhi is by principle one year, but due changes
that have occurred since British era the post has
emerged as hereditary. Village council is
supreme and keeps control over the TSG
officials. Pargana heads the 'council of five
manjhis' and is supported by chakladar and
deshmanjhi. Particularly after hul (Santal
rebellion) of 1855-56 the British government in
Santal Pargana adopted the pargana body and
modified it in their interests. In the modern
times, heavy erosion of pargana has taken place.
Like Santals the Paharia also have their TSG
institutions, if they have villages of their
exclusive presence. Among Paharia the village
head is dahri assisted by godait and dewan or
nayak. The dahri presides over the council of
elders. The structure above the village is of
parganait or sardar that may or may not be
shared by Santals and non-tribes. Paharia is one
of the primitive tribes in the country that passed
through heaviest burden of assimilation,
acculturation, detribalization and host of
development pressures. As a result the TSG
bodies of Paharias either weakened/eroded at
some places or completely died at the other. In
the villages particularly that came in the
influence of non-tribals and or urban centres the
TSG bodies are difficult to even trace.
Traditional Santal Judiciary is a
legendary. There are four tiers of Santal court:
Manjhi Baisi, Mapanjhi Baisi, Pargana Baisi and
Lo Bir Baisi. The Santal traditional judicial
hierarchy was formulated in the remote past, yet
the amazing aspect of this system is the survival
of it after so many statutory restrictions. In the
present panchayati raj system, this traditional
system of governance wields as much authority
as the statutory panchayats. Even today the
Santal community prefers its own system to the
statutory panchayat and judicial system of the
area. A Santal knows and wishes to know only
his manjhi, pargana and dehri in the adjudication
of justice.
Some of the functions of the manjhis
and parganaits were recognized under the
statutes of colonial rule. In post-colonial India
these tribal self-governance (TSG) institutions
have also been legally recognized. Beginning
from Yule's Rules 1856, A. W. Cosserat's
Arrangement of 1880, Parganait Reward Fund
1895, Rural Police Regulation 1910,


McPherson's Settlement 1905-12, Gantzer's
Settlement 1922-35, Santal Parganas Enquiry
Commission 1937, Santal Civil Rules 1946 and
Santal Parganas Tenancy (Supplementary
Provisions) Act 1949 of the British times to the
Standing Order 14/53-54, PESA 1996 and JPRA
2001 of post-independence period, all have
recognized the TSG institutions at village and
inter-village level.
The emergence of community life in the
tribes marked with evolution of the mechanism
to administer and control the social behaviour,
which took the shape of TSG institutions.
Social, cultural and ethical issues primarily came
under the purview of TSG bodies. Likewise,
hundreds of matters concerning the welfare of
the community are regulated by TSG bodies. In
the condition if a person does not follow the
norms, the TSG body warns, checks or punishes
approGrassroots Institutetely. Moreover, the
tribes mostly live in resource-rich areas, and the
responsibility of management of resources in the
village territory grossly lies with TSG body of
the village. The TSG institution regulates the
use, distribution, sharing, transfer, inheritance
and ownership on possibly every type of the
resource available in the village. Resources
might be the land, water (natural or managed),
minerals, fishing, grazing grounds and other
CPRs, trees, livestock, sacred groves, etc. Under
the development phenomenon and skewed
societal changes the protection of tribal lands
from alienation and the preservation of culture,
identity and traditions have become the
precarious questions the tribal people nowadays
encounter. Over recent times the TSG
institutions appear to evolving the mechanisms
to address such contemporary vital issues.
Though it is not universally applicable, however,
this can be sighted in majority of the cases
provided the TSG body itself has not died or
been dying.
TSG institutions have its role in
providing with the rights of the women as
human being and regulate their participation in
the management of properties and the
participation in governing systems in the village.
Traditionally, 3 seats are reserved for women in
the TSG body at village level. They are called as
budhi hadam. Sitting on these 3 ex-officio posts
(manjhi budhi, jogmanjhi budhi and naeki
budhi) are, respectively, the wives of manjhi,
jogmanjhi and naeki. Tribal respondents in study
villages have opined variedly on the issue of
giving space for women to head or officiate the
TSG institution. Liberal youths when consented
on the appointment of woman as manjhi, the
orthodox elders at the same time rejected the
proposition. After all the issue of the
participation of women in the TSG institutions is
a crucial one that attracts further careful inquiry.
Yet, pessimist view on this aspect of governance
heads towards not rejecting the future
possibilities of women participation in TSG
institutions if they are inducted into new
constitutional PRIs.
It was the colonial rulers who first timely
altered the TSG system of tribes in Santal
Parganas and fixed the village council officials
for serving their interests of rent collection and
general administration. However, instead of
replacing the local governance system with alien
one, they wisely used the existed system by
allocating additional powers/ resources to the
village council officials especially manjhi and
parganaits. Therefore, the functions of village
officials were also expanded. Rent collection,
thus, was one of some duties and powers the
colonial rulers infused into TSG institutions. In
post independence period, PRIs were formed
throughout the country as a means of
strengthening the village level democratic
institutions and as a part of the dream of gram
swaraj. It had previsions of direct elections of
mukhia and sarpanch. They were expected to
handle different activities like village disputes,
village development work, maintaining
relationship with government officials, and so
on. But, on the behest of imposition of statutory
PRIs in the tribal regions, it had many advance
impacts on the TSG system. The colonizing
alien PRIs turned out to be a centre for political
manipulation, rivalry and competition in the
villages that accelerated weakening of village
councils and degradation of ecology,
simultaneously.


Mukhia of statutory panchayat, created
under Bihar Panchayat Act 1948, happened to be
active in the villages till the seizure of their
powers in 1994 by the Govt. of Bihar. Various
development works completed through mukhia
and the block offices were reported to be
unsatisfactory by a range of respondents in the
study villages. It reflects that since independence
the development agencies at the lowest level
continued to link with the officials of statutory
panchayats that largely failed particularly in
ensuring the participation of local community.
As a result, whatever the development aid
percolated to the village could not become
accountable to the people leaving dissatisfaction
among them. While on the other side, the TSG
institutions were found having clear-cut vision
for the development of their villages. TSG
institutions thus have multiple advantages in this
respect. The vision about the development of
their villages and capacity to deliver the
development functions have been explored
among the TSG institutions in study villages.
Can TSG officials execute the development
projects? Responses came forward were very
positive and revealing. As regard of managing
the relations with external agencies and
development officials, the TSG officials (one or
two, if not all) of some villages exhibited their
capacities to handle the outsiders. Obviously, as
of now every one of TSG officials is not able to
properly handle the external agencies as he/she
ever remained in isolation of modern
functionaries.
For the Scheduled Areas the PESA
appeared to be the assured solution for self-
governance. In different corners of the country
and Jharkhand the tribal people applauded the
verdict of apex legislative. However, the
contours of the Act, it seems, are not clear to
legislative and executive in Jharkhand.
Conspiracy over the Jharkhand Panchayat Raj
Act 2001 (JPRA) is another classical example of
the fate of PESA in Jharkhand. The JPRA 2001
has so many contradictions vis-a-vis PESA.
Panchayat election has also been a contentious
issue in Jharkhand. No political party heartedly
wishes to hold the elections in the state due to
complex reasons. Fragile politics in the state
does not allow anyone to dare for. Opposite the
flood of petitions, mainly filed by non-tribals, in
High Court challenging the reservation clauses
in the JPRS, the tribal organizations/ individuals
petitioned in High Court advocating the
inconsistency between the JPRA and TSG
systems of tribes in Jharkhand. The issue has
emerged too compound to resolve easily and to
arrive at one conclusion.
Tribal communities, however, mostly
favour the due recognition and allocation of
space for TSG institutions in new PRIs at
appropriate level. Notwithstanding, the JPRA
attracts comprehensive reformation to truly
inculcate the spirits of PESA, which provides for
the gram sabha with majority of the powers.
More complicated issue has been the mandatory
participation of women in PRIs as provided by
73
rd
Constitutional Amendment and the central
PESA. But the tribal people appear to be
uncomfortable in accepting the woman's
headship (manjhi or pradhan) in gram
sabha.Participation of Women in Traditional Self-
Governance

WOMEN'S RIGHTS IN PROPERTIES
Rights to property more vest to the
unmarried girls than the married ones. The
unmarried girl is the owner of certain types of
property. So long as she is unmarried the wages
earned by her are the property of the head of the
family. But there are six kinds of wages on
which she has absolute right. First of these is the
irarpa or a bundle of harvested crop. Irarpa is
given in almost all well-off Santal families.
Second type of property consists of any animal
that her maternal uncle may have given her as
gift. There is again a number of customary
presents on which an unmarried girl has absolute
possession. If her grandfather or elder sister's
husband come to the house, she washes their feet
and they make gift, which is her property. At the
wedding of her elder sister she acts as a leading
girl or ak vuric, and receives various monetary
gifts (Chaudhury 1965). A fifth type of property
which she may have inherited on the death of


her father and mother. If her mother is already
dead and she gets her father's movable property
on his death and retain it till her marriage. If she
if she is a major, she can dispose off it as she
likes, otherwise it will be kept for her by
guardian until she is married or attains majority.
If her mother dies she will have no claim in her
father's movables if there are brothers. Finally if
there is a partition in the family before girl is
married she is given danguahisa in the form of
cattle.
In principle, the girl has limited rights
in the immovable property of the father. She
cannot ask for a partition if her brothers
separate, however, normally a piece of land is
kept in reserve for financing her marriage. At the
same time her right to maintenance continues if
she is adult and can claim it from her father,
brother or father's agnates. She can also claim
sufficient land for maintenance till her marriage.
Moreover, she can acquire land of her own out
of the wages received in the form of irarpa and
out of other presents from her kindred. On such
land she has absolute right. Similarly, in certain
circumstances an unmarried daughter can inherit
land of her father if there are neither brothers nor
agnates. Unmarried girl also has certain rights
over own person. If anyone violates her modesty
the culprit has to pay five rupees or some other
sum decided as lajao marao. This lajao marao
money is her absolute property. All the utensils,
articles, ornaments, cash or cattle possessed by
her as an unmarried daughter remain her own. If
after marriage she comes to her father to assist
him in harvesting operations, she earns fresh
gleanings and these are added to the original
stock. If the irarpa consists of fowls, pigs, goats,
cattle or cash, it is usually kept at her father's
house until she is finally settled in her new
house after marriage. The settlement of the
married daughter generally starts after the birth
of the first child (Chaudhury 1965).
A married daughter during her lifetime
has full control of ownership in all types of
movable or immovable property. In case of
movables her property is not inherited by her
husband, but is divided equally by her sons.
While in case of land, the inheritance varies
according to its characters. If the land has been
acquired as taben jom (forever) the children of
the married daughter inherit it. If there are sons
they receive the landed property and if there are
no sons, the daughters, married or unmarried,
will get the property. Her husband or his agnates
will not, however, have any claim, for the land
was never theirs. If the woman does not have
any children the land will return to her father,
brothers, mother or male agnates.

PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN TSG
INSTITUTIONS
Traditionally, 3 seats are reserved for women
in the TSG body at village level. They are called
as budhi hadam. Budhi means 'elder', not the
old. Actually it is the post that is designated as
the post of elder, which does never mean the
person sitting on it, is old or aged. Sitting on
these 3 ex-officio posts (manjhi budhi,
jogmanjhi budhi and naeki budhi) are,
respectively, the wives of manjhi, jogmanjhi and
naeki. However, one fact should not be
overlooked that these female officials mostly
participate in the social and cultural functions
and play their vital role. General discussions
revealed that the women have narrow space in
the traditional governance system of the tribes.
Yet, the TSG officials of Kalajora made a point
that the women could participate in baisi and
voice their opinion.
The advocates of traditional self-
governance system, Manjhi Pargana Sardar
Mahasangh, Jamtara/Dumka, articulated that 68
women manjhis hold the post in Jamtara district
alone. Daughters of deceased manjhis have
succeeded as manjhi-hadam in those villages.
For example, manjhi of Madhusinga village near
Ranitaand expired last year. He left neither the
son nor daughter. The village community
allowed the manjhi budhi to look after the works
and she was given charges of manjhi until the
election for new doesn't take place. From all
such incidences it seems that the women may
function as the TSG body heads and members.
Notwithstanding above, all the
respondents agreed that the women are not


allowed in delivering the religious functions.
Women also accept this conviction. "Women
cannot do religious functions, so they cannot be
naeki. But they can be manjhi to head the TSG
institution", exclaimed Ms. Sobha Soren. The
TSG officials of Udalbani disclosed on the
aspect of women participation in TSG system,
and said that the women can become the manjhi
or hold other post except naeki or kudum naeki,
the religious posts. But in practice the women
normally are not accepted at the post of manjhi,
though they can be pradhan, designated to look
after revenue affairs. Village council of
Udalbani indicated that the wife or daughter of
the deceased manjhi can hold the post provided
he left no son. However, some elders of
Udalbani were found disagreeing on the idea of
selecting or electing the woman on manjhi's
post. They argued, since our TSG system is
intermixed with religion and faith, so entire
community has faith in the post of manjhi. After
all the issue of the participation of women in the
TSG institutions is a crucial one that attracts
further inquiry preferably through 'participant
observation' technique. Other technique of the
research is likely workable because the Santal
women particularly are accustomed to the
traditional governance system in the villages and
do not dare to voice anything against the socio-
religious system. Yet, pessimist view on this
aspect of governance heads towards not
rejecting the future possibilities of women
participation in TSG institutions if they are
inducted into new constitutional PRIs.

TRADITIONAL SELF-GOVERNANCE OR
NEW PANCHAYATI RAJ: TOWARDS
RECONCILIATION

Jharkhand state since its formation is
passing through a dialectical situations taking
the election of panchayat bodies. The politics of
local self-governance has reached the point
where it has become difficult for the government
to hold the elections, as several tribal groups
including Santals have started demanding no
election once the TSG institutions already exist
in their villages. The existing panchayat Act of
Jharkhand also has disparity vis-a-vis the central
PESA 1996 passed by the parliament. So in the
present study it was tried to look into the
possibilities of the reconciliation.

CONSTITUTIONAL IMPERATIVES AND
TSG
After independence the Constituent Assembly
discussed the administration and governance of
tribal areas, and accepted that the governance
and social system in the tribal societies is
different, and, therefore, there existed a need to
continue the special provisions for governance
and administration of tribal areas. Resultantly,
for ensuring the autonomy in the tribal areas,
two schedules fifth schedule and sixth
schedule were incorporated in Indian
Constitution. Sixth Schedule was executed in
north-eastern parts of India while Fifth Schedule
was implemented in 9 states of the country.
Under Fifth Schedule, the Governor of the state
was empowered to administer the tribal areas
with the help of Tribal Advisory Council; but
the situation of this Indian state controlled
governance not only emerged as undemocratic
but also irreversibly harmed the tribal societies
(Sharma 2001).
It was only Late Rajiv Gandhi who felt
the unfulfillment of Article-40 and the necessity
of the amendment of Constitution of India to
make a way for gram panchayat to act as local
units of democratic governance. In 1992, thus,
the Parliament amended the Constitution and the
provisions for panchayati raj were made in Part-
IX of Constitution of India, that were not
applicable in Scheduled Areas.
Following a nationwide movement of the
tribal people for tribal self-rule, the Ministry of
Rural Development, Govt. of India constituted a
committee of select Members of Parliament and
experts under chairmanship of Dilip Singh
Bhuria. Consisting of 7 members the Bhuria
Committee submitted its report on 17 January
1995. Meanwhile the Bihar legislature enacted
the new Bihar Panchayat Act 1993 repealing
previous Bihar Panchayat Act 1948 and Bihar
Panchayat Samiti and Zila Parishad Act 1961.


This Act was enacted in consequence upon the
changes incorporated in The Constitution (73
rd

Amendment) Act 1992, which amended the
Part-IX of the Constitution. The Bihar Panchayat
Act 1993 was applicable in whole Bihar but it,
unfortunately, ignored the directions given in
Article-243M. So the authenticity of this Act
was challenged in the High Court of Patna under
Article-226 by Dr. Basudev Besra, an eminent
lawyer (Basudev Besra vs. Union of India,
1996(1)PLJR261) (Gupta 2002). Divisional
Bench comprising of Mr. Justice D. P. Wadhwa,
the Chief Justice of High Court and Mr. Justice
S. J. Mukhopadhyay observed while deciding
this matter that:
"Article-243M is quite explicit. It is, therefore.
Clear that the provisions of the Act in so far as
these are relatable to those contained in Part-IX
would not be applicable to Scheduled Areas. It
was not disputed before us that the provisions of
Part-IX as contained in the Act are so
intermingled with other provisions of the Act
that it is difficult to separate them. As a matter
of fact, Part-IX of the Constitution provides as
that what is Gram Sabha and also the
constitution and composition of Panchayats at
the village, intermediate and district levels in
accordance with the provisions of this part.
Then, there other provision for reservation of
seats for the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled
Tribes and the women falling in both the above
categories and also general category. This part
also prescribes the powers that could be
conferred to the Panchayats and their authority
and responsibilities. There is then provision for
imposition of taxes etc. by the Panchayats; the
constitution of Finance Commission to review
financial position and the audit of accounts of
the Panchayats and the election of the
Panchayats. Based on these very provisions the
Act has been made applicable to the Scheduled
Areas in a skeleton form."
And the Bench lastly held that Bihar
Panchayat Act 1993 shall not apply in Scheduled
Areas of Bihar (i.e. Jharkhand). Side by side in
1996, on recommendations of the Bhuria
Committee the Indian Parliament enacted the
historic 'Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension
to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996'. The Act meant
to give the traditional panchayat of tribes a
statutory status in a democratic manner. The
formal institutions were declared illegal under
the new provisions of the Constitution and the
traditional institutions of the tribal areas were
recognized as legal. This Act intends to provide
the tribals self-rule and right for self-
determination. But viewing tardy progress in
other states where self-governance or self-rule
has been still a distant dream in the scheduled
areas; the tribal people of Jharkhand are
continuously protesting the election of
panchayats (JPRSSS 2003-04). Once the
Jharkhand became the separate state, in April
2001 the government brought in Jharkhand
Panchayat Raj Act 2001 claiming the
incorporation of all the provisions of PESA
1996, and giving the powers of the gram sabha
(equivalent to manjhi baisi among Santals and
hatu panch among Mundas and Oraon) and the
panchayats on different levels. But soon this Act
itself became an issue of controversies in the
scheduled areas of Jharkhand. Even when it has
been amended in 2003, but again it has been
challenged in the High Court of Ranchi by Dr.
Basudev Besra.

NEW PANCHAYAT LEGISLATION FOR
SCHEDULED AREAS AND TSG

For the Scheduled Areas the PESA appeared
to be the assured solution for self-governance. In
different corners of the country and Jharkhand
the tribal people applauded the verdict of apex
legislative. However, the contours of the Act, it
seems, are not clear to legislative and executive
in Jharkhand. The case in point is that the
Deputy Commissioner of Dumka distributed a
letter no. 888 dated 28
th
June 1999 to all the
BDOs of the district and asked them to select the
members of Panchayat Vigilance Committee,
whereas the Act provides that such Vigilance
Committee will be appointed by the gram sabha.
This mischief is aimed at to subvert the
provision laid down by an Act of Parliament
(Besra 2004). Trusting in the Act, the tribal
respondents in Kumarbandh, Lakdaphaila and


Asanpahari villages orated, no problem if central
PESA is implemented in true essence. But the
State Government is subjectively imposing the
new panchayats. New panchayats of mukhia
kind will certainly disintegrate our society.
Similarly, the tribal respondents of Kalajora
apprehended and alluded to that the official
messenger as of now usually drops the message
in Telitola situated on the road, so aam sabha is
organized by non-tribal inhabitants without
informing and involving the Santals who are
albeit in majority. They termed this a kind of
'exclusion' from the governance domain. They
were skeptical about the fate of new panchayats
under PESA or separate Act of Jharkhand.
Conspiracy over the Jharkhand Panchayat
Raj Act 2001 is another classical example of the
fate of PESA in Jharkhand. The JPRA 2001 has
so many contradictions vis-a-vis PESA in
relation to distribution of powers amid different
tiers of PRIs, territorial expansion of gram
sabha, confused delegation of powers between
gram panchayat and gram sabha and overlapping
of power delegations to gram sabha and other
PRIs in specific context of controlling the minor
minerals, money lending, minor water bodies,
NTFPs, land alienation, local plans (including
tribal sub-plans) and social sector functionaries.
The study of ELDF has also pointed out the
conflicts between JPRA and the specific state
laws concerning minor water bodies, NTFPs,
land alienation and land recovery and
intoxicants (PRIA 2004). Responding to the
protest of non-tribals on the reservation of the
posts in JPRA of up-mukhia in gram panchayat,
up-pramukh in panchayat samiti and vice-
president of zila parishad, whereas the PESA
president, the legislative assembly of Jharkhand
on 10 October 2003 passed the Jharkhand
Panchayat Raj (Amendment) Bill 2003 in order
to dereserve the said posts (JPRSSS 2003). The
said Bill also incorporated the dereservation of
the post of chairmanship of gram sabha, which
was previously reserved exclusively for the
tribes irrespective of the fact whether the village
has no tribal family. Now again in 2004 the
amended JPRA has been challenged in High
Court of Ranchi (PIL5740/2003, Dr. Basudev
Besra vs. Union of India and State of
Jharkhand).
Panchayat election has also been a
contentious issue in Jharkhand. No political
party heartedly wishes to hold the elections in
the state due to complex reasons. Fragile politics
in the state does not allow anyone to dare for.
Yet, the civil society actors continue lobbying
the politicians and litigating in High Court of
Ranchi. The post of State Election
Commissioner has also been challenged.
Opposite the flood of petitions, mainly filed by
non-tribals, in High Court challenging the
reservation clauses in the JPRS, the
organizations like JOHAR of Chaibasa,
SAATHI of Dumka and individual lawyer, Dr.
Basudev Besra, from Jamtara petitioned in High
Court advocating the inconsistency between the
JPRA and TSG systems of tribes in Jharkhand.
All have arguments in favour of traditional
governance system of the tribes. Dr. Besra even
drafted an alternative Panchayat Act for the
Scheduled Areas of the state (Besra 2003b) and
submitted to the legislative assembly before
release of Jharkhand Panchayat Raj
(Amendment) Bill 2003.

TOWARDS RECONCILIATION

What type of power/ functional
relationships? Though the JPRA has recognized
the traditional head of the village as chairperson
of gram sabha, but should the entire TSG body
be accepted as anchoring the gram sabha? If not,
how would the TSG institution at village level
linked/ integrated in the gram sabha or gram
panchayat. In case the TSG institution is
accepted or integrated into gram sabha, the gram
panchayat will have to devolve majority of the
powers (as also provided by PESA) to the gram
sabha; what will be the consequences in the
condition the JPRA at present bears the
contradictory provisions sanctioning powers to
gram panchayat or above PRIs vis-a-vis gram
sabha
7
. Will the TSG institutions continue
functioning with what consequences, if they are
not duly integrated/adopted/ accepted? The
matters indeed roll up into complicated affairs


both at the helm of government and the civil
society actors. The issue is too compound to
resolve easily and to arrive at one conclusion.
Tribal communities, however, mostly favour
the due recognition and allocation of space for
TSG institutions in new PRIs at appropriate
level. JPRA undoubtedly has recognized the
TSG bodies to be incorporated in gram sabha,
but it is the matter who will hold the string, viz.
who will vest the powers most and control over
the resources including finance? Unarguably, the
JPRA attracts comprehensive reformation to
truly inculcate the spirits of PESA, which
provides for the gram sabha with majority of the
powers. Now the debate encompasses on
whether the whole TSG body at village level be
accepted to anchor the gram sabha and be
modified/diversified accordingly. As JPRA also
recognized the pradhan or manjhi as the
chairperson of gram sabha, but in case of the
villages where pradhan and manjhi are two
separate persons, it will obviously generate
troubles. Particularly, the community would not
accept the pradhan as head of gram sabha if the
manjhi also exist there. Another problem with
the pradhan as chairperson of gram sabha must
arise, and that relates with the election/ selection
of chairperson. In fact the pradhan since its
creation during colonial rule is the post of
headman which is made to be hereditary, that,
on the contrary, is not the case with manjhi.
Manjhi as norm has to be elected every year. In
recent times, though, the manjhi also turned to
be hereditary; it, actually, came into being after
the British appointed the manjhis as pradhans
too. Heading towards the reconciliation the tribal
leaders have given their opinions (see Box.4),
which need to be taken into account.
Further complicated issue, as a matter
of concern, is the mandatory participation of
women in PRIs as provided by 73
rd

Constitutional Amendment and the central
PESA. Most problematic thing would be the
one-third representation of women in gram
sabha and reservation of women (on rotational
basis) on the post of head of gram sabha. In the
condition the TSG body at village level is
adopted/ integrated the community will at one
time may accept the representation of women as
members in the house, but at other time will be
headship (manjhi or pradhan). This qualmlessly
is going to become great source of conflict even
if the TSG body is not wholly
integrated/adopted. Santal community
particularly is more orthodox in this connection.
Tribal respondents of many of sample villages
although sermonized in favour of women
representation even on the post of manjhi. Yet,
the response of community at large and the
elders specially has not been very supportive.
However, the hopes can be weaved if the women
themselves come out of the veil, which
essentially attracts a heavy input of mass
education.

CONCLUSION

From the study it has been revealed that
the tribal people in Jharkhand are amply
organized to assert their citizenship rights.
Voicing for the 'self-determination of self-rule' is
commendably the articulation of tribal
constituency that has risen only in this part of
the country. In light of Constitutional provisions
and the landmark legislation for Scheduled
Areas, the PESA, the agitating tribal groups or
their representatives have referred the 'traditions,
customs and culture' of tribes to be the basis of
future local governance frameworks and
arrangements. Arguing in support of old-aged
traditional self-governance (TSG) system and
advocating its furtherance and perpetuity as
replacement of Constitutional PRIs, is linked to
what is internationally acclaimed to be the
tribals' right to self-determination of their future.
Quintessentially, this does not restrict to 'self
determination' about land and resources in tribal
territories; but this relates to the 'real future', viz.
who to govern the lives and destiny of tribes.
Furthering the trend of leading the debates on
political identity, Jharkhand was the first to raise
the voices against uniform execution of 73
rd

Constitutional Amendments, and demanded the
formulation of separate legislation for Scheduled
Areas (so PESA is the outcome). Following the


same trend, the state on lines of Sixth Scheduled
Area has raised demands of recognizing,
adopting, accommodating the existing TSG
institutions as such, and not to constitute parallel
panchayats.
During the course of study it has been
reasonably proved that the TSG institutions at
micro level are more or less active among Santal
community, while they have by and large
disappeared or eroded to greater extent among
Paharia provided the Paharia villages are not
located in remotest/forested tracts. In the
villages where Santals or Paharia are in minority
and non-tribes have dominated them in power
balance, these tribal institutions have also lost
their intactness. But, generally speaking, the
TSG institutions of Santals, or led by Santals, at
village level are still in good shape. They have
copious capacities to deliver the functions of
executive, judiciary and development agencies.
The TSG institutions at above level, i.e. pargana,
dehri, do not appear alive and active desirably.
Together with PESA, the JPRA, the
state legislation on panchayats, has also
recognized TSG institutions, but partially.
Moreover, there is a great confusion in the
allocation of powers to gram sabha vis-a-vis
PRIs at above level i.e. gram panchayat,
panchayat samiti and zila parishad. Secondly,
once the JPRA assigned the post of head of gram
sabha to the traditional head of village (pradhan,
manjhi, munda, pahan, etc.), but the TSG
institutions, as a whole has not been taken into
account. It indicates that the 'two' governance
institutions will again persist parallel in the
village, which will be ultimately disastrous.
While the JPRA needs to be revised
comprehensively in line with the true spirits of
PESA, the TSG institutions at village level have
to be accommodated/ integrated as/into gram
sabha, and ultimate powers have to be allocated
to gram sabha for bringing in real grassroots
democracy. The TSG institutions may
appropriately be remodeled/diversified. For the
villages where tribes are totally absent, the gram
sabha can be constituted involving the local
electorate, as it has to be constituted in non-
Scheduled Areas.
Most problematic thing would be the one-
third representation of women in gram sabha and
reservation of women (on rotational basis) on
the post of head of gram sabha. In the condition
the TSG body at village level is adopted/
integrated the community will at one time may
accept the representation of women as members
in the house, but at other time will be
headship (manjhi or pradhan). The response of
community at large and the elders specially has
not been very supportive to the woman in the
capacity of head of village council.
Finally, let alone the insensitivity and
ignorance of bureaucracy and polity in the state,
the tussle of 'modernists' and 'traditionalists'
need to be melted down. Modernists disbelieve
in the communities and their inherited capacities
to deal with the relatively modern issues of
development in the villages. And they look
forward the creation of new
structures/institutions attracting need-based
infusion of capacities of handling the
projects/plans, and that by applying alien
principles of participation they would execute
the development. Their way of looking at the
PRIs at micro level is in fact the narrow way of
looking at the 'governance' at grassroots. There
is a latent tendency in this modernist vision that
deems the PRIs simply the 'vehicles' of
inoculating the development. Here issues of
equity, inclusion, indigenization, self-reliance,
and alike take backseat. On the contrary, the
traditionalists, quite often, tend to romanticize
the realities of tribal lives in contemporary India.
However, what they legitimately put forward is
the appeal to indigenize the 'development' as if
the tribal communities (not individuals) matter,
instead of imposing the alien models/modes of
development. According to them the
development has to be more humane faced and
should not affect the tribes negatively. As a
process of progress, traditionalists demonstrate,
the tribal people have tested vernacular versions
of development, justice, equity and fraternity
based on localized wisdoms. Yet, they bypass
the realities of increasing breakdown of
isolation/ primitiveness of the tribal
communities in the country, which manifested


the degradation of culture, traditions, values,
customs, ethnicity, etc. However, the civilization
of tribes (not of acculturated/detribalized tribes)
still is superior to that of non-tribes. Baptizing
them uncivilized/savaged is unjust, as the
'civilization' is a relative term. We, no doubt,
have much to learn from these traditional
communities. So is the 'governance', though it
may not be found in virgin form at some places.
British were clever enough in this respect who
recognized and used the traditional governance
system for mainstreaming their agendas; yet, it
was, and is, an exploitative view. Setting aside
all, the traditionalists, however, must have to
realize that the tribal territories are ultimately
the part of the same nation-sate where non-tribes
live (though it is nationalist view, which in itself
is imperialistic. thereby, under circumstantial
imperatives, the tribal communities are guided to
follow the universal model of development and
governance.
So actively considering the above
dialectics one has to stop somewhere and to
begin with. See, both old and new systems of
governance have their own weaknesses and
strengths, which may form the basis for
reconciling the tedious issue. Therefore,
'blending' is last retreat. So are the sketchy
recommendations of this study.

Bibligraphy & References

1. Archer, W. G., 1984. Tribal Law and
Justice. New Delhi: Concept Publishing
Company.
2. Bailey, F., 1961. Tribe and Caste in
Indian Sociology. Contributions to
Indian Sociology, 5(I): 7-19.
3. Besra, B., 2003a. Santal Pargana Mein
Bhumi Qanoon (Land laws in Santal
Pargana). Jamtara, Jharkhand: Santal
Education Institute.
4. Besra, B., 2003b. Jharkhand ke
Anusuchit Kchhetron Par Vistaar
Adhiniyam, alternative draft Act. Dr.
Basudev Besra, Jamtara.
5. Besra, B., 2004. The Santal and Law.
Unpublished work.
6. Chaudhury, P. C. R., 1965. Santal
Parganas Gazetteer. Patna: Bihar
Secretariat Press.
7. Corbridge, S., 2003. The ideology of
tribal economy and society: Politics in
Jharkhand, 1950-1980, in R. D. Munda
and S. Bosu Mullick (eds.), The
Jharkhand Movement: Indigenous
People's Struggle for Autonomy in
India. Copenhagen: IWGIA, and
Chaibasa: BIRSA.
8. Cosserat, A. W., 1880. Official letter no.
185T written to Govt. of Bengal, 7 July
1880, cited in Gantzer's Settlement
Repot, 1936.
9. Dhebar, U. N. (chairman), 1962. Report
of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes Commission. New Delhi: Govt.
of India Press.
10. Ekka, P., 2003. Tribal Movements - A
Study of Social Change. Pathalgaon,
Jashpur: Tribal Research and
Documentation Centre.
11. Gantzer, 1936. Final Report on the
Survey and Settlement Operations in the
District of Santal Parganas, 1922-1935.
Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Book
Depot.
12. Govt. of Bihar, 1954. Standing order no.
14/53-54 (SPM 487-89), Gazette
Notification. Patna: Bihar Govt. Press.
13. Gupta, J. P., 2002. The Customary Laws
of Munda and Oraon. Ranchi: Jharkhand
Tribal Welfare Research Institute.
14. Hamilton, B., 1938. In R. M. Martin
(ed.), Eastern India, vol. 1, London.
15. Jones, S., 1978. Tribal
Underdevelopment in India,
Development and Change 9:41-70.
16. JPRSSS, 2003-04. Official memos,
released between 2003 and 2004.
Dumka: Jharkhand Panchayati Raj
Swashashan Samanvay Samiti(JPRSSS).



THE IDIOM IN NECTAR IN A SIEVE AND THE COFFER
DAMS
Minakshi Pandeya
Research Scholar, Dept of English, Ranchi University,Jharkhand
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

amala Markandaya made her mark as
the first full-fledged woman novelist in
Indian English literature. She has ten
novels to her credit viz. Nectar in a Sieve
(1954), Some Inner Fury (1955), A Silence of
Desire (1960), Possession (1963) A Handful of
Rice (1966), The Coffer Dams (1969), The
Nowhere Man (1975), Two Virgins (1983), The
Golden Honeycomb (1977) and Pleasure City
(1982).
Indian writing in English has some
characteristic features. One of which is the
typical Indian flavour given to it with the use of
Indian words and phrases in their writing.
Keeping in mind the background of Kamala
Markandaya, this article aims to study her style
and diction in two of her novels Nectar in a
Sieve and The Coffer Dams. Kamala
Markandaya is equally well acquainted with the
Indian ideals and mode of life as she is with
Western ideals and mode of life. Markandaya
was born in the famous Purnaiya family of
Mysore. She abandoned her studies before
completing her undergraduate level to join a
small weekly paper as a journalist. In 1948, she
went to England with the intention of working
there as a journalist. In London, she married an
Englishman Mr. Taylor and settled in London.
She continues to write from there. Her very first
novel Nectar in a Sieve was received acclaim.
The language of Indian fiction in
English operates at two levels. First, it is the
language of the non-English speaking Indians
whose language is translated directly from the
vernacular into English. It may consist of
translated words, images and phrases, occasional
transliterations and sometimes syntactical
differences to emphasize tonal rhythm. The
other level is the spoken English of the English
speaking Indian, reported directly. This level is
governed by the range of vocabulary and syntax
particular to the occasion or the person who
speaks it or is spoken to. The third level is the
authors own mastery over the language. All
these general trends can be seen in the novels of
Kamala Markandaya. Her language is a fusion
of occasional Indian words in a large heap of
English words. Nevertheless her style,
Meenakshi Mukherjee remarks has the smooth,
uniform ease of public school English.
(1)

Markandaya has a perfect command
over the English language and she uses it
artistically and with grace. Her very first novel,
Nectar in a Sieve, is unequalled in English
language novels in its first person rendering of
rural Indian life. Rukmani dominates the novel
and narrates her tale from the present to the past.
She is a poor, uneducated peasant woman but
she speaks with the sophistication of a city-bred.
Rukmani refers to the violinist and flute players
who played on Iras wedding day as a fiddler
and a flautist respectively. (NIAS, p.53). In
the beginning of the novel, Rukmani speaks in
plain simple English which later becomes quite
sophisticated. She uses small sentence fragments
to describe the wedding of her sisters.

My three sisters were married
long before I was. Shanta first, a
big wedding which lasted for
many days, plenty of gifts and
feasts, diamond earrings, a gold
necklace, as befitted the daughter
of a village headman. (NIAS ,
p.10)

The later part of the novel shows Rukmani
having a refined vocabulary. She describes the
poverty and hunger of the villagers quite
artistically.

Sometimes with sheer rebellion
we ate grass, although it resulted
in stomach cramps and violent
retching. For hunger is quite a
K


curious thing: at first it is with you
all the time, waking and sleeping
and in your dreams and your belly
cries out insistently, and there is a
gnawing and a pain as if your very
vitals were being
devoured(NIAS, p.120)

The use of words such as rebellion, retching
and devoured seems quite strange when used
by a peasant woman. Later, she describes the
advent of the tannery as an unstoppable and
powerful monster which has the qualities of a
juggernaut. No Indian villager would compare
the Lord with the monster.

I had always felt that the tannery
would eventually be our
undoingAnd because it grew and
flourished it got the power that
money brings, so that to attempt to
stop it was like trying to stop the
onward rush of the great
juggernaut. (NIAS, p.180)

If the English language must undergo
some change from its conventional use to suit
Indian speech, it must also be suitably amended
to meet the ends of the theme. This can be done
only if idioms and imagery are adapted to the
Indian theme and context which Markandaya
has successfully done in her novels. Rukmani
provides a few literal translations like getting the
mouth of her friends stitched, and putting
lines in the face. Some descriptions such as
wheat cakes fried in butter, rice cakes, crisp
golden pancakes seem inadequate. Although the
description is about a village, we find Rukmani
informing the reader that little Ira called Nathan
Apa which means father. Later, Rukmani
quickly traces a colam, a pattern in white rice
flour. Rukmani explains the things which she
uses as nose-screw, water-buffalo, dung
cake and bullock-cart.

V.K.Gokak in Critical Essays on Indian
writing in English reflects

What I mean by Indianness in Indian
writing in English is the sum total of
cultural patterns of India and the deep-
seated ideas and ideals political,
economic, secular and spiritual- that
constitute the mind of India and are
reflected in her writing. In Indian
writing in English, however, the
language may seem to clash with a
culture for which it is not a natural
medium.
(2)

Markandaya uses imagery and metaphor
picked from Rukmanis peasant environs and
experience. Nathan before his marriage is
described as brittle as a bamboo before it bursts
into flames. When the peace of the village is
disturbed by the tannery, Nathan knows that
there can be no return and advises her to bend
like grass so that you do not break. Finally
Rukmani and Nathan leave their homes to
wander like jackals in the city.
Markandayas language is like pure
running water. She has rich poetic overtones in
her language. But the appropriateness of her
language is questioned by Meenakshi Mukherjee
who asks whether it is the most desirable style
in fiction where one has to deal with particular
human beings rooted in their narrow regional
identities
(3)

When old granny dies of starvation, having no
relation, none to own her, Rukmani reflects

Once a human being is dead there are
people enough to provide the last
decencies perhaps it is so because only
then can there be no question of further
or recurring assistance being sought.
Death after all is final. I could not
avoid the thought, which came from
my own uneasy conscience, harsh and
bitter, as I watched them lift her up,
light as dust on the bier; as mourners
came up with flowers. (NIAS, p.125)



Rukmanis concern for death in the
above passage seems to have traces of
Markandayas use of the technique of objective
epitome.
(4)
in which the subjective conditions
of a character are conveyed not through the
descriptive method but only by describing a few
objective details which epitomize the
conditions and feelings of the character.
(5)

Shyamala Venkateswarans article on
The Language of Kamala Markandayas
Novels discusses the lack of authenticity in her
novels. She relates this to the long absence of
Markandaya from India. According to
Venkateswaran, the question is whether the
language expresses the sensibility of her
characters
(6)
Venkateswarans article deals with
the first few novels of Kamala Markandaya. She
doesnt take into account the last five novels of
Markandaya where she artistically uses the
English language as her means of creative
expression.
Markandayas sixth novel The Coffer
Dams, presents the post colonial era with an
attempt to experiment with a new narrative
technique. There are a number of sub-plots in it
but no strands are left untied at the end.
K. Madhavi Menon and A.V.Krishna Rao say-

Though Clinton is the main focus of
the construction plot, the parallel plot
centers on his wife Helen. Both the
plots are finely interwoven and
interconnected until the denouement
towards the end of the novel.
(7)

They further add that narrative
technique is a discovery of her carefully filtered
and clarified view of life.
(8)
Although the
narrator tries to streamline the plot at times there
are narrative slips like Clinton starting off on
foot at dawn for a funeral and reaching in the
evening.
Markandayas later novels beginning
with The Coffer Dams, move towards
experimentation with language and a power
rich in overtones and undercurrents, gone is the
distance of third person narrative in favour of
the stream-of consciousness technique which
plumbs the emotional working of characters in a
language that cuts clean and sure as a surgeons
knife.
(9)

Markandaya shows her command over
English and the style moves gracefully yet
effortlessly. But due to subject matter of the
novel, the style becomes quite heavy on the
readers. The maturity of an experienced author
is brought out in the language of Kamala
Markandaya. The language is quite developed
and has a poetic tinge.
The characters in The Coffer Dams
speak English without any inhibition. This is
because Markandaya has first hand knowledge
of the way English people speak. Shyamala
Venkateswaran points out it is not that the
novelist has changed the language to suit the
characters, as that the character has been chosen
to suit the language Helens idiom does not
labor under the disadvantage of having to be an
Indian.
(10)
Helen speaks as any British would
speak. She reasons out with Bashiam saying
Youre not some kind of freak to me. Were
alike, were freaks only to the caste we come
from, not to each other. (TCD, p 136)
Markandaya uses steel-like language
which is quite concrete but it has a soft colour of
poetic abstraction with effective images. There
is a succession of images to show an emotional
impact. e.g. Helen does not smell the rain that
Bashiam can. She says that it is as dry as a
bone. She also speaks of pavements battened
down upon. There are images of pop-up
cardboard figure and open weeping sores.
Metallic or engineering images and
animal imagery occupy a major place in the
novel. The jungle, the land the rain and the river
running at different elevations- all these are
images that become symbols by the end of the
novel. Steel and iron form prominent and
recurring images. In The Coffer Dams,
Lefevres movements were agile and efficient
gecko-like. There is a reference of people
lined up like passive cows at a backstreet
Christian butchery (TCD, p.69) and the river
moved violently like an animal placed in a
cage. (TCD, p.31)
Markandayas language slowly moves
towards poetry. She balances beautifully with
her choice of words. She articulates the theme


beautifully without any experimentation or
oddities of construction. Ramesh Mohan says
that the Tamil resembling structure of sentences
in The Coffer Dams like water rose and rose
are very few. This may be obviously because she
had been living abroad for many years.
Commenting on the use of language, Ramesh
Mohan says-

Her latest novel The Coffer
Dams very authentically
reproduces the colloquial
rhythms and nuances of native
English speech.
(11)

The British come from different section
of society and this is evident from the cockney
of Jackson. All Im saying uman is uman.
(TCD, p. 159) Markandayas skill in handling
the English language to reveal character and
status is unquestioned here. Meenakshi
Mukherjee feels that Markandaya, Santha Ram
Rao and Manohar Malgonkar have generally
by-passed the linguistic and stylistic problems
inherent in the Indo-Anglian situation The
Coffer Dams shows a new development in the
work of Kamala Markandaya. Throughout, the
novel deals with the English in India rather than
the Indians. Markandayas novels are a work of
art. Her language brings forth a series of
interacting physical, physiological, sociological,
psychological and psychic components. She is a
serious novelist and has a deep sense of
commitment to her art. In most of her novels,
her message clearly goes across to the readers
and for her own writing, she says

I do write and re-write and polish
endlessly. I could not tell you
how I know, when to stop, having
achieved the effect I wanted. I
simply know that that is just right;
and then I stop being haunted.

The imagery, metaphors and symbols
used and the poetic control over the language in
Nectar in a Sieve and The Coffer Dams show
that Kamala Markandaya has a formidable
command over the English language. She uses
the language to open up deeper layers of
encounter and experience. She explores
imaginatively the broad spectrum of human
experience. Most of her published works have
an artistic taste. She makes narrative
experiments and expresses her ideas well. Her
language makes her novels very readable and
most of her novels have absorbing themes.
Western as well as Indian critics have praised
Markandayas control over the English language
and her clear vision towards life.

Bibliography & References:

1. Meenakshi Mukherjee. The Twice Born
Fiction: Themes and Techniques of the Indian
Novel in English. New Delhi. Arnold
Heinemann. 1974. P. 175
2. V.K.Gokak Indian Writing in English in
Critical Essays on Indian Writing in English.
Ed. M.K.Naik. Madras Macmillan.1979. p.11
3. Meenakshi Mukherjee. The Twice Born
Fiction: Themes and Techniques of the Indian
Novel in English. Op.cit. P. 175
4. E.M.Palliday. Hemingways Ambiguity.
Symbolism and Irony. American Literature 28.
1956 p.5
5. Ramesh Srivastava. Hemingway and His for
Whom the Bell Tolls. Amritsar. Guru Nanak
Dev University. 1980. P.48
6. Shyamala Venkateswaran. The language of
Kamala Markandayas Novels. The Literary
Criterion. IX:3. Winter 1970. p.57
7. K.Madhavi Menon and A.V.Krishna Rao. The
Coffer Dams. A Critical Study. Ghaziabad.
Vimal Prakashan. 1984.p.166
8. Ibid.p.166
9. Uma Parameswaran. A Study of Representative
Indo-English Novelists. New Delhi. Vikas
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. 1976. p.105
10. Shyamala Venkateswaran. The language of
Kamala Markandayas Novels. Op.cit. p.66
11. Ramesh Mohan. Some aspects of style and
language in Indian English.



SEEKING INDIVIDUALITY A FEMININE CONCERN
IN THE NOVEL THE DARK HOLDS NO TERRORS BY
SHASHI DESHPANDE

Rupa Sarkar
Research scholar,
Department of English,
Kolhan university, chaibasa, Jharkhand

ABSTRACT

This paper attempts to focus on the feminist
concerns and identity crises of the female
protagonist Sarita (Saru) in the novel THE
DARK HOLDS NO TERRORS by Shashi
Deshpande. The writers feminist concern in this
novel primarily centers on the female lead to
point out that she too has individuality. She
urges out of the typical womanhood nature
seeking for her self identity. This paper studies
the journey of Saru from self-alienation to self-
identification, from negation to assertion, from
diffidence to confidence. The protagonist learns
to trust her feminine self as all woman should do

n relation to the Indian writers in our time
and their feminist concern Shashi Deshpande
in her novel, THE DARK HOLDS NO
TERRORS presents the thought of seeking
individuality.
The rise of male supremacy led to the
woman being deprived of her position in the
community. Shes been compelled to be faithful
in her marriage without recognizing the similar
duty on his part. Thus feminism became one of
the most important social, economical and
aesthetic revolutions of modern times.The belief
and aim that women should have the same rights
and opportunities as men and the struggle to
achieve this aim is feminism. Also to involve
somebody in such struggles is framed as
feminist concern. It does not advocate hating
men but rather implies the needs of women. She
is a free and autonomous being like all creatures
but finds herself living in a world where men

compel her to assume the status of the other.

The women writers of our time are
highly concerned about matters relating to
feminism. Virginia Woolf in her essay, A
ROOM OF ONES OWN states that there is no
gate, no lock nor any bolt that can be set upon
the freedom of the womens mind.
Even in THE SECOND SEX by Simone
de Beauvoir, the idea expressed was that one is
not born a woman rather becomes a woman. It is
the civilization as a whole that produces this
creaturedescribed as feminine. Parents hardly
encourage their girl child to develop an
independent thinking. The growth of a girl in
Indian society is seen mainly in relation to her
attitude towards her family and her duty for
them. Coming into sharp conflict with the sense
of family and her duty is the feeling of self
identity. Virtually, all women engage in the
feminine role playing. It is against this encoded
and pre defined role of a woman that woman
protagonists revolt.
Shashi Deshpandes message that the
modern Indian woman should learn to conquer
her fear and assert herself which is also a
feminist concern. Her writing shatters the myth
that the woman fined fulfillment in marriage and
seek to portray an honest picture of women who
aspire, attempt and strive to be her true self. She
is shown as trying to understand what is
happening to her and try to make things better
for all.
Reading through her novels, one can
feel the quest for liberation and urge for
I


individuality also its achievements of it in
various ways in all her protagonists. A sensitive
and self-conscious woman writer SHASHI
DESHPANDE is concerned with the identity
crisis of the contemporary woman in her works.
She depicts the anguish, pain and conflict of the
modern educated woman caught between the
patriarchy and tradition and also looking out for
self-expression, individuality and freedom. Her
characters are Indian woman whose educated,
employed and economically independent yet
financial freedom alone is not enough. The
woman needs to define herself, her place in
society and her relationships.
The authors protagonist raises her voice
against prescribed role models of daughter,
sister, wife and mother. She feels a strong urge
to redefine human relationships and to interpret
the social code of behavior. To be free and to
realize the self, one needs to make a choice, to
take a stand to take responsibilities for it. When
the protagonist achieves this inner freedom, she
accepts her roles with a new awakening. She is
struggling to find her own voice and
continuously is in search to define herself.
In the novel, THE DARK HOLDS NO
TERRORS, SARITA who is a successful
doctor, finds her personal expectations and
familial duties in conflict. Dislocation is another
major cause of the erosion of the sense of self.
Because of patriarchy, a woman gets displaced
through marriage. Throughout her lifetime,
woman is unable to decide her roots and this
leads to her insecurity. Years
on, Sarita still remembers her mothers bitter
words uttered when as a little girl she was
unable to save her younger brother from
drowning. Now her mother is dead and Sarita
returns to her family home ostensibly to take
care of her father, but in reality to escape the
nightmarish brutality her husband inflicts on her
every night. In the quiet of her fathers company
Sarita reflects on the events of her life: her
stultifying small town childhood, her
domineering mother, her marriage to the
charismatic young poet Manohar (who turns
vicious when he realizes his career is going
nowhere and that his wife has overtaken him
professionally), her children... As she struggles
with her emotions and anxieties, Sarita gradually
realizes that there is more to life than
dependency on marriage, parents and other such
institution and she resolves to use her new
found truths to make a better life for herself.
Sarita speaks out loud How odd to live
for so long and discover that you have no home
at all. We see her being concisions about
relationships both in family and in society. She
is aware of her life and her career. The novel
presents both internal and external conflicts of
the protagonist towards her realization of self.
Her journey is first within her and then
outwardwhere she becomes a silent rebel.
The journey of the protagonist is shown
from self-alienation to self-identification. From
negation to assertion ... from diffidence to
confidence. She learns to trust her feminine self.
She emerges as a new leaf, a new woman who
can control herself and shed her passivity right
to an individual life and the right to development
of her individual capabilities which she realizes
in her life.
In the novel we see the powerful
portrayal of one womans fight to surive in a
world that offers no easy outs. Saritas desire to
be free from the shackles of tradition and
exercise her right to reveal her individual
strength.
Shashi Deshpandes feminie concern is
an attempt to clear the picture and to erase the
conception of sufferings, disappointments and
frustrations that makes her novels be very likely
to be influenced to the treatment from the
feminist angle. We come to realize that though
not very publically stated feminist, Shashi
Deshpande occupies a significant place among
the cotemporary women novelist, who concern
themselves with the problems of women and
their quest for identityseeking self, seeking
individuality.
Through her writings she has tried to
break the long silence of women in our country.
She does not let herself get overwhelmed by the
Western Feminism. She highlights womans
inferior position and the subsequent degradation
in a male-dominated society. It would be unfair
to label her feminist in Western terms. She
shows the very essence of feminism to her


female characters where the strength lies in self
discovery. She can best be called an articulator
of women who are caught at the crossroads of
change in a society which is undergoing the
birth pangs of transition from tradition to
modernity. All the protagonists of Shash
Deshpande are extremely intelligent,
introspective and sensitive women who embark
on a quest for identity and the true meaning of
life. This is where her feminist concern gets the
different ideological elements for woman and
that makes her an Indian feminist.

References

1. Awasthi, A. K. The Quest For Identity
In The Novels Of Shashi Deshpande.
New Delhi: Bahri Publication,1992.
2. Bebel, August. Women In The Past,
Present And Future:
Thiruvananthapuram, 2013.
3. Deshpande, Shashi. The Dark Holds No
Terrors. New Delhi: Penguin
Books,1980.
4. Kaur, Satbir. Shashi Deshpande: A
Feminist Interpretation. Ludhiana:
Unistar Books, 2009
5. Sarbjit, K. Sandhu. The Image Of
Women In The Novels Of Shashi
Deshpande. New Delhi: Prestige Books,
1991.
6. Suneel, Seema. Marrige,A Compromise-
A Study Of Shashi Deshpandes The
Dark Holds No Terrors. New
Delhi:Prestige,1995.
7. Sumeet, Reddy Y. S. Unpublished
Thesis Entitled The Novels Of Shasi
Deshpande:A Study In Feminist
Perspective. Anantapur:S.K.University,
1997.
8. Swain, S.P. Shashi Deshpandes The
Dark Holds No Terrors: Sarus
Feminine Sensibility, Indian Women
Novelist. New Delhi: Prestige Books,
1995.
9. Y. S. Sunita Reddy, Op.Cit., 56.

WALT DISNEY OF INDIA DIED

Pran Kumar Sharma ( 15 August 1938 - 5 August 2014), better known as Pran, was an Indian cartoonist best
known as the creator of Chacha Chaudhary (1971) died on August 5 2014 He had been suffering from colon
cancer and subsequently was admitted to a hospital in Gurgaon, where he died at approximately 9:30 pm local time
He also created other characters like Shrimatiji, Pinki, Billoo, Raman, and Channie Chachi. Born in Kasur,
British India, Pran graduated with a BA from Gwalior and Master of Arts (Political Science) degree from evening
Camp College, Delhi. He then pursued a five-year course in Fine Arts from Sir J. J. School of Art, Mumbai through
distance as a private student while in Delhi, so that he could apply as a drawing teacher at schools, but he
discontinued Pran began his career in 1960 as a cartoonist for the Delhi-based newspaper Milap with comic strip
Daabu. Apart from Daabu, Indian comics scenario was largely based on reprints of The Phantom and Superman. In
1969, Pran sketched Chacha Chaudhary for the Hindi magazine Lotpot, which made him famous.
[5]
Pran has also
created other cartoon characters like Shrimatiji, Pinki, Billoo, Raman, Channi Chachi and others, which are
regularly published in Indian magazines. He was included in People of the Year 1995 by Limca Book of Records for
popularizing comics in India.
[3]
In 1983, the then Prime Minister of India, Mrs. Indira Gandhi released Pran's comics
"Raman - Ham Ek Hain" which promoted national integration. Pran received a Lifetime Achievement Award 2001,
from Indian Institute of Cartoonists.
[6]
Pran has also given lessons in cartooning at the Pran's Media Institute, run by
his son Nikhil. Maurice Horn notes that Pran has been given the title of "Walt Disney of India" in The World
Encyclopedia of Comics. The Chacha Chaudhary strips find permanent place in International Museum of Cartoon
Art, USA.



IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON THE SOCIO-
ECONOMIC CONDITION OF JHARKHAND: A CASE STUDY
OF WEST SINGHBHUM DISTRICT OF JHARKHAND
Gaurisankar Dr. Sanjive Kumar Singh
Research Scholar Assistant Professor
Dept of Commence, Kolhan University Dept. of Commerce
Jharkhand. Jamshedpur Co-operative College,
Jamshedpur.

ABSTRACT

The paper Impact of Industrialization
on the Socio-Economic Condition of West
Singhbhum District of Jharkhand attempts to
study the impact of industrialization on the
socio-economic condition of West Singhbhum
district of Jharkhand. My study shows that
people of the West Singhbhum are against the
industrialization. They strongly believe that
heavy industrialization of the district would
bring huge disaster in long run.
To study the impact of ore and mineral
based heavy industrialization on West
Singhbhum district of Jharkhand, a great deal of
primary data was collected through face to
face interview with the government officials,
social activists, newspaper reporters,
businessmen & local entrepreneurs working in
the district. To study the attitude of local
residents towards heavy industrialization, a
detail field survey was conducted with sample
size of 200. Samples were picked up randomly
from all the important segments of the local
population - tribes, Sadans, non-tribes etc. A
formally designed questionnaire was used for
the survey. Villages surveyed were; Thalkobad,
Tirilposi, Jamkundiya, Digha, Manoharpur
Block, Chaibasa city, Chakarderpur of west
Singhbhum district of Jharkhand.

est Singhbhum is the largest district
of the state of Jharkhand. In 1991 the
district of Singhbhum was bifurcated
to from Pashchimi and Purbi Singhbhum. It lies
in the South Chotanagpur division with the
subdivisional Head Quarters at Singhbhum

sadar, Porahat and Saraikela. The district is
bounded on north by Khunti district, on the east
by Saraikela Kharsawan district, on the south by
Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj and Sundergarh districts
of Orissa and on the west by Gumla district of
Jharkhand and Sundargarh district of Orissa.
Besides the district headquarter of Chaibasa, the
other towns in the district are : Chakradharpur,
Chiria, Gua, Jhinkpani, Kharsawan, Kiriburu,
Noamundi.The blocks in the district are:
Bandgaon, Chakradharpur, Chaibasa, Goilkera,
Jagannathpur, Jhinkpani, Khuntpani,
Kumardungi, Majhgaon, Manjhari, Manoharpur,
Noamundi, Sonua, Tantnagar, Tonto
According to the 2011 census West
Singhbhum district has a population of
1,501,619, roughly equal to the nation of
Gabonor the US state of Hawaii. This gives it a
ranking of 335th in India (out of a total of 640).
The overall Literacy rate is 38.9%. Male
Literacy stands at 54.7% and female literacy was
recorded as 22.4%.The district has a population
density of 209 inhabitants per square kilometre
(540 /sq mi). Its population growth rate over the
decade 2001-2011 was 21.69%. Pashchimi
Singhbhum has a sex ratio of 1004 females for
every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 59.54%.
The majority of the population of West
Singhbhum consists of tribals. The district has
some 2016 villages. It is divided in 15
administrative blocks inhabited by approx 12
lakhs people. It has a sex ratio of 985 females
per 1000 males. The tribals constitute more than
50.5% of this district's population.

W


Table :1 Socio Economic Condition of West Singbhum District of Jharkhand
No Indicator Data
1 Population
Persons 2,082,795
Male 1,054,641
Female 1,028,154
Children (0 to 4 years) 249,509
Decadal growth (1991-2001) 16.35%
Rural 1,731,897 (83.15%)
Urban 350,898 (16.85%)
Sex ratio (females per 1,000 males) 975
Household size (per household) 5
SC population 101,629 (4.88%)
ST population 1,111,322 (53.36%)
2 Literacy rate
Persons 50.17
Male 65.60
Female 34.37
3 Religious groups (largest three)
Others 1,043,701
Hindus 890,741
Muslims 72,044
4 Important towns (largest three)
Adityapur 119,233
Chaibasa 63,648
Chakradharpur 38,403
5 Amenities in villages
Total inhabited villages 2,777
Villages with:
Safe drinking water 2,732
Electricity (domestic) 244
Primary schools 1,914
Medical facility 449
Paved approach road 625
6 Health


ISSUE

The greater part of West Singhbhum
district is covered with deposits of iron-ore and
other industrially important minerals including
Chromite, Magnetite, Manganese, Kainite, Lime
Stone, Iron Ore, Asbestos, Soap-stone. The
district contains large deposits of iron ore which
are increasingly being mined to feed the growing
demand for steel production. West Singhbhum
is one of the poorest districts in the country. The
poverty ratio in Jharkhand was 39.1 per cent in
2009-10 In terms of number of poor; it was 1.26
crore in 2009-10. It seemsthat heavy mining and
industrialization is not emproving the life of
local population.
Due to poverty and underdevelopment
many social and economical problems are
predominating the entire region. Naxalism has
been haunting the entire region for more than 20
years, creating lot of trouble for the people of
the state.

INDUSTRIALISATION IN JHARKHAND

Since January 2013, the Cabinet Committee
on Infrastructure headed by the Prime Minister
has recommended clearance to the many for
opencast mining in Saranda forest in areas that
form the Singhbhum Elephant Reserve to three
private firms.

JSW Steel owned by Sajjan Jindal got lease
of 998.7 hectares in Ankua forest division.
Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL) led
by Congressman and industrialist Naveen
Jindal got 512 hectares in Ghatkuri forest.
The approval of 138.8 hectares forestland in
Ghatkuri to Rungta Mines Limited
There are 155 proposals on the anvil for
leases in 500 sq km nearly two-thirds of
the forest.

According to state government recors,
considerable progress in industrialization has
been achieved during the policy period. As
many as 26 mega industries, 106 large and
medium industries and 18,109 micro and small
industries have been set up in the State during
the period with an approximate investment of Rs
28,424.06 crore and about 63,000 people thus
far got employment in these industries.
It has contributed to the revenue
collection of the State besides improving the
quality of life in certain pockets like
Jamshedpur-Saraikela-Chaibassa, Ramgarh-
Patratu-Hazaribagh, Latehar-Chandwa, Ranchi-
Lohardaga, and Bokaro-Chandankiyari-
Dhanbad-Giridih etc.
Major industrial houses have inked
MoUs with the State Government. Several
bottlenecks and difficulties notwithstanding, the
industries have been able to acquire about 8,000
acres of land. In addition the State Government
has also been able to provide approximately
Pregnant women* who received at least three or more antenatal
checkups
32.6%
Pregnant women* who received at least one TT injection 65.5%
Women* who had institutional delivery 21.9%
Children aged 12-23 months who were fully immunised** 60.8%
Children aged 12-23 months who received at least one dose of
Vitamin A
66.5%
7 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
Households issued job cards# 237,588
Cumulative person days employment generated# 1,290,880
Households completed 100 days employment# 358


3000 acres of land to these industries including
power units. Around 17 mega industries have
already come into production and several other
industrial units are likely to be commissioned.
During the financial year 2011-12.1.4
Steel production in the State has increased from
8 million tonnes (MT) to over 12 million tonnes
per annum during the 11th Plan period.
Jharkhand is presently producing about 20-25%
of total steel being produced in the country.
With the proposed expansion of a number of
integrated steel plants, the State will be
producing over 25 MT of steel and thus will turn
to be a steel-hub of India. Even various types of
auto grade steels, are now being produced within
the State. Similarly the production of alumina in
the State has increased from about 80,000 metric
tonnes to over 200,000 metric tonnes.
Significant enhancement could also be achieved
in cement and clinker production. Growth in
Mining and Quarrying has also been observed in
the State. The output from this sector has
increased from Rs 6523.4 crore in 2003-04 to Rs
10170.5 crore in 2009- 12.
Go and No Go zone: There has been
large scale change in industrial environment due
to economic liberalization, privatization and
globalization. Strong emphasis is being placed
on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME). Clusterisation is being promoted,
pollution norms have become more stringent,
concept of go and no go zoning has been
developed for mining clearances etc.
Organisations like Industrial Area Development
Authorities {Ranchi Industrial Area
Development Authority (RIADA), Adityapur
Industrial Area Development Authority
(AIADA) & Bokaro Industrial Area
Development Authority (BIADA)}, State Khadi
Board, Jharkhand Industrial Infrastructure
Development Corporation (JIIDCO) and
JHARCRAFT are making significant
contribution in industrialization of the State and
are cash surplus. But desired progress in areas
like IT, Biotechnology, Special Economic Zone
(SEZ), Food Processing, Down Stream
Processing etc is yet to be achieved.

SURVEY FINDINGS

Current industrial policy aims at
creating industry-friendly environment for
maximizing investment especially in mineral
and natural resource based industries, MSMEs,
infrastructure development and rehabilitation of
viable sick units, The objective here is to
maximize the value addition to state's natural
resources by setting up industries across the
state, generating revenue and creating
employment.
But, the reality looks somewhat
different. Locals are not in favour of any form
of heavy industrialization- based on mines and
ore & minerals.
My survey findings show that people of
the West Singhbhum are against the
industrialization. They strongly believe that
heavy industrialization of the district would lead
to huge disaster in long run. Following has the
details

RURAL UNEMPLOYMENT- WOMEN
TRAFFICKING

67 percent employed tribes of West Singhbhum
distinct of Jharkhand are associated with
unorganized sector. Tribal women work as maid
servants, daily wages labourers in the
neighouring urban areas. A very large number
of tribal girls migrate to metro cities through
human trifling. Recent reports show that young
girls have been sold by human traffikers marely
for Rs. 10-20,000. Opportunities for
employment are very poor in the entire region.
Men work in neighboring cities as daily wages
workers.
Despite poor employment opportunities
in the district, there is no chance that heavy
industrialization would generate better
employment opportunities for the locals because
literacy rate is only 22 percent in rural areas. 83
percent, population of West Singhbhum is rural,
only 3 percent workers are skilled in the district,
not fit for the modern factories where, skilled
labors are required. Previous experiences show
that local workers get jobs during the period
when the factory is under construction. But,


once the factory is ready for the opertaions, local
unskilled workers are replaced by skilled
outsider workers. Most of the local industries
hire local workers just as daily wages labours.
It is found that many local industries do
not recruit locals because, they believe that
locals create law and order problem taking local
support. So it is not surprising that 44 percent
respondents believed that impact of
industrialization on the rural employment
opportunities of West Singhbhum District of
Jharkhand would be negative. Of them, 35
percent believed that it would be very negative.
47 percent respondents believed that, in long -
run impact of industrialization would be very
negative and 34 percent believed it to be
negative on the rural employment opportunities
in the district. That means, as much as 81
percent respondents believed that impact of
industrialization would have adverse impact on
the rural employment opportunities of West
Singhbhum district of Jharkhand in long run
FORESTS, BIO-DIVERSITY
West Singhbhum is a land of World
Famous Saranda Forests. Saranda forest is a
dense forest in the hilly region of West
Singhbhum district in the Indian state of
Jharkhand Sal (Shorea robusta) is the most
important tree in the area and it seems to have a
preference for the rocky soil of the area.
Although Sal is a deciduous tree and sheds its
leaves in early summer, the forest undergrowth
is generally evergreen, which has such trees as
mangoes, jamun, jackfruit, and piar. Other
important trees are mahua, kusum, tilai, harin
hara (Armossa rohitulea), gular (Fiscus
glomerata), asan. 1100 hectares of virgin forests
of >40 per cent canopy cover is presently under
iron ore mining leases. Several new aspirants for
mining lease are in the waiting. The perennial
rivers, Karo and Koina, pass through these
forested areas supporting a diverse floral and
faunal resource. Wolrds best quality of Saal
trees are found here. In
1911, 86% area of West Sighbhum was covered
by forests. But in 2011 it is reduced to 32
percent. Forests are the first victim of
industrialization. Huge forest area of West
Snghbhum is destroyed in last 100 years due to
heavy mining, illegal crusher machines,
increasing number iron and steel industries,
illegal tree cutting for Sal wood smuggling,
road construction in the deep forest area, and
wide spread railway lines. Risk is that
industrialization would only deepen the
problem.
My suevey findings also support the
above facts. As per my survey findings, 87
industrialization on the forest area of West
Singhbhum District of Jharkhand would be
negative. 47 percent believed that it would be
negative and 40 percent believed that it would
be very negative Long term impact of
industrialization might be very negative on
forests of this region as well. As per my survey
findings, 71 percent respondents believed that in
long -run impact of industrialization would be
very negative and 25 percent believed that
impact would be negative on the forests of West
Singhbhum district of Jharkhand. That means, as
much as 95 percent respondents believed that
impact of industrialization would have adverse
impact on the forests of West Singhbhum district
of Jharkhand.
Bio diversity has been the identity of
this region for the time memorable and any
further industrialization is very serious threat for
the bio diversity of the region. Saranda and its
neighboring hilly areas are the house of wild
elephant, chital, dear, and many other animals
and this region was a kingdom of Lions
(Singhbhum) once. But lions have deserted the
place long ago and due to heavy deforestation
and urbanization wild elephants are migrating
towards neighboring states like Orrisa and West
Bengal. Symbiotic relationship between Man-
Animal Forest is at state now. Any further
intrusion of this area for industrial purpose will
only multiply the cracks. Risk of extinction of
many precious species of herbs and shrubs is
also there. Many medicinal plans are already at
the extinction level now.


WATER RESOURCES: RED AREA TO
LAL PAANI

According to my survey findings, 90
industrialization on the water resources of West
negative. Of them, 57 percent believed that it
would be negative and 33 percent believed that
it would be very negative. Long term impact of
industrialization would also be very negative on
water resources of this region. As per my survey

very negative and 24percent believed it to be
negative on the water resources of West
Singhbhum district of Jharkhand.
That means, as much as 96 percent
the water resources of West Singhbhum district
of Jharkhand.
Almost every villages in Saranda is now
facing the drinking water problem. The forest is
the catchment of three large rivers Koina,
Table 1: Impact of industrialization on tribes of West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand
Measurement on a five point scale. Sample Size-100.
Factors Short Term
Impact
Short -term Impact Long term
Impact

Mean
1- Very negative.
2- Negative.
3- Neither negative nor
positive.
4- Positive.
5-Very Positive.
Areas Mean Long term positive impact
Rural Economy
2.4400 Negative 1.9600
Very negative
Rural
Employment
2.6364 Negative 1.8400
Very negative
Forests
1.8000 Very Negative 1.3400
Very negative
Water Resources
Very negative
Air and
environment
Very negative
Tribal culture
2.3400 Negative 1.4500
Very negative
Social tension
2.2800 Negative 1.9200
Very negative
Rural Health
2.3800 Negative 1.4800
Very negative
Treasure of ore
and minerals
2.4600 Negative 1.0500
Very negative
Utility of ore and
minerals
2.4500 Negative 1.5000
Very negative
Wild life
2.3600 2.0000
Very negative
Livelihood of
tribal community
2.4100 Negative 1.3600
Very negative
Nexalite incidents 2.6100 Negative 1.3000 Very negative


Subarnrekha, and Damodar, and several streams
flow through it. But there are 12 large mining
companies operating in 200 sq km of this 800 sq
km forest which holds one-fourth of Indias
iron-ore reserves. The Ho adivasi living in the
forest first launched Lal Paani Andolan against
the pollution of the streams from effluents and
surface-run off in 1978 at Noamundi and their
resistance has continued.
According to a survey report 56 villages
are in need of potable water. There is a problem
of high iron content in the water. (Reported by
Saranda Plan outline of October 2011).
According to the report, Thalkobad, Tirilposi,
Baliba lie downstream of Steel Authority of
India (SAIL)s crushing plant at Kiriburu where
ore is washed and crushed into uniform pieces.
At Kiriburu, SAILs Rs. 4.23 crore-slime
beneficiation machine meant to extract ore from
the water that is discharged back into the river
does not work. It has not worked even once
since it was inaugurated in 2010. When the
inspection teams come, the guesthouses are full
and the orchestra comes from Jamshedpur, says
a SAIL official. SAILs mines in Saranda
accounted for over 80 per cent of its 15 million
tonne production last year.
Downstream, villagers dig shallow pits,
a few inches deep by the river to collect drinking
water. Farms in Thalkobad, Karampada,
Navgaon, Bandhgaon, Mirchgada, Bahada,
Kalaita, Jumbaiburu have been ruined by the
ore-laden water. River is polluted because
private mining companies wash 200-250
dumpers carrying iron, oil and grease every day
in the river.

ENVIRONMENT

According to my survey findings, 95
industrialization on the air & external
environment of West Singhbhum District of
Jharkhand would be negative. Of them, 56
percent believed that it would be negative and
39 percent believed that it would be very
negative. Long term impact of industrialization
might be alsobe very negative on air & external
environment of this region as well. As per my
survey findings, 60 percent respondents believed
that, in long run, impact of industrialization
would be very negative and 34 percent
believed, it to be negative on the environment of
West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand.

That means, as much as 94 percent respondents
believed that impact of industrialization would
have adverse impact on the air & external
environment of West Singhbhum district of
Jharkhand.

TRIBAL CULTURE

The tribes of Jharkhand consist of 32 tribes
inhabiting the Jharkhand state in India. The
tribes in Jharkhand were originally classified on
the basis of their cultural types by the Indian
anthropologist, Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi. His
classification was as follows:

Hunter-gatherer type Birhor, Korwa,
Hill Kharia
Shifting Agriculture Sauria Paharia
Simple artisans Mahli, Lohra, Karmali,
Chik -Baraik
Settled agriculturists Santhal, Munda,
Oraon, Ho, Bhumij, etc.

Jharkhand has 32 tribal groups: Munda,
Santhal, Oraon, Kharia, Gond, Kol,
Kanwar, Savar, Asur, Baiga, Banjara,
Bathudi, Bedia, Binjhia, Birhor, Birjia,
Chero, Chick-Baraik, Gorait, Ho, Karmali,
Kharwar, Khond, Kisan, Kora, Korwa,
Lohra, Mahli, Mal-Paharia, Parhaiya,
Sauria-Paharia. West Singhbhum district is the
natural habitat of many of them for thousands of
years.
As per my survey findings, 63 percent
industrialization on the tribal culture of West
negative. Where, 49 percent believed that it
industrialization might be also be very negative
on the tribal culture of this region. As per my


survey findings, 67 percent respondents believed
that in long -run impact of industrialization
would be very negative and 24 percent believed
it to be negative on the tribal culture of West
impact of industrialization would have adverse
impact on the tribal culture of west Singhbhum
district of Jharkhand.

SOCIAL HARMONY

In past, many cases of mounting tension
between tribes and non- non tribe population
have been noticed. It is because of getting
control over livelihood opportunities in the
region. As per my survey findings, 71 percent
industrialization on the social harmony of West
industrialization might be very negative on the
social harmony of this region.
respondents believed that in long -run impact of
industrialization would be very negative and 42
percent believed it to be negative on the social
harmony of West Singhbhum district of
Jharkhand. That means, as much as 80 percent
the social harmony of west Singhbhum district
of Jharkhand.

TREASURE OF ORE AND MINERALS

55 percent respondents believed that
impact of industrialization on the ore and
mineral reserves of West Singhbhum District of
Jharkhand would be negative. Of them 54
percent believed that it would be very negative
and 01 percent believed that it would be
negative. 43 percent respondents believe that
impact of industrialization on the ore and
mineral reserves of West Singhbhum District of
Jharkhand would be neither negative nor
positive. Long term impact of industrialization
might be very negative on the ore & mineral
reserves of this region. As per my survey
very negative and 5 percent believed it to be
negative on the mineral reserves of West
impact of industrialization would have very
adverse impact on the ore & mineral reserves of
west Singhbhum district of Jharkhand. So, it
may be concluded that the impact of any further
industrialization will have very horrendous
impact on the ore & mineral reserves of West
Singhbhum district of Jharkhand in long run.

WILD LIFE

Saranda Forest Wildlife is a signature of
West Singhbhum. The district is covered with
hills alternating with valleys, steep mountains,
and deep forests on the mountain slopes. It
contains some of the best Sal tree forests and the
famous Saranda forest.
There are plenty of waterfalls and a
large variety of wild life like elephants, bisons,
tigers, leopards, bear, wild dogs and wild boars.
Sambar Deer, deer and spotted deer are also
found but their numbers are decreasing in the
forests adjoining inhabited areas.
In 2001 first Elephant sanctuary was set
in the region. he Singhbhum Elephant Reserve,
the first Elephant Reserve of the Country, was
created in 2001 under the Project Elephant,
comprising an area of 13,440 Sq. Km. In East
and West Singhbhum and Saraikela-Kharsawan
Districts (old Singhbhum District) for scientific
and planned management aimed at conservation
of Elephant habitats and viable population of
wild Asiatic Elephants in Jharkhand, ecological
restoration of their existing natural habitats and
migratory routes, mitigating Human-Elephant
conflicts in problem areas, moderating pressure
of human and their live-stock on crucial
Elephant habitats, protection from poachers, etc.
Besides 8910.10 Sq. Km. of non-forest area, the
Reserve includes 4529.90 Sq. Km. of forest area,
subsuming the entire Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary,
and has been divided into the management units


of Core Area (2577.38 Sq. Km.) and Buffer
Area (1952.52 Sq. Km.). Industrilization is the
biggest threat for wild life in the district.
Deforestation will reduce the boundaries of wild
life habitat. Natural water sources like ponds
and rivers will be more polluted with chemicals,
dusts of ore and minerals and other industrial
waste. Green plants will be died prematurely
because of fine dust cover on their leaves. And
air will be more toxic, experts believe.
71 percent respondents believed that
impact of industrialization on the wild life of
West Singhbhum District of Jharkhand would be
negative. i.e 64 percent believed that it would
be negative and 07 percent believed that it to be
very negative. 18 percent respondents believed
that impact of industrialization on the wild life
of West Singhbhum District of Jharkhand would
be neither negative nor positive. Long term
impact of industrialization might be very
negative on the wild life of this region as well.
respondents believed that in long -run impact of
percent believed it to be negative.
That means, 84 percent respondents
believed that impact of industrialization would
have adverse impact on the wild life of West
Singhbhum district of Jharkhand. Therefore, it
may be concluded that the impact of any further
industrialization will have very horrendous
impact on the wild life of West Singhbhum
district of Jharkhand in long run.

AGRICULTURE AND OTHER ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES

Agricultural production is characterized
by mono cropping practices with only 8% of the
net cropped area being irrigated. The district is
also rich in various produces such as Amla,
Chironji, Mahua and Sawai Grass. Among other
activities paddy is cultivated predominately in
the district. Besides Maize, pulses and oil seeds
are also cultivated on seasonal basis. The
predominant activity other than paddy and maize
are cultivated in various blocks. Sawai grass,
cultivated in Jagannathpur, Tonto , Jhinkpani
and Nuamundi blocks Tasar silk in Manjhri,
Kumardungi, Jagannathpur, Jhinkpani,
Chaibasa, Khuntpani, Bandgaon, Sonua,
Goelkera and Monoharpur blocks & Lac in
Sunua, Goelkera and Manoharpur blocks. In
some pockets of Jhinkpani, Tonto, Bandgaon,
Goelkera and Monoharpur blocks fruits such as
Papaya, Jack fruit, Custard apple and Guava are
grown. In the West Singhbhum district, Dhaba,
Saharian, Laria, Mungia and Modia tasar are
reared by the farmers. As on date they have been
rearing traditional ways in Asan and Arjun host
trees. About 60000 families are engaged in this
activity and 8720 active rearers resides in 503
villages carrying out tasar sericulture. The
district has about 61000 ha. of fallow land. The
topography of the district is highly undulating
resulting water run off, soil erosion and slineand
alkline soils in many parts of the district.
Therefore the soil conservation measures are
required. The scope to undertake farm forestry,
soil conservation and soil reclamation measures
is available in the district.
I found that further industrialization in
the area would lead to reduction in agriculture
land as well as forest area. That means, source of
livelihood will be reduced for the locals.
Locals Apprehensions are very much visible in
the following survey findings. As per my survey
findings, 65 percent respondents believed that
impact of industrialization on the livelihood of
West Singhbhum District of Jharkhand would be
it would be very negative. Nonetheless, 23
percent respondents believe that impact of
industrialization on the livelihood of West
Singhbhum District of Jharkhand would neither
be negative nor positive. Long term impact of
industrialization might also be very negative on
the livelihood of this region. As per my survey
very negative and 08 percent believed it to be
negative on the livelihood of West Singhbhum
district of Jharkhand. That means, 90 percent
industrialization would have very adverse
impact on the livelihood of West Singhbhum
district of Jharkhand.


NEXALISM

The Red Corridor is a region in the east
of India that experiences considerable Naxalite
Maoist insurgency. The naxalites group mainly
consists of the armed cadres of Communist Party
of India. Nexalism is a very serious challenge
for Jharkhand. 19 out of 25 districts of
Jharkhand are nexalite affected. West
Singhbhum is a very underdeveloped hilly area.
Its boundries are attached with nexal affected
districts of Orrisa and West Bengal. West
Singhbhum is situated down the red corridor of
nexals where nexals from Andrapradesh to
Chattishgarh move freely. So, nexal incidents
are quite high in the region. Due to dense
forests and unapproachable hilly areas,
maintaining law and order condition in the
district is a very big challenge. Jharkhand not
only fared as the state with the highest incidence
of Naxal violence in the first quarter of 2013 but
it also further consolidated its lead over
Chhattisgarh with twice the incidents and thrice
the deaths reported by the latter. According to
the latest statistics of Red terror compiled by the
Union home ministry, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand
and Bihar together account for over 80% of
Left-wing extremist violence across the country.
Odisha has shown a significant decline in Red
terror, while West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and
Madhya Pradesh reported nil/negligible
violence.
The total number of incidents relating to
Naxalism fell to 272 (until March 31, 2013)
from 417 in the corresponding period of 2012,
and deaths to 89 as compared to 120 in the first
quarter of last year. However, the share of
Jharkhand in the nationwide Naxal violence is a
worrying trend Of the 52 people who died due to
Naxal violence in Jharkhand, 37 were civilians
(of which 14 were killed after being branded
'police informers') and 25 from the security
forces.
As per my survey findings, most of the
respondents believed that industrilisation would
further increase nexal incidents in the area It is
believed that poverty and underdevelopment is
the root cause of naxalism in the county. Due to
its poor development, West Singhbhum is a very
fertile land for nexal breeding. In the course of
my survey I found that local industrialists and
contractors, mines owners etc., give millions of
rupees to the nexal outfits to safely run their
business. Risk is that when more industries will
be set up in the district, nexals will get more
money. That may further increase the nexal
activities in the area.
It is very important that benefits of
industrilisarion must be transferred to local
youths otherwise; they will join nexal groups for
easy money. One local youth said. when we
demand employment they do not. But when we
demand lavvy they do. Nexas between local
industrialists and nexal outfits might be a very
dangerous combination. Unemployment,
poverty, exploitation of locals is the root cause
behind, nexalism in the area. As per my survey
findings, 53 percent respondents believed that
industrialization in West Singhbhum district of
Jharkhand would have negative impact in terms
of reducing nexalite incidents in the region. 44
percent believed that there would be negative
impact in terms of reducing nexalite incidents in
the region. 9 percent believed that there would
be very negative impact of industrialization in
terms of reducing nexalite incidents in the
region. 27 percent respondents believe that there
would be no impact of industrialization on the
nexalite incidents in the region. However, 17
percent respondents believed that
industrialization in West Singhbhum district of
Jharkhand would have positive impact in terms
of reducing nexalite incidents in the region
Longterm impact of industrialization might be
resulted in increase in nexlite incidents . As per
my survey findings, 82 percent respondents
believed that in long -run impact of
percent believed it to be negative in terms of
nexalite activities in the West Singhbhum
district of Jharkhand. That means, 92 percent
industrialization would further intensity the
nexalite incidents in the region.



CONCLUSION
My survey findings show that ore and
mineral based heavy industrialization is
extremely disastrous for the future of West
Singhbhum district of Jharkhand. In long run
(25 years onwards) when ores and minerals of
the state will completely be finished the district
will remained with the residue of necked
mountains, polluted rivers, deforested lands and
excavated mine areas. Now time has come
when heavy extraction of ore and minerals is
controlled and alternative source of income
generation be adopted.Sustainable
industrialization is the need of the hour for the
district as well as the entire state.
Bibliography and References:
1. Gautam Kumar Bera (2008). The unrest
axle: ethno-social movements in Eastern
India. Mittal Publications. pp. 3235.
ISBN 978-81-8324-145-8.
2. J.B. Hoffmann (1984). A missionary social
worker in India. Editrice Pontificia
Universit Gregoriana. p. 54. ISBN 978-88-
7652-539-1.
3. Birsa Munda and His Movement 1874
1901: A Study of a Millenarian Movement
in Chotanagpur, by Kumar Suresh Singh.
Oxford University Press, 1983
4. "State animals, birds, trees and flowers"
(PDF). Wildlife Institute of India. Archived
5. from the original on 4 March 2009.
Retrieved 5 March 2014.
6. Census of India. Ministry of Finance India.
^ "Census Reference Tables, C-Series
Population by religious communities".
Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2013-11-12.
7. "Jharkhand". India Brand Equity
Foundation. Retrieved 2014-01-28.
8. Dr. Arun C. Mehta. "District-specific
Literates and Literacy Rates, 2001".
Educationforallinindia.com. Retrieved 2013-
11-12.
9. jharkhand.gov.in, Retrieved 12-4-2014
10. "83 districts under the Security Related
Expenditure Scheme". IntelliBriefs. 2013-
12-11. Retrieved 2013-09-17.

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IMPACT OF TRAINING ON MANAGEMENT & SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF TATA STEEL

Sweta Gupta
Research Scholar, Dept of Commerce
Kolhan University, Chaibasa, Jharkhand.
____________________________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT
In this study, it has been tried to emphasize the
importance of training in accomplishment of any
CSR activity. Weather it is tribal education,
youth development, employability development,
women empowerment, old age education, self-
help group formation or entrepreneurship
development etc., some sort of training is must.
Training is expected to inculcate positive
changes in knowledge, skills and attitude. In the
modern world with rapidly changing
technologies, growing information and
innovation it is very difficult for any corporate
to sustain themselves until the society is not
aligned with changing trend. Every corporate
has their own CSR initiatives to develop the
society for mutual growth or for responsible
business. TATA Steel has been taken as a case
study to explain the importance of training in
CSR activities.
Keywords: Training, CSR, Responsible
Business, Social Development
raining and development is vital part of
the human resource development. It is
assuming ever important role in wake of
the advancement of technology which has
resulted in ever increasing competition, rise in
customers expectation of quality and service
and a subsequent need to lower costs. It is also
become more important globally in order to
prepare workers for new jobs.
Technological advancement is primarily
responsible for increased need of training inputs
to employees. There are other factors too that
contribute to the need of training. Training is
also necessary for the individual development

and progress of the employee, which motivates
him to work for a certain organization apart
from just money. We also require training
update for employees of the market trends, the
change in the employment policies and other
things.The following are the two biggest factors
that contribute to the increased need to training
and development in organizations:
Change: It is one of the biggest factors that
contribute to the need of training and
development. There is in fact a direct
relationship between the two. Change leads to
the need for training and development and
training and development leads to individual and
organizational change, and the cycle goes on and
on.
Development: Development implies
opportunities created to help employees grow. It
is more of long term or futuristic in nature. It is
not limited to the job avenues in the current
organization but may focus on other
development aspects also. The major difference
between training and development therefore is
that while training focuses often on the current
employee needs or competency gaps,
development concerns itself with preparing
people for future assignments and
responsibilities. Training can be imparted in
various ways. We can broadly classify it in two
ways Informational training methods &
Experimental training methods.
Materials and methods: For the purpose of in-
depth study the contents have been taken from
relevant book, articles, journals and websites.
The method used is analytical and descriptive. It
T


is based on secondary sources of information
have been taken.
WHY TO USE TRAINING AS A CSR AND
RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS TOOLKIT
A system of care training agenda
necessarily will have to involve families,
community agencies, the faith community and
other community partners. It will have to look at
the various needs and requirements of all
stakeholders involved. Some of these factors can
be addressed through specific agency trainings,
but in many cases new methods of training will
have to be developed that go beyond any one
agencys agenda or curriculum.
In todays social media driven world the
way in which training can be delivered is much
more varied than in the past. For example, Web
casts, Webinars, and computer-based trainings
are the order of the day to ensure maximum
participation in a cost effective manner. Another
aspect of a modern training and development
effort within systems of care is that of ensuring
that all events give participants the ability to
evaluate and offer feedback.
Moving from a traditional training
program that is focused on the employees of one
agency to a more dynamic interagency and
family involved training program can be
challenging. A system of care requires
revaluation of how to go about building a
training and development program that is open
to all involved partners. With one of the systems
of care focuses being on family and youth
involvement, our local system must think about
new presenters and co-presenters, assuring
cultural diversity in our presenters and cultural
competence in our presentations.
1. TATA STEEL : PHILOSOPHY BEHIND
SOCIAL WELFARE
TATA Steel is the beginning line of the
TATA group. This company has provided the
identity to the TATA group. TATA Steel is one
of the leading Iron and Steel producers of globe.
Every major business has an impact on the
communities and societies in which it operates.
In all its operations throughout the world, TATA
Steel contributes to local and regional economic
and social development in myriad ways.
TATA Steel makes an enormous
economic impact on society, both direct and
indirect, by virtue of the nature of its operations
and its extensive social initiatives. The pre-
requisite for economic and social development
in any region is the availability of adequate
infrastructure facilities. TATA Steel has always
endeavoured to take the necessary measures in
this direction in order to ensure all conveniences
in its areas of operation and in the lives of
extended communities.
At Tata Steel, there is a continuous
effort of staying in touch with employees to
ensure that there is the right culture to engage
them in consistent performance improvement.
Company has always registered steady quality
improvement and productivity enhancement
through dedicated efforts of the Companys
Performance Improvement teams, focused on
technical best practice transfer and the value of
knowledge networks.
At Tata Steel, the process of training
and development is focused on needs and
outcomes with the objective of technical and
managerial competency building. The critical
skills required to perform a job are identified
and the employees are mapped against those
skills by the Positional Training Facilitators,
mentors or immediate supervisors. Training
needs are identified on the basis of the gap
between desired and existing skill levels and
training is imparted accordingly.
The process for addressing training and
development needs follows this method:
70% - On-the-job inputs
20% - Conversations, Mentoring and
Coaching
10% - Classroom training
Education is a basic human right, vital
to personal and societal development and well-
being. As an integral part of its CSR practices,
Tata Steel has from the very beginning
maintained a strong focus on improving


educational facilities in its areas of operation
thereby increasing the literacy rates in these
regions. Tata Steel has, from its inception
undertaken various initiatives in education that
have catered to the needs of youth in rural and
urban areas alike.
TATA Steel is contributing for societal
development in past years. Local Education: to
create the Education Excellence Model. Tribal
Education: to integrate the tribal youths with
main stream. Early Childhood Education to
establish the strong base since very beginning.
Camp School: to help underprivileged girl
children enter the mainstream of learning.
2. TATA STEEL SOCIAL WELFARE
ACTIVITIES
In a free enterprise, the community is not
just another stakeholder, but is, in fact, the
very purpose of its existence. - Jamsetji Tata.
It is these words of Jamsetji Tata,
Founder of TATA Steel that have shaped the
Companys culture of social responsibility. At
TATA Steel, the benefits of wealth creation
extend beyond the business, flowing into the
communities in which the Company operates.
TATA Steels approach to business has evolved
from the concept that the wealth created must be
continuously returned to society. The
responsibility of combining the three elements
of society Social, Environmental and
Economic is of utmost importance to the way
of life at TATA Steel. It is the combination of
these three elements that ensures that business is
sustainable for all stakeholders.
The Company has a focused approach
through the creation of a brand called
PRAGATI, which encompasses all the CSR
activities of TATA Steel. In keeping with 100
years tradition of serving society, PRAGATI
was developed to serve the long term
perspective of CSR communication. Today,
TATA Steels CSR activities in India encompass
the Companys Steel Works, Iron ore mines and
collieries, reaching out to the city of
Jamshedpur, its peri-urban areas and over 800
villages in the states of Jharkhand, Orissa and
Chhattisgarh.
2.1. TATA Steel engagements in the
community include the following
Urban Services, development &
management of utilities as well as road
infrastructure
Rural Services, including the creation of
sustainable livelihoods
Sports and Youth Welfare
Education & Employability Training
Healthcare Facilities and Services
Conservation and promotion of traditional
Culture & Heritage
Environment Conservation and Preservation
of Biodiversity
Disaster Management
Support to non-profit Organisations
The Corporate Sustainability Services
(CSS) Division delivers these responsibilities
through its institutionalised divisions. In its
areas of operation, capacity building for human,
social and financial value creation has spawned
initiatives in sustainable livelihood, education,
health, renewable energy and affirmative action
with the objective of improving the economic
and social status of the communities. With the
focus of each delivery arms changed, the
Company also re-strategised its priorities and
identified key interventions.
2.2. The most prominent social-activity
groups are:
TATA Steel Rural Development Society
(TSRDS)
Community Development & Social Welfare
Department (CD&SW)
Tribal Cultural Society (TCS) - working
with the tribal communities
TATA Steel Family Initiatives Foundation
(TSFIF) - working in urban and peri-urban
areas of Jamshedpur with family welfare
activities and HIV/AIDS
Urban services



2.3. Tribal Upliftment Programme: UTHNAU
UTHNAU is evidence of how much
TATA Steel has invested in the communities
around it both financially and emotionally.
The word UTHNAU has its roots in the
language of the Santhals and stands to denote
the upliftment and progress for the tribal people.
In areas around Jamshedpur as also in the areas
of its operations in Jharkhand, Orissa and
Chattisgarh, TATA Steel in a number of ways
has touched the lives of the tribal. TATA Steel is
dedicated and committed to bring the indigenous
tribes of Jharkhand to the mainstream of
civilisation. Some of the initiatives taken in
different areas of development may be grouped
as follows:
2.3.1. Education
Adult literacy programmes
Youth leadership programmes
Early child education centres
Several camp schools for tribal children
A technical training centre in Seraikela
2.3.2. Health
Family planning camps
Immunisation camps for children
Cataract operation camps
Cleft lip and palate operation programmes
HIV/AIDS awareness programmes
Mobile Medical Camps
2.4. Youth Leadership Programmes
With the purpose of inculcating a sense
of responsible citizenship in the young
generation of the Country, TATA Steel has
incorporated a range of programmes in its
comprehensive CSR curriculum that are
specially designed for the purpose. Youth
Leadership projects include activities related to
civic education, leadership development and
community service. Along the way, participants
develop associations with each other and
cultivate a sense of team spirit and collective
responsibility.
TATA Steels Youth Leadership
Programmes seek to teach young people
particular skills associated with leadership,
particularly those related to expression of
opinion and youth empowerment. A concerted
effort is made to apprise the children of the
importance of ethics in both personal and public
life through a plethora of activities ranging from
quizzes, creative slogans, paintings, drawings,
essays, poetry, projects, exhibitions, skits, one-
act plays, etc. (Fig.-1)

Fig.-1, Source- Tata Steel 12th CS Report 2011-12



2.5. Educated Population
TATA Steel has from the very
beginning maintained a strong focus on
improving educational facilities in its areas of
operation thereby increasing the literacy rates in
these regions.
TATA Steel has undertaken various
initiatives in education that have catered to the
needs of youth in rural and urban areas alike.
TATA Steel supports the right to free and
compulsory education for all children up to the
age of fourteen years and supports initiatives to
improve literacy levels amongst adults.
2.5.1. Local Education
Tata Steel has undertaken several
ventures to attain "education for all" with
specific focus on the enlightenment of the rural
and urban slum children, the girl child and the
SC/ST youth.
The Company donated a building on a
71-acre campus to the Xavier Institute for Tribal
Education (XITE) in an Endeavour to assist less
privileged tribal students improve their quality
of life. It also assists the Xavier Labour
Relations Institute (XLRI), a premier
management institute in Jamshedpur.
At Jamshedpur, the Company has
created the Jamshedpur School of Art and also
supports centers of performing arts and culture
as an extremely generous sponsor. Support
through the TATA Group has facilitated many
more such centers across the country including
the prestigious National Centre for Performing
Arts, Mumbai.
2.5.2. Tribal Education
TATA Steel has influenced the
integration of tribal in the economy in a less
obvious and immediate way by propping up the
education of tribal children and youth of various
ages at different stages in their academic career.
Some of the initiatives include:
Informally run balwadis (crches/nurseries)
for infants and toddlers.
Financial assistance and sponsorships.
As part of Project Aakanksha, a total of 127
children from primitive tribal groups
mainstream children to formal schools.
Sponsorship of two tribal students every
year by TCS at the Tata Institute of Social
Sciences.
Project Sahyog helps tribal students to
develop self-esteem and plan their future.
Assistance and support for The Xavier
Institute for Tribal Education near
Jamshedpur.
Financial support worth Rs 25 lakhs to more
than 493 meritorious tribal students each
year since 2004.
50 matriculate students identified every year
for coaching that prepares them for higher
studies.
2.5.3. Early Childhood Education
Early childhood education is a vital
preparatory ground to formal schooling in both
rural and urban areas. In the urban areas out of
about 570 students who were enrolled in 12
centres, over 380 students (67%) have been
integrated into formal schools. In rural areas, 22
centres catered to 550 Children in the age group
of 3-6 years with a 100% success rate for 110
students in the age group of 5-6 years. (Fig.-2)
The Company supports many schools in
its areas of operation. For example twelve
primary schools have been identified for support
near Dhamra Port in 2008-09. Twenty-four
teachers will provide academic support to 480
students


Fig.-2, Source- www.tatasteelindia.com
2.5.4. TQMS Initiative in City School:
Tata Quality Management Services
(TQMS) has set out to foster quality education
among students in line with Tata Steel's
Educational Excellence Programme. One of the
major initiatives introduced by TQMS in 2010 is
"Education Quality Improvement Project"
(EQUIP), whereby the schools try to identify
and resolve improvement opportunities as a
team.
2.5.5. Other Education Initiatives
Various other initiatives have been followed to
develop educated population. Some of the
initiatives are-
Camp School: To help underprivileged girl
children enter the mainstream of learning a camp
school programme was initiated with the help of
the Jharkhand Education Project. The nine-
month intensive learning course offered to
students aged 9-14 makes up for education lost
till the 5th standard and qualifies them for
admission to class VI. In 2009-10, 200 girl
children enrolled in the two camp schools.
Nearly 200 girls who had discontinued studies
attended the 9-month residential bridge course at
Camp Schools in Pipla and Noamundi.
Scholarships: Financial assistance programme
for meritorious SC/ST students covered 660
students last year. In May 2008 annual
scholarships to promote the talent and
knowledge of students from Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes were announced. These
awards often encourage students from families
who would not be able to support further studies.
Among these are the Sakshar Samaj
programme for functional literacy in adults and
the Moodie Endowment for financial assistance
to students pursuing professional courses. The
total grant is Rs. 1.1 million annually for 110
awards. More than 2400 meritorious SC/ST
students from Jharkhand, Orissa & Chhattisgarh
provided with scholarship to pursue studies.
(Fig.-3)

Fig.-3, Source- Tata Steel 12th CS Report
2011-12
Grow Smart with TATA Steel: This project is
aimed at encouraging learning and self-
development in students from remote areas of
India. It also focuses on spreading knowledge
through vocational training for adults.
1120
490
0
500
1000
1500
At ECE Enrolled to
formal school
Status of Children at ECE Centres


Employability Enhancement
Creating employment is the first step in
ensuring social sustainability. TATA Steel has
initiated various programmes to enhance the
employability of Rural, Urban & Tribal areas.
Special thrust has been given for empowerment
of women.
2.5.6. Rural Initiatives
Sustainable Livelihood: In developing and
developed economies, demand for unskilled and
semi-skilled labour is reducing. Even where
agriculture is the main economic activity, trends
such as globalisation mean that simple
subsistence farming is becoming less viable and
social problems arise from migration caused by
the inability of agriculture to support a large
workforce. To address these problems Tata Steel
works with local people in rural and urban areas
to harness resources and skills that are available
to develop opportunities for sustainable
livelihoods.
TSRDS as a part its interventions in the
areas of sustainable livelihood has focused on
improving agricultural productivity. Some major
projects initiated in this direction are:
In the first collaborative project with
Agriculture Consultancy and Management
Foundation (ACMF), Chennai, interventions
in approximately 20 acres resulted in
increased productivity of 2.25 tones/acre in
the first year of the programme against the
target of 2 tones/acre. (Fig.-4)

Fig.-4, Source- www.tatasteelindia.com
A land and water management programme
has been initiated in Ganjam district of
Orissa. In the first phase of this programme,
in the year 2008-2009, TSRDS took up the
job of reviving 29 non-functional lift
irrigation systems of which 22 were
completed by end of FY09, covering over
720 acres of land benefitting 1400 families.
Around 9000 acres of land has been brought
under cashew and mango plantation,
benefitting around 3700 households from
129 villages of East Singhbhum district,
Jharkhand.
1587 youth have undergone skills training
by in-house resources as well as by
professional bodies.
Vocational Training: To take the process of
development beyond the creation of economic
wealth, as many as 3000 youths were given
training in different kinds of vocations to build
skills in different areas till date. Of these, about
780 unemployed young men and women from
Kalinganagar and Chhattisgarh have been able
to successfully access market oriented livelihood
advancement skills and opportunities through
various programmes. Apart from training on
Tally and Basic as well as Advanced Computer
skills, the youth are trained for such vocations
as: Community Health Providers, Pathological
Laboratory Assistant, Automobile Mechanic &
Electrical Technician.
2.5.7. Tribal Initiatives
The world of tribals is unique and has to
be dealt with special care. The TSRDS, a
corporate NGO supported by Tata Steel and the
TCS, a non-profit organisation promoted by Tata
Steel, are both instrumental in providing
sustainable livelihood to the community around
its areas of operations. Tata Steel seeks to secure
the interests of the marginalised and provides
sustainable solutions to their concerns in its
operational areas. The Company covers over 800
villages under its social responsiveness
initiatives in the states of Jharkhand, Orissa and
Chhatisgarh.
INCREASE IN PRODUCTIVITY OF CROP
2
2.25
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Target Actual
T
o
n
e
s
/
A
c
r
e


I ncome Regeneration: Various Income
regeneration activities started by TATA Steel.
Some of them are -
Formation of Self Help Groups.
Arranging for credit in self-employment
ventures.
Encouraging micro enterprises like dokra,
carpet weaving, terracotta, mat making, food
processing, poultry farming, mushroom
farming, pisciculture and floriculture.
2.6. Empowerment of Women
The Company has undertaken many
pioneering initiatives in empowerment
programmes for women, one of which was
Tejaswini, launched in 2002. It signaled a new
beginning and focused on Tata Steels women
employees on the shop floor at jobs which were
till then were strictly considered as the male
domain. Being an equal opportunities employer,
Tata Steel designed this programme to transform
the female employees into proficient operators
of heavy mobile equipment like tractors and
locomotives.Some initiatives of Tata Steel under
the Women Empowerment Programme may be
listed as follows:
Since the early 1970s Tata Steel has been
taking in Lady Graduate Trainees. Initiatives
have been taken to train women in the
required mechanical skills through Female
Trade Apprentice courses.
A Women Empowerment Cell has been set
up at Tata Steel as a special wing at the IR
Division. It looks after womens issues in
addition to organising need-based training
facilities for the underprivileged.
The Sexual Harassment Redressal
Committee has been constituted in
adherence to the Companys Code of
Conduct Clause of an Equal Opportunity
employer.
3. CONCLUSION
Training and development helps the
growth of a business. It has a clear focus on
having a well-motivated and trained workforce.
The company needs to have motivated and
confident society who help any organisation in
order to remain competitive. In addition, well-
trained society is an asset to the business and
help to Social Development. This study has
examined the impact of role of private sector in
resource mobilisation. In addition, the study has
also evaluated the different ways a private sector
can adopt or follow for social welfare through
training & development. The results shown in
the study are useful in providing clear
understanding of the training efforts by the
private sector. The study brings the clear
understanding that any private sector and the
society are knitted very closely to each other for
mutual growth.

1. E. B. Flippo, Principles Of Personnel
Management (Mc-Graw Hill
International Editions: Management
Series)
2. Dugan Laird, Elwood F Holton,
Approaches to training and development
(III Edition, Sharon S S Naquin)
3. George Green, Training & Development
(John Wiley & Sons)
4. Leslie Rae, Effective Planning in
Training and Development (Kogan,
2000)
5. http://www.jamshedpurlive.net
6. http://www.managementstudyguide.com/
training-and-development.htm
7. http://www.tatasteel.com.



WOMEN WORKFORCE IN INDIA: STATUS REPORT

Chandni Nath
Research Scholar, Dept. of Social Science.
Ranchi University, Ranchi, Jharkhand

ABSTRACT
Women in the workforce earning
wages or a salary are part of a modern
phenomenon, one that developed at the same
time as the growth of paid employment for men;
yet women have been challenged by inequality
in the workforce. Until modern times, legal and
cultural practices, combined with the inertia of
longstanding religious and educational
conventions, restricted women's entry and
participation in the workforce. Economic
dependency upon men, and consequently the
poor socio-economic status of women, have had
the same impact, particularly as occupations
have become professionalized over the 19th and
20th centuries. In India, female labour force
participation has been on flip-flop side. Despite
the economic growth and increasing women
literacy rate, female participation is gradually on
decrease in comparision to male counterparts.
The paper presented here, addresses the issue of
declining female labour force participation in
India.
Key Words: Women Workforce
Participation(WWP), Sectoral Distribution
Of Work Force, Sex Ratio Of Work Force,
Indian Women In Senior Positions

ccording to the International Labour
Organization (ILO), out of 131 countries
for which data was available, India
ranks 11th from the bottom in female labour
force participation (FLFP). In fact, the National
Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) data
reveals falling FLFP from over 40% in the mid-
1990s, to 29% in 2004-05, to 23% in 2009-10
and 22.5% by 2011-12.
New analysis of data from the 2011
census shows only half as many urban women
work as their rural counterparts. Only few
countries like including Iran, Pakistan and Saudi
Arabiado worse than India when it comes to
womens participation in the workforce. Others
such as Somalia, Bahrain and Malaysia do much
better. Among the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India,
China and South Africa) which are comparable
emerging economies, India has the lowest
female participation rate, with only 29% of
women over the age of 15 working. As the chart
below shows, even among the MINT
countriesMexico, Nigeria, Indonesia and
Turkeyonly Turkey has the same participation
rate as India.
Figure 1: Workers sex ratio in some Indian
states

A


Figure 2: Womens Workforce Participation Rate

Female labour force participation in
rural sector is more than urban sector. In the
rural sector women are engaged in agriculture
related work. Number of female workers per 100
male workers is highest in Maharashtra,
followed by Rajshthan, MP and Andra Pradesh.
In the states like UP, Bihar, and West Bengal
Number of female workers per 100 male
workers is less than 40 percent in the rural areas.
That means, in these undeveloped states, 50
percent of the population is not involved directly
in any economic activity. Number of female
workers per 100 male workers is far below in
almost every state in India. Following table
shows the low percentage of women in urban
labour force.

Table No.1 : Sectoral distribution of employed persons, by sector and sex (2004 through 2007)
Region Agriculture Industry Services

Africa
43% women / 42%
men
11% women / 20%
men
46% women / 39%
men
Asia (excluding China)
32% women / 26%
men
12% women / 25%
men
56% women / 49%
men
Latin America and the Caribbean
7% women / 22%
men
13% women / 27%
men
80% women / 51%
men
Europe and other more developed
regions
6% women / 8% men
15% women / 36%
men
79% women / 55%
men
Source : "The World's Women 2010". United Nations. p. 84.



INDIAN WOMEN IN SENIOR POSITIONS
IN THE WORKPLACE
There is a marked decrease in the
proportion of Indian women in senior positions
in the workplace. According to the findings of a
new study by Grant Thornton, titled
International Business Report, the proportion of
women in senior positions in the Indian
workforce fell from 19 per cent in 2013 to 14
per cent in 2014. Globally, the proportion of
senior roles filled by women in 2014 is 24 per
cent, with China at 38 per cent, Eastern Europe
at 37 per cent, and Southeast Asia at 35 per cent
leading the way. For the study, more than 6,700
interviews were conducted between November
2013 and February 2014 in India and globally
across industries. What is even more alarming,
the report notes, is that despite the increasing
impetus to improve female participation in the
workforce and address the lack of women at the
top, half of all Indian business have no
programme to support or mentor women, nor do
they plan one in the near future.
In Indian companies, human resource
director (21 per cent) is the most common role
filled by women in senior positions. Eighteen
per cent of women representatives occupied
other leadership positions in companies. The
report states that Indian companies have
negligible female representation in senior roles
such as general/office manager, director and
president/vice president. The survey finds
growing support among businesses for
regulation to get women on boards and to
facilitate their career paths. Women's
representation on corporate boards and executive
committees has long been a cause for concern.
According to a study by McKinsey & Co,
female representation on executive boards of
Indian companies currently stands at a meagre 5
per cent. The Companies Act, 2013, is set to
have far-reaching implications for corporate
boardrooms across India. The provisions of the
new Act, which mandates every listed company
to have at least one female director within a
year, and other companies reporting minimum
revenue of Rs 300 crore to have at least one
female director within three years, is set to
create a wide career pipeline for women to rise
up the corporate ladder...open doors for more
women candidates for boards. According to data
compiled by Bloomberg, nearly half of the top
100 companies traded on the Bombay Stock
Exchange including the biggest two by market
value; do not have even a single female member
on their boards.The report also highlights that in
an average year; just 14 per cent of graduates
hired at mid-level positions in Indian businesses
are women, compared to the global figure of 21
per cent. It calls on corporate India to unpack the
current male bias in hiring and promotion,
saying that is key to increasing diversity.In 011-
2012 the percentage of women enrolled in
specific undergraduate degree programs
included:
o 29% Engineering/Technology
o 37% Computer
Science/Computer Application
o 32% Management
o 32% Law
Enrollment of Higher Education
Students by Gender in India is very low 41.6%
women and 58.4% men are enrolled in the
higher education institutions.

REASONS

Economists have tried to understand this
discrepancy. Some cite the problem to be Indias
unemployment rate among the young, who make
more than half of the population. But such
joblessness should affect both men and women,
and it also doesnt explain the long-term trend of
low womens workforce participation rates.
Others believe that younger people in cities are
staying in education for longer. While that
certainly contributes to the overall picture, it
cannot explain the large difference between
urban and rural figures. In mainly agricultural
economies, urban women often find less work
than rural ones. Half the working population in
India is employed by the agricultural sector. But
agricultures contribution to Indian economy has


been steadily falling and is now less than half
that of the services industry. This should have
corresponded with rapid growth in numbers of
working women in cities, but that hasnt
happened.
I observed that some discrepancy may
arise because many women are involved in
home-based work and are part of the informal
sector, where their contribution tends to be
under-reported. The two main factors keeping
women at home are social customs and very low
education levels among women. Breaking such
customs is hard. To a certain extent, men control
womens lives. And women have internalized
this as the norm. In such situations, the little
work they do is the result of compulsion, such as
when the household income is not enough,
rather than choice.
The power of social norms may be
partially explained based on data from the city
of Leicester in the UK, where one in four city-
dwellers is of Indian background. According to
a 2010 report by Sheffield Hallam University,
Economic activity rates among Indian women in
Leicester are nine percentage points lower than
for Indian women nationally. In a large enough
group of Indians, those social norms are more
strongly held than when Indians are widely
dispersed in the rest of the UK. Although
education levels have improved in recent
decades, not as many educated women have
found work.
In India, there is a U-shaped relationship
between education and participation of women
in the workforce. Illiterates participate more out
of necessity. Women with a middle-level
education (below graduate) have different
aspirations and can afford to remain out of the
workforce. Only better educated women have
been pulled into the labour force in response to
better paid opportunities. Skills shortage among
women is also to blame. There is a large divide
between what they can do and what jobs are on
offer. For instance, the lowest worker sex ratio is
seen in construction, manufacturing and the
retail trade, which are booming in cities.
The safety of women is also a concern
in Indian cities, as was highlighted after the
2012 Delhi gang rape case. Better governance
and improved policing ought to help, but urban
Indias gender imbalance is a deeper cause for
worry. The national average is 940 females per
1,000 males, but that drops to 912 for cities with
a population larger than 1m. The imbalance is
greater still in Indias biggest cities, with Delhi
at 867 females per 1,000 males and Mumbai at
861.According to Varsha Joshi, director of
Indias census operations. The discrepancy in
these figures may be partly explained by the
mass migration of workers, mainly men, from
rural to urban areas, But the drop is large enough
that further investigation is needed to spot other
reasons.
But there are some positive signs also.
According to Indias National Sample Survey,
the proportion of working women in urban areas
has increased from 11.9% in 2001 to 15.4% in
2011. One of the fastest-growing sectors for
urban working women has been domestic work.
About 1.5m urban women were added to that
sector in the last decade, which is more than one
in ten jobs created for women in that time.
But the areas that have shown the most
significant growth, such as domestic work, tend
to fall into the category of informal work
and under Indias labor laws, these workers
have few workplace rights. This makes it harder
for women to have sustainable jobs, let alone a
career.
CONCLUSION
Female labour force participation is very
low in India. According to recent research
reports, female labour force participation in
urban areas is far lower than rural areas. Even in
the private sector percentage of female managers
at the top executive levels is negligible. It is
observed that low education level, social taboos
and lack of training and educational
opportunities are responsible for such a low
female labour force participation in India.
Safety of the female workers is also a big issue
in this respect. In India women are involved in
such as uncompensated household work,
childcare, eldercare, and family subsistence
farming. Women, still expected to fulfill the


caretaker role and take time off for domestic
needs such as pregnancy and ill family
members, preventing them from conforming to
the ideal-worker norm. With the current norm
in place, women are forced to juggle full-time
jobs and family care at home. In such a situation,
many competent and skilled women give up
their well-paid jobs and stay at home to care
family. As gender roles have followed the
formation of agricultural and then industrial
societies, newly developed professions and
fields of occupation have been frequently
inflected by gender. Some examples of the ways
in which gender affects a field include,
prohibitions or restrictions on members of a
particular gender entering a field or studying a
field; Discrimination within a field, including
wage, management, and prestige hierarchies;
Expectation that mothers, rather than fathers,
should be the primary childcare providers. These
gender restrictions may not be universal in time
and place, and that they operate to restrict both
men and women. However, in practice, in India
norms and laws have historically restricted
women's access to particular occupations; civil
rights laws and cases have thus primarily
focused on equal access to and participation by
women in the workforce. These barriers may
also be manifested in hidden bias and by means
of many micro inequities.
Bibliography and References
1. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Wo
men-account-for-just-22-of-workforce-in-
India/articleshow/26548372.cms
2. http://qz.com/176658/india-has-the-lowest-
workforce-participation-rate-of-women-
among-the-brics/ retrieved 27-3-2014
3. Census Report 2011
4. http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/internat
ional-womens-day-few-in-senior-positions-
india-office/1/204063.html retrieved 23-3-
2014.
5. "The World's Women 2010". United
Nations. p. 84. Retrieved May 15, 2014
6. Perkin, Joan (1993). Victorian Women.
London: John Murray (Publishers) Ltd.
pp. 1923. ISBN 0-7195-4955-8.
7. King, Russell (2010). People on the Move:
An atlas of migration. University of
California Press. pp. 789.
ISBN 0520261518.
8. Reconstructive Feminism: Changing the
Way We Talk about Gender and Work
Thirty Years After the PDA. 2009. pp. 79
117.
9. Anne Witz, Patriarchy and Professions: The
Gendered Politics of Occupational Closure,
Sociology, 24.4, 1990, pp.675-690. Sage
Pubctns.
10. S. A. L. Cavanagh, The Gender of
Professionalism and Occupational Closure:
the management of tenure-related disputes
by the 'Federation of Women Teachers'
Associations of Ontario' 1918-1949, Gender
and Education, 15.1, March 2003, pp. 39-57.
________________________



MICA INDUSTRY OF JHARKHAND: PROBLEMS AND
CHALLENGES
Dr. S.K Mujibar Rahaman
Email:- rskmujibar@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT

There is huge demand of good quality of mica in
the global cosmetics market. Since Jharkhand is
among the largest producers of Ruby Mica, it
has huge market opportunity. But mica industry
in Jharkhand is totally unorganized. Illegal
mining as well as use of child labours in the
States mica mines are turning out to be the
biggest obstacles in the way ahead. Worlds
reputed cosmetic companies are reluctant to
import mica from Jharkhand due to alleged
involvement of child labors in the states mica
mines. Now time has come when state
government as well as central government must
take some serious steps to stop the use of child
labours in this industry and also take some
concrete actions to stop black marketing and
illegal mining of Mica in the state. Apart from
these problems, states mica industry is also
facing serious infrastructural problems that need
serious interventions.

he word Mica is thought to be derived
from the Latin word micare, mining to
shine, in reference to the brilliant
appearance of this mineral (specially when in
small scale). Mica is a class of silicates, having a
prismatic angle of 120 degrees, eleminently
perfect basal cleavage affording thin, though
laminate of scales, color less to jet black,
transparent to translucent, of widly varying
chemical composition, and crystallzing in the
monoclinic system. Jharkhand- an India's poor,
remote east, is the biggest producer of Mica.
The mica that gives sparkle to the
worlds most beautiful faces brings only few
rupees to the poor producers of it. Mica is a
mineral coveted for centuries for its unique
lustre. But its numerous uses in modern products

now make it a valuable commodity. It is mica
that gives make-up products such as eyeshadow,
nail polish, lipstick and concealer their sparkle.
Mica gives automotive paints their shine, is used
in building materials, and as an insulator in
electronic chips. It is found in lasers and
radar.Jhumri Telaiya of Jharkhand became
famous in India in 1957 owing to its connection
with Vividh Bharati, a nationally broadcast radio
service of the All India Radio. But, very few
people know that the little-known town, Jhumri
Telaiya was once a major mica mining centre in
the country. While laying a railroad through
Koderma in 1890s, the British first discovered
vast mica deposits in the region. Mining
activities started soon after and many mining
houses were established. Prosperous
businessmen built huge mansions in Jhumri
Telaiya. Till late 1960s, Mercedes and Porsche
cars, and thoroughbreds from Arabia used to be
common in Jhumri Telaiya.
The city once boasted of most number
of phone connections and phone calls made in
India. Most of the mica business was moved to
the government-owned corporations sometime
in 1973-74 through a government venture called
as Bihar Mica Syndicate which was having Mica
mines in Sapahi, 40 km from Jhumri Telaiya.
This government venture was renamed to Bihar
State Mineral Development Corporation
(BSMDC), which is now known as Jharkhand
State Mineral Development Corporation.Most of
the mica used to be exported to USSR, for space
and military equipment. With the dissolution of
the USSR and the discovery of a synthetic
substitute for mica, the mining activity declined
in 1990s. Koderma district was famous for its
mica production worldwide and the district is
known as Abarakh Nagari. But gradually
T


excavation of low quality of mica ore and high
cost of production results in closure of mica
related industry. Today Out of 8 (eight) mica
factories are closed and only 2 (Two) are
functional namely: M/s Daruka &
Company and M/s Vinod Bajaj Mica plates and
powder are being exported.The Koderma district
and the Lokai-Indarwa area covers the southern
part of Great Mica-Belt of Jharkhand, Bihar and
India. Previously the Mica belt was known as
Bihar mica belt which extends for a distance of
160 km having an average width of 25 kms. The
mica belt strenches from Gurpa in Gaya district
in the west through Nawada, Koderma,
Hazaribag, Giridih in Jharkhand and Jamui as
well as Bhagalpur district of the Bihar state in
the east. Its maximum width is about 40 km at
Koderma-Hazaribagh-Nawada area. The whole
belt encompasses roughly 4,000 sq. km. around
area and lies on the north fringe of Chotanagpur
plateau and runs in an east-north east to west-
southwest direction.
India is the largest producer of sheet
mica. And, Jharkhand is the largest producer of
Only high-quality muscovite film mica, which is
variously called India ruby mica or ruby
muscovite mica in India. It is s used as a
dielectric in capacitors. Sheet mica is used in
electrical components, electronics, isinglass, and
atomic force microscopy. Other uses include
diaphragms for oxygen-breathing equipment,
marker dials for navigation compasses, optical
filters, pyrometers, thermal regulators, stove and
kerosene heater windows, radiation aperture
covers for microwave ovens, and micathermic
heater elements. Mica is birefringent and is
therefore commonly used to make quarter and
half wave plates. Specialized applications for
sheet mica are found in aerospace components in
air-, ground-, and sea-launched missile systems,
laser devices, medical electronics and radar
systems. Mica is mechanically stable in
micrometer-thin sheets which are relatively
transparent to radiation (such as alpha particles)
while being impervious to most gases. It is
therefore used as a window on radiation
detectors such as Geiger-Mller tubes.
Muscovite splittings from India accounted for
essentially all domestic consumption. Mica
mines in an around Koderma are Bandarchua,
Suggi, Pesra-Uparchala, Khalaktambi, Dhab,
Dhanapahari, Guthwa, Domchach, Kushana,
Dashro, Dumerdiha, Katiya, Arwatanr and
Jalahia etc.

DEMAND

Growing inclination of cosmetic
industry towards natural mineral products like
mica is a good opportunity for Indian mica
industry to revive itself. Today the main source
of this material is India, which accounts for 60%
of global production and possesses an industry
that is estimated to have grown by 8.5% during
the last two years. Nonetheless, concerns about
the safety of the country's mica supply chains
are increasing. According to the Australian
newspaper The Age, child labour is endemic in
India's mica mining business and 86% of the
country's mica exports in 2010-2011 were
unregulated.
PRODUCTION FIGURES
India officially produces about 15,000
tonnes of crude and scrap mica a year, according
to the government's Bureau of Mines. It has a
few hundred tonnes stockpiled. Yet it exported
more than 130,000 tonnes - more than eight
times the official production figure - in 2011-12,
more than half of it to China.At present, the
majority of mica mining and trade is illegal, in
India The bulk of India's exports of high-quality
mica flakes come from illegal mines and much
of it from the work of child miners But where
the truckloads of mica are going, and for what
purpose, is deliberately kept hidden by the
suppliers who are at the beginning of a complex
and clandestine supply chain. Export figures
have always consistently exceeded production
figures. The report of production level indicates
a steady decline from 21,902 T in 1970 to 9608
T in 1984, the percentage of fall being more than
56% during this 15-year period. It is interesting
to note however, that the decline in production
does not seem to have affected the capabilities to
meet the export demand. It is logical that the


roduction was regulated in accordance to the export demand.
Table 1.1
Import and Export of Mica
(Since 2003-2004 to 2008-09)
Year

Export Import
Quantity (kgs) Value (Rs.) Quantity(kgs) Value (Rs.)
2008-09 417639 262435685 1057344 267287866
2007-08 373584 255700230 1450776 237743683
2006-07 327738 255420579 393354 124441236
2005-06 330972 247478780 260843 82217448
2004-05 305639 219399766 126692 42452292
2003-04 328654 242515310 96297 36954653
Source:- Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence & Statistics, Ministry of Commercial &
Industry, Govt. of India.

PRESENT CONDITION OF MICA INDUSTRY
IN JHARKHAND

Mica industry in Jharkhand is little
better than a black market, dependent on a huge
unskilled workforce, forced into working for
lower and lower prices. Profits are made off the
backs of children. According to some reports
Jharkhand mica is extracted by organisations
whose certification of ethical practice through an
audit process cannot be guaranteed. Working
condition is also not good at all. Some place in
the region in which mica is mined is too
dangerous for visitors to arrive unaccompanied.
There's also the problem that evidence of child
labour is frequently hidden during these visits.
A child labour excavate approximately
10 kg of the mineral and earns 50 fifty rupees
daily Depending on its quality and type, mica on
the international market can fetch anywhere
from several dollars a kilogram to more than
$1000. The work is hard and dangerous.
Children working risk snake and scorpion bites,
and the hollowed-out caves they mine in often
collapse. They suffer cuts and skin infections, as
well as respiratory illnesses, such as bronchitis,
silicosis and asthma. It does not matter whether
mica mines are closed in state government
papers, illegal mining is always there. Two
decades ago, in the face of environmental
concerns and in an effort to better regulate the
mica industry, Bihar government shut mines
across the state. But the closures have driven
child labour further, literally and metaphorically,
underground. In Jharkhand, small village
children sell their mica to small traders, who
consolidate several villages' work to sell on to
bigger suppliers, who sell it on to exporters and -
usually through China - to the world's cosmetics
houses, paint companies and electronics
manufacturers. ''It is like a mafia - there is a
black market for this, there are subcontractors in
each village who rely on these children's labour.
But the miners don't know where the mica they
mine ends up. They are the third, fourth, fifth
layer in the supply chain, and the subcontractors
and the suppliers deliberately don't tell them
where it goes.''Jhumri Telaiya, whole streets are
dedicated to the mica trade, most of it black
market. Men in kurta pyjamas sit in front of
enormous sacks full of mica flakes for export.
According to locals, government
closures of legal mines have simply forced
people into working illegally.'The illegal mining
continues. Hundreds of thousands of villages are
involved in this trade. They are dependent on it,


and they are very poor. Without this they would
have no income at all.
In all of India, only Jharkhand has the
high-quality mica, the quality for the cosmetics
industry, so the demand is strong. Ninety per
cent of the mica mined in Jharkhand goes
overseas; electronics, paints, automobiles and
cosmetics industries are the major buyers.
interestingly through illegal mining.
But it is not illegal mining and child
labor only creating trouble for the Mica Industry
in Jharkhand. In India, Mica mining is purely a
state subject; the mines are owned by the
respective State Governments and are leased out
to the miners based on merit as decided by the
State Governments. The process of mining is
highly speculative in nature and so far no
scientific methods have been established to
explore the occurrence and exploit the deposits
of the mineral on a cost-effective basis. In the
absence of scientific methods, the method
generally adopted is to excavate a few trial pots
to ascertain whether a particular pegmatite vein
is rich enough in mica or not. If the process
meets the day to day expenditure, further mining
is followed up; otherwise the area is abandoned
and a new area is tried. This is wholly a hit-and-
miss affair.The time has now come for India to
systematically study the occurrence of mica and
to follow cost-effective methods of mechanical
mining operations. As no other country is so rich
in deposits of block mica as India, it is essential
for India to develop methods of its own rather
than depend on other countries for import of
such technology.
Unhealthy competition among the
traders failed to stimulate growth in the unit
value realization of processed mica due to the
development of substitutes and also the
introduction of scrap mica based products.
Hence mining operations became almost
uneconomical and resulting several mines
closure.
The rationalization of price structure
after canalization and incorporation of a
Government organization for such a purpose
subsequently infused life into the morbid
industry and offered stability to continuing
operation. However, this step has not adequately
met the situation and calls for a thorough review
of mining operations vis--vis changing export
trends. Details of the working mines compared
to the total number of closed mines as on
1.1.1982 are given in Table 1.* Since 1982,
government of India has not released any data.
The decrease in number of mica mines
in India from 1961 to 1970 has been at the rate
of about 1.9% per year on average. The
reduction from 1970 to 1975 was about 52.5%;
from 1975 onwards, the reduction stabilized at a
level of 0.18% per year on an average. The
above figures are based on IBM sources. There
seems to be some discrepancy in the information
regarding the number of reporting mines
between IBM and DGMS. The discrepancy
seems to be due to the differences in definition
of a mine for conservation and development
purposes (IBM) and safety regulations (DGMS).

OTHER PROBLEMS OF MICA MINING
IN JHARKHAND

Increasing costs of electrical energy,
explosives, transportation charges etc.;
Demand and value are not commensurate
with the quantity and cost of production;
Non-availability of credit facilities;
Old techniques;

In 1970s when similar problems were faced by
Brazilian mica mine owners and reportedly the
following incentive were taken by them:

Waiver of land rent or deed rent;
Exemption of import duty and sales tax
on mining machinery and equipments
including those required for prospects;
Accelerated rate of depreciation for
mining machinery;
Exemption from income-tax on
prospective expenses.

Apart from the above, the following facilities
ought to be provided specifically to meet the
situation in Jharkhand.


Regulating the mining and its supply
chain management. Controlling illegal
mining and child labour.
Treating mica mining as an industry and
providing credit facilities;
Generous reimbursement of expenses
for developing infrastructure and
approach roads etc.;
Providing uninterrupted power supply
and supply of explosives.
Rectification of industrial law relating to
the mica industry.
To provide the rules for the benefits of
workers by payment of minimum wages
with good working condition,
compensation, bonus, medical benefits,
safety and security.
Proper financial facilities provided by
the government to the owner of the mica
industry in mining, processing and
marketing, by which they can solve their
financial problem.
To provide security through the state
government (Jharkhand) to the people
involved in the mining works.
Establishment of research institute to
discover various new areas for the
utilization of mica and help to increase
the demand.
Establishment of training center through
which the persons who are engaged in
the extraction of mica and processing of
mica, can be trained and they can
improve the quality of mica and its
products.
Transportation and communication
facility can be improved by investing
huge amount for infrastructural
development by the government which
would help in collection of mica from
different interior places.

References:
1. Annual Report (2007-2008), Ministry of
Mines, Government of India, National
Informatics Centre.
2. Biagi, Paolo (2008), "Quarries in Harappa",
Encyclopaedia of the History of Science,
Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western
Cultures (2nd edition) edited by Helaine
Selin, pp. 18561863, Springer, ISBN 978-
1-4020-4559-2.
3. Padhi, S.N. (2003), "Mines Safety in India-
Control of Accidents and Disasters in 21st
Century", Mining in the 21st Century: Quo
Vadis? edited by A.K. Ghose etc., Taylor &
Francis, ISBN 90-5809-274-7.
4. Rapp, George Robert (2002),
Archaeomineralogy, Springer, ISBN 3-540-
42579-9.
5. Khullar, D.R. (2006), "Mineral Resources",
India: A Comprehensive Geography,
pp. 630659, ASMITH Publishers, ISBN
81-272-2636-X.
6. Lyday, T. Q. (1996), The Mineral Industry
of India, United States Geological Survey

INDIAS BIGGEST LIBRARY
The National Library of India, Kolkata, is the largest library in India by volume and India's library of
public record. t is under the Department of Culture, Ministry of Tourism & Culture, Government of
India. The library is designated to collect, disseminate and preserve the printed material produced in
India. The library is situated on the scenic 30 acre (120,000 m) Belvedere Estate, in Kolkata (formerly
Calcutta). The Library is the largest in India, with a collection in excess of 2.2 million books .Before
independence, it was the official residence of Lt. Governor of Bengal.The history of the National Library
began with the formation of Calcutta Public Library in 1836. That was a non-governmental institution
and was run on a proprietary basis. People contributing 300 (US$5.00) in subscription became the
proprietors. Prince Dwarkanath Tagore was the first proprietor of that Library. 000


FUTURE OF E-RETAILING IN YOUNG INDIA

Kumari Sneha
Ph.D Research Scholar, Dept. of Commerce, Ranchi University, Jharkhand.

Vikas Kashyap
Ph.D Research Scholar, Dept. of Commerce, Ranchi University, Jharkhand.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
The Indian e-commerce industry was $1.8
billion in 2013. India's e-commerce market was
worth about $2.5 billion in 2009, it went up to
$6.3 billion in 2011 and to $14 billion in 2012.
India has close to 10 million online shoppers and
is growing at an estimated 30% CAGR vis--vis
a global growth rate of 810%. Electronics and
Apparel are the biggest categories in terms of
sales. The paper outlines the eco-system,
opportunities and challenges of e-retailing in
young India

set of ideas that made sense a century
ago and shaped the modern perspective
of shopping are not much relevant now.
Some old fashioned ideas that shopping is a
burden and people dislike shopping and they
shop only out of compulsion of meeting their
family needs is totally outdated now.
Its a well established fact now that new
age modern shoppers buy things for rewarding
themselves and satisfying their psychological
needs. They buy to show off their personality
and to boost their esteem needs.
Todays retailers understand needs of
these young customers and try to make their
shopping comfortable, convenient and
economical. 21
st
century retailing is different
from the traditional retailing that it not only
meet the customers needs but also give them
feeling of delight and happiness. For the new
age retailers, teenagers are most important
because they are the true global citizens. What is
popular in New York is also popular in Delhi.

Teen have become the latest marketing
phenomenon. Adults may have similar taste in
some categories. But, teens are different. They
follow very similar tastes worldwide. They are
the new followers of e retailing.
In small cities and town, a new
multitude of teenagers is developed. This
segment has easy accesss to mobile and internet
connectivity. India has an internet user base of
about 137 million as of June 2012. The
penetration of e-commerce is low compared to
markets like the United States and the United
Kingdom but is growing at a much faster rate
with a large number of new entrants. The
industry consensus is that growth is at an
inflection point. Today, teenagers extensively
use social networking sites to connect and share
with their friends. The Internet has evolved as a
great tool for millions across the globe. From
seeking information, to buying online more and
more students are coming online.
There are 51 million smartphone users
in urban India today, an 89% increase from
2012, when there were just 27 million users. The
study also reveals that the biggest spike is in the
youngest age group between 16 to 18 years,
where numbers have gone from 5% in 2012 to
22% this year, a four-fold increase. The growth
is driven by the range of low-cost smartphones
introduced by both local and international
players. "So far affordability was a major issue
but now buyers with a budget of Rs 5,000 to
6,000 who might not have been intending to
purchase a smartphone, can get one, as defined
by this Smartphone Incidence Study 2013,
compiled by Nielsen Information Mobile
Insights, are those with operating systems (OS)
A


that allow installation of applications.
According to 2011 census there are
231million youths (age group between 15-14)
live in India. Today, teenagers extensively use
social networking sites to connect and share with
their friends. The Internet has evolved as a great
tool for millions across the globe. From seeking
information to making life-long friends, more
and more students are coming online.
Advent of Internet has affected the
every aspect of teenagers life. In this respect
retailing is not an exception. In India, Internet
retailing is expected to emerge as the next major
retailing channel in India in coming 10 years.
Internet retailing is expected to comprise 1% of
total retailing value sales in India by the end of
2018. Much of this is set to be due to the low
prices on offer online, as well as the
convenience of shopping from home and the
availability of a high number of leading brands,
all of which is set to combine to drive numerous
consumers to shift away from store-based
retailing towards internet retailing. A substantial
proportion of the countrys urban consumers are
now switched from store-based retailing to
internet retailing. The main contributor to this
shift was the rise of apparel and footwear
internet retailing over the course of 2013.
Companies such as
Flipkart, Snapdeal, Homeshop18, Myntra and
Jabong, among others, have begun to advertise
their online apparel lines aggressively through
media such as television advertising campaigns
and social media platforms, specifically
Facebook. These companies offer a wide range
of apparel brands, many these carry lower unit
prices than similar products offered under
economy brands or private label in store-based
retailing outlets. This drove a high number of
Indian consumers, especially youngsters, to
begin making more use of internet retailing to
shop for apparel and footwear, electronic
gadgets like and pendrive, mobile phones etc.
India has an internet user base of about 137
million as of June 2012. The penetration
of e-commerce is low in India compared to
markets like the United States and the United
Kingdom but is growing at a much faster rate
with a large number of new entrants. The
industry consensus is that growth is at an
inflection point. Consumers in India are now
adopted innovative approaches to payment, such
as net banking, prepaid wallets, and cash- or
card-on-delivery. About 2050% of online
transactions are supported by the cash-on-
delivery payment method. Leading logistics
companies have recognised the growth in the
ecommerce sector and are investing in their
network to better address the opportunity. Some
e-tailer companies are also building their own
logistics. The average turnaround time for e-
tailing deliveries has declined from 45 days to
12 days.
Table No I: Drivers of Indian E-Commerce
Increasing broadband Internet (growing at 20%MoM) and 3G penetration.
Rising standards of living and a burgeoning, upwardly mobile middle class with high disposable
incomes
Availability of much wider product range (including long tail and Direct Imports) compared to what is
available at brick and mortar retailers
Busy lifestyles, urban traffic congestion and lack of time for offline shopping
Lower prices compared to brick and mortar retail driven by disintermediation and reduced inventory and
real estate costs
Increased usage of online classified sites, with more consumer buying and selling second-hand goods
[

Evolution of the online marketplace model with sites like eBay,Flipkart, Snapdeal,
Infibeam,qnetindia.in,Dealkyahai.com and Tradus. The evolution of ecommerce has come a full circle
with marketplace models taking center stage again.
Indian governments reluctance to support organized restail sector.


Three other factors, responsible for
paradime shife in the India retail sector in
recent future are:
a) Internet access infrastructure: India's
Internet user base is expected to grow to
between 300 million and 450 million in the
next 35 years, driven by growing adoption
of fixed broadband and the launch of 3G/4G
services.
b) Payment infrastructure: Consumers in
India have adopted innovative approaches to
payment, such as net banking, prepaid
wallets, and cash- or card-on-delivery.
About 2050% of online transactions are
supported by the cash-on-delivery payment
method.
c) Logistics and delivery infrastructure:
Leading logistics companies have
recognised the growth in the ecommerce
sector and are investing in their network to
better address the opportunity. Some e-tailer
companies are also building their own
logistics. The average turnaround time for e-
tailing deliveries has declined from 45 days
to 12 days in the last year or two.
As per "India Goes Digital", a report by
Avendus Capital, a leading Indian Investment
Bank specializing in digital media and
technology sector, the Indian e-commerce
market is estimated at Rs 28,500 Crore ($6.3
billion) for the year 2011. Online travel
constitutes a sizable portion (87%) of this
market today. Online travel market in India is
expected to grow at a rate of 22% over the next
4 years and reach Rs 54,800 Crore ($12.2
billion) in size by 2015. Indian e-tailing industry
is estimated at Rs 3,600 crore (US$800 mn) in
2011 and estimated to grow to Rs 53,000 Crore
($11.8 billion) in 2015.
Last year, an Snapdeal had garnered
revenues of about Rs.600 crore . in 2014 it is
expecting to cross Rs.2000 crore revenue. The
company presently has 5,000 brands and over a
million products listed on its website, which it
expects to increase to 25,000 brands and 20
million products in the next 2 years. Similarly
the movie and events ticketing portal run by Big
Tree Entertainment Pvt Ltd saw revenues rise
almost 80 per cent to Rs 52.6 crore ($8.7
million). The digital commerce firm, which
draws a chunk of its business from the home-
shopping network and runs an e-commerce
portal, also saw acceleration in revenue growth
with the turnover of TV18 Home Shopping
Network (which runs HomeShop18) rising to Rs
225.4 crore ($37.4 million). HomeShop18 has
over 500 brands spread across more than 12
million SKUs which are made available to
customers in over 3,000 towns and cities in
India. HomeShop18 witnessed 3.7 million
transactions in 2012 (January-December 2012),
representing a 97 per cent increase compared
with the same period in 2011.
In the country, there are many
platforms for internet marketing such as blog,
forums, search engines and some online
advertising sites like Google adwords and
Adroll.social media sites Facebook and
twitter.India got its own version of the so-called
Cyber Monday known as Great Online Shopping
Festival in December 2012, when Google India
partnered with e-commerce companies including
Flipkart, HomeShop18, Snapdeal, Indiatimes
shopping and Makemytrip. "Cyber Monday" is a
term coined in the USA for the Monday coming
after Black Friday, which is the Friday after
Thanksgiving Day.
Table 2: Amonut rose in India by some
leading e-tailing companies (2012-14)
Name of the company Amount raised
(2012-14)
Flipkart.com

US$140 million

Snapdeal

USD 50 million

Myntra

$50 million

BookMyShow.com

US$17 million

Challenges
eCommerce demand highly secure, stable and
protected hosting but most of the hosting
companies working in India are not suitable for
eCommerce hosting purpose. They are providing


much less secure and threat protected shared
hosting.
Within the Indian e-commerce industry,
product categories with a larger ticket size tend
to offer a lower gross margin than less-
expensive items. For example, the margin for
electronics tends to be 810%, compared with
2540% for apparel. As a result, ecommerce
companies that have significant depth within a
given vertical are having to expanding
horizontally in order to increase their margins.
There are two key cost components that
ecommerce companies will need to manage in
order to increase net margins and achieve
profitable growth.
Customer acquisition costs: The average
gross merchandise value is not much higher
than the cost of acquiring a new customer,
which is about USD1520 at present. As a
result, repeat usage is critical to profitability.
Customer acquisition costs will decline as
the industry consolidates and financially
weaker players lose out to larger players.
Delivery costs: India's ecommerce market is
unique in that e-tailers must cover the cost
of delivering goods (about USD14 per
item) to consumers. This will continue to put
a strain on margins as well as capital
requirements in the short-to-medium term as
e-tailers look to build their own delivery
arms. However, in the medium-to-long term,
investment in logistics will bear fruit as it
helps ecommerce companies to acquire new
customers as well as retain established ones.
CONCLUSION
Young India is ready to welcome e-tailing.
High internet penetration, spread of online
payment and better delivery system are the key
growth drivers. high customer acquisition cost
and high delivery cost are the two major
problem areas. The ecommerce market in India
is not for the faint-hearted or those looking for
an ROI in a short timeframe. It is also not
without its share of challenges.
References:
1. "Internet World Stats". Internet World
Stats. Retrieved 19 February 2014
2. "Indian e-commerce at inflection
point?". Vccircle.com. 2010-08-19.
Retrieved 21 January 2014
3. "India broadband penetration growth".
Internetworldstats.com. Retrieved 4
March 2014
4. PTI Aug 29, 2010, 02.22pm IST (2010-
08-29). "E-commerce growth with 3G".
Economictimes.indiatimes.com.
Retrieved 2-2-2014
5. "Convenience Equally Important As
Discounts for Online Shoppers in India".
CouponRani. Retrieved 11 November
2013.
6. "Models of e-commerce in India".
Desinerd.com. 2012-08-29. Retrieved
15 Jamuary2014
7. "Indian Ecommerce: Current Trends".
Retailopia.com. Retrieved 2013-07-04.
8. Asia Pacific Online Retail Forecast,
2011 To 2016, Forrester Research Inc.
Zia Daniell Wigder, with Steven Noble,
Vikram Sehgal and Lily Varo
9. Sonal Nerurkar, TNN
|imesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/in
dia-business/Teens-drive-Indian-
smartphone-sales-study-
finds/articleshow/22406572.cms Sep 8,
2013, 03.42AM IST



AN UNTAPPED POTENTIAL OF JHARKHAND TOURISM
Dr. Kamini
Asst. Prof. Faculty of Commerce, Jamshedpur Womens College, Jamshedpur.
____________________________________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT

Welcome to the gateway of nature is the
official slogan coined by the state government to
promote tourism. However, 13 years down the
line after Jharkhand was created, tourism is yet
to take off in a big way despite the state having
some of the country's best scenic spots, rich
wildlife and magnificent waterfalls, not to speak
of serene towns like Deogarh and Netarhat. The
paper presented here, gives a compressive look
of the current status of tourism sector in
Jharkhand covering the scope, problems &
challenges associated with the industry

harkhand is one of the poorest states with
per capita income much lower than the
national average and nearly 56 per cent of
the population below the poverty line. This
posses a great stumbling block in the way of
growth of tourism. The stark poverty of the
masses is visible at the tourist places where
helpless and destitute flock around the foreign
tourists with the begging bowls in their hands. A
few kind hearted and sensitive tourists get
moved and leave the place in disgust. Some
capture the object poverty of the places in their
camera and show it to the whole world. This
does not augur well for the growth of tourism in
Jharkhand. No efforts are being made to keep
beggars away from the tourists spots.
Jharkhand has ample scope for cultural
tourism, but the hinterland of the places of
historical and religious impotence is not
developed. Parks and entertainment centers
where tourist can take fresh air land relax are yet
to be developed. A few tourist lodges and rest
houses constructed at tourist places are
inadequate and ill equipped to cater to the
modern tourists. Private sector entrepreneurs
have not so much entered in this industry in any
significant way. Non-availability of proper
accommodation at tourist centers has become
both cause and effect of the development of

tourism in Jharkhand. A few hotels and lodges
set up at Ranchi, Hazaribagh , Jamshedpur and
Deoghar by the private entrepreneurs lack basic
amenities and nicely in dealings and their tariff
is prohibitive.
Jharkhands tourist centers are gripped
with transport bottlenecks. Most of tourist place
are not directly linked with railways. The
approaches roads from the rails-heads to the
tourist spots have not been well developed and
lack necessary repairs and maintenance. The
foreign tourists have to encounter a great
hardship to reach the destination, as they are
tortured and exploited by the Tangawala,
Rickshawala, and auto-drivers. They charge
exorbitantly high fare creating a bad impression.
The condition of roads is a pitiable one. The
national highways due to lack of repairs and
maintenance have developed potholes which
cause road accidents. Road jams on the national
highways are normal features. There is also lack
of parking spaces.
Highways are the backbone of tourism
industry in any state. In October 2013, when
chief minister of Jarkhand Hemant Soren's
visited Jamshedpur and candidly accepted the
fact that national highways in the state need
immediate facelift. The state chapter of the CII
has also expressed doubts that the tourism
industry in Jharkhand will make profits owing to
its poor infrastructure and connectivity. Take the
example of Amadubi tourist spot in
Dhalbhumgarh (inaugurated by state tourism
minister Suresh Paswan in sept 2013 ). Although
the place is just 60km away from Jamshedpur, it
takes over three hours to reach the spot. Proper
connectivity through road, rail or air is
prerequisite for reaching the tourist spots but in
Jharkhand state there is a very poor no rail or
road connectivity.
Law and order is a big problem in the
state. We can not overlook the impact of moist
extremism on the tourism industry of Jharkhand.
J


As many as 19 of the 24 districts in Jharkhand
are Naxalite-affected and some of the best
attractions like the Palamau Tiger Project at
Betla, Hazaribagh National Park Magnolia Point
at Netarhat famous for sun set view, Dalma
Wildlife Sanctuary and Saranda forest in West
Singhbhum district are in those districts. Social
conditioned the environment have a great
bearing on the growth of tourism. Simmering
social discontents manifested through
kidnapping, riots-blocks, road hold up, robbery,
road are affecting the inflow of tourist in
Jharkhand. Foreign tourist visiting here gets
bitter taste of exploitation, intimidation and
deceit. The local residents to achieve their
foreign induced desire by legitimate means
snatch their belongings in broad daylight and the
police does not come to their rescue.
Another problem besetting Jharkhand
tourism is the unstable governments which
hampers continuity of tourism policies framed
by earlier regimes.Prolonged delay in the
formulation of a vibrant tourism policy is also
gradually eating into the potentiality of the
tourism industry. Several projects that are crucial
for the growth of the tourism industry in any
area. Law and order in many tourist destinations
demand immediate attention. Lawlessness in the
state cannot be judged merely from the prism of
the Maoist incidents. The Union tourism
ministry's report indicating 20 per cent increase
in domestic tourists in Jharkhand in 2012 in
comparison to year 2011. But downtrend in
2012-13 shows that the impression visitors have
carried back home was not good.
There is also lack of effort to make the
traditional handicrafts of Jharkhand which when
displayed can color fully create indomitable
interest in any stranger. No shopping complex is
established specially for selling these products.
If any howlers sold these items, no fix price is
for product is mentioned and the tourist expects
to get maximum value out of each dollar spent.
Other problems are:
Direct effect on vegetation due to pedestrian
and vehicular traffic,
Imbalance between tourism wildlife and
needs of local residents. There is threat to
wildlife due to increase in tourist arrivals,
increasing demands of souvenir and
continuance of low income for resident
population.
Inadequate infrastructure facilities lead to
overloading which causes supply failure,
pollution an health hazard,
Lack of tourist guides with variety of
language known as tourist gets satisfaction
to the extents level if he is described about
the place in his language.
Lack of information centers, communication
centers, and counselor well trained. For
proper guidance to tourist about facilities
and places to visits, stay etc S.T. D.
facilities,
Lack of Tourist Police to control over the
situation according to place.
Lack of coordination among the interrelated
departments like Cultural Dept.,
Transportation Dept., Hotel Dept., with the
Govt. Dept. etc.
Within rule department have to work in legal
term.*
Bonded with norms, -if any hotel is to
construct than they are bonded to provide
the tender in scheduled rate and in
competition this is a major constraint.
Lack of Professionalism- no positive attitude
are seen among the employees.
Department employees are having the nature
of indiscipline and retained and bossed as
seen in the Govt. office. This cannot
promote the tourism, as the competition is
very high.
Lack of proper advertisement emphasizing
the features of particulars places.
Local problems are found during
development of tourist area such as in
Dasam fall development local people are
obstructing in construction because the land
belongs to their Ancestors.
Wrong marketing strategy.
Poor connectivity by air roots - as tourist
prefers to come by air.

RECOMMENDATIONS
The architectural deigns of lodges, hotels
and new structures should be confirms to the
local landscape and soul match with local
tradition.


Growing more vegetables, fruit trees,
floriculture and agriculture should be
encouraged. People should be induced to
study voluntarily, individually or in groups,
geographical phenomenon of an area, air,
water, birds and animals; undertake analysis
of soils, fertilizers and insecticides used and
to take up tree plantations.
Introduction of administrative and planning
controls will helps in maintaining the
environment and ensure provision of tourist
facilities.
Regular Observation: Regular and detailed
scientific monitoring of Flora and Fauna of
the area should be carried out. In order to
relieve excessive pressure, some alternative
sites nearby will have to be found out where
tourist activities can be decentralized
Public Transport: There is an immediate
need to improve public transport system.
More number of uses must be operated
and a strict control be imposed on Auto-
rickshaws and private cabs. Adequate
measures are taken up to punish the
culprits.
Tourist Information: The Department of
Tourism must open good number of
information booths at Bus terminus,
shopping complexes, and busy commercial
complexes. Right people with right
attitude be employed in order to deal with
tourists. The tourist office should be kept
open all the 24 hours. Tourism should
also undertake the responsibility of
providing travels bulletins, and get included
trade related information in important week
lines and in travel section, provide reduced
cost during the off-season in travels as well
as accommodation.Apart from this with a
rapid change in technology, communication
and transportation should be accessible
affordable and developed that physical
distances no longer constitute mental blocks
to travels. Beside more entry points should
be developed. 80 % tourist enters through
Delhi and Bombay only. Moreover these
entry points should be made more
hospitable, visitor friendly and welcoming.
Better Infrastructure and Communication
Facilities: There is an urgent need for
improving communication facilities.
Besides, separate counters be opened in
banks exclusively for tourists. More
number of branches needs to be established
at important tourist centers to cater to the
needs of tourists.

Display of Information: For the
convenience of tourists information about
accommodation in hotels, lodges, clubs,
resort hotels be displayed at railway
station, airports, and bus station along
with the tariff. This will help the tourists to
choose accommodation of their choice.
Trained Guides: Must be appointed by the
tourism department. The guides must be in
a position to explain the historical
importance of the places in the respective
foreign languages. We all agree that things
are better understood and derive
satisfaction when they are explained in
our own language.
Privatization of Maintenance of Tourist
Spots: As the winds of privatization are
already blowing through the different
sectors of the economy, it may be tried out
in tourism also. Foreign tourists are
unhappy about the maintenance of tourist
spots. Therefore, there is need to privatize it.
Hygiene and Sanitation: Adequate steps
be taken to provide hygiene and sanitation
facilities at places of public interest like
cinema halls, museums, parks, railway
station, airport, bus terminus and so on.
Unless the conditions are improved we are
afraid that we may loose business on this
count. Wrappers, empty cigarette boxes and
other waste materials should not be thrown
on the tracks route while on march. These
articles should be retained in the pockets and
disposed of in a proper place.



A wide network of clean, hygienic and
inexpensive hotels should be set up. It
should also provide a feature of
accessibility. One attractive way has been to
convert heritage priorities into hotels. Also
paying guest accommodations could be
promoted to provide an open book of life
style and also economy.
License for Travel Agents: In order to
prevent tourists from unscrupulous people
license system may be introduced. The
license should be issued by a competent
authority preferably by tourism
department, while issuing such license
the necessary qualification, experience,
attitudes, concern for the tourists and so on
should be looked into. Preference shall be
given for those who hold a degree
diploma in tourism management/
administration.
MARKETING STRATEGY
Marketing has a special significance for
the promotion of tourism in the state, which has
so many constraints to overcome. The nature
and dimension of marketing the tourist product
are distinct. In manufacturing enterprises, a
marketing policy is devised for the product,
which has already been produced. In tourism,
the product is an amalgam of various elements,
some of which are tangible and some
intangible. The marketing strategy in this
respect would be based on the consumers'
needs, expectations, attitudes, likes and dislikes
and the 'tourist product, which is to be
developed, must suit the taste and pocket of
the consumers. The tourism is a complex
industry with multidimensional activities,
which together turn out 'tourist-product'.
Various sub-sectors, which are the constituents
of the industry, are themselves independent
industries e.g. hotel, transport and
communication industries. Its marketing is also
complicated, as it has to be directed at a Jorge
number of people in various lands of socio-
economic structure having different tastes,
habits, attitudes, expectations and behaviour
pattern.

The raw materials for the tourist
products are natural beauty, climate, history
and culture and the people. The other things
are facilities for the comfortable living such as
water supply, electricity, road transport,
communication and other essentials. The
product may be entirely man-made or the
nature's creation improved upon by man. All
the components of the product are supplied by
various individuals or group like Hotel
Company, airlines or other suppliers directly
to the tourists. A tourist combines these
individual tourist products in a large number of
ways. There would be many possible
destinations, each with number of hotels, each
reached by number of airlines and buses. The
selection of product is a difficult exercise. The
different segments which constitute, the
tourist product work independently, each one
striving to maximize its gain from tourism. If
the desperate efforts of the different segments
are unified and consolidated the marketing of
Bihar as a tourist destination would be
successful.
A survey needs to be conducted to
identify the potential tourists visiting the
state, as the needs of all the tourists are not
uniform. American, European, Japanese,
Chinese, South East-Asian and Australian
visit the state, but each needs distinct
approach. The facilities are to be created at
tourist places as per the customers' needs. The
planning for the development of hotels and
tourist spots need be based on the realistic
needs of the consumers so that the
investment to be made to meet the projected
demand fetches good return. A study of
foreign markets would enable the
government and other concerned institutions
to distribute the promotional expenditure
equitable on those areas which have the
biggest tourist potential. A properly
conducted market research would cover the
entire gaunt of the marketing function viz.
product pricing distribution and promotion.
The estimation of price at which the
product is to be sold is quite important. A
customer is price sensitive. The tourists
expect to get maximum value out of each
dollar spent. Foreign tourists are not always
looking for convenient foods, perhaps they
prefer Indian Cuisine like tandoori chicken,
kabab, mixed vegetables and pakauras. An
innovative approach is required so that prices


are competitive. Product differentiation is a
must for price differentials. In case of hotel
chains, each chain should have distinct
product line and pricing. The Government
should exercise some sorts of control over
pricing and quality of the product. The
coordinating agency may be department of
Tourist, Government of Jharkhand.
The distribution of tourist produce in
Jharkhand is equally important. The product
is mainly to be sold to foreigners. It is not
enough to distribute posters, leaflets and
guide books through tourist offices and
foreign mission. An attempt should be made to
establish personal contact with the potential
travelers by a strong market presence and
intensive selling campaign by our offices
abroad. The state government can supplement
the efforts of the central government in
collaboration with travel agents and tour
operators. First, Jharkhand should exploit its
traditional market of Budhist countries,
particularly of South East Asia and then it
should move to new and emerging market
across the globe.
The travel agents create market for the
tourist product. They determine the source of
business from where the tourists originate, the
requirement of hotels and transportation and
know the preferences of the customers. After
determining the market needs, the travel agents
apply various methods to achieve the
objectives. A travel agent has a great scope to
make improvement on the itinerary of the
client whereby he enjoys his visit to the
country and returns as a friend and ambassador
of goodwill. The nationally and internationally
known travel agents need be patronized to
promote tourism in the state.
An important thing for the promotion of
tourism in the state is that the tourist product
must have a distinct image. The receptionists,
the public relation officers, tourist information
officers and the staff at restaurant must leave
indelible impact on the tourists by their grace and
decent behaviour. They should cherish the
memory of their stay in the State. For this
purpose human resources engaged in the
marketing of tourist products must be harnessed
by proper motivation. To establish direct link
with the customers by own staff is the least
expensive exercise. Staff should have a caring
concern for the customer and should have a
motto that the customer is always right.
Proper motivation is possible when employers
grant incentives to employees and create
congenial atmosphere.
Thus, Jharkhand need well-developed
infrastructures coupled with proper marketing
strategy for the promotion of tourism in the
State.


1. Tourists Statistics, 1990.
2. A Survey of Foreign Tourists in India,
Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta.
3. Bhatia, A. K., Tourism Development:
Principle and Practice.
4. Quarterly Publications Development of
Tourism Govt. of Jharkhand.
5. Prospects and Problems of Tourism in
Jharkhand Telegraph English(daily)
Jamshedpur, Oct. 4.2004.
6. Jharkhand Badte Kadam, No. 1 & 2,
Nov. 2004 & Dec. 2004.
7. A special feature for the Govt. of
Jharkhand by the Telegraph Dec, 2004
Destination Jharkhand.
8. Jharkhand mother natures own state
Jharkhand Tourism.
9. A.K. Raina, S. K. Agrawal, The Essence
of Tourism Development, 2004.



AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF CELLPHONE
ON STUDENTS
Dr. Ishtiaque Ahmed
Deptt. of Commerce
Purnia College, Purnia (Bihar)
Email : driahmedar@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Mobile phone Culture is the most
widely used terms in the present era.
Mobile phone has affected almost every
field of life. Our youngsters have been
completely mesmerized and hypnotized
by this magical device. Now it has
become an essential part of modern life
and is playing a vital role in decreasing
distance and increasing communication
among people. This small device has
done that work which was not even
accomplished by great leaders and even
wonderful inventions. It has made the
people closer and closer day by day. The
study was conducted in order to
determine the effects of mobile phone on
the performance of students at college
level. The paper also seeks out the usage
patterns of mobile phones as an
information access device with respect
to these features. The study hopes to
address a variety of questions: What are
the most common uses of mobile phones
amongst the students, its impact on their
career and general guidelines and policy
to the students, parents and teachers on
cell phone use.
Keywords-Mobile Phone, Role, Usage
and Impact

ccording of the oxford Advanced
Learners Dictionary (2004),
mobile phone is a telephone that
does not have wires and works by
radio that can be carried with to
use everywhere. According to Rich Ling
(2003), the mobile phone has
fundamentally affected our society,

accessibility, safety, and security, co-
ordination of social and business
activities and use of public places. It has
just become the part of culture of every
region in the world.The craze of mobile
phone started after 1980s in the world,
but is has now touched the level of
esteem. First it was just for a status
symbol but now it has become a dire
need of the day and is in the reach of
everyone, even a person whose per
month income is 2000 rupees.According
to a famous writer and researcher on
mobile phone, Jon Agar (2005), until not
very long ago, the mobile phone was
expensive and the preserve of a rich few.
Today the cell phone is everywhere and
so common that it goes unnoticed. It is
used for many purposes like text
messaging (SMS), multimedia messaging
(mms), photo display and recording,
video playback and recording,
calendaring etc.College students use cell
phone in class, despite knowing that it
adversely affects their concentration,
according to a study conducted at the
University of New Hampshire. In a
university-wide study, student
researchers at the UNH Whittemore
School of Business and Economics
found student cell phone users check
their phones an average of one to five
times during class. About half of
students (51 percent) say that cell phone
use in class affects their ability to
concentrate and the amount of
information that they receive during
class (52 percent).

A


LITERATURE REVIEW
Aoki and Downes (2004) noted
that mobile phone usage in social
contexts has been a less studied area
when compared to the research on the
engineering and policy aspects of mobile
technologies. McGuigan (2005) pointed
out that it is quite difficult to find
critical research which looks into the
cultural value and social purpose of
mobile phones. Only recently, research
has been published on how people use
mobile phones in their daily life.
However, a majority of these studies
have focused on studying populations
within a relatively homogeneous culture.
Weilenmann, A., & Larsson, C. (2001)
conducted field studies of public use of
mobile phones among teenagers in
Sweden. Their study shed light on how
the mobile phone has come to be used as
a tool for local social interaction, rather
than merely as a device for
communication with dislocated others.
Their observations pointed towards the
collaborative nature of mobile phone
use. The researchers examined how
phones were shared and how their field
data could be of use when designing new
mobile technology and services for the
youth.
Katz (1997) explored the possible
effects of wireless communication on
peoples lives. He indentified several
levels of effects of such a technology.
The first-order effects are direct
effects that are immediately perceived
by users, they include uncertainty
reduction, personal security, and
personal efficiency. The Second-order
effects are indirect effect which
represent the experiences or feelings that
people have or may observe in others,
they include tighter coupling of
domestic production, information
immediacy, and contact ability.
The third-order effects are the
least direct effects that are observed not
by users of the technology but by
outside observers who study the effects
of the technology on the society in
general, they include Social interaction,
social control, and innovative uses or
unanticipated usage .Mobile phones are
redefining and blurring the line between
public and private spaces. Cooper (2002)
mentioned that people in public space
may be unexpectedly exposed to one
side of a two-party private interaction,
which can be frustrating wi th
speculations about the missing side of
the interaction. Fortunati (2002) noted
that mobile phones favored the
progressive encroachment of intimacy in
the public sphere.
Aoki and Downes (2004) focused
on the behavioral and psychological
aspects of cell phone usage among
college students. They tried to find the
reasons behind why a technology is
adopted in a particular way. They
identified several attitudinal factors
based on the exploratory study
including, necessity in modern times,
cost efficiency when compared to
landline, safety, security and
dependency. The study also endeavored
to look at the motivational and
behavioral characteristics of mobile
phone usage. The authors tried to
combine their results and the result of
previous research to find the trends in
usage by the youth.

OBJECTIVES OF TEH STUDY

To know the reasons for using cell
phone by the students.
To analyse the impact of possession
of cell phone by the students.
To analyse the interrelationship
between level of education with
usage rate, restriction by parents,
internet access and reason for using
the cell phone.To provide some


suggestions to the students, parents
and teachers.

METHODOLOGY:
In the fast moving world of today
cell phone in the hands of students has
given diversions to many of us to think
over this topic. Many of the writers have
studied this topic in many angles. To
give a clear definition to this problem
the paper has been studied by taking an
interview randomly with 150 students
studying in schools and colleges, who
are undergoing their Under Graduation
and Post Graduation in various streams.
The study is based on primary
and secondary data. For this a
questionnaire comprising open and
closed ended questions was designed
with convenience sampling method and
the responses collected was analysed to
give a clear meaning to this topic. Apart
from this many journals, websites and
conversation over telephone with parents
and with some teachers was also
incorporated. Students were very eager
and spurious in giving their response
without any hesitation. Likewise full
support was extended by their parents
and teachers.
The collected data was analysed by
using Pearson Chi -Square tool.

REASONS FOR USING CELL PHONE
BY STUDENTS

To communicate easily with the
teachers, classmates and parents.
To trace easily the teachers,
classmates for the solution of
educational doubts.
To access internet to search out the
useful information.
To use the mobile as minicomputer.
To use dictionary and thesaurus to
know the meaning of some difficult
terms.
To update oneself by reading news.
To listen F.M radio for entertainment
and watch T.V.
To find out the translation of verses
of various religious and regional
books like Geeta, Bible, Quran and
Thirukkural etc.
To make photos and movies.
To use blue tooth infrared
technology to transfer the data from
mobile phone to mobile phone or to
computer and computer to mobile
without any cost in few seconds.
Cell phones are useful to both
parents and students when scheduling
after-school activities and changes in
family plans (such as afternoon pick-
up times.)
Older students can conduct phone
interviews during class time with
teacher supervision.
Many cell phones now have internet
capability, built -in calculators, and
memories able to hold entire books.
For schools with limited technologies
available to students, cell phones
mimic the computers that the
classroom may lack.
To handle and move easily with fast
moving world.

IMPACT ON STUDENTS

The impact on college students can be
both positive and negative. Most of the
students are in adulthood and this is a
very significant and crucial period of
age. As Fredrick Tracy (2006) wrote,
history is full of records of reckless and
daring exploits of young man, some of
which have resulted in great good and
others in great evil.



POSITIVE AND HEALTHY IMPACTS
AND EFFECTS OF MOBILE PHONE
ON STUDENTS

The student can easily contact
with the teacher for study
purposes.
The student can easily contact
with class fellows to get help in
studies.
The students academic
performance has been increased
due to this technology.
The mobile phone has helped to
improve the level of the quality
of education.
The parents of female students
feel more satisfaction due to
Mobile phone because their
daughters can contact them
easily.
They like to use the device to for
uppgrading their knowlege.
Internet facility has made easy to
reach education at any part of the
world.
Research related information can
be accessed instantly
Alarm usage and calendar
references.
Enjoy music on phone for
relaxation.

NEGATIVE AND UNHEALTHY IMPACTS
AND EFFECTS ON STUDENTS
According to Awaz (2008),
mobile phone affects the social
life and health of all society
members as well as students.
The primary concern is that cell
phones distract students.
It is a cause of disturbance to
students when they are busy in
their lecture or projects in class
rooms or libraries.
It seems that it may cause
increase in decline of moral
values.
Students feel no shy to tell a lie.
When they are sitting in hotel or
park, they tell to their parents or
teachers that they are siting in the
library.
Mobile phone may make the
students victim of emotional,
physical and psychological
problems.
Vibration of mobile phone also
has effects on the pumping of
blood.
Heat of mobile phone also causes
skin problem rays from tower are
also harmful and it is suggested
that towers should be 16 KM
away from population.
Exposure of radio frequency
causes great absorption of energy
in the tissues of head which is
harmful for nervous system.
The wastage of time and money
by students in spending useless
SMS to friends.
Cheating and inappropriate
photos are also concerns
associated with cell phones.
Purchasing costly phones without
the permission of parents.
Loss and misplacement of mobile
phone is very common. The
student who loses his/her mobile
phone also undergoes tension and
this affects studies.
Puts negative impacts on students
moral values.
Students use cell phone in the
examination hall as a means of
unfair practices.
Creates a sign of prestige among
classmates.



GENERAL GUIDELINES TO BE
FOLLOWED BY INSTITUTIONS IN
CASE OF ALLOWING THE USE OF
CELL PHONE

Mobile phones should not be used
in any manner that may be
destructive to the normal class
hours
Students should turn off their
phones during college/school
hours.
Students should be encouraged to
use the phone only before or after
college hours.
There are times when it is
genuinely appropriate and
beneficial for students to have
access to a mobile phone; in such
situation for example, where
there is a need to contact parents
or guardians urgently the
institution can supply students
with donated phones that can call
only emergency numbers.
The policy should apply to
students during school
excursions, camps and extra-
curricular activities.
It is important that students
display courtesy, consideration
and respect for others whenever
they are using a mobile phone.
Mobile phone cameras (still and
video) are not to be used
anywhere.
Appropriate action should be
taken against any student who
photographs or films other
individuals without their consent
or who sends harassing or
threatening messages.
Disciplinary action should be
taken against any students who
is/are caught using a mobile
phone to cheat in exams or
assessments.
Students should ensure that their
phones are always stored in a safe
and secure place.
The Department does not hold
insurance for personal property
brought to schools and it will
generally not pay for any loss or
damage to such property.
Staff and students should be
discouraged from bringing any
unnecessary or particularly
valuable items to school.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
H01: There exist no significant
relationship between level of education
and number of users.
and frequency of using cell.
and reasons for using.
and internet access.
and restriction by parents.



TABLES: 1 CLASSIFICATION BY NO OF USERS
EDUCATIONAL LEVEL YES NO TOTAL
SCHOOL 18 32 50
UG 44 6 50
PG 36 14 50
TOTAL 98 52 150

TABLE:2 CLASSIFICATION BY REASON FOR USING MOBILE PHONE
EDUCATION
LEVEL
SMS TALING CLARIFICATION OF
DOUBTS
TOTAL
SCHOOL 4 12 2 18
UG 33 5 3 44
PG 27 25 4 36
TOTAL 64 25 9 98

TABLE :3 CLASSIFICATION BY INTERNET
ACCESS BY STUDENTS
EDUCATIONAL LEVEL YES NO TOTAL
SCHOOL 3 15 18
UG 26 18 44
PG 32 4 36
TOTAL 61 37 98

TABLE 4 CLASSIFICATIONS BY RESTRICTION BY PARENTS
EDUCATION LEVEL YES NO NUTRAL TOTAL
SCHOOL 42 6 2 50
UG 44 5 5 50
PG 40 7 3 50
TOTAL 122 18 10 150



Table 5: ANALYSIS OF THE HYPOTHESES
Null Hypotheses Table
Value
Calculated
Value
Significance
Level
Df Alternative
Hypothesis
a) There exist on significant
relationship bet ween level
of education and number of
users

9.21

31.6

.01

2

ACCEPTED
b) There exist on significant
of education and frequency
of using cell phone

9.21

28.67

.01

2

ACCEPTED

c) There exist on significant
of education and reasons
for using

13.28

26.99

.01

4

ACCEPTED
d) There exist on significant
of education and internet

9.21

26.71

.01

2

ACCEPTED
e) There exist on significant
of education and restriction
by parents

13.28

2.04

.01

4

REJECTED

FINDINGS OF THE HYPOTHESES
H1: There exist a significant
and number of users, i.e. the number of
users are more in graduation level than
in post graduation and least in school
level. Therefore our alternative
hypothesis is accepted.
and frequency of using cell. At school
level students usage rate is low when
compared to graduation and post
graduation level. Maximum frequency is
found at graduation.
and reasons for using. The main reasons
for using cell phone is for SMS in
graduation level followed by talking and
maximum for talking in school level.
Contact with teachers for clarification is
least in all the cases.
and internet access. The students at
graduation level use internet more than
at school level for getting material for
their syllabus.
and restriction by parents. This
alternative hypothesis has been rejected.
This shows that parents at all level
expose equal restrictions.

SUGGESTION TO TEACHERS IN
SCHOOL/COLLEGES
Detractors say that drawback to
student cell phones outweigh the
benefits.
Education institutions like
schools and colleges and private
institutes should ban the use of


cell phone in the premises
entirely.
Cell phones should not be used
by the teachers during class
hours.
The negative impact of using cell
phone must be discussed by the
staff to the students often.
Students caught with cell phones
during testing must be given
automatic failing grades.
Teachers should post school and
classroom policies regarding cell
phones, and the class should
discuss these policies at the
beginning of the school year.
Students can be taught with other
extracurricular activities to make
their free time useful by their
staff.
Teachers should be a role model
for their students, since students
respect and imitate more their
staff than their own parents.
SUGGESTIONS TO PARENTS
Parents should never encourage
their kid in using the cell phone.
They should not force the
institution to grant permission for
usage of phone to their child.
They should always keep a watch
on the activities of children.
They should try to engage them
whenever they find time, so that
children never feel loneliness
with themselves since it one of
the reason for the students to use
cell phone.
They should also discuss them
with the harmful effects and its
negative consequences.
SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS
Everything when we deal pragmatically
comes many negative consequences
therefore students can be restricted by
their parents, teachers and well wishers
in using cell phone.
Every student must have a self
control and self determination in
oneself.
Students should engage
themselves by reading books,
journal, novels or listening
music.
They can also go for other means
of using cell phone like
vocabulary development,
dictionary reference etc apart
from sending SMS or gossiping
with friends.
They should use only at the time
emergency only.

FINDINGS
Mobile phone is helpful for the
students for study purposes. Students
can use it for exchange useful
information with their classmates about
their studies. Students use this
fascinating magic device in a better way.
it is also helpful for the students as they
can contact parents. The mobile phone
has helped to improve the level of the
quality of education. The students utilize
Mobile Phone to share important and
useful information with classmates.
Students use dictionary, thesaurus and
calculator available in the mobile phone.
The parents of female students feel more
satisfaction due to mobile phone because
their daughters can contact them easily.
On the negative side of the issue,
there are a number of drawbacks of this
technology as the mobile phone is
misused by the students. They remain
busy in writing and sending useless
messages. They tease the students by
sending missed calls and messages from
unknown numbers. They listen to music
and watch movies. In this way they
waste their precious time and money in
talking and gossiping on meaningless
topics with their friends by available the
low rates and free packages offered by
the mobile phone companies.



The mobile phone culture has
also increased the rate of telling a lie
among students. Students can use the
mobile phone for exchanging useful
information with their fellows about
their studies. It is the responsibility of
students to use this marvelous magic
device in a better way and never misuse
it. Institutions should play a pivotal role
in this regard and promoted awareness to
utilize this electronic device in a
constructive manner. There is a great
role of teachers and especially parents as
they should always have an eye on the
activities of students and always try to
foster the moral values among the
students. It is the responsibility of media
and mobile phone service provider
companies to create this sense of
responsibility in the students to use this
device in a positive manner.
12. CONCLUSION
The results of this study reveal
that the students at the school and
college level utilize this wonderful
technology in a better way by sharing
useful information with their classmates
and teachers. The female students
belonging to remote areas feel secure
and their parents can contact them any
time. On the other hand, the mobile
phone is also misused by the students. If
the students use it wisely and properly
then they can improve their education
and construct a better future. Mobile
phones today to beyond just voice
communication and provide a platform
for development of students society.
The fact lies all in the hands of the
students only through their self-control
and self-determination. They should
realize the impact and also teach others.
The world Lies in the hands of Students.
1. Aoki, Downes, E.J. (2004). An analysis
of young peoples use of and attitudes
towards cell phone. Telematics and
Informatics, Vol 20 (4), P 349-364
2. Babbie, E. (2000). The Practice of
Social Research 9
t h
edition, Bel mont,
CA : Wadsworth Thomson Learning.
3. Department of Industrial Engineering
University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Retrieved October 10, 2005 from
http://homepages.cae. wisc.edu/ -
granger/IE449/IE449_0108.pfd.
4. Telecom Regulatory Authority of India
(2006). Press release dated 4/10/2006
(no. 36/2006) New Delhi : Telecom
Regulatory Authority of India.
Retrieved 4/11/2006 from
http://www. trai. gov. in/pr10apr06.pdf
5. Frankiel, R.H. (2002). Thinking and
writing publication, San Francisco :
McGraw-Hill Book Company. Oxford
Advanced Learners Dictionary,
London : Oxford press, 629 Paul. L.
(2000). Cell phone, 1
st
ed.) New York :
Palgrove Publishers.
6. Muhammad Javid, Muhammad Ashraf
Malik, and Aijaz Ahmed Gujjar, (2011),
Mobile Phone Culture its Psychological
Impacts on Students learning at the
University level in Journal Language in
India ISSN No 1930-2940.
www. lainguage in India.com
7. College Students Use Cell Phones in
Class, Despite Adverse Affects
Published on : 23
rd
Dec 2010 Survey
report by University of New Hampshire.
8. Sayam Chakraborty. APirl,2006, Mobile



ECTRONIC DOCUMENTS IN GOVERNMENT MEDICAL
COLLEGES IN KERALA: AN OVERVIEW
Anilkumar.R
Research Scholar
Research and Development Centre
BharathiarUniversity ,Coimbatore
anilmlisc@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
This paper has touched up on the electronic
documents in govt. medical college libraries in
Kerala, such as e-books , e-journals , e-zines
,ETD etc. An attempt is made to list out the
advantages and disadvantages of e-resources in
govt. medical college libraries in Kerala.
Keywords: E-Library, E-Books, E-Journals,
E-Zine
Electronic document and records management
aims to enable organizations to manage
documents and records throughout the
document life-cycle, from creation to
destruction.Typically, systems consider a
document a work in progress until it has
undergone review, approval, lock-down and
(potentially) publication, at which point it
becomes a formal record within the
organization Once a document achieves the
status of a record, the organization may apply
best-practice or legally enforced retention
policies which state how the second half of the
record life-cycle will progress.
This typically involves retention (and
protection from change), until some events
occur which relate to the record and which
trigger the final disposition schedule to apply to
the record. Eventually, typically at a set time
after these events, the record undergoes
destruction
ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTAION
SYSTEM IN LIBRARIES
During the last two decades there has
been a tremendous impact of information

technology (IT) on libraries, which has led to
drastic changes in the area of the library
profession and in the provision of information
services to the users. We are migrating from
paper society to paperless society, permitting
users convenient and easy access to information
in the library. An electronic library may be
defined as a system that is accessible from
anywhere via internet, to deliver knowledge
directly to their users, without being confined
to the contents neither of physical library nor
by being caught in a web of unorganized,
unmanaged information. Information from any
online source can be managed and shared by
librarians with their users, making more
knowledge available to users than ever before;
the goal of an e-library is to perform online and
all the functions of the traditional library, plus
many more available in todays digital world.
Now-a-days electronic documents are
considered as an integral part of international
digital revolution, especially that most of
whatis being published on the web page has an
electronic feature. The electronic documents
are available open and payment based.
Traditional libraries develop collection of e-
resources by downloading from subscribing
databases and open sources. Using this facility,
traditional libraries are now moving towards
digital libraries. The UGC is offering info-net
programme as a major source of e-resources
suitable for higher education and research.
Similarly Government of Kerala is giving all
sorts of help to develop Learning Resource
Centre in Government Colleges. Accordingly,
the five Government Medical Colleges in
Kerala has developed Learning Resource
Centre(LRC) as part of their college libraries.


These LRCs have a good collection of
Electronic documents such as Electronic books
(e-books), Electronic journals (e-
journals),Electronic magazines (E-
zine),Electronic Thesis and Dissertations
(ETD) etc.
ELECTRONIC BOOKS (E-BOOKS)
An electronic book (e-book) is a book
published in an electronic /digital form,
consisting of text, imageor both and produced
on published through and readable on computer
or other electronic devices. E-books are usually
readable on e-book readers/by the use of
computers, tablets, mobile phones (Smart
phones), etc.
The LRC in Government Medical
College Libraries in Kerala has thousands of
leading medical books in electronic form.
These books are available through
www.clinicalkey.comIt is accessible only
through LRCs. (approximately 1000 e books )
Use of these e-books is higher than printed
books and they demand more e-books in their
subject field. It is a good indicator of shifting
from printed media to electronic media. Govt.
medical college libraries in Kerala have
identified the change in mind of users in
advance and provide e-resources through
LRCs.
ELECTRONIC JOURNALS (E-JOURNALS)
Electronic journals also known as e-
journals or e-serials are accessible online as
they are usually published on the web. E-
journals are normally fee-based, but an
increasing number of electronic journals are
now available as open access journals. LRCs
are mainly used for accessing e-journals
published on Medical and allied subjects.
Major journal publishers in medical sector are
bmj, Cambridge university,john wiley, oxford
university press,proquest,elsevier,springer,
wiley, blackwell,lippin-cott, William
wilkins,royal society of medicine press, etc.
Journals published by these publishers and the
journals (approximately 1000 journals)
accessible at the consortia (clinical key and
National Medical Library (NML) consortium)
are available at these LRCs.
ELECTRONIC MAGAZINES (E-ZINE)
An electronic magazine (e zine/ web
zine) is more specialized term approximately
used for small magazines and newsletters
distributed by electronic method. It is used for
short communications and are treated as the
most current source of information. The
medical community is very keen in using e-zine
for getting latest developments in medical field.
The LRCs in govt. medical college libraries in
Kerala extend access to e-zines through the
web site www.tmcalumni.in
ELECTRONIC THESIS AND DISSERTATIONS
(ETD)
An ETD (Electronic Thesis /Dissertation )is the
electronic version of the Dissertation and
Theses submitted to universities and research
organizations as part of fulfilling an higher
education degree. The soft copy of the Theses
and Dissertations are now made available on
internet. Eg. MG University, Kottayam is
offering ETD service to the academic
community round the world.
Thesis and Dissertations provide
tangible evidence of the scholarly development
of post graduate students and research scholars,
their ability to effectively communicate
research findings to the academic community.
The ETD in medical field are now accessible to
the Medical community in Kerala through
proquest (www.proquest.com).



Table 1: Available Doccuments through these publishers
SL
No
Publisher Web address
1 Elsevier http://www.clinicalkey.com
2 BMJ http://www.bmj.com
3 Wolters Kluwer http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com
4 Informa Healthcare http://informahealthcare.com
5 Cambridge University Press http://journals.cambridge.org
6 Wiley http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com
7 Oxford http://oxfordjournals.org
Table 2: Available documents through these Publishers
Sl No Publisher E books e journals E thesis
1 Elsevier/clinical key Yes Yes No
2 BMJ No Yes No
3 Wolters Kluwer No Yes No
4 Informa Healthcare No Yes No
5 Cambridge University Press No Yes No
6 Wiley No Yes No
7 Oxford No Yes No
ADVANTAGES OF E DOCUMENTS
Portability-a large number of e
documents can be carried together
easily, saves space in libraries
Accessibility- easier to accessible
Search ability more effective search
is possible.
.Multimedia multimedia possibilities
are very useful
.Quick acquisition- speed acquisition is
possible
DISADVANTAGES OF E DOCUMENTS
Some disadvantages listed below
Cost- high cost
Availability of readers-dedicated
readers are not widely available
Technological change-technological
change ,awareness are also creating
great problems
Bibliography & References :
1. Electronic documents. www.wikipedia.com
2. Anilkumar,N .(2001) Majour issues.
Information Today and Tomorrow
,Electronic journals:, 20(3),.p9-10
3. Arora ,J Electronic publishing an
Overview. Paper presentation in National
Seminar on Knowledge Networking
engineering &Technology education and
Research, IIT, New Delhi, 2000
____________________


SOCIO-EMOTIONAL SCHOOL CLIMATE AND PUPIL
ACHIEVEMENT
Dr. Lakshmi Pandey
Asst. Professor
B.N College, Bhagalpur
Tilka Majhi Bhagalpur University, Bihar.

ABSTRACT

he paper examines the effect of socio-
emotional climate of aschools on pupil
achievement of higher secondary school
students (class X & XI). The randomly selected
sample of 400 students was drawn from the
different secondary schools; public or private,
located in the rural and urban areas of
Bhagalpur and Munger division of Bihar of
which two hundred were boys and two hundred
were girls. Socio-emotional school climate
inventory (SESCI) was used to study the effect
of socio-emotional climate of school and to
measure pupil achievement Mathematics
achievement test and Hindi achievement test
were used. For this purpose, the scores of
students belonging to high and low achieving
groups were compared with the scores of
socio-emotional climate scores. The test of
socio-emotional climate had two sub-scales one
for the social dimension and the other for the
emotional dimension. Result indicates that the
socio emotional climate of the school affects
pupil achievement in Mathematics as well as
Hindi. In both the cases students belonging to
high groups had higher mean Hindi
achievement scores than the student belonging
to low groups and the mean Mathematics score
of the high group was higher than the mean
score of the low group.
n the contemporary organizational
psychology, the term socio-emotional
climate represents the emotional tone,
which is a concomitant of interpersonal
interaction of any organizational system. It is
now an established fact that the socio-
emotional climate affects all types of activities
and is a useful construct for planning,
predicting, modifying and evaluating the
various organizational system. The perception
of the members of the organization affects their

motivation and behavior. In fact, an individual
perceives his organization in accordance with
the prevailing conditions and climate in the
organization to which he has to interact
(Schneider, 1973, 1975). This organizational
climate exists as a perceived organizational
attribute. Thus organizational climate is
abstract perception of individuals within the
organization (Schneider, 1975). Knowledge
about the nature and kind of organizational
climate may help the educational authorities in
the growth and development of the
organization.
A critical survey of the literatures on
the organizational climate of the academic
institutions shows that the common elements of
this are its enduring qualities, which may be
measured. It is obviously related to the role
behavior and interpersonal relations (Disterly &
Schneider, 1974; Grainer, Leitch & Barnes,
1968; Johnston, 1976; Jones & James, 1979). It
involves two classes of phenomenon, which are
conceptually independent and interactive. They
are (i) institutional role and expectations and
(ii) individual personality and disposition
(Johnston, 1976; Tagiuri, 1968; Walters, Roach
& Batlie, 1974). Thus, the organizational
climate is concerned with the structure,
processes and functions of the organization
(Field and Abelson, 1982; Forehand, 1968;
Schneider and Snyder, 1975).
The socio-emotional climate of an
educational institution is a bridging concept
between pupils and the school is which they
study and is the perception of the structure,
process and values by the students and faculty
members. It is related to their task,
achievement, satisfaction and behaviour in a
particular school to which they belong (Lawler,
Hall & Oldham, 1974; Litwin & Stringer,
1968).
There are a number of dimensions of
T
I


the organizational climate, which are of
specific importance to a particular organization.
However, researches show that four common
dimensions are apparent (Hemphill & Westis,
1960; Howe, 1977;James & Hohns,1976). They
are: (1) autonomy/control, (2) degree of
structure, (3) reward and (4) consideration,
warmth and support. In addition to these four
dimensions, the tolerance of conflict and need
for innovation may be considered as other
dimensions. They are said to be organization
specific (Pace & Stern, 1958; Payne 7
Mansfield, 1973). These dimensions can be
assessed as interacting with a number of inter
related conditions (Payne & Pugh, 1976;
Waters, Roach & Batlie, 1974). As such,
perception of social and emotional aspects of
the organizational climate is considered to be of
great significance in the betterment of
educational institutions.
The word achievement refers to the
outcome of the effort of a person in some
sphere of activity. Terms like attainment,
accomplishment and acquisition, inspite of
having differing shades of meaning are often
used as synonyms of achievement. Eysenck et
al, in their encyclopedia of psychology (1972)
have given this term the following meaning:
1. General term for the successful
attainment of some goal requiring a
certain effort.
2. The degree of success attained in a
task e.g. solving a test.
3. The result of a certain intellectual or
physical activity defined according to
individual and /or objective
(organisational) prerequisites: i.e.
proficiency(p.16).
In the present context the term achievement
has been used to carry all the three meanings
given above. Since the sample comprised of
students, in particular, educational achievement
will be studied. As such pupil achievement has
reference to the level of attainment and
proficiency in a prescribed course of study
following formal schooling during a prescribed
period of time. It is the required knowledge of
an individual student in a particular branch of
study due to learning experiences gained by the
students in a defined period and it is measured
through examinations and tests, conducted by
the examining bodies after the allotted period
for learning is over. Pupils achievement in
school may be different types, such as
academic achievement, achievement in co-
curricular activities, the emphasis in the present
study will be academic achievement. This type
of achievement has been the primary concern
for psychologists and educationists.
A number of studies have been
conducted to demonstrate the effect of socio-
emotional school environment on the
achievement of students. Sharma (1971)
reported that a higher level of pupil
achievement was observed in those schools
where teachers had high level social need
satisfaction which may not be associated with
task accomplishment. Roy et.al.(1994)
conducted a study to highlight the impact of
headship style upon socio-emotional climate,
academic achievement and campus activities of
the student. The sample comprised of 200 male
and female students drawn from five high
schools under private and public management
and located in rural and urban areas. Interview
schedule, objective test and observational
techniques were employed for data collection.
It was found that social-emotional climate was
better under nurturant task headship followed
by democratic and authoritarian headship.
Similarly, students academic achievement was
better under nurturant headship and favourable
social emotional climate. It was also observed
that frequency of mischievious activities of the
students was higher under authoritarian
headship and more studious activities of the
students was higher under nurturant task
headship.
The survey of studies on school
environment and pupil achievement revealed
that a good number of studies (e.g.
Shukla,1978; Linney & Edward, 1989; Rao,
1988; Singh & Saxena,1995; Gupta &
Gupta,1995; Panda et.al 1995; Wangu &
Thomas, 1995; Singh, 1983; Shahi,1984;
Veerraghavan, 1985 etc.) have found a
relationship between school climate and pupil
achievement. However, these studies have
either considered the social climate of the
school or the material provisions.


HYPOTHESES
Based on literature review a few hypotheses
will be formulated:
1. The overall socio-emotional school
climate affects pupil achievement in
Hindi significantly.
2. The overall socio-emotional school
climate affects pupil achievement in
Mathematics significantly.
3. The social dimension of socio-
emotional school climate affects pupil
achievement in Hindi significantly.
4. The social dimension of socio-
achievement in Mathematics
significantly.
5. The emotional dimension of socio-
achievement in Hindi significantly.
6. The emotional dimension of socio-
achievement in Mathematics significa

THE RESEARCH STRATEGY
THE SETTINGS AND COVERAGE.
The study will be conducted on the students
studying in the higher secondary schools
situated in the urban and rural areas of
Bhagalpur and Munger division of Bihar. For
this purpose school run by the government as
well as those run by private management were
considered. As such the the total number of
students studying in tenth and eleventh classes
of these schools constituted the population or
universe of the study. The total number of
students selected for the sample will be four
hundred, of which two hundred will be boys
and the remaining two hundred will be girls.
For selection of sample first ten schools from
each of the districts of the Bhagalpur and
Munger division i.e. Bhagalpur, Khagaria,
Munger and Lakhisarai were randomly
selected. From these selected schools, 100 of
the students studying in tenth and eleventh
classes, on random basis.
TOOLS USED. Following tests and scales
were selected and employed for the
measurement of socio-emotional climate of
school and pupil achievement in Mathematics
and Hindi:
1. The Measures of socio-emotional
climate- To measure this aspect the socio-
emotional school climate Inventory
(SESCI) was employed. This inventory has
been developed by Sinha & Bhargava. The
inventory has in all seventy items of which
thirty five items are in each of the two parts
of the inventory, Part-I of the inventory
measures the social climate, While part-II
measures the emotional climate of a school.
The items are responded by the testee in
terms of yes or no. The coefficient of
reliability of SESCI was highly significant
and has high validity.
2. The measure of achievement in
Mathematics- The Mathematics
achievement test developed by S. C. Gupta
was used. The test contains 25 items. It
may be administered individually or
groups. The reliability of the test is 0.79 &
validity is 0.67, which is satisfactory.
3. The measures of achievement in Hindi-
The Hindi achievement test constructed by
S. C. Gupta was employed. This test
measures different aspects of knowledge in
Hindi which the student are required to
achieve while studying to prescribed Hindi
textbook. The test contains 20 multiple
choice items. The test-retest reliability was
found 0.81 and validity obtained0.63,
Which is satisfactory.
All the test booklets were scored
according to the procedure prescribed in the
respective manuals and the scores thus obtained
were tabulated.
ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULTS
The measures of Socio-emotional
climate of school yield three of scores. One
type was the score on the total scale and the
other two were for the two dimensions of this


climate namely, social climate and emotional
climate. To unveil the effect of the total socio-
emotional climate on pupil achievement high
and low climate groups were formed. The
method of formation of these groups was
similar to the one adopted in case of academic
school climate i.e. the high group consisted of
cases whose scores were above the third
quartile point
) and the low groups

consisted of cases falling below the first
quartile point (
). After these were formed,

the mean achievement score of both subjects
were compared by the method of t-test. The
result of this analysis have been given in Table-I.
Table-I
The mean, SD andt ratio for Hindi achievement scores of the students of high and low groups
based on total socio-emotional school climate scores.
Groups N M SD t-ratio p
High 80 67.50 9.85
8.16

.01
Low 85 55.90 8.30

The value of t given in table-I shows
that the mean Hindi achievement scores of high
and low groups differ significantly. This leads
to the conclusion that the socio-emotional
climate of the school does have an effect on
Hindi achievement of the students.
After the comparison of students Hindi
achievements on the basis of high and low
groups formed after taking into consideration
the total score on the socio-emotional climate
scale, the effect of the first dimension of the
scale, i.e. social climate was evaluated.
High and low groups were formed on the basis
of scores on this subscale and mean Hindi
achievement score of students belonging to
these two groups were subjected to t-test to
see if there was a significant difference
between the two means. The findings of this
analysis have been presented in table-II.

Table-II
Mean, SD and t-ratio for Hindi achievement scores of the students of high and low social climate
groups.

Groups N M SD t-ratio p
High 63 64.0 6.32
5.78

.01
Low 72 58.30 4.94

The second dimension of socio-
emotional climate was emotional climate. The
mean Hindi achievement score of students
belonging to high and low emotional climate
groups were calculated andt-test was applied
to see the significance of the difference
between two means. The result appear in Table-
III.



Table-III
Mean, SDs and t-ratio for Mathematics achievement scores of the students of high and low
groups based on total socio-emotional school climate score.

The obtained value of tas given in the above
table-III shows that the mean Hindi
achievement scores differ significantly. On the
basis of this result it may be inferred that the
emotional climate of the school affects the
Hindi achievement of students. In addition to
the study the effect of socio emotional climate
on Hindi achievement, its effect on students
achievement in Mathematics was also
ascertained. This was done by taking into
consideration the total score on the scale as
well as the social climate sub-scale and the
emotional climate sub-scale. In each case high
and low groups were formed in the same
manner in which it was done in case of Hindi
achievement. First of all mean Mathematics
scores of students belonging to high and low
groups formed on the basis of total socio-
emotional climate score were compared. By
applying the t-test the difference between two
means was tested for its significance Table-IV
presents the result.

Table-IV
Mean, SD and t-ratio for Mathematics achievement scores of the students of high and low
groups based on total socio-emotional school climate score.
Groups

N M SD t p
High

80 74.32 10.20
4.05

.01
Low

85 67.50 11.43

The value of tshown in table-IV is significant.
This means the mean Mathematics achievement
score has significant difference and the reason
behind this is the difference between the socio-
emotional climate of the schools.To ascertain
the effect of the social dimension of the socio-
emotional climate the mean achievement score
of students belonging to high and low groups
formed on the basis of the social climate sub-
scale score were subjected to t-test. The
obtained results have been given in Table-V.

Table-V
Mean, SD and t-ratio for Mathematics achievement scores of the students of high and low social
climate groups.
Groups N M SD t P

High 63 72.42 10.67

3.21

.01
Low 72 66.31 11.52

Groups N M SD t p
High 61 62.50 5.21
3.56

.01
Low 69 60.01 4.11


The value of tgiven in the above table is
significant at .01 level. This indicates that the
mean Mathematics achievement scores of
students from high social climate school differs
significantly from the mean of students
belonging to low social climate schools.The
second dimension of the socio-emotional
climate was related with the emotion aspect.
The effect of this aspect on students
Mathematics achievement was determined by
comparing the mean achievement scores of
students hailing from high and low emotional
climate schools. The application of t-test for
the significance of difference between the two
means achievement scores yielded the results
shown in Table-VI.

Table-VI
Mean, SD and t-ratio for Mathematics achievement scores of the students of high and low
emotional climate groups.
Groups N M SD t P

High 61 73.01 10.85

2.92

.01
Low 69 67.31 11.42

An inspection of Table-VI reveals that there is
significant difference between the two mean
achievement scores in that the value of t is
significant at .01 level. The result indicates that
emotional climate of the school has an effect on
Mathematics achievement of the students.

DISCUSSION
The purpose of the present study was to study
the effect of socio-emotional climate of school
on the achievement of pupil. For this purpose,
the scores of students belonging to high and
low achieving groups were compared with the
scores of socio-emotional climate scores. The
test of socio-emotional climate had two sub-
scales one for the social dimension and the
other for the emotional dimension. As such
three types of scores were obtained.
As regard Hindi achievement, significant
difference between the mean achievement
scores of students belonging to high and low
groups formed on the basis of total socio-
emotional climate scores was found. The value
of t was 8.16(p<.01). The students of schools
high on socio-emotional climate had a greater
mean than the students of students of low
socio-emotional climate group.When the Hindi
achievement scores of high and low groups
formed on the basis of social dimension of the
scales were compared, a significant difference
between the mean achievement scores was
seen. The obtained t-ratio in this case was
5.78 (p<.01). Similar results were also obtained
in case of students Hindi achievement scores
when high and low groups formed on the basis
of emotional dimension of socio-emotional
climate were taken into consideration. The
value of t in this case was 3.56 (p<.01). In
both the cases the students belonging to high
groups had higher mean Hindi achievement
scores than the students belonging to low
groups.
Coming to the study of the effect
of socio-emotional climate on students
achievement in Mathematics, the overall socio-
emotional climate and its two dimensions-
social and emotional dimension were found to
have responsible influence. The value of t
were 4.05 (p<.01), 3.21 (p<.01), 2.92 (p<.01)
respectively. In both the cases the students
belonging to high groups had higher mean
Hindi achievement scores than the students
belonging to low groups and the mean
Mathematics achievement score of the high
group was higher than the mean score of the
low group.
On the basis of the above results it
may be concluded that the socio-emotional
climate of the schools affects pupil
achievement in Hindi as well as Mathematics.
On the basis of these findings hypotheses are
accepted. A number of studies have
investigated the effect of socio-emotional
climate of school on pupil achievement.


Sharma (1971) has found higher level of pupil
achievement where the teachers social needs
were satisfied. Kumar (1972,1975) in his study
of different types of social climate in school has
found that open climate was most effective for
personal-social adjustment but it is not related
to scholastic achievement. Kronick (1972) has
observed that students perception of the school
organizational climate has significant
consequences on students attainment.
Rath and Saxena (1995) have examined
Mathematics and language achievement
differences between SC/ST and non SC/ST
students. The findings having relevance here is
that the achievement gap between two groups
of students did not vary in Mathematics but it
varied in language. Gupta and Gupta (1995)
have found that facilities like free textbook and
mid-day meals had a positive and significant
impact on pupil achievement. In their study
Panda, Sahoo and Sahoo (1995) examined the
influence of school organizational climate on
students academic achievement. The highest
percentage of marks was obtained by the
students of open climate school while lowest
percentage was found in the schools having
closed climate. Wangu and Thomas (1995)
have studied students achievement in
Mathematics in different types of school and
type of school was found to affect achievement
significantly. Singh (1983) has reported that
size of school and attitude of teachers
contributed positively to achievement in
geometry. The effect of the differences in the
facilities available to the students in the school
on Hindi was poorest in municipal schools,
while central school on and private schools
showed better achievement. Veeraghavan
(1985) has shown that type of schooling
significantly influences the students marks in
the school leaving examination. In his study of
headship style and socio-emotional climate of
school found that students academic
achievement was better under nurturant
headship and favourable socio-emotional
climate.
On the basis of the findings of the studies
mentioned above it may be said that nearly all
the findings are in consonance with the results
of the present study. As regard socio-emotional
climate and its dimensions significant effects
have been obtained. This is an indication of
differences among schools regarding the social
and emotional conditioned prevailing in them.


1. Agarwal, A. (1986). Relationship between
organizational climate and job satisfaction.
Indian Journal of Psychology. p. 75-81.
2. Darji, D.R. (1975). A study of leadership
behaviour & its correlates in the schools of
panchmahals District. Doctoral
Dissertation, M.S. University
Baroda.Eysenck,H.J, Amold,W.J. &
Meili,R.(1972). Encyclopedia of psychology.
Vol.2,West Germany Search press.
3. Gandhi, K.A. (1983). School climate and
teacher abseentism, progress of Education.
57(6), p.137-140.
4. Gupta, J.K. & Gupta,M.K. (1995). Effect of
state interventions on pupils achievement .
Indian Educational Review. Special no. 71-85.
5. Hemphill, J.K. & Westis, C.M. (1950). The
measurement of group dimensions. Journal of
Psychology,29. P.325-342.
6. Kronik, A.F. (1972). The impact of perceived
organizational climate on academic
performance. Southern Journal of Educational
Research, 6,p. 167-188.
7. Kumar, K. (1972). Social climate in school and
characteristics of pupils. Doctoral
Dissertation. M.S. University
Baroda.Pandey, Janak (1988).
8. Psychology in India: The State of the art,
V.II: Basic and applied social psychology:
New Delhi, Sage publication
9. Panda, B.N.; Sahoo, K.C. & Sahoo, J.
(1995). School organizational climate on
students academic achievement. Indian
journal of Applied Psychology, 32(1 &
2),p. 34-39.



MUTUAL FUND IN INDIA
AN APPRAISAL OF SELECTED MUTUAL FUND

By Dr Ajeya Verma
Deptt of commerce, L.B.S.M.College(JSR)
Kolhan University

ABSTRACT

Mutual funds houses produce several schemes
under different categories. The fund collected by
the retail investors and invested in the open
share market, debt funds and government
securities. The retail investor faces problems in
selecting mutual fund schemes. The investor
chooses the scheme as per their risk profile and
goal of investment. There are several categories
in every type like High risk high return,
moderate risk and moderate return etc. in present
days performance of mutual fund is highly
fluctuating and past performance of any mutual
fund scheme cannot be indicator of future
performance due to sharp change in NAV rate.
There is a need to study the relationship between
risk and returns. In general we found that mutual
fund scheme has not offered superior returns
during the study period then the market in
general. However they conclude that in the
boom period the funds performance well. There
should be comprehensive legislation to control
the operations of the mutual fund. It should be
more transparent and providing better service.

Mutual fund is a trust. Mutual fund
collects investment from the investors
who have common financial objectives.
The investment thus collected is invested in a
capital market instruments such as shares,
debentures and other securities. The income
earned through these investments and the capital
increased is shared by its unit holders in
proportion to the number of units owned by
them. Thus the mutual fund is the most suitable
for the common man who have not enough
knowledge of share market. Mutual fund is
managed by the professionals and every mutual
fund has its own fund managers. Who takes care
and invest on behalf of investors.

All mutual funds are under the guidelines of
SEBI. Time to time SEBI made a rules and
guidelines for mutual fund companies. There are
more than thousands of schemes in mutual fund.
The retail investor faces problem in selecting the
mutual fund because past performance alone
cannot be indicator of future performance but it
is an important indicator in selection of mutual
fund. The retail investors purchase the units of
mutual fund at particular days NAV.

The advantages of investment in mutual funds
are as follows

(1) Professionally manage of investment by
exports.
(2) Diversification of fund
(3) Better return potential
(4) Liquidity
(5) Transparency of fund
(6) Flexibility in changing schemes.
(7) Tax benefits
The performance of mutual fund will be
measured in total return per unit. The
government has provided some initial support by
providing some tax concessions and tax
exemption on dividends and increase in value of
NAV. Mutual funds follows either Nifty or
sansex but selected mutual funds follows both
indicates. There are various types of mutual
funds. The types are classified according to the
selection of investing mutual funds. The most
popular categories of mutual funds are as
follows.
(1) By structure there are open ended
scheme and close-ended schemes.
(2) All equity types mutual fund (a)
diversified equity mutual fund (b)
thematic or r mutual fund like
infrastructure mutual fund, Banking
A


and Finance mutual fund, FMCG
mutual fund, technology mutual
fund, pharma and health care mutual
fund.
(3) Income scheme
(4) Balance mutual fund
(5) Tax saver mutual fund
Some mutual funds are also classified
according to the selection of companies in which
they invest as per size of the capital of
companies like large capital mutual fund. These
mutual funds only invest in large capital
companies whose capital is more than 10,000
crore. Similarly small and mid cap mutual funds
only invest in lower capital companies. Sect oral
mutual funds only invest in those companies
which are running business in particular sector
like Infrastructure. these mutual funds only
invest in those companies who are involved in
power sector, manufacturing sector like road and
bridge construction, metal and iron etc. similarly
Banking and Finance mutual funds involve in
finance and banking companies share and
pharma mutual funds invest in medicine
companies like Dr Reddy, Davis lab etc. tax
saver mutual funds provides tax concession U/S
80C. Tax saver funds have three year lock-in-
period at present. The retail investor has to
purchase mutual funds either one time
investment or through S I P (systematic-
investment- plan) in SIP investor provides the
mutual funds a cross cheque and mutual fund
companies collect the said amount on certain
date on behalf of investors. There are some
popular mutual funds cos such as Reliance
mutual fund, UTI mutual fund, ICICI-Prudential
mutual funds, Kodak mutual fund, Franklin
mutual fund, HDFC mutual fund, PNB-principal
mutual fund etc. These mutual funds companies
almost issue each and every categories of mutual
fund. Therefore it is difficult for the retail
investor to choose the correct fund. the best way
to choose the mutual fund as per their past
performance and the performance record of the
mutual fund cos .the mutual fund cos issue the
rating of the mutual fund through magazines and
inter-net. Cricil is one of the best cos who issue
the rating of mutual funds. top performing and
the money secured mutual fund schemes get five
stars, next get four stars, middle gets three stars
,two stars and one stars are last performing
schemes, and those who have poor performance
get no stars. Mainly Cricil takes more than one
year performance for their rating. The rating is
done by the group of professionals. These rating
and performance record help the retail investors
in choosing the mutual fund scheme.

Table-1: Comparison of Mutual Funds On The Cricil Rating With NAV And Star
Marking. (Issued In Money Control .Com On 18/4/14)
Name of mutual fund cos NAV Rating Stars
BNP-Paribas equity fund (G) 45.47 2 4
UTI Opportunity fund (G) 36.53 2 4
SBI blue chip (G) 19.29 2 4
Birla SL Top 100 (G) 0 .36 1 5
DSP-BR-top 100equity fund(G) 119.20 4 2
Kotak 50 (G) 123.26 4 2
DSP-BR-focus 25 fund (G) 11.54 4 2
Birla SL Advantage fund (G) 191.14 3 3
SBI GOLD fund (G) 10.03 not rank not rank
ICICI-Pru-discovery fund (G) 70.92 3 3
SBI Emerging business fund (G) 60.44 3 3
ICICI-Pru-mid-cap fund (G) 42.12 4 2



Table-2: Return On The Selected Mutual Fund Returns (On The Basis Of Money Control.Com Dt
18/4/14
NAME 3 month 6 month 1yrs 2yrs 3yrs 5yrs Rank
BNP Paribas equity fund(G) 6.9 6.8 18.9 14.7 9.9 16.3 2
UTI opportunities fund (G) 7.7 9.9 18.8 12.6 10.0 20.8 2
SBI Blue chip fund (G) 7.3 12.4 18.3 18.2 9.8 17.5 2
ICICI Pru discovery fund (G) 17.7 27.9 31.1 19.7 13.0 28.8 3
KOTAK 50 fund (G) 7.0 10.2 12.7 12.9 6.2 15.4 4
ICICI Pru midcap fund (G) 16.4 37.3 37.4 16.0 8.9 22.1 2
SBI Emerging Business fund(G) 7.9 18.1 11.1 13.0 13.9 29.2 3
Birla-SL advantage fund (G) 10.5 19.7 28.5 15.2 6.7 16.6 3
DSP-BR top100 equity fund (G) 6.6 9.5 13.2 8.5 5.9 16 2

OBJECTIVE

To ascertain the safe investment of retail
investors. To know the risk and return in the
mutual fund andTo know the mutual funds
performance track record before investment or
selecting the mutual fund scheme.
METHODOLOGY

Mutual fund performance analysis on the basis
of quarterly return and are published in a reputed
periodicals from time to time. It was observed
that quarterly performance cannot be an
indicator of past performance in the long run
mutual fund performance may be better than the
short run. The study is based on some selected
mutual fund which is more than three year old.
The large cap diversified equity and small and
mid cap equity funds are considered only open-
ended-funds have been considered. Returns are
to examine in the short run as well as in the long
run. The data shows that in long run mutual
funds are more profitable than short run.

CONCLUSION

Analyzing mutual fund is a very complex
procedure. It was found that the time of
investment in mutual fund is very important
when net asset value (NAV) is low that is, the
best time to purchase the fund. In the present
scenario one can make money from mutual fund
only in long run time period is very important in
mutual fund. Large cap mutual funds are slow
starter but volatility is narrow but mid and small
cap are opposite behavior. Secondly SIP system
(systematic investment plan) is better option
than the one time purchase because market
(sensex and nifty) is very sharp up and down
trends. The rank 1 and 2 are the leaders while
4and5 are laggards. The retail investors may
carefully select the mutual fund.

______________________________________



ONLINE BANKING IN INDIA: FROM CUSTOMERS
PERSPECTIVE
Mitu Ahuja
Research Scholar
Dept of Commerce, Kolhan University, Jharkhand.
ABSTRACT

The paper presented here investigates the e-
banking in India in general., more specifically
the paper highlights the problems and
challenges, online banking is facing today,
Attitude of small city customers towards online
banking is also discussed in the paper

The IT revolution has had a great impact on the
Indian banking system. The use of computers
has led to the introduction of online banking in
India. The use of computers in the banking
sector in India has increased many fold after the
economic liberalisation of 1991 as the country's
banking sector has been exposed to the world's
market. Indian banks were finding it difficult to
compete with the international banks in terms of
customer service, without the use of information
technology.
e- banking or online banking is an
electronic payment system that enables
customers of a financial institution to conduct
financial transactions on a website operated by
the institution, such as a retail bank, virtual
bank, credit union or building society. Online
banking is also referred as Internet banking, e-
banking, virtual banking and by other terms.
RBI INITIATIVES

Acknowledging the growing demand of
online banking in the country, the Researve
Bank of India set up a number of committees to
define and co-ordinate banking technology.
In 1994, the Committee on Technology
Issues relating to Payment systems, Cheque
Clearing and Securities Settlement in the
Banking Industry (1994) was set up under
Chairman W S Saraf. It emphasized Electronic
Funds Transfer (EFT) system, with the
BANKNET communications network as its
carrier. It also said that MICR clearing should be
set up in all branches of all those banks with
more than 100 branches.
In 1995, the Committee for proposing
Legislation on Electronic Funds Transfer and
other Electronic Payments (1995) again
emphasized EFT system. Reserve Bank of India
also constituted a working group on Internet
Banking. The group divided the internet banking
products in India into 3 types based on the levels
of access granted.

Table 1: Classification of e banking products( Reserve Bank of India)
Internet Banking
Products
Discription
Information Only
System
General purpose information like interest rates, branch location, bank products
and their features, loan and deposit calculations are provided in the banks website.
There exist facilities for downloading various types of application forms. The
communication is normally done through e-mail. There is no interaction between
the customer and bank's application system. No identification of the customer is
done. In this system, there is no possibility of any unauthorized person getting
into production systems of the bank through internet


Electronic
Information
Transfer System
The system provides customer- specific information in the form of account
balances, transaction details, and statement of accounts. The information is still
largely of the 'read only' format. Identification and authentication of the customer
is through password. The information is fetched from the bank's application
system either in batch mode or off-line. The application systems cannot directly
access through the internet.
Fully Electronic
Transactional
System
This system allows bi-directional capabilities. Transactions can be submitted by
the customer for online update. This system requires high degree of security and
control. In this environment, web server and application systems are linked over
secure infrastructure. It comprises technology covering computerization,
networking and security, inter-bank payment gateway and legal infrastructure.

Indian banks offer following online facilities
services at large:
A bank customer can perform non-
transactional tasks through online banking,
including -
o viewing account balances
o viewing recent transactions
o downloading bank statements, for
example in PDF format
o viewing images of paid cheques
o ordering cheque books
o download periodic account
statements
o Downloading applications for M-
banking, E-banking etc.
Bank customers can transact banking tasks
through online banking, including -
o Funds transfers between the
customer's linked accounts
o Paying third parties, including bill
payments (see, e.g., BPAY) and
third party fund transfers(see, e.g.,
FAST)
o Investment purchase or sale
o Loan applications and transactions,
such as repayments of enrollments
o Credit card applications
o Register utility billers and make bill
payments
Financial institution administration
Management of multiple users having
varying levels of authority
Transaction approval process
the process of banking has become
much faster
Some financial institutions offer unique
Internet banking services, like:Personal

financial management support, such as
importing data into personal accounting
software. Some online banking
platforms support account aggregation
to allow the customers to monitor all of
their accounts in one place whether they
are with their main bank or with other
institutions.
FUTURE OF ONLINE BANKING IN INDIA

According to the Internet and Mobile
Association of India (IAMAI), the Internet user
base in the country stood at 190 million at the
end of June, 2013. With more and more people
accessing the web through mobile phones, the
internet user base in the country was projected to
touch 243 million by June 2014; a year-on-year
growth of 28%. For the whole year 2013, the
internet user base grew 42% to 213 million,
from 150 million in 2012. Indeed, in India,
online banking is on growth track. Not only in
metros but in small cities and towns also, online
banking is making its ground strongly.
In India, mobile-only Web browsers are
expected to include 55 percent of the total
Internet user base by 2015. Location services are
being used to target customers and deliver
targeted campaigns. The Interbank Mobile
Payment Service (IMPS), developed and
operated by the National Payment Corporation
of India (NPCI) has also enabled real-time
transfer of funds between accounts in different
banks, through mobile phone. Banks are moving
up the technology growth curve, installing not
merely core banking applications, but also
specialized solutions for loan and treasury
management, mobility and electronic payments.
Now theyre going a step ahead into Cloud


Computing, Virtualization and Analytics. This
signals an opportunity for technology vendors to
come up with solutions that can help Indian
banks meet both challenges and growth
objectives.
According to a new study from Juniper
Research, more than 1.75 billion mobile phone
users will have used their devices for banking
purposes by the end of 2019, compared with 800
million in 2014. The report, Mobile & Online
Banking: Developed & Developing Market
Strategies 2014-2019, notes that mobile
banking technology is now available in most
areas of the world, driven by rising consumer
demand, especially in the developed regions.
The study says emerging countries such as
China, India and Bangladesh have seen
significant growth in the use of mobile banking
technology in the past 12 months.
According to Nitin Bhas, principal
analyst at Juniper Research and author of the
report, the level of maturity in number and
innovation of services being offered in the
market across several geographical areas,
demonstrates that banks now regard the mobile
channel as an indispensable revenue-
stream.However, with the mobile channel
becoming a key customer retention strategy, it
presents a great challenge to traditional
institutions. The scale of this challenge has been
shown by the decreasing number of branch visits
by consumers and also the closure of physical
bank branches over the past 12 to 24 months.
The report also notes that nearly 100 percent of
the banks analyzed had some sort of mobile
online banking offering, with almost every bank
having apps available for at least one
smartphone operating system.

CHALLENGES

As Online banking is gradually becoming very
popular in India risks are also growing big.
Though number of e- customers of online
baking is increased many folds in last 10 years,
a large percentage of bank customers do not use
online banking facilities. In the rural areas of the
country, internet banking is not much popular.
Main reasons are: poor computer literacy rate,
low access to internet facilities and internet
security. In the annual budget 2014-15 the
government has allocated Rs 500 crore for its
Digital India initiative to set up broadband
network in villages and promote local
manufacturing of hardware and Indian software
products.
A huge percentage of urban customers
show their reluctance to use online banking,
only due to online frauds. In India, cases of
online frauds is increased many times in recent
past, creating sense of insecurity among online
banking customers. Recently a report published
in The Hindu, a renowned Indian daily claimed
that there has been a rise in cases of hackers
targeting bank accounts with huge balances,
especially those belonging to celebrities.
According to the newspaper, The Chennai city
police have received many complaints about
bank frauds, notably, from a famous
sportsperson and from a member of a well-
known family involved in film production. As
per the newspaper a sportsperson, who is also a
television commentator and holds an account
with the nationalised bank, lost Rs. 7.45 lakh
towards the end of 2013, after a hacker sent two
e-mails to the branch manager pretending to be
the sportsperson. The culprit changed one
alphabet in the sportsmans name and sent an e-
mail with the clients bank account number and
other details, asking for a transfer of money to
an ICICI Bank account. Treating the request as a
genuine one, the manager approved the money
transfer. Similarly, online fraudsters also
targeted the account of a woman who is part of a
family involved in Tamil movie production for
decades. A whopping amount of Rs. 27 lakh was
siphoned from the victims account at Indian
Overseas Bank after the culprit hacked into the
online bank account, and sent an e-mail to the
bank representatives. The bank failed to verify
the source of the e-mail and transferred the sum
According to a city-based risk management
expert, culprits with adequate computer
knowledge gather account details of customers
by sending phishing mails or by buying
customers account details from employees of
banks back offices or even by getting hold of
bank statements sent through courier.
There are a range of online frauds and
they come in various forms to lure you into
giving your sensitive information. Once they get
your information they can cause severe damage


to your finances. The fraudulent E-mail appears
to be from a legitimate bank and is intended to
collect sensitive personal and financial
information. The fraudulent E-mail appears to be
from a legitimate bank and is intended to collect
sensitive personal and financial information.
'Phishing' masks an identity on the web. Victims
are encouraged to visit phony websites that
resemble those of legitimate organizations, often
through a fraudulent E-mail. Lured to a phishing
site, users are asked to enter sensitive
information, such as a PIN, password or bank
account number. Once they get your information
they can cause severe damage to your
financesVishing is a new trend in online frauds.
It is a combination of the words, voice and
phishing. While Phishing involves the use of E-
mails to trick you into providing your personal
details, vishing uses voice or telephone services.
If you use a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
phone service, you are particularly vulnerable to
a vishing scam.

ATTITUDE OF BANK CUSTOMERS
TOWARDS E BANKING

In order to study the attitude of bank
customers towards e banking, I interviewed
some of them in Jamshedpur and found that
young generation of customers were very
excited about online banking. They were not
scared of online frauds. Rather, young
generation looked confident to deal with online
fraudulent activities. For them, online banking is
trendy and need of the time
But, attitude of relatively older
generation was not very positive towards online
banking. Most of them preferred traditional
banking system over new technology driven
online banking. Their reluctance to adopt new
technology was quite visible during their
interview with me. I found that apart from age
factor other factors like education, familiarity
with new technology, and occupation all had
significant impact on the attitude of online bank
customers.
Take for example, retired govern
employees (Pensioners) disliked the idea of
online payment. For them, visiting the bank for
pension was an opportunity to meet old
colleagues and also some kind of outing. They
looked more confident and secure when they had
money in cash in their hands. They put their
signature on bank form very proudly. They liked
the tangibility and entire traditional way of
money transaction that they had been
experiencing for decades. It gives them sense of
authority and security, both.
I found that number of online bank
customers is on increase. Almost 20 percent
customers use online banking in the State Bank
of India, Jamshedpur. Major percentage of
customers use online banking sites to monitor
their account. Normaly, they avoid online
transaction. i.e who use online banking, prefer
to gauge their account details rather than online
money transfer. In the city, most of the
customers prefer to pay their childrens school
fees telephone bill, life insurance premium and
water bill either through cash or cheque.

CONCLUSION

India is ready to adopt e-banking In
India, rapid technological development and new
digital consumer behaviors have revolutionized
the retail banking. But adoptability of e
banking is more visible in urban areas and
amongyounger generation. Due to growing cases
of online frauds, older generation is little
hegitent to e banking. e banking has yet to catch
up momentum in rural sector where internet and
computers are still a day dream for many.
Mobile phones are the new carrier of online
banking. They may take the e-banking to the
rural India. But, still apprehensions are many.

Bibliography and references

1. Cronin, Mary J. (1997). Banking and
Finance on the Internet, John Wiley and
Sons. ISBN 0-471-29219-2 page 41 from
Banking and Finance on the Internet.
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1995-06-21.
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Found to be Widespread Newswise,
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Weaknesses trusteer.com, September 4,
2012
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Security, June 1, 2013
12. Secoder 2 die-signaturkarte.de, GAD
Volksbanken and Raiffeisenbanken IT
service provider, Retrieved on April 10,
2014.
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security gaps European Union Agency for
Network and Information Security, July 5,
2014
14. "Statistical Tables Related to Banks in India
- Reserve Bank of India".
15. C Gomez Financial Markets Institutions
And Financial Services Prentice-Hall 2008
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16. A Chavez Irapta, Et Al Introduction to
Asia: History, Culture, and Civilization Rex
Bookstore, Inc., 2005 Retrieved 11
June2014
17. "Evolution of Payment Systems in India
=Reserve Bank of India".
18. Cooke, Charles Northcote (1863) The rise,
progress, and present condition of banking
in India. (Printed by P.M. Cranenburgh,
Bengal Print. Co.), pp.177-200.
19. Reference www.rbi.org.in
20. Austin, Granville (1999). Working a
Democratic Constitution A History of the
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University Press. p. 215. ISBN 0-19-
565610-5.
21. "ICICI personal loan customer commits
suicide after alleged harassment by recovery
agents". Parinda.com. Retrieved 28 July
2013.
22. "Karnataka / Mysore News: ICICI Bank
returns tractor to farmers mother". The
Hindu (Chennai, India). 30 June 2014.
Retrieved 28 July 2013.

Opporunities And Challenges In India
By
PRABHAT KUMAR PANI

Pp-132 ISBN 978-93-8357-516-9 2014 Rs. 950
S.K Book Agency
5A/12, Ansari Road, Daryaganj,
New Delhi-110002, Ph.:011-65824996


ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS OF TAMAR BLOCK OF RANCHI
DISTRICT, JHARKHAND

Dara Singh Gupta
Dept. Of Botany Jamshedpur Co-operative College, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.

Manoj Ranjan Sinha
Dept. Of Botany Jamshedpur Co-operative College, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.

Pushpa Salo Linda
Dept. Of Botany Jamshedpur Workers College, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT

Herbal medicine has been widely practiced
throughout the world since ancient times. These
medicines are safe and environmentally friendly.
In the study of 144 medicinal plant species
belonging to 98 genera and 57 families have
been recorded. Out of these the most important
species found were Abrus precatorius, Acacia
arabica, Acacia catechu, Achyranthus aspera
,Aegle marmelos, Albizzia lebbek, Adhatoda
vasica, Allium spp, Brassica campestris,
Cajanus cajan, Calotropis procera, Carica
papaya, Cassia angustifolia, Chenopodium
album, Cucurbita maxima, Curcuma longa ,
Datura metal, Daucus carota, Eclipta prostata,
Emblica officinalis, Ficus bengalensis,
Helianthus annus, Holarrhena antidysenterica,
Lantana camara, Rauvolfia serpentina, Shorea
robusta, Sesamum indicum, Tamarindus indica,
Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia bellerica,
Tectona grandis, Ziziphus jujuba etc.
The natural distribution of these
medicinal plant species in twenty five revenue
villages of Tamar Block of Ranchi District of
Jharkhand were marked with the help of map,
location, and distribution of forest area. The
study revealed that the documented ethno
medicinal plants have potentially curative
properties with immense commercial value.
Moreover, the medicinal plants can be grown
commercially by the villagers of Tamar Block
through improved modern technique.

Key Words: Ethno Medicinal Plant, Tamar
Block, Ranchi, Jharkhand, Commercial
Value.

thno medicine is a study or comparison
of the traditional medicine practiced by
various ethnic group and especially by
indigenous peoples. The word ethno medicine is
sometimes used as a synonym for traditional
medicine. Traditionally various tribes have been
using medicinal plants from time immemorial
for the treatment of various diseases. Traditional
system of medicine plays a very prominent role
in health care system of rural people covering all
types of ailments. Rig-Veda, Atharva-Veda have
details to cure different types of diseases.
Charka Samhita and Shusruta Samhita are
regarded two most important documents of this
system of medicine.
Throughout the world plants have been in
continuous use in one way or the other for the
treatment of various ailments. In India the secret
Vedas which date back between 3500BC and
800BC, give many references to medicinal
plants. Nearly 80% of the world population
depends upon traditional system of health care.
This work concentrates on potential ethno
medicinal value of plants and herbs commonly
used by the Munda Tribe residing in and around
Tamar Block of the area served.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Different villages of Tamar Block were
surveyed time to time in different seasons.
Interviews were conducted involving the folk
herbal healers traditional birth attendants,
knowledgeable person and lay population with
the help of Questionare, information regarding
the mode of preparation of drugs and methods of
E


their administration along with the doses were
recorded. Plant specimens were photographed
and identified with the help of different floras.
The herbarium is also made and the chemical
constituent of the plants are also found out by
different books of medicinal plants.
The Tamar Block has 81 revenue
villages. Out of 81 revenue villages, 35-40
revenue villages covers many ethno medicinal
plants. The ethno medicinal plants containing
villages are Poradih, Salgadih, Jaradih, Murpa,
Kasam Burudih, Parasi, Gutibaru, Rolabera,
Gunti, Rabo, Arahangah, Konkadih, Timpur,
Banki, Luntu, Papirda, Chatamsal, Pundidiri,
Birdih, Paramdih, Baghai etc. The geographical
area of this block is 118069.11 Acres. Out of
this area about 29767.42 Acres (about 29%)
covering forest region. All forest region contains
numerous ethno medicinal plants. In this Block
the Munda tribe is about 43%, according to 2011
population census.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

144 medicinal plant species are being used
for treating different ailments of Twenty three
revenue villages of Tamar Block.Besides these
medicinal properties the plants have other uses
also like edible fruits, vegetables, timber, fiber,
oil yielding, fodder etc. Abrus precatorius
(Hindi-Ratti, Fam-Fabaceae) is used in nervous
disorder, cattle poisoning, Abortifacient,
Antibacterial, Antifertility, Anthelmintic,
Analgesic, Antileprotic, Ophthalmia,
Leucoderma, Fever, Asthma etc. Abutilon
indicum (Hindi-Kanghi,Fam-Malvaceae) is used
in the treatment of piles, chronic cystis,
gonorrhoea ulcers, toothache, fever, chest
affections. Acacia catechu(Hindi-Khair, Fam-
Mimosaceae) is used in different kinds of skin
diseases. It also used in dental disorder, dry
cough,anaemia, leprosy, bronchitis, diarrhoea
and polyuria. Acacia concinna(Hin-Shikakai,
Fam-Mimosaceae) is used in chronic cough,
joundic, vomiting, liver diseases, alopecia etc.
Acacia arabica (Hin-Babul, Fam-Mimosaceae)is
used in different kinds of skin diseases.It is also
used in blood dysentery, homhrrhagic diseases,
polyuria, leucoderma, wound healing, dry
cough, gargle and stomatis. Achyranthes aspera
(Hin-Chirchita,Fam-Amaranthaceae) is used in
the treatment of piles,boils,skin eruption, colic,
snake bite, dysentery and leprosy. Aconitum
heterophyllum (Hin-Atis,Fam-Ranunculaceae) is
used in the treatment of all types of fever. This
plant is also used in cough and kinds of liver
diseases.
The piles, Rhinitis, Diarrhoea,
Vomiting, Oedema, colic pain etc. Are also
relief by the use of this plant.The plant Acorus
calamus(Hin-Bach,Fam-Araceae) is used in the
treatment of Dyspepsia,Colic,Remittant fever,
Blood pressure,Cough, Throat disorder, chronic
diarrhoea, tumours etc. Adhatoda vasica (Hin-
Arusa, Fam-Acanthaceae) is used in the
treatment of cough, chronic bronchitis, asthma,
rheumatism, respiratory disorder, antipyretic,
anti tuberculosis, gonorrhoea, and jaundice and
ophthalmic. The ripe fruit of Aegle marmelos
(Hindi-Bel, Fam-Rutaceae) isused as an
astringent and chronic diarrhoea. The fresh juice
of leaves is used against diabetes, fever, cough
fever, and dysenrery.
The fruits and leaves are also used in the
treatment of Ear diseases, Joundice, Piles,
Inflammation and vomiting. Albizzia libbek
(Hindi-Siris, Fam-Caesalpiniaceae) is used in all
types of cough, Asthma, Scabies, Leprosy,
Snake bite, and Scorpion sting. The leaves are
used in the treatment for night blindness.
The Allium cepa (Hin-Pyaj, Fam-
Liliaceae) is stimulants and given in dysentery,
piles, bronchitis, jaundice, anus prolapse, and
night blindness. The plant of Allium sativum
(Hin-Lahsun, Fam-Liliaceae) is used in malarial
fever, epilepsy, tuberculosis, ulcer, ear trouble,
throat disorder, skin diseases, bone ulcer,
chronic cough, asthma, bronchitis, and lobar
pneumonia. The pulp of Aloe vera (Him-Ghee
kuar, Fam-Liliaceae) is used for cure piles, rectal
fissures, cough, cold rheumatism constipation,
fever, colic, menstrual disorder. It is also
stomachic, anthelmintic, uterus stimulant and
hypertensive.
The roots of Amaranthus spinosus(Hin-
Katelichouli,Fam-maranthaceae)is given for
gonorrhoea, colic, and burn. The plant of
Annona squamosa (Hin-Sitaphal, Fam-
Annonaceae), the leaves and fruits are used
against cancer and tumour. Juice is useful in
wounds. Dried root powder is taken once in
morning for five days by women for abortion of


3 to 4 months of pregnancy. Anthocephalus
cadamba (Hin-Kadam,Fam-Rubiaceae)is in
snake bite, cordiac depressant,polyuria,and
antiabortifacient. The latex of Argemone
mexicana(Hin-Satyanashi,Fam-Papaveraceae) is
used in jaundice, skin affection, malaria and
applied externally to stop bleeding from cuts and
wounds. Roots juice mixed with pepper is given
to children for the disease of supposed to be
coursed by cats. This plant is also used in
wound healing, leprosy and blood purifier. The
roots of Artocarpus heterophyllus (Hin-Kathal,
Fam-Moraceae) is used in asthma, diarrhoea,
stomach complaints, toothache, and smallpox.
Asparagus racemosus (Hin-Satawar, Fam-
Liliaceae) is used in the treatment of dysentery,
antiseptic, and diuretic. It is also useful in
acidity and ulcer patient. The bark of
Azadirachta indicia (Hin-Neem, Fam-
Meliaceae) is used in rhinitis affections, malarial
fever, antiulcer, and antibacterial. The leaves are
useful in Eczema, Ringworm, and Fungal
affection and antiseptic. The whole plant is
useful in scabies, ulcer, leucoderma,
inflammation, blood purification. The oil of
mangos tree is useful in rheumatism, leprosy,
and ulcer. The plant of Bacopa monieri(Hin-
Jalneem, Fam-Scrophulariaceae) is used in
dyspepsia, cough, fever, insomnia, and epilepsy,
debility after heart attack, less memory, tension,
and blood purifier. In addition to above mention
plants the ethno medicinal plants such as-----
Bauhinia racemosus, B.variegata, Boerhaavia
diffusa, Bambusa arundinacea, Basella alba,
Brassica campestris, Bryophyllum calycinum,
Butea monosperma, Bombax ceiba, Calotropis
procera, Cannabis sativa, Capsicum annum,
Carica papaya, Cassia tora, Catharanthus
roseus, Centella asiatica, Chenopodium album,
Chlorophytum tuberosum, Cinnamomum
tamala, C.zeylanicum, Cissampelos pareira,
Cissus quadrangularis, Citrus medica,
Clerodendrum inerme, Coccinia indica,
Coriandrum sativum, Curcuma longa, Curcuma
amada, Cuscuta reflexa, Cynodon dactylon,
Cyperus rotundus, Dalbergia sissoo, Datura
metel, Daucus carota, Eclipta alba, Emblica
officinalis, Tabernaemontana divaricata,
Euphorbia hirta, Euphorbia neriifolia, Ficus
bengalensis, F.glomerata, F.religiosa,
Foeniculum vulgare, Gmelina arborea,
Gossypium herbacium, Helianthus annus,
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Holarrhoena
antidysenterica, Jatropa gossypifolia, Lantana
camara, Lawsonia inermis, Linum
usitatissimum, Luffa acutangula, Lycopersicum
esculentum, Mangifera indica, Mentha arvensis,
Michelia champaca, Mimosa pudica, Mirabilis
jalapa, Momordica charantia, Moringa
pterigosperma, Morus indica, Murraya koenigii,
Musa sapientum, Nelumbium speciosum, Nerium
indicum, Nigella sativa, Nyctanthes arbour-
tristis, Ocimum grattisimum, O.sanctum,
Oldenlandia corymbosa, Oxalis corniculata,
Papaver somniferum, Phyllanthus nirurii, Phyla
nodiflora, Pongamia pinnata, Psidium guajava,
Punica granatum, Quisqualis indica, Rauvolfia
serpentina, Ricinus communis, Rosa centifolia,
Saccharum officinarum, Saraca indica, Shorea
robusta, Sida cordifolia, Solanum indicum,
S.melongena, S.nigrum, S.xanthocarpum,
Spinacia oleracea, Swertia chirata, Syzygium
cumini, Tagetes erecta, Tamarindus indica,
Tectona grandis, Terminalia arjuna, T.belerica,
T.chebula, T.tomentosa, Thevetia peruviana,
Thuja orientalis, Tinospora cordifolia, Trapa
natans, Vitex negundo, Withania somnifera,
Zingiber officinale, Zizyphus jujuba,etc. Plants
have also great medicinal values.
In the study of 144 plant species such as
Amaranthus spinosus L, Bombax ceiba L,
Cassia angustifolia L, Centella asiatica L,
Curcuma amada L, Cuscuta reflexa L,
Dioscorea alata L, D.bulbifera L , Ficus
bengalensis L, Emblica officinalis Gaertner,
Gmelina arborea Roxb, Justicia adhatoda L,
Sida cordifolia L, Terminalia bellerica Roxb,
T.chebula Retz, are rare and the rest species of
above mentioned are common and found in all
twenty three revenue villages of Tamar Block of
Ranchi District here and there.
Many ethno medicinal plants are facing
threats in all block area due to anthropogenic
pressure and anthropogenic activities. Many
knowledgeable person and vaidhyas are
collected the different ethno medicinal plants
from different parts of the forest region of these
mentioned villages. Measure should be taken to
prevent anthropogenic pressure for future
conservation. Presently very few elders in the
Munda tribe practice herbal cure, while the
young and current generation knows little or


nothing about the traditional herbal medicines. If
this trend continues, a few years from now, there
will not be even a single elder member who
knows these herbal medicines. Hence that time
only ethno-botanist has knowledge to these
ethno medicinal plants. It can say that
EVERYTHING GREEN IS MEDICINE .

References:-
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Bihar and Orissa (6
th
Parts.)
2. Sahu, T.R. (1982) An ethnomedicinal
study of M.P. Plants used against
various disorders among tribal women.
3. Maheshwari, J.K. Singh, K.K. & Saha S.
(1986) Ethnobotany of tribals of
Mirzapur District, Uttar Pradesh,
Economic Botany Information Service,
NBRI, Lucknow.
4. Rai, M.K. (1989) Ethnomedicinal
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5. Hemrom Peter Paul (1994)
Horopathy..
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Ethnobotany 2
nd
Edition Scientific
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7. Sinha Rajiv K. (1996) The
Renaissanse of Traditional Herbal
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system of Khunti Sub Division of
Chhotanagpur.
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(1997) Survey and Biological activity
of some ethnomedicinal plants J. of
Non- 4(1/2): 26-31.
10. Behera K. Kumar (2006)
Ethnomedicinal Plants used by the
Tribals of Similipal Bioreserve Orissa,
India (A Pilot Study).
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Plants of India.
12. Yesodhara K. & Sujana K.A. (2007)
Status of ethnomedicinal plants in the
Parambikulam Wild life Sanctuary,
Kerala, South India.
13. Dutt Ashwini (2008) An Introduction
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14. Rout S.D., Panda T. & Mishra N. (2009)
Ethnomedicinal Plants used to cure
different diseases by Tribals of
Mayurbhanj District of North Orissa,
India.
15. Singh M. P, B.C. Oraon & Narendra
Prasad (2009) Medicinal Plants, APH
Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
16. Choudhary Manabendra Dutta,
Meenakshi Bawari, L. Shyamali Singha
(2010) some Antiphyretic
Ethnomedicinal plants of Manipuri
community of Barak Valley, Assam,
India.



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ISSN 2320 2750 Jamshedpur Research Review YEAR II VOL II ISSUE VII

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) and the low groups

). After these were formed,

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