Q DEFINE/ EXPLAIN TERMS THE FOLLOWING::

1. IMPORTANCE OF NERVOUS SYSTEM :

Our nervous system controls all other systems of our body.
It allows you to be aware of your environment & controls all that your body does.
Without it you cannot see, feel, smell & think. Neither can we tie our shoelace, eat lunch or write.
The NERVOUS SYSTEM is made up of BRAIN, SPINAL CORD & miles of NERVES.

2. SENSORY NERVES : The nerves which bring messages from sensory organs to brain or spinal cord are called
SENSORY NERVES .

3. MOTOR NERVES: The nerves which carry orders from brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands are called MOTOR
NERVE .

4. MIXED NERVES : The nerves which carry messages to brain as well as bring orders from the brain are called MIXED
NERVE .
The CONNECTING NERVE CELLS pass signals b/w the sensory nerve cells & motor nerve cells. These
nerve cells are in the brain and spinal cord.
5. REFLEX ACTION : The actions which are automatic & we do not have to think before doing them. These actions are
called REFLEX ACTION .
Example ::---- > Blinking of eyes , watering of mouth , etc.

6. OPTIC NERVE : A sensory nerve that connects the eye to the brain.

7. PUPIL : The PUPIL , which looks like a black spot, is an opening through which light enters the lens.

8. IRIS : The coloured circle in the eyes is the IRIS.

9. CORNEA : A circular , transparent area in the front portion of the eye is called CORNEA.

10. CEREBRUM : The largest part of the brain is the CEREBRUM.
It controls the working of our eyes . ears , nose and tongue. Also controls our voice.
CEREBRUM leads to consciousness, storage of memory of information.
CEREBRUM receives messages from our sense organs & decides what the body should do.

11. CEREBELLUM : It coordinates the action of muscles & make them work together.
It helps us to balance our body and keeps us in an upright position.

12. MEDULLA : It connects the brain to the spinal cord.
It controls involuntary actions like the movements of the lungs and the heart.
The medulla is active even when we sleep.

13. FORCE : A pushing or pulling of an object.
Example ::---- > Move an stationary object , Stop a moving object , etc.


14. MUSCULAR FORCE : When we push , pull or lift something we apply muscular force.

15. GRAVITATIONAL FORCE : The force or the pulling of objects towards the earth is GRAVITY. This force is called
GRAVITATIONAL FORCE.
16. FRICTIONAL FORCE: The Force which slows down a moving object & also enable us to move.
17. ELASTIC FORCE: The tendency of an object to regains its original position is called ELASTICITY. The force which is
applicable in this is called ELASTIC FORCE.
Example ::---- > Rubber band ,etc.
18. MECHANICAL FORCE : Most simple machines make use of mechanical force.
Example ::---- > A pair of scissors.
19. UPTHRUST / BUOYANT FORCE : The upward push of water on Floating object is called UPTHRUST.
Example ::---- > Block of wood floating on water ,etc.

20. SIMPLE MACHINES : are the told which makes our work easier and faster by apply force on convenient point.
Example ::---- > Lever, Inclined plane , Wheel & axle , Pulley & screw , etc.

21. LEVER: A LEVER consists of the rod free to move about its fixed point.
LOAD: The weight lifted by the person is LOAD.
FULCRUM: The small stone supports the rod . The point at which the rod touches the stone is fixed and do not move. It
is called FULCRUM.
EFFORT: The force applied to the weight to move is called EFFORT.



FIRST - CLASS LEVER : When the fulcrum is between the load and effort.


SECOND - CLASS LEVER: When the load is between the Fulcrum & the effort.
THIRD CLASS LEVER: When the effort is between the fulcrum &the load.

22. INCLINED PLANE: An inclined plane is a slope which makes work easier.
Example ::---- > When workers have to load or unload a Truck they use PLANK OF WOOD as an inclined plane ., In
hospitals and buildings inclined planes called RAMPS are provided next to staircases ,etc

23. PULLEY: A small wheel with a groove around its outer edge. Groove can hold a rope is used to lift objects.
A pulley together with a chain or a rope is used to lift objects.
There are 2 types of pulley:
(A) Fixed pulley : used in wells..

(B) Movable pulley : used in flagpoles...

24. WHEEL & AXLE: A WHEEL & AXLE is a simple machine consisting of a wheel attached to a rod (axle).

25. SCREW: A SCREW is a simple machine used to hold things tightly together. A screwjack ( bigger screw ) are used to lift
cars & heavy objects.

26. ENERGY: ENERGY is an ability to do work. ENERGY is everywhere in naturesunlight, wind, plants & animals . We
use energy everyday.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENERGY ::::----->
# MECHANICAL ENERGY: is the energy which possessed by an object due to its motion or due to its position.

# SOLAR ENERGY: is a renewable sources of energy and also non- polluting available us from sun .

# GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: The word GEOTHERMAL = GEO (EARTH) + THERMAL (HEAT).
So, GEOTHERMAL ENERGY is heat from within the earth & also a renewable source of energy.

# WIND ENERGY: Wind Energy is renewable , widely distributed , clean & non- polluting, environmental friendly
used mainly to generate electricity.

# HYDRO POWER (WATER ENERGY) : Is mainly used to generate electricity from water source.
It is used thousands of years ago to turn a paddle wheel to grind grain.

#HEAT ENERGY: Heat is a form of energy used for a lot of things like warming our homes , cooking food .Heat
energy we use come from burning fuels like coal, kerosene, & petrol .

# LIGHT ENERGY : Light is a natures way of transferring energy through space. Example: bulbs, tubelights, candle
etc.

#SOUND ENERGY : SOUND is vibration transmitted through a solid, liquid, or gas.
SOUND is produced when a force causes an object or a substance to vibrate.
EX: Music systems, radios etc.

#ELECTRICAL ENERGY : Is the movement of electrical charge.
Electrical charges moving through a wire is called ELECTRICITY.
Ex: home appliances like tv, washing machine, etc.

27. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY ::
Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. Energy just changes from one form to another. The total energy of an
object never decreases or increases.

28. ATMOSPHERE : The thick blanket of air that surrounds our planet is called ATMOSPHERE.
The ATMOSPHERE is held around the earth by earths gravity.
The ATMOSPHERE is a mixture of gases.
The ATMOSPHERE also prevents meteors from hitting the surface of earth.
The Oxygen present in ATMOSPHERE supports life.

29. LAYERS OF ATMOSPHERE ::

(a.) TROPOSPHERE:----> This is the first layer above the earths surface. (10 km above surface)
This is the layer in which clouds are formed.
QUES --> Why climbers to MT. EVEREST take air in cylinders with them for breathing?
SOL:: because in troposphere, air get very thin higher up & breathing is difficult.

(b.) STRATOSPHERE:---> This is the second layer.( extends from 10km to 50km above earth surface)
Many jet aircraft fly in this layer.

OZONE LAYER (25 to 30km from earth surface) is present in this layer which can absorb harmful ultraviolet rays
from the sun which prevent us from skin cancer. (region called OZONOSPHERE)
(c.)MESOSPHERE---> This is the third layer. (upto height of about 80 km)
Meteorites or small rocks moving about in space burn out in this layer and therefore, do not reach surface of the
earth.
(d.)THERMOSPHERE:---> This is the fourth layer. Space Shuttle move about in this layer.(80-700Km)
(e.)EXOSPHERE---> This is the fifth layer of the atmosphere. (>700km)
Here the Earths gravity is extremely weak.
30. COMPOSI TI ON OF ATMOSPHERE::---->

The air we breathe contains various gases.
Clean air consists of about 78% nitrogen , 21% oxygen & less than 1%argon , co
2
(Carbondioxide) & other gases.
OXYGEN:: The most important gas for the survival of human beings is oxygen. Oxygen is needed for Burning also.
NITROGEN:: Plants get this nitrogen with the help of bacteria in the soil. Nitrogen is also added to soil by using
chemical fertilizers. Animals get nitrogen from plants , meat & fish.
CARBON DIOXIDE :: Carbon dioxide is an important gas for plants . Plants prepare food from with the help of Carbon
dioxide, water & sunlight. The process is called PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
OTHER GASES :: Traces of other gases such as Hydrogen , ozone , helium , neon , argon & krypton are also present in
the air.
Neon is used in Electric bulb. Argon is used to produce the colourful glow in glass tubes.
WATER VAPOUR :: Water vapour is formed because of the evaporation of water from the surface of water bodies like
seas, rivers & lakes.
HUMIDITY: The amount of water vapour present in the air is called Humidity.

31. PROPERTIES OF AIR :----->
Air has weight.

Air takes up space.
Air exerts pressure.