TOPIC: KINDS OF SENTENCES & CLAUSES ENGLISH

CLAUSE: A group of words that forms a part of sentence & has a subject & a finite verb of its own is called a CLAUSE.
The number of finite verbs in the sentence joined by conjunctions determines the number of clauses.
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Study the following sentences carefully ----
(1.) I have given him money.
(2.) I like to give him money today.
FINITE VERB:
In the sentence (1.) the verb have given has I as its subject. The VERB have given is limited by the number & person of
its subject. It is therefore, called a FINITE VERB.
INFINITE VERB:
In the sentence (2.) LIKE is a Finite verb. But to give has no separate subject & is not limited by no. & person. It is
therefore, called a INFINITE VERB.
ADVERB: An ADVERB is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, adjective or another adverb. It is said
to modify verbs, adjectives & adverbs.eg;
1.) She is walking slowly.
2.) She is very intelligent.
3.) She is walking very slowly.
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THE SENTENCE, THE PHRASE, THE CLAUSE:
A SENTENCE is a group of words making complete sense. Every sentence has two parts :: The SUBJECT & the
PREDICATE.
The name of the person, the animal or the thing we speak about is called the SUBJECT.
The part of the sentence which says something about SUBJECT is called the PREDICATE.

A PHRASE is a group of words making incomplete sense. A PHRASE has no finite verb & in a sentence it is used
for some part of speech.
A CLAUSE is a group of words forming part of sentence. It has a Subject & predicate of its own, as;
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TYPES OF CLAUSES ::
A.) CO-ORDINATE CLAUSES.
B.) SUBORDINATE CLAUSES.
C.) PRINCIPAL CLAUSES.

TOPIC: KINDS OF SENTENCES & CLAUSES ENGLISH

EX:,
1. I went to Shimla & stayed with a friend.
2. This is the boy who helped me.
3. He told me that he would return in the evening.
4. When you come to me, I shall give a book.
In Sentence 1, the two clauses are
I went to Shimla &
I stayed with a friend.
Each of these Clauses can make a complete sense. They are called INDEPENDENT or CO-ORDINATE CLAUSES.
In Sentence 2,3,4 Clauses in Italics depend upon other clauses to clear their meaning. They are called SUBORDINATE
CLAUSES.
CLAUSES which can stand alone & make complete sense are called PRINCIPAL CLAUSES.
PRINCIPAL CLAUSES SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
This is the boy who helped me.
He told me that he would return in the evening.
I shall give you a book when you come to me.
A.) CO-ORDINATE CLAUSES.
In the sentences which have two Clauses & are equally independent, each clause stands on itself. These clauses are
joined by co-ordinate conjunctions. Such clauses are called CO-ORDINATE CLAUSES.
B.) SUBORDINATE CLAUSES.
In the sentences which have two or more clauses & are dependent on each other. These clauses do not stand by
themselves. They are called SUBORDINATE CLAUSES.
Eg, We worked hard / so that we may earn.
Principal clause: We worked hard.
Subordinate clause: so that we may earn.
Conjunction used: so that.

KINDS OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
There are 3 types of SUBORDINATE CLAUSES:
(A.) NOUN CLAUSE.
(B.) ADJECTIVE CLAUSE.
(C.) ADVERB CLAUSE.
TOPIC: KINDS OF SENTENCES & CLAUSES ENGLISH



(a.) NOUN CLAUSE ::
A Noun clause is one which does the work of noun.
1. She says that she is ill.
2. It is strange that you do not know him.
3. What I thought came true.
4. What he said was true.

(b.) AJDECTIVE CLAUSE ::
An adjective clause is one which does the work of adjective in the sentence & qualifies a NOUN /
PRONOUN given in the Principal Clause.
1. This is the CD which I bought yesterday.
2. God help those who help themselves.
3. This is the society where I live.

(c.) ADVERB CLAUSE ::
An adverb clause is one which does the work of adverb in the sentences & qualifies a verb / an
adjective / an adverb given in the principal clause.
1. If it rains, we shall not play.
If it rains modifies shall not play (VERB)
2. You may go wherever you please.
3. Although he is poor, he is honest.
4. As soon as his father saw him, he ran away.
As soon . him qualifies run (VERB)

It further classifies according to what they show as follows
a.) ADVERB CLAUSE OF TIME:: conjunctions that introduce such clauses:
As long as , before, as soon as, no sooner than , while, as, until ,when etc.

b.) ADVERB CLAUSE OF PLACE:: conjunctions that introduce such clauses:
Where, wherever, whether etc.

c.) ADVERB CLAUSE OF CONDITION :: conjunctions that introduce such clauses:
If, in case, provided, unless.

d.) ADVERB CLAUSE OF PURPOSE:: conjunctions that introduce such clauses:
So that, that, In order that etc.


TOPIC: KINDS OF SENTENCES & CLAUSES ENGLISH

e.) ADVERB CLAUSE OF RESULT :: conjunctions that introduce such clauses:
So that, such .. that. (it is so noisy that I cant hear.)


f.) ADVERB CLAUSE OF REASON :: conjunctions that introduce such clauses:
Because, as, since, that etc.

g.) ADVERB CLAUSE OF CONTRAST :: conjunctions that introduce such clauses:
Though .. yet, although, however, even if etc.

h.) ADVERB CLAUSE OF COMPARISON :: conjunctions that introduce such clauses:
As as, than, no less than, such as.

i.) ADVERB CLAUSE OF MANNER :: conjunctions that introduce such clauses:
As, as if, as though etc.

x x x..