1.

1 Fill in the blanks in each of the following:

• The company that brought the phenomenon of personal computing to the world
was [Apple].
• The computer that made personal computing legitimate in business and industry
was the [IBM Personal Computer].
• Computers process data under the control of sets of instructions called
[computer programs].
• The six logic units of the computer are the [input unit, output unit, memory
unit, arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), central processing unit,
secondary storage unit].
• [Time sharing] is a special case of multitasking in which users’ access the
computer thorough devices called terminals.
• The three classes of languages discussed in the chapter are [machine, assembly
and high-level languages].
• The programs that translate high-level language programs into machine language
are called [compiler].
• C is widely known as the development language of the [UNIX] operating
system.
• This book presents the version of C called [Standard] C that was standardized
through [ANSIO and ISO].
• The [Pascal] language was developed by Wirth for teaching structured
programming.
• The development of Defense developed the Ada language with a capability called
[multitasking] which allows programs to specify that many activities can
proceed in parallel.
• Devices form which user’s access timesharing computer system are usually called
[terminal].

• A computer program that converts assembly-language into machine language is

called [assembler].

• The logical unit of the computer that receives information from outside the
computer for use by the computer is called [input unit].

• The process of instructing the computer to solve specific problem is called

• What type of computer language uses English-like abbreviation for machine

language instructions?[High-level language]
 • Which logic unit of the computer sends information that has already been
processed by the computer to various devices, so that it may be used outside the
computer? [output unit]

1.2 Fill in the blanks in each of the following sentences about the C
environment:
• C programs are normally typed into a computer using [editor] program.
• In a C system, a [preprocessor] program automatically executes before the
translation of phase begins.
• The two most common kinds of preprocessor directives are [including other
files in the file to be compiled and replacing special symbols with
program text].
• The [linker] program combines the output of the compiler with various library
functions to produce an executable image.
• The [loader] program transfers the executable image from disk to memory.
• To load and execute the most recently compiled program on a Linux [system,
type a. out].
• The general name of a program that converts programs written in a certain
computer language into machine language is [compiler].
• Which logical unit of the computer retains information? [memory unit]
• Which logical unit of the computer performs calculations? [arithmetic and
logic unit]
Which logic unit of the computer makes logic decision? [Arithmetic and logic
Unit]
• The commonly used abbreviation for the computer’s control unit is
• The level of computer language most convenient (সুিবধা/উপযুক) to the programmer
for writing programs quickly and easily is [high-level language].
• The only language that a computer can directly understand is called that
computer’s [machine language].
• Which logic unit of the computer coordinates the activities of all the other logical
units? [CPU]

1.3 Categorize each of the following items as either hardware or software:

a) CPU [hardware]
b) C Compilers [software]
c) ALU [software]
d) C processor [software]
e) input unit [hardware]
 f) a word-processor program[software]

1.7 True or False

a) Machine languages are generally machine dependant.

b) Time sharing truly runs several users simultaneously on a terminal.
c) Like other high-level languages, C is generally considered to be machine
independent.