Abstract

Virtualisation continues to be the buzzword. Its in the news because even simple
desktops can now act as virtual machine hosts. Virtualisation means simulation
of a computer system, in software. Open source is software where the source code
of that software is available usually in the web that permits users to study,
change and improve the software. In this presentation lets look about
virtualisation and look at why open source virtualisation is going to win. In this
presentation we would see the advantages of virtualisation and open source,
types of virtualisation, open source virtualisation, constraints of virtualisation,
virtual machine monitor V!!",types of V!!, #ecure Virtualisation with
#$%inu& and Virtual 'o& powerful virtualisation product".
(eywords)
V!*virtual machine
V!!*virtual machine monitor
+uest O#*the O# that is run within a V!
,ost O#*the O# that runs on the physical computer and hosts guests.
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INTRODUCTION
Human brain, the most valuable creation of God.The man is called intellient because
of the !rain.!ut "e loss the #no"lede of a brain "hen the bod$ is destro$ed after
the death .
%!&U' !R(IN)* The name of the "orld+s first virtual brain. That means a machine
that can function as human brain.
The human brain has unloc#ed man$ of nature,s secrets, but the secrets of the brain
itself have remained elusive to scientists. Decades of -robin into the brain,s
functionin hasn,t $et iven scientists a full ras- of the "a$ the brain functions or its
circuitr$.
The !lue !rain -ro.ect ma$ be the ans"er "e are loo#in for. ( ne" initiative b$
scientists at the !rain /ind Institute at 0"it1erland,s 'cole 2ol$techni3ue 4ederale de
&ausanne 5'24&6 and I!/ enineers aims to unloc# the secrets of the brain, not b$
lab e7-eriments, but b$ usin the brute -o"er of a su-ercom-uter.
The !lue !rain 2ro.ect "ill run simulations of the brain,s neurons to tease out their
secrets. The -ro.ect uses I!/,s latest installation of !lueGene8& su-ercom-uter
runnin on &inu7 to run simulations of neurons. The !lue !rain com-uter "ill occu-$
the floor s-ace of about four refrierators and can reach a -ea# s-eed of some 99.:
teraflo-s ** 99.: trillion calculations ever$ second ** -uttin it amon the the "orld,s
to- 1; su-ercom-uters. The fastest su-ercom-uter in the "orld is at the &a"rence
&ivermore National &aborator$ ** the !lueGene s$stem, "hen finished later this $ear,
"ill have a -ea# s-eed of <=> teraflo-s.
2art of the reason "h$ the brain and its functions remain a m$ster$ is that most of the
research till date have been ,"et*lab, ones, done on lab animals li#e rat and mice.
These e7-eriments are ver$ com-le7 and -ainfull$ slo" to conduct, often ta#in t"o
to three $ears to com-lete. This is "here the bla1in s-eed of I!/,s !lue !rain
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com-uters "ill hel-. Its ama1in number crunchin abilit$ "ill hel- s-eed u- the
simulations of these ,"et*lab, e7-eriments, cuttin do"n on the time involved to a fe"
da$s, sometimes seconds.
?OR@ING O4 !&U' !R(IN
The !lue !rain com-uter "ill "a#e u- on Aul$ 1, 9BB;. Over the ne7t t"o $ears,
scientists and enineers from both the '24& and I!/, alon "ith an online net"or#
of brain and com-uter scientits, "ill create a detailed model of the circuitr$ in the
brain,s neocorte7. The neocorte7 is the larest and most com-le7 -art of the human
brain, and constitutes about :; -er cent of the brain,s total mass. The neocorte7 is
thouht to be res-onsible for the conitive functions of lanuae, learnin, memor$
and com-le7 thouht.
The neocortical columns are the buildin bloc#s of the corte7, the -art of the brain
that differentiates mammals from other animals. CThe neocortical column is the
beinnin of intellience and ada-tabilit$,C /ar#ram told !usiness"ee# maa1ine.
Ho" "ill the simulations be runD The !lue !rain com-uter "ill use the #no"lede
scientists have athered till no" about ho" neurons in the brain tal# to each other to
run the accelerated simulations. The !lue !rain has some :,BBB -rocessors and the
scientists "ill ma- one or t"o simulated brain neurons to each -rocessor, ma#in the
com-uter a re-lica of 1B,BBB neurons. The simulated neurons "ill be interconnected
"ith rules the team has "or#ed out about ho" the brain functions. This result "ould
be a simulated model that is 1,BBB times larer than an$ such model till late ** an
electronic brain "ith 1B,BBB neurons chatterin a"a$ and in the -rocess e7-osin the
secrets of their functionin to the "atchful scientists.
C/odelin the brain at the cellular level is a massive underta#in because of the
hundreds of thousands of -arameters that need to be ta#en into account,C said Henr$
/ar#ram, the '24& -rofessor headin the -ro.ect and founder of '24&,s !rain and
<
/ind Institute. The ma--in of the neocorte7 is itself e7-ected to ta#e t"o to three
$ears. /ar#ram "ill start b$ simulatin a sinle rat neurocortical column, riorousl$
chec#in the model in e7-eriments aainst neurocortical columns ta#en from rats.
'ventuall$, the -ro.ect "ill be e7-anded to model other areas of the brain to build an
accurate, com-uter*based model of the entire brain. This "ill need a bier !lue
!rain and could ta#e a decade to com-lete ** even "ith !lueGene82, I!/,s ne7t*
eneration su-ercom-uter.
(I/ O4 !&U' !R(IN E
The aim of the !lue !rain 2ro.ect is to build a re-lica of a neocortical column, the
basic functional unit that ma#es u- the cerebral neocorte7 "hile encom-assin most
of the neocorte7,s cellular diversit$. CIf $ou are an e7-erimental bioloist, in $our
e7-eriments $ou see an ama1in variet$ of cell t$-es. F The t$-ical modellin
a--roach ... doesn+t ive the ans"er to the e7-erimentalist "ho "ants to understand
this diversit$,C 0chGrmann e7-lains. This diversit$ can onl$ be achieved, he sa$s, b$
incor-oratin e7-erimental neuroscience data into ver$ detailed com-uter simulations
that Cbehave indistinuishabl$ from the e7-eriment.C The 2ro.ect builds on the efforts
of the !rain /ind Institute, "hich has been accumulatin em-irical data on the
microarchitecture of the neocorte7 for a decade.
HIRTU(& !R(INE
( machine that can function as brain .
It can ta#e decision.
It can thin#.
It can res-ond.
It can #ee- thins in memor$.
I
N''D O4 HIRTU(& !R(INE
To u-load contents of the natural brain into it .
To #ee- the intellience , #no"lede and s#ill of an$ -erson for ever .
To remember thins "ithout an$ effort .
4UNCTIONING O4 !R(IN
#ensory Input EReceivin in-ut such as sound ,imae, etc throuh sensor$ cell .
Interpretation . E Inter-retation of the received in-ut b$ the brain b$ definin
states of neurons in the brain.
!otor Output. E Receivin of electric res-onses from the brain to
-erform an$ action

!R(IN 0I/U&(TION E
-A./0A% '0AI- V# #I!/%A.$1 '0AI-
I-2/. I-2/.
Throuh the natural neurons Throuh the silicon chi- or artificial
neurons

I-.$020$.A.IO- I-.$020$.A.IO-
;
!$ different states of the !$ a set of bits in a set of reister
neurons in the brain
O/.2/. O/.2/.
Throuh the natural neurons. Throuh the silicon chi- .
20O3$##I-+ 20O3$##I-+
Throuh arithmetic and Throuh arithmetic and loical
&oical calculations calculations and artificial intellience
!$!O04 !$!O04
Throuh -ermanent states Throuh secondar$ memor$
of neurons

U2&O(DING HU/(N !R(IN

The u-loadin is -ossible b$ the use of small robots #no"n as the nanobots.
These robots are small enouh to travel throuh out our circulator$ s$stem.
Travelin into the s-ine and brain, the$ "ill be able to monitor the activit$ and
structure of our central nervous s$stem.
=
The$ "ill be able to -rovide an interface "ith com-uter that is as close as our mind
can be "hile "e still reside in our bioloical form .
Nanobots could also carefull$ scan the structure of our brain, -rovidin a com-lete
readout of the connection.
This information, "hen entered into a com-uter, could then continue to function as us.
Thus the data stored in the entire brain "ill be u-loaded into the com-uter.
The C!lue !rainC J Human Consciousness
C!lue !rainC offer a better understandin of human consciousness.
It+s an actual Kcom-uter brain+ that ma$ eventuall$ have the abilit$ to thin# for itself.
?hen it "as first fed electrical im-ulses, strane -atterns bean to a--ear "ith
lihtnin*li#e flashes -roduced b$ Kcells+ that the scientists reconi1ed from livin
human and animal -rocesses. CIt ha--ened entirel$ on its o"n,C
This hel-ed the scientists to understand the actual -rocessin of the brain "hich arised
the conce-t of %!lue brain).

!lue brain acts as a com-uter that "ould o-erate at inconceivable s-eeds L somethin
fast enouh to simulate the human brain.

( !lue brain aims to unloc# the secrets of brain b$ usin the brute -o"er of a
su-ercom-uter.
>
!&U' !R(IN 0I/U&(TION U0ING /ICRO2ROC'00OR
The !lue !rain simulation uses one micro-rocessor for each of the 1B,BBB
neurons in the cortical column of a rat,s cerebral corte7.
It hel-s to build a brain microcircuit, in order to scale it in human brain.
!&U' !R(IN 2O?'R
The human brain has 1BB billions, nerve cells that enable us to ada-t 3uic#l$
to an immense arra$ of stimuli.
!lue brain is a technolo$ that uses %!lue Gene) a su-ercom-uter ca-able of
-rocessin 99: T4&O20.
The main aim of blue brain is to build an soft"are re-lica or tem-late "hich
could reveal man$ e7isitin as-ects of the brain circuits,memor$ ca-acit$,and
ho" memories are lost.
:
The modelin is also able to "or# out best "a$ to com-ensate and re-air error
circuits .
The blue brain model can be used to detect and test treatment stateries for
neuroloical diseases.
'M(/2&' O4 !&U' !R(IN
( ver$ ood e7am-le of utili1ation of blue brain is the case Cshort term
memor$C.
In some movies "e miht have noticed that a -erson miht be havin short
term memories.
( another situation is that "hen a -erson ets older, then he starts forettin or
ta#es a bit more time to reconi1e to a -erson.
4or the above reason "e need a blue brain. It is a sim-le chi- that can be
installed into the human brain for "hich the short term memor$ and volatile
memor$ at the old ae can be avoided.
'M2'RI/'NT0 ON !&U' !R(IN
0cientists rel$ on com-uter models to understand the touhest conce-ts in
science.
( com-uter model is bein desined to ta#e on the human brain.
( eneric tem-late is build "hich allo"s us to reconstruct a brain accordin
to an$ s-ecifications.
N
!&U' !R(IN 2ROA'CT O!A'CTIH'0
The -ro.ect "ill search for insihts into ho" human beins thin# and remember. It
ma$ also shed liht on -s$chiatric disorders and ho" the$ arise. 0cientists believe
defective circuitr$ in the brain is the cause of autism, schi1o-hrenia, de-ression and
other -s$choloical -roblems. The -ro.ect, scientists thin#, could also hel- the search
for a cure for 2ar#inson,s disease.
(nd it is not .ust brain research that "ill benefit from the !lue !rain -ro.ect. The
latest theor$ is that brain circuitr$ is in a com-le7 state of flu7, the brain re"irin
itself ever$ moment of its e7istence. If the scientists can crac# o-en the secret of ho"
and "h$ the brain does it, the #no"lede could lead to a revolutionar$ ne" breed of
su-ercom-uters. 0uch com-uters could ma#e toda$,s su-ercom-uters loo# li#e
lumberin analo calculatorsO
(DH(NT(G'0
It acts as a su-ercom-uter.
Im-rovements in -rocessin, s-eed and memor$ could ma#e entire human
brain simulated.
Thins could be remembered "ithout an$ effort.
Use the intellience of the -erson after death.
It can ma#e decisions entirel$ of its o"n.
(llo"in the deaf to hear via direct nerve simulation.
DI0(DH(NT(G'0
?e become de-endent u-on the com-uters.
1B
(nother fear is found "ith res-ect to human clonin.
( ver$ costl$ -rocedure of reainin the memor$ bac#.
H(RD?(R' (ND 0O4T?(R' R'PUIR/'NT0
( 0u-er com-uter.
/emor$ "ith a ver$ lare storin ca-acit$.
2rocessor "ith a ver$ hih -rocessin -o"er.
( ver$ "ide net"or#.
( -roram to convert the electric im-ulses from the brain to in-ut sinal,
"hich is to be received b$ the com-uter and vice versa.
Her$ -o"erful Nanobots to act as the interface bet"een the natural brain and
the com-uter.
The !lue !rain has some :,BBB -rocessors "hich ma- one or t"o simulated
brain neurons to each -rocessor, ma#in the com-uter a re-lica of 1B,BBB
neurons.
CONC&U0ION
?ill be able to transfer ourselves into the com-uter at some -oint.
'ventuall$ aim of a--l$in terrific com-uter -o"er to the simulation of an entire
brain.
Her$ soon this technolo$ "ill be hihl$ acce-ted "hole over the "orld.
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