A SIX WEEK INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT ON

BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICAL LTD

HARIDWAR
Submitted for partial fulfillment of award of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
Deree in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG
!nder t"e Guidan#e of
VIKAS SINGLA (senior Engineer BHEL!
RA" KUMAR GOEL INSTITUTE O# TECHNOLOGY
GHA$IABAD

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
Mr% ABHINAV BANSAL MANISH KUMAR PANDEY
ROLL NO$ % &''(((&')*
+ ECE DE,ART-ENT. ECE /
TH
SE- SEC % A


ABSTRACT
0 "ad done m1 trainin in BHEL in Tele#ommuni#ation area $ 0n t"i2 field 0 learnt
about telep"on1 and it2 t1pe23 ele#troni#2 E4#"ane and #ard2 u2ed in e4#"ane3
t1pe2 of tone u2ed in telep"on1 3 "ow a #all i2 made 3 t1pe2 of #onne#tion u2ed i$e
t"rou" #ablin or t"rou" wirele22 #onne#tion3 fa#ilit1 pro5ided b1 e4#"ane in
telep"one%
BHEL i2 t"e lare2t enineerin and manufa#turin enterpri2e in 0ndia in t"e
ener1 related infra2tru#ture 2e#tor toda1 and one of t"e -AHARATNA
#ompan1$ T"e wide networ6 of BHEL72 &* manufa#turin di5i2ion3 four power
Se#tor reional #enter23 o5er &)' pro8e#t 2ite23 ei"t 2er5i#e #enter2 and &9
reional offi#e23 enable2 t"e Compan1 to promptl1 2er5e it2 #u2tomer2 and
pro5ide t"em wit" 2uitable produ#t23 212tem2 and 2er5i#e2 : effi#ientl1 and at
#ompetiti5e pri#e2$ ,rodu#t of BHEL are boiler 3 Ga2 enerator3 "1dro enerator 3
Steam turbine23 a2 turbine2 3 H1dro turbine23 AC motor2 3Tran2former23 ;ind
mill3 <al5e23 Ele#tro2tati#2 pre#ipator2 et#$ T"e finan#ial turno5er durin t"e
1ear =''/%'9 wa2 =&3*'& #rore2 rupee2 and #urrent in ='&=%&( turno5er i2
&3='3''' #rore2 rupee2$
0 e4pre22 m1 2in#ere t"an62 and ratitude to BHEL aut"oritie2 for allowin me to
undero t"e trainin in t"i2 pre2tiiou2 orani>ation$ 0 will alwa12 remain
indebted to t"em for t"eir #on2tant intere2t and e4#ellent uidan#e in m1 trainin
wor63 moreo5er for pro5idin me wit" an opportunit1 to wor6 and ain
e4perien#e$
00
CERTI#ICATE
T&is is 'o (er'i)* '&+' MANISH KUMAR PANDEY &is
,n-ergone si. /ee0 'r+ining &ere in o,r org+ni1+'ion B&+r+'
He+2* E3e('ri(+3 Li4i'e- H+ri-/+r (UK!% His -is(i53ine +n-
5er)or4+n(e -,ring '&e 'r+ining 5erio- /+s e.(e33en'% We /is& &i4
+ 2er* 5ros5ero,s +n- 6rig&' (+reer in ),',re%
(VIKASH SINGLA! (V%K% "OSHI!
Sr% Engineer Sr% Te(&ni(i+n
(WEX7TELECOM! (WEX7TELECOM!
000



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
0 am e4tremel1 t"an6ful and pa1 ratitude to Mr% P,nee' Sri2+s'2+(HOD ECE De5+r'4en'
r0gi'! 2ir for i5in me opportunit1 for trainin $
0 would li6e to t"an6 m1 re2pe#ted parent23 w"o alwa12 en#ouraed me and tau"t me to t"in6
and wor6out inno5ati5el1 w"at 2o e5er be t"e field of life$ -1 2in#ere t"an62 oe2 to Mr%
Vi0+s& sing3+ (Sr% Engineer! Tele#om for "i2 prodiiou2 uidan#e3 per2ua2ion3 and
pain2ta6in attitude3 reformati5e and prudential 2ue2tion t"rou"out m1 2ummer trainin
2#"edule$
Spe#ial t"an62 o to Mr%V%K%"os&i (Sr%Te(&ni(i+n! Tele#om$ ;"o "elped me a lot in
i5in minute detail2 of Tele#om$ Department and enli"tened me wit" t"e 6nowlede of
E4#"ane e?uipment2 and t"eir wor6in$
La2t but not t"e lea2t3 m1 2in#ere t"an62 to all t"e 2taff member2 and friend2 for in2tillin in me
a 2en2e of 2elf%#onfiden#e$
NAME8 -AN0SH @!-AR ,ANDEY

BRANCHA +ELECTRON0CS B CO--$ ENGG$.

A(+-e4i( Ye+rA ='&'%='&*
Ins'i','eA RAC @!-AR GOEL 0NST0T!TE OF
TECHNOLOGY
0<
INTRODUCTION ABOUT B%H%E%L%
TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN BHEL HARDWAR$
VOCATION TRAINING REPORT8 9:;<

CONTENTS

;% In'ro-,('ion%
9% T&e Org+ni1+'ion%
=% Te3e(o44,ni(+'ions%
<% E3e('roni( E.(&+nge(s!%
>% Te3e5&one Lines%
?% Conne('ion T*5es%
@% Gener+3 )+,3's o((,rring in +n E.(&+nge%
A% S5e(i+3 User #e+',res o) V+rio,s E.(&+nges%
B% O5'i(+3 #i6er S*s'e4%
;:% M+in'en+n(e%
<
;% INTRODUCTION%
0n pa2t few 1ear2 t"e field of #ommuni#ation "a2 been de5elopin wit" no leap2 or bound2$ 0t
"a2 be#ome a ne#e22it1 of ea#" "uman bein to be #onne#ted wit" ea#" ot"er$ Telep"one i2
rapidl1 be#omin a tool to ?uen#" t"i2 t"ir2t$
0n Automati# Telep"on13 operator2 are not re?uired to e2tabli2" #onne#tion2 manuall1 between
t"e different #allin and t"e #alled 2ub2#riber2 a2 are re?uired in t"e #a2e of manual telep"one
212tem2$ 0n t"e2e 212tem 2ub2#riber2 t"o2e 2el5e2 e2tabli2" re?uired #onne#tion2 b1 operatin
t"e different 2wit#"e2 pla#ed at t"e #entral pla#e 6nown a2 t"e EDCHANGE from t"eir
telep"one2 at remote pla#e from it$ T"e automati# telep"one 212tem2 are rapidl1 repla#in
manual one2 due to t"eir out2tandin merit2 o5er t"e latter t1pe23 2ome of w"i#" are
enumerated belowA
E 0n Automati# Telep"on1 "i"er le5el of 2e#re#1 i2 maintained due to ab2en#e of
Operator2 w"o #an o5er"ear t"e #on5er2ation if t"e1 li6e in t"e manual telep"one
S12tem2$
T"e wor6in of an Automati# Telep"one 212tem doe2 not depend for it2 effi#ien#1
On t"e per2onal effi#ien#ie2 of t"e operator2$
E T"ere i2 no po22ibilit1 of t"e #all2 bein mi22ed or wron meterin bein done due to fault2
of operator2 or due to p"oneti# error2 between t"e 2ub2#riber2 and t"e operator2$
A2 no operator i2 re?uired3 t"e runnin #o2t of t"e e4#"ane i2 redu#ed$
COMMUNICATION Di+%I
<0
9% THE ORGANI$ATION%
BHEL wa2 primaril1 2et up to meet t"e need2 of t"e power 2e#tor in t"e #ountr1$ T"e
fir2t plant wa2 e2tabli2"ed nearl1 () 1ear2 ao at B"opal3 w"i#" "eralded t"e ene2i2 of t"e
"ea51 ele#tri#al e?uipment in 0ndia$ BHEL i2 toda1 t"e lare2t enineerin enterpri2e in 0ndia3
wit" e4#ellent tra#6 re#ord of performan#e3 ma6in profit2 #ontinuou2l1 2in#e &F/&%/=$ 0t
a#"ie5ed a 2ale2 turno5er of R2$ (&)* #arore2 wit" a preta4 ,rofit of R2$='& #arore23 in &FF'%
F&$
T"e area2 of BHEL operation2 broadl1 #o5er #on5er2ion3 tran2mi22ion3 utili>ation and
#on2er5ation of ener1 in #ore 2e#tor2 of t"e e#onom1 li6e ,ower3 0ndu2tr1 and Tran2portation3
et#$3 and fulfill 5ital infra2tru#ture need2 of t"e #ountr1$
Toda13 BHEL "a2 &( manufa#turin di5i2ion23 9 2er5i#e #enter2 and * ,ower Se#tor
Reional Center23 in addition to o5er &)' pro8e#t 2ite2 2pread all o5er 0ndia and e5en abroad to
pro5ide prompt and effe#ti5e 2er5i#e to #u2tomer2$
BHEL Hardwar i2 one of t"e premier orani>ation2 w"i#" i2 "onored b1 0$S$O$%F''=
2pe#ifi#ation2$
<00
=% TELECOMMUNICATION%
BHEL manufa#ture2 E,ABD and -AD 212tem2 ba2ed on C%Dot te#"nolo1 and "a2
plan2 to ma6e ot"er rane2 of tele#ommuni#ation e?uipment al2o$
T"e2e are ba2i#all1 u2ed for #onne#tin lin62 between 5ariou2 module2 li6e perip"eral23
e4#"ane and it2 e?uipment2$ 0t i2 ne#e22ar1 to run a number of internal #able2 of 2uitable
#ondu#tor2 between t"e followin 2tae2 and frame2A%
&$ Hand2et to e4#"ane72 #able #"amber
=$ Cable #"amber to -$D$F$
($ -$D$F$ to 0$D$F$
*$ 0$D$F$ to Number Blo#6
)$ Number Blo#6 to E4#"ane E?uipment
G$ Between two e4#"ane2
/$ Between two #itie2
9$ Between two #ountrie2
,rior to ad5ent of Ele#troni# E4#"ane2 inter%#onne#tion of 5ariou2 #ir#uit2 are made b1
me#"ani#al #onta#t2 t"at are operated b1 me#"ani#al mo5ement2 produ#ed b1 t"e attra#tion of
an iron armature of an ele#tromanet or b1 t"e operation of an ele#tri# motor$ T"ere are 2ome
di2ad5antae2 of 2u#" 212tem2 for u2in me#"ani#al #onta#t23 due to followin rea2on28
Contacts are subjected to wear and tear.
Require adjustments time to time.
Maintenance is highly precise.
Prone to corrosion. Etc...
But now%a%da12 Ele#troni# E4#"ane2 are u2ed$ 0n Ele#troni# e4#"ane ele#troni# de5i#e2
effe#t t"e inter%#onne#tion between different tran2mi22ion #ir#uit2 and Ele#tro%me#"ani#al
rela12 and 2wit#"e2 are di2pen2ed wit"$ Su#" ele#troni# de5i#e2 remo5e diffi#ultie2 a22o#iated
wit" me#"ani#al #onta#t2$ T"e reate2t ad5antae of u2in ele#troni# de5i#e2 in pla#e of
ele#trome#"ani#al de5i#e2 i2 t"at no time i2 loo2ed in ma6in a #onne#tion and a 5er1 "i"
2peed of operation i2 po22ible$

<000
<% ELECTRONIC EXCHANGES%
E3e('roni( E.(&+nges +re o) '/o '*5esA
&$ Tone t1pe
=$ ,ul2e t1pe
&$ Tone '*5e A 0n t"i2 t1pe of e4#"ane 2ine wa5e2 are u2ed$ T"ere 2peed of dialin for a i5en
number i2 more t"an t"at of ,ul2e t1pe$
=$ P,3se '*5e A 0n t"i2 t1pe of e4#"ane 2?uare wa5e i2 u2ed due to w"i#" t"e dialin 2peed i2
le22er$ T"e telep"one apparatu2 u2ed for bot" t1pe2 are different in #on2tru#tion$ But now da12
bot" t1pe2 of apparatu2 are interated in a 2inle ma#"ine in w"i#" 2wit#"%o5er #an be made
5ia a 2ele#tor 2wit#"$
TONES USED IN MODERN TELEPHONY
Di+3 Tone A ;"en "and2et i2 pi#6ed up from t"e #radle3 t"en Dial tone i2 "eard if a free line
i2 a5ailable$ T"i2 mean2 t"at t"e in2trument i2 read1 to 2end t"e 2inal2 to t"e e4#"ane$ ;"en
t"e 2ub2#riber ta6e2 up t"e re#ei5er t"en 2inal2 are 2ent -$D$F$ t"en to 0$D$F$3 line Number
blo#6 and to ,erip"eral2 w"ere in 5ariou2 line%#ard2 are mounted in a 2"elf$ ;"en
#orre2pondin number on t"e line%#ard i2 free t"en t"e Riner 2e#tion of t"at ,erip"eral
enerate2 a 2inal #alled tone$ T"i2 tone i2 a #ontinuou2 burble 2ound of 400 H. modulated by
!"H$ and i2 2ent to t"e #allin 2ub2#riber a2 2oon a2 "i2 line 2ei>e2 t"e free line$ T"e 2ub2#riber
mu2t not dial before re#ei5in t"i2 toneH ot"erwi2e "e i2 liable to et wron #onne#tion$ 0f "e
doe2 not et t"i2 tone3 "e 2"ould tr1 after 2ome time$
B,s* Tone A ;"en t"e #alled 2ub2#riber i2 enaed wit" ot"er #all3 t"i2 tone i2 "eard$ 0t #on2i2t2
of a 2ound of *'' H>$ w"i#" i2 reularl1 interrupted at e?ual inter5al2$ 0t i2 enerall1 on for
'$/) 2e#$ and off for al2o '$/) 2e#$
Ringing Tone A ;"en a number i2 dialed t"en telep"one of t"e #alled 2ub2#riber 2tart2 rinin$
Callin 2ub2#riber 2"ould et t"i2 information and t"i2 i2 indi#ated b1 2endin rinin tone of
interrupted *'' H>$ 2upplie2 modulated b1 =) H>$ and it2 duration2 are enerall1 e?ual to t"e
duration of rinin #urrent3 w"i#" rin2 t"e bell$ 0t ma1 be '$* 2e#$ on3 '$= 2e#$ off 3 '$* 2e#$ on
and = 2e#$ off and 2o on or it ma1 be '$/) 2e#$ on and '$/) 2e#$ Off and 2o on$ ;"en t"i2
rinin tone i2 re#ei5ed3 t"e #allin 2ub2#riber 6now2 t"at t"e #onne#tion i2 #ompleted and t"at
t"e bell of t"e #alled 2ub2#riber i2 rinin$
N,46er Uno6'+in+63e ToneA T"i2 tone i2 2ent w"en t"e number dialed #annot be obtained$ 0f
an1 2ub2#riber dial2 w"i#" i2 not a#tuall1 #onne#ted to t"e e4#"ane3 t"i2 indi#ation i2 2end$
T"i2 i2 al2o a tone of *'' H>$ wit" interruption of ='' m2e#$ e5er1 ( 2e#$
0D
Now%a%da12 pu2" button t1pe telep"one apparatu2 are u2ed$ T"i2 apparatu2 #an be e4ploded
into followin 2e#tion28
#. Ringer section
!. $peech section %&ransmitter and Recei'er section(
). *oltage limiter section
From telep"one e4#"ane two wire2 or #onne#tor2 run for ea#" number3 in w"i#" one i2 neutral
and t"e ot"er i2 main or po2iti5e$ For t"e telep"one #ir#uit to wor6 t"e ne#e22ar1 2uppl1 i2
pro5ided b1 t"e e4#"ane$ Li6e ot"er #ir#uit2 telep"one al2o operate2 w"en a #ir#uit i2
e2tabli2"ed between #allin and #alled 2ub2#riber$ ;"en one dial2 a number t"en t"e
#orre2pondin rela12 at t"e e4#"ane e2tabli2"ed a #ir#uit automati#all1$ T"e telep"one
e4#"ane 2upplie2 *'%G' 5olt D$C$ and &&'I=' H>$ to operate t"i2 #ir#uit$ T"i2 i2 re?uired
be#au2e of 5oltae drop t"at ma1 #reep in lon tran2mi22ion wire2$ A2 2oon a2 t"e "and2et i2
pi#6ed%up t"i2 *9%5olt D$C$ 2uppl1 i2 a5ailable at 5oltae limiter 2e#tion3 dialin pul2e
enerator and 2pee#" 2e#tion$
0n telep"one dialin two t1pe2 of fre?uen#ie2 are u2ed w"i#" areA
E Hi" band tone +&=&G H>$ to &G*) H>$.
E Low band tone +/'& H>$ to F(G H>$.
#reC,en(ies ,se- in Te3e5&on*
T"e number2 from & to ) fall2 in low band and G to F3 ' fall2 in "i" band$ Till t"e "and2et i2
on%"oo63 t"e rinin 2e#tion of t"e apparatu2 i2 on t"rou" telep"one line but on liftin t"e
"and2et t"e rinin 2e#tion be#ome2 off3 al2o t"e dialin and 2pee#" 2e#tion be#ome2 read1$ On
liftin t"e "and2et fir2t t"e dial tone i2 re#ei5ed w"i#" i2 amplified b1 t"e amplifier of 2pee#"
2e#tion$
;"en a number i2 pre22ed on t"e 6e1board3 t"e dialin pul2e2 are made on and off a##ordin to
t"e number dialed$ For e4ample if ) i2 pre22ed t"en dialin pul2e2 are made on and off ) time2$
T"i2 pro#e22 #an be "eard on t"e re#ei5er$ T"ere i2 a ap of # sec$ between #on2e#uti5el1
pre22ed number2$
;"en t"e "and2et i2 pla#ed on or i2 lifted from t"e in2trument a 2wit#" i2 operated #alled t"e
"oo6%2wit#"$ T"e main fun#tion of t"i2 2wit#" i2 to tole between telep"one%line and riner3
dialin B 2pee#" 2e#tion2 of t"e telep"one$ ;"en t"e "and2et i2 on t"e telep"one t"en riner
2e#tion of t"e telep"one i2 on w"ile on liftin it riner 2e#tion i2 di2#onne#ted and dialin
2e#tion i2 #onne#ted$
Ho/ '&e 'e3e5&one (+33 is 4+-eA
Telep"one #all i2 #"ara#teri>ed into two 2e#tion2A
&$ O,'going (+33s A Generall1 a 5oltae of 4+*,-0* ..C% alwa12 remain2 on t"e telep"one line
but a2 t"e "and2et i2 pi#6ed%up t"e 5oltae limiter drop2 t"i2 5oltae to F%&=<$ On "earin t"e
dial tone it i2 #onfirmed t"at t"e apparatu2 i2 read1 to wor6 and after dialin t"e number a
rinin pul2e i2 2end to t"e #alled part1$ ;"en t"e #allin part1 pi#62%up t"e "and2et t"e billin
meter of t"e e4#"ane be#ome2 a#ti5ated$ T"ere i2 a #ounter in t"e e4#"ane3 w"i#" #ount2 t"e
pul2e and #on5ert2 t"em into #all2$
=$ In(o4ing (+33s A T"e2e are 8u2t oppo2ite of outoin #all2$ 0n t"e in#omin #all2 t"e
telep"one dete#t2 t"e rinin 2inal from t"e e4#"ane and pro5ide2 t"e rin$ At t"e in2tan#e of
rinin 2inal3 t"ere remain2 a 5oltae of /)%&&'<$I=' H>$ on t"e telep"one$ A "i" 5oltae
+A$C$. i2 2ent from t"e riner 2e#tion of t"e e4#"ane to 2tart t"e riner #ir#uit of t"e telep"one$
;"en t"e rinin 2inal i2 re#ei5ed it 2"ould be properl1 i2olated a2 it ma1 i5e a 2"o#6$ T"i2
rinin #ir#uit i2 on until t"e "and2et i2 not pi#6ed%up at t"e #alled part1$ T"e duration of t"i2
tone3 if unattended3 i2 & minute after w"i#" an enae tone i2 "eard$ After liftin t"e "and2et a
#ir#uit i2 e2tabli2"ed and a #all i2 made$
D
E3e('roni( E.(&+nge Dig%II
D0
T"ere are 5ariou2 power2 pro5idin #ir#uit2 a5ailable in t"e e4#"ane to run t"e #ir#uitr1$
T"e2e are broadl1 #ateori>ed in two #ateorie2A
E Out2ide t"e e4#"ane
E 0n2ide t"e e4#"ane
O,'si-e '&e E.(&+nge A
Sin#e t"e 5oltae 2upplied in 0ndian Sub#ontinent i2 =='%5olt2I)' H>$ A$C$ but for t"e normal
wor6in of t"e e4#"ane *9+*G%)(. 5olt2 of D$C$ i2 re?uired$
Hen#e a Re#tifier #ir#uit3 ba#6ed wit" batter1 arra1 for power%failure23 i2 u2ed$ T"i2
re#tifier blo#6 not onl1 re#tifie2 t"e input 2uppl1 but al2o wor62 a2 a batter1 #"arer$ 0t i2
6nown a2 Float re#tifier #um #"arer$
Batter1 ba#6up i2 utili>ed for 2moot" operation of t"e e4#"ane durin power failure2$ For
batter1 ba#6%up lead a#id batter1 arra1 i2 u2ed in parallel to t"e 2uppl1 from t"e re#tifier blo#63
2o t"at durin power failure2 t"e e4#"ane 2upplie2 are not terminated$
Insi-e '&e E.(&+ngeA
0n2ide t"e telep"one e4#"ane 5ariou2 t1pe2 of power 2upplie2 are u2ed for powerin 5ariou2
module2 +for e4ampleA % Line%#ard23 Riner.$ Some of t"em areA %
D 7> V% ;9 A
D E> V% ;9 A
D E;9 V% ?A%

From -$D$F$ a number of #able23 ba2ed upon t"e re?uirement of a pla#e3 are #onne#ted to
#abinet2$ On t"e #abinet2 t"e2e #able2 are di5ided into #able2 of =' pair2$ Now e5er1 =' pair
#able oe2 to t"e di2tribution bo4 +D$B$.$ At t"e D$B$ t"i2 =' pair #able i2 furt"er di5ided into
two part2 of &' pair2 ea#"$ T"e2e pair2 are t"en #onne#ted to t"e 2ub2#riber port2 5ia 8umper2$
T"e line from t"e2e port2 t"en oe2 to t"e 2ub2#riber2 t"rou" 2inle pair #able2 w"i#" are
u2uall1 of ,$<$C$ t1pe$ T"e2e wire2 are #onne#ted to t"e in2trument 5ia Ro2ette%Bo4$
D00
M%D%#$A %
T"i2 frame 2er5e2 t"e followin purpo2e2A %
0t i2 pla#e w"ere bot" e4ternal and internal #able2 are terminated$ T"e e4ternal indi5idual2
#able #arr1 #ondu#tor2 from 2ub2#riber2 w"o are ne#e22aril1 from t"e 2ame lo#alit1 and a2
2u#" t"eir number2 #annot be in numeri#al order$ On t"e ot"er "and3 t"e internal #able
#ondu#tor2 #ome from apparatu2 2ide in numeri#al order$ T"i2 #ro22%2e#tion between t"e
two #able2 i2 done on t"e -$D$F$ t"rou" 8umper wire2$
0t #arrie2 all t"e prote#tor2 u2ed in t"e e4#"ane$ T"e different prote#tor2 t"at are u2ed are
+a. Fu2e23 +b. Heat #oil23 and +#. li"tnin prote#tor2$
T"i2 -$D$F$ i2 an ideal pla#e for te2tin purpo2e$ Bot" t"e internal and t"e e4ternal #able2
are a5ailable at t"i2 frame and3 t"erefore3 bot" e4ternal and internal wirin and line2 #an be
te2ted for t"i2 purpo2e$
I%D%#$A %
T"e2e frame2 li6e -$D$F$ #on2i2t2 of a lare number of 5erti#al2 wit" "ori>ontal #ro22%
arm2 fitted wit" ta blo#62 at bot" t"e end2$ T"e #able from -$D$F$ i2 terminated on t"e
multiple 2ide2 from w"ere #onne#tion2 are e4tended to meterin and from t"e e4#"ane 2ide
#able2 are run to t"e re2pe#ted line%#ard2$ T"e two ta blo#62 are 8oined b1 mean2 of 8umper
wire2 a2 in t"e -$D$F$3 2o t"at an1 2ub2#riber #an be i5en #onne#tion to an1 uni2ele#tor on t"e
line%#ard$ T"e 2ub2#riber and3 t"erefore3 t"eir uni2ele#tor are di5ided into different roup2 and
it i2 ne#e22ar1 for t"e2e roup2 to oriinate more or le22 t"e 2ame amount of traffi# for 2moot"
di2tribution amon different trun62$
CARDS 87
0n an ele#troni# e4#"ane a no of #ard2 are u2ed 2ome of t"e2e are named below$ T"e2e
#ard2 are%
>%=* ANALOG EDTENS0ON CARD
ua (= D0G0TAL EDTENS0ON CARD
atr = D0T CARD !SED THRO!GH ,RO,ER L0NE
nddi ANALOG TR!N@ CARD !SED AS C!NCT0ON TO C!NCT0ON
#pu( CENTRAL ,ROCESS0NG !N0T
intof 0NTERFACE CARD
mm2fd FLO,,Y DR0<E !SED BY O;NER
2u5 <O0CE CARD+e4$ No i2 bu21 tr1 after 2ome time.
idtl9 LOO, DA0L0NG
p#m= D0G0TAL TR!N@ CARD !SED THR!GH OFC
pa%& CONFRENCE CALL
D000
T"e2e #ard2 2er5e all
t"e e22ential wor62 of a telep"one #onne#tion$
D0<
NEW MD# Dig%III
OLD MD# Dig%IV
D<
>% TELEPHONE LINES%
In BHEL7H+r-/+r '&ree '*5es o) 'e3e5&one 3ines +re ,se-% T&e* +re8 7

MAX Lines

EPABX Lines

C7DOT Lines

MAX Lines8
Before -AD E4$ Line2 are u2ed onl1 0nternal E4#"ane$ But New +CORAL. -AD
line2 are u2ed for bot" internal +0nter#om. and e4ternal #ommuni#ation lin62 BHEL$
EPABX Lines A
E,ABD line2 are u2ed for bot" internal and e4ternal #ommuni#ation lin62 in BHEL$ 0f
t"e u2er want2 to dial out2ide t"e perip"er1 of BHEL3 "e #an u2e t"e2e line2$ T"ere are about
)'' line2 a5ailable "ere$ T"e2e line2 are di2tributed in &/ line%#ard2 wit" =* line number2 in
ea#"$ 0t2 0$D$F$ 2e#tion "a2 *' ta blo#62$ FG number2 a5ailable "ere are #onne#ted 5ia diital
line2 in w"i#" a "o2t of fa#ilitie2 are pro5ided t"at #an be a##e22ed u2in #ode GF$


C7DOT Lines A
T"e2e line2 are t"e dire#t telep"one line2 from C%DOT T"e fa#ilit1 t"e1 pro5ide i2
#alled D0D +Dire#t 0nward Dialin.$ 0t "a2 =* line2 and an1 BHEL number 2tartin wit" diit )
#an be a##e22ed u2in #ode *9$
D<0
?% CONNECTION TYPES%
T*5es o) Conne('ionsA
E ;it" wire2 i$e$ Cable2
E ;irele22 -i#rowa5e Lin62 t"rou" Satellite
C+63es A Two t1pe2 of Cable2 are u2ed$ T"e1 areA
&. !nderround #able2A T"e2e t1pe2 of #able2 run under t"e eart" and are ba2i#all1 u2ed to
#onne#t t"e e4#"ane to t"e 2ub2#riber72 Di2tribution Bo4 +D$B$.$ T"e1 are furt"er of two t1pe2
ba2ed upon t"eir #on2tru#tion and t"e in2ulatin material u2ed$
a$ ,aper #ore A$T$C$ +Armored Tin Cable.
b$ Cell1 filled A$T$C$ +Armored Tin Cable.
=. O5er"ead #able2A T"e2e t1pe2 of #able2 are u2ed to #onne#t t"e e?uipment2 in2ide t"e
e4#"ane and to #onne#t t"e perip"eral de5i#e2 to t"e 2ub2#riber72 Di2tribution Bo4
+DB. T"e1 are enerall1 of ,$<$C$ t1pe$
0n an e4#"ane3 ba2ed upon t"e number of #ondu#tor pair23 followin t1pe2 of #able2 are u2edA
E Sinle ,air #able
E = ,air2 #able
E ) ,air2 #able
E &' ,air2 #able
E =' ,air2 #able
E )' ,air2 #able
E &'' ,air2 #able
Co3or7(o-ingA
TYPE O# CABLECOLOR O# WIRES
Sing3e 5+ir Blue%;"ite
9 P+ir (+63e Blue%;"iteIOrane%;"ite
> P+ir (+63e Blue%;"iteIOrane%;"iteIGreen%;"iteIBrown%;"iteIGre1%;"ite
;: P+ir (+63e Blue%;"iteIOrane%;"iteIGreen%;"iteIBrown%;"iteI
Gre1%;"iteIBlue%RedIOrane%RedIGreen%RedIBrown%RedIGre1%Red
9: P+ir (+63e
Blue%;"iteIOrane%;"iteIGreen%;"iteIBrown%;"iteIGra1%;"iteIBlue%
;"ite%BlueIOrane%;"ite%BlueIGreen%;"ite%BlueIBrown%;"ite%BlueI
Gra1%;"ite%BlueIBlue%;"ite%OraneIOrane%;"ite%OraneIGreen%;"ite
%OraneIBrown%;"ite%OraneIGra1%;"ite%OraneIBlue%;"ite%GreenI
Orane%;"ite%GreenI Green%;"ite%GreenIBrown%;"ite%GreenI
Gra1%;"ite%Green$
#or ;:: 5+irs (+63e t"e #olor%#odin i2 2ame a2 t"at of t"e abo5e =' pair2 #able e4#ept
T"at t"e mate #olor i2 #"aned after ea#" bun#" of =' pair2$
PAIRMATE COLOR&2t =' pair2 ;"ite=nd =' pair2Yellow(rd =' pair2Bla#6*t" ='
pair2<iolet)t" =' pair2 Red
D<00
@% Gener+3 )+,3's o((,rring in +n E.(&+nge%
T"ere are mainl1 two t1pe2 of fault2 t"at often o##ur in t"e E4#"ane$ T"e2e are ba2i#all1
E Fault2 t"at o##ur from Line
E Fault2 t"at o##ur due to 0n2trument
A% #+,3's '&+' o((,r )ro4 LineA
Due to line t"ree t1pe2 of fault2 ma1 o##ur$ T"e1 are #ateori>ed a2 underA
&% Bre+0 )+,3'A T"e1 are al2o #alled a2 Di2#onne#tion fault2$ T"e1 #an o##ur in t"e #onne#tor2
at "ome3 in line or in e4#"ane$ 0n #ommon t"e1 are broadl1 #alled a2 JTelep"one i2 deadJ$
=$ Loo5 )+,3'A T"e1 are al2o #alled a2 Line%S"ortin fault2$ 0n t"i2 fault #onne#tor2 are 2"orted
prior t"e in2trument formin a lo#al loop$ 0f unattended for a lon time t"e1 ma1 #au2e 2e5ere
damae to t"e E4#"ane$
($ E+r'& )+,3'A T"i2 fault ma1 o##ur due toA
E wettin of #onne#tor2
E ;ater in Ro2ette%Bo4
E ;ea6 in2ulation or
E O4idation of #opper wire
Conne#tor2 #an eit"er tou#" from eart"3 wit" ot"er #onne#tor or wit" an1 #ondu#tor +2u#" a2
metalli# table3 frame et#$.
Pro63e4s '&+' (+n o((,r -,e 'o 3ine )+,3'sA
&$ Sub2#riber #an not dial a number$
=$ Rin Trip i$e$ #onne#tion from t"e e4#"ane brea62 after one rin$
($ Fal2e Rin
*$ Low 2pee#"
)$ One 2ided 2pee#"
#+,3's '&+' o((,r -,e 'o ins'r,4en'A
T"e2e ma1 beA
E T"e number i2 not bein dialed
E One wa1 2pee#"
Re#ei5er #oil i2 fault1
#+,3's '&+' o((,r -,e 'o ins'r,4en'A #ontKd
E ,luner or ,u2" 2wit#" fault1$ Dial tone brea62 after two or t"ree rin2$
From 2e#ond 2ub2#riber bell i2 "eard to be oin but at fir2t 2ub2#riber onl1 dial tone
02 "eard$
E 0n2trument #ir#uitr1 fault1$
;"en loop or eart" fault i2 re#ei5ed t"an e4#"ane #an be affe#ted 2o it i2 weded a2 2oon a2
po22ible be#au2e if not wede for loner it #an damae line%#ard too$
D<000
To 2en2e t"e2e fault2 fir2t line%2ide i2 #"e#6ed and t"en e4#"ane 2ide i2 #"e#6ed at
e4#"ane$ 0f "owe5er e4#"ane 2ide i2 #orre#t t"en line fault2 after dete#tion are "anded o5er to
t"e #on#erned lineman for furt"er #"e#6in$
A% LIST O# SPECIAL USER #EATURES ON VARIOUS EXCHANGES%

A! MAX (CORAL INDIA PVT%LTD%NOIDA!
-anufa#turerA % CE!-ONT SCH0NED0ER3 FRANCE
C+5+(i'*8 7 9@:: 3ines
CALL ,0C@ !,A 9F%4444 to pi#6 up a #all rinin at anot"er lo#ation
4444$
CALL TRANSFERA = ,artie2 #on5er2in3 an1 part1 #an dial (rd part13 t"en
#on5er2ion amon t"em Han :up $ T"e part1 on line now tal6 to (
rd
part1

,ARTY CONFERENCEA ;"ile 2pea6in wit" a part1A
a.$ +From ,ul2e 0n2trumentA %% 0f CALLER re?uire2 dialin (rd
part1
b.$ Durin #on5er2ation and maintainin tal623 t"en dial *$
+From Tone 0n2trumentA %% 0f CALLER re?uire2 dialin (rd
part1
#.$ Durin #on5er2ation and maintainin tal623 t"en fla2"3 and
dial *$
-AL0C0O!S CALL TRACEA Dial =F durin #on5er2ation3 to tra#e a
mali#iou2 #all From a -AD E4ten2ion$ T"en en?uire from *FFF or **=*$
A,,O0NT-ENT RE-0NDERA Dial 9'%44%11 L44M"r3 11MminN$
To Can#elA Dial =/$
D0D
B! EPABXFALCATEL <<::
-anufa#turerA % ALCATEL3 FRANCE
C+5+(i'*8 7 >:: 3ines (B? DIGITAL <:< ANALOG!
Te#"nolo1 u2edA % ,$C$-$ % T$D$-$
&$ TONE -ODE D0ALA Dial O before no$L0f in2trument i2 not tone enabled .

=$ CALL TRANSFERA Hoo6 FLASHA Do Hoo6 Fla2" %
On "earin prompt J,lea2e dial$J Dial t"e no$3 wait for part1 to re2pond3 t"en
Di2#onne#t$
($ ENP!0RY CALLA FLASH +from Tone mode in2trument$. or = +from ,ul2e mode.
Durin #on5er2eK23 to put t"e part1 on HOLD$ T"en3 dial a (rd part1 and 2pea6$
*$ BRO@ER CALLA +After ENP!0RY CALL.A
Dial & To o BAC@ B FORTH3 between two partie2 +one part1 in #on5er2ation B ot"er
On HOLD.
)$ CONFERENCE%( ,ARTYA ;"ile tal6in to &2t part13 fir2t ma6e ENP!0RY CALL
+,ut on "old.LFLASH from ToneH or = from ,ul2eN$
T"en % Dial (rd part1 % Fla2"%% Dial ($
G$ A!TO CALLBAC@A Dial ) to boo6 auto%#allba#6 w"en a bu21 ,ABD "an2 up$
+ To #an#el auto%#allba#6 re?ue2tA Dial G/ orIand 9*9.
/$ ,ASS;ORD -OD0F0CAT0ONA 9*/%''''%4444 +''''Mold pa22wordH 4444 M new
,a22word.$ T"i2 fa#ilit1 i2 a5ailable on STD enabled e4ten2ion2 onl1$
9$ LAST CALLER CALLBAC@A 9)& Lto rin t"e la2t unattended ,ABD CallerN
F$ A,,O0NT-ENT RE-0NDERA 9)= t"en dial t"e time a2 L44 +"r. 44 +min.N
To #an#elA 9)(
&'$ LAST NO$ RED0ALA 9)* !2er #an u2e t"i2 if in2trument$ Doe2nKt "a5e a Redial
Button$
&&$ CALL ,0C@!,A /= % DDDD to pi#6up a #all rinin at anot"er e4ten2ion$
&=$ CALL%,AR@ I RETR0E<EA 0t i2 u2ed durin an in#omin or outoin #all3 to 2pea6
From a different 2et$
+To par6 from own +2pea6in. 2etA FLASH%9))% dial own e4ten2ion number$ T"en
JHan%upJ$ T"e #all i2 now par6ed3 and t"e ot"er part1 i2 6ept on "old$
+To pi#6 up from a different 2etA 9))% dial own e4ten2ion number.
+To pi#6 up from own 2et +later3 if not ta6en el2ew"ere. 9)).
DD
B% OPTICAL #IBER SYSTEM%
Fiber opti#al tran2mi22ion medium i2 fa2t emerin a2 an alternati5e and 2tron
#ompetitor to #oa4ial #able2 in tele#ommuni#ation networ62$
Lon di2tan#e data tran2mi22ion in ele#tri#al #able2 2uffer2 from round loop problem2$
T"e merit2 of t"e opti#al fiber 2tem from t"e fa#t tat t"e ba2i# material u2ed in t"eir
#on2tru#tion i2 nonmetalli# and ele#tri#all1 non #ondu#ti5e$

0n #ontra2t3 t"e nonmetalli# and totall1 diele#tri# fiber opti#al #able are immune to radio
fre?uen#1 an ot"er ele#tromaneti# interferen#e2$ Ground loop and #ommon mode 5oltae
problem do not e4i2t and data #an be tran2mitted between point2 of 5a2tl1 different potential$ 0n
opti#al #able2 t"e information i2 tran2mitted b1 pa#6et2 of p"oton2 w"i#" "a5e no #"are$
T"ere i2 no po22ibilit1 of 2par62 or 2"ort #ir#uit w"en a fiber i2 #ut$ T"e bandwidt" "i"
#ompared to t"at of t"e ele#tri#al #able2$ T"e 2tandard RG%)9 #oa4ial #able "a2 bandwidt"
di2tan#e produ#t of a t1pi#al opti#al fiber i2 about &'' -H>%@m$
Fiber #able2 are about t"e t"i#6ne22 of a "uman "air an1 dirt ob2tru#tin t"e opti#al port #au2e2
poor tran2mi22ion$ T"e t"in dimen2ion re2ult2 in a low wei"t for i5en lent" w"en #ompared
to ele#tri#al #able2$ Howe5er3 bein t"in and 2omew"at brittle in nature3 fiber tend to brea6
ea2il1 if bent be1ond a #ertain limit a dire#t 5iewin into t"e opti#al point #an be "armful to t"e
e1e2$
DD0
;:% MAINTENANCE%
T"e 2ub8e#t of maintenan#e of Automati# Telep"one E4#"ane #an be broadl1 di5ided under
two #ateorie2A %
&$ ,re5ention of Ser5i#e Failure2$
=$ Lo#ation of Fault2 and t"eir remo5al$
,re5ention of Ser5i#e Failure2 #an be done in followin wa12A %
&$ Suitable de2in and adoption of 2uitable ad8u2tment 2tandard2 of t"e e?uipment part2 of t"e
e4#"ane #an minimi>e failure2 in 2er5i#e$
=$ Some pre5enti5e mea2ure2 ma1 al2o redu#e 2er5i#e failure2 5i>$ 6eepin t"e room2 du2t free3
maintainin temperature and "umidit1 under tolerable limit2 u2in air%#onditioner2 et#$$$
($ Routine in2pe#tion3 routine te2t2 and routine ad8u2tment2 al2o "elp in pre5entin 2er5i#e
failure2$
;"en fault2 o##ur in 2ome part2 of t"e e4#"ane3 t"e1 2"ould be dete#ted and remo5ed a2
?ui#6l1 a2 po22ible$
<ariou2 tool2 are al2o u2ed to #"e#6 t"e fault2 in t"e telep"one line2$
For #"e#6in fault in2ide t"e e4#"ane
DD00
&&$ RE#ERENCE
A. www$b"el"wr$#o$in
B. www$we6ipedia$orIwi6iIb"aratQ"ea51Qele#tri#al2
C. Tele#ommuni#ation 212tem2 Enineerin BY ;illilam C$ Lind2e1
D. <$@ Co2"i +2enior Te#"ni#ian in BHEL 3 Haridwar.
E. www$t"e"indubu2ine22line$#omI#ompanie2Ib"el%2et2%r2%9(/F#r%taret%for%
='&=&(Iarti#le(=/=/)9$e#e
DD000