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Aug 2, 2012 | By Scott O. Lilienfeld and Hal Arkowitz
Today many authors argue that these and other common elements are even more
powerful than the features that distinguish one therapy from another. To take just one
example, Wampold concluded in a 2001 analysis that the therapeutic alliancethe
strength of the bond between a therapist and his or her clientaccounts for about 7
percent of therapeutic effectiveness but that the school of the therapy accounts for
only about 1 percent. Most of the remaining 92 percent is presumably caused by other
factors, such as the personalities of the therapist and client.
Is the Dodo Bird Extinct?
Although most researchers agree that common factors play key roles in
psychotherapy, some doubt that all methods are equally effective. Even Wampold has
been careful to note that his conclusion holds for only bona fide treatments; it does
not extend to all 500 or so therapies. For example, few experts would contend that
rebirthing therapy, premised on the dubious idea that we must relive the trauma of
our birth to cure neurosis, works as well as cognitive-behavior therapy for most
psychological conditions.
Moreover, research suggests that even among accepted therapies, the type of
treatment does matter under certain circumstances. A 2001 review by University of
Pennsylvania psychologist Dianne Chambless and Virginia Polytechnic Institute
psychologist Thomas Ollendick revealed that behavior therapy and cognitive-behavior
therapy are more effective than many, and probably most, other treatments for
anxiety disorders and for childhood and adolescent depression and behavioral
problems. In addition, in a 2010 meta-analysis psychologist David Tolin of the
Institute of Living in Hartford, Conn., found that these same two therapy types
produce better results than psychodynamic therapy for anxiety and mood disorders.
The Dodo Bird verdict must also be qualified by evidence indicating that several
widely used therapies do not work and may actually harm. For example, in a 2003
review psychologist Richard McNally of Harvard University and his colleagues
evaluated crisis debriefing. In this treatment for warding off post-traumatic stress
symptoms, therapists urge those exposed to emotionally fraught events such as
shootings or earthquakes to try to reexperience the feelings they had during the event
soon after it. McNally's team concluded that this treatment is inert at best and possibly
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Are All Psychotherapies Created Equal? - Scientific American http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-all-psychotherapies-crea...
1 of 4 10/07/2014 12:11
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damaging, perhaps because it interferes with natural coping mechanisms.
In light of such findings, a search for a therapist should at least sometimes involve a
consideration of the type of treatment he or she practices. It is true that ingredients,
such as empathy, that cut across effective therapies are potent and that various
established techniques are roughly equivalent for a broad range of difficulties. Yet
under certain circumstances, the therapeutic method can matter. For example, if a
clinician espouses an approach outside the scientific mainstreamone that does not
fall under the broad categories we have listed hereyou should not assume that this
treatment will be as helpful as others. If you suffer from an anxiety disorder or one of
the other conditions for which behavior and cognitive-behavior interventions work
well, then someone who practices one of those two types is probably a good bet.
Of course, scientists have systematically assessed only a minority of the
psychotherapies invented so far for their efficacy in treating the numerous
psychological difficulties that afflict humankind. In the coming decade, we hope that
further research clarifies whether the brand of therapy makes a difference in an
individual's recovery from psychological distress.
Send suggestions for column topics to editors@SciAmMind.com
Prev 1 2
ABOUT THE AUTHOR(S)
SCOTT O. LILIENFELD and HAL ARKOWITZ serve on the board of advisers for
Scientific American Mind. Lilienfeld is a psychology professor at Emory University, and
Arkowitz is a psychology professor at the University of Arizona.
(Further Reading)
The Great Psychotherapy Debate: Models, Methods, and Findings. Bruce E. Wampold.
Routledge, 2001.
Dodo Bird, Phoenix, or Urban Legend? The Question of Psychotherapy Equivalence.
John Hunsley and Gina Di Guilio in Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice, Vol. 1,
No. 1, pages 1122; 2002.
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The million dollar question, completely undiscussed in this article, is, what is the definition of
successful therapy? Asking practitioners if a methodology is effective is akin to asking politicians to
assure they are not influenced by donations. On the other hand, asking patients is hardly the
answer. Until a good method for defining and measuring therapy effectiveness is developed, this
discussion will be fairly pointless. To my knowledge, only psychoanalysts ponder the truly long
term effects of any treatment, perhaps because they generally treat for long periods.
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Huh!: it seems it was said that the basic mechanism in all psychotherapies is what Sigmund Freud
described and named "Transfer", in an automatic way the therapist occupies in the person he/she
has in front the place and the functions of a parental or authority figure, thus putting the person
attending the therapists' office in dependence, susceptible of an induced regression to early stages
of psyche development, and able to accept commands, mainly of a super-ego nature, as parental
figures are mainly a source of constraints, if they acted in a different way, destruction of mature
ego defenses and attitudes may result, even to a point close to a psychopathic personality. Even if
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Who Remembers Smallpox?
What a Failed Supernova Looks Like
The Fastest Animal on Land Is a Mite
Supernova Reveals Origins of Universe's Dust
Saturns Rings Birth a New Moon
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Thomson Reuters Eikon Text Tagging Challenge
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Forged in Cosmic Furnaces: The Geology of the
mdichristina RT @StemPhDCareers:
@PostonCollectiv @FatimahPhD
@Grad_Careers @BlackPhysicists: See
@nature Commentary on GRE: "A test that
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2 hours ago reply retweet favorite
michaelshermer RT @TEDRadioHour:
ICYMI: One key to our survival?
Self-deception, says @MichaelShermer.
http://t.co/EMlCfZDkqU
6 hours ago reply retweet favorite
Are All Psychotherapies Created Equal? - Scientific American http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-all-psychotherapies-crea...
2 of 4 10/07/2014 12:11
the psychotherapy type pretends being non-dynamic or non-psychoanalytic, just entering
somebody's office, be it a doctor or a head of state or a CEO puts the transfer mechanisms working
in the passive part of meeting. Beware of the dog!
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Arkowitz and Lilienfeld present a remarkably balanced, even reasonable, discussion of this never
ending debate. Sometimes when I hear clinicians argue about the effectiveness of their brand of
therapy vs someone else's I think they sound like they are selling McDonalds as better than Burger
King.
As the authors point out, what type of therapy is to some extent, dependent upon the particular
problems a client is dealing with. Yes, there are "empirically supported treatments (EST)" but they
are always for a specific disorder. Many people (maybe even most) come to see us without a bona
fide "disorder" --they simply want to do a better job handling their ordinary problems in living. So
to use an EST for X or Y or Z won't necessarily make sense. At this point, having been a clinician
and researcher for several decades, I've come to the conclusion that 1) Case specificity is always
needed (i.e., each person is different); and 2) We should all know the empirically supported
techniques (not as treatments necessarily, but as methods we can suggest if we think they might be
helpful). So if I see someone who has no specific disorder but gets anxious when something anxiety
producing is happening, I know specific techniques used in CBT/Behavioral "treatments," I have
an arsenal of methods and it seems reasonable that every clinician should be able to use methods
from different "treatments." Perhaps a problem is that it is difficult for clinicians to admit that
clients come to them with no real disorder --how will they get 3rd party payments for no disorder? I
don't have an answer, other than to repeat that we clinicians should all learn how to use multiple
techniques when it seems they might be helpful, without leaning on a rigid manualized,
by-the-books "treatment" for a disorder a client doesn't have. Sometimes passing on books or
journal articles is helpful, sometimes suggesting a self-help group in addition to our meetings is in
order, sometimes a medication consult is a good idea. We need to be fluid in our ability to help
people, according to their needs.
I really like the reasoned, balanced perspective the authors take in this commentary.
Lynn O'Connor
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Probably not. I tend to agree with Lynn O'Connor that the kind of therapy used should be tailored
to the needs of the individual patient.
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What isn't mentioned is that the different types of psychotherapies also correlate to the many
different "models" of human spirit, mind, congnition, intellect, reaction, whatever the
"psychologists" want to call it. From Alder to Skinner to Jung to Freud. The very fact that there are
so many differing "theories", with no resolution even after more than a century of "study", suggests
that "psychology" does not deserve to be classed as a "science", and, although this may cause this to
be removed, therefore, any "science" venue that discusses "psychology" as a validated field cannot
be trusted.
There is another ugly little secret about "psychology" that absolutely no one in "psychology" or
"science" wants to admit. All of "psychology" comes solely from case histories! They make involved
and potentially destructive pronouncements about the presumed nature of all humans, but the
"analysis" comes from only a few who exhibited uncontrollable even criminal deviate tendencies!
Every human judged by the behavior of a few sociopaths! Never did any "psychological" "school of
thought" actually set out to examine the actual thinking and motivation of, frankly, normal people!
They simply issued pronouncements on the basis of what unhinged individuals did, "concluding"
that everyone thought the same!
That "schools" as different as the simplistically mechanistic Skinner to the sexually obsessed Freud
to the archetypes of Jung to "gestalt" and so on can all supposedly have the same effectiveness can
suggest a number of things. It could say, among other things, that no "psychoanalyst" can tell when
a patient is cured. It suggests that every "psychoanqa;yst" claims a pateint is cured, even if they set
a city afire, and the "medicaql" community won't turn against one of their own. Or it can be that
the one thing every form of "psychoanalysis" has in common is the one thing that cures! What was
known from the beginning as "the talking cure". Giving someone the chance to express what they're
thinking, feel they have a friend to confide to, feel validated, be comforted, maybe even embarass
themselves into reconsidering!
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Seahawks Super Bowl Rings (Prologue)
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Why Is Namibia Killing Its Rare Desert
Elephants?
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On the value of empathy, not othering.
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Call of the Orangutan: Welcome to Camp
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Global Warming Requires a More Frequent
Rethink of "Normal" Weather: U.N.
Supernova Reveals Origins of Universe's Dust
Earth's Magnetic Field Flip Could Happen
Sooner Than Expected
Clean Energy to Stave Off Catastrophic Climate
Change Possible by 2050, Barely
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Study findings depend on the questions asked, the variables defined, and the perspective of the
researcher who interprets and presents them, among many other factors. These are not trivial to
address. For example, how does one measure an unmeasurable quantity or quality, such as love,
insight, or sadness? Often researchers do so through observable behaviors or self-report, each of
which provide only partial information. One consequence of this is that the more easily measured
pyschotherapies more easily gather evidence, and become promoted -- such as behavioral and
cognitive behavioral. On the other end, narrative therapy is considered unmanualizable by many of
its practitioners, making it impossible to quantify - yet its respectful approach and powerful effects
have made it very attractive to both clinicians and clients. In another sense, strategic family
therapy is often done with complete unawareness by the client(s) that the therapist is doing
something strategic with them, and it would often be meaningless to ask them whether a particular
session was helpful (for example). All of these components play a role in why research into what
kinds of treatments are most effective is not as meaningful and compelling as we wish it were.
Much of what is measured in each case is simply what is measurable -- and that is often the thing
that varies so little, from theory to theory, while there are so many unmeasured and critical
intangibles. Even so, there is indeed a growing body of evidence debunking the dodo bird theory.
Relational, systemic therapies that address not just an individual but their context and
relationships is far more effective than individualistic therapies. The former is the focus of MFT -
Marriage & Family Therapy (my own field), while the latter has historically been the focus of
psychology and psychiatry, although I continually hear of psychological approaches that are
sounding more and more like MFT thinking. Certainly CERTAINLY, there is insufficient evidence
to conclude that all therapies are created equal -- implying that a kind listening ear is just as
effective as anything else (or at least that's how I interpret the dodo bird theory).
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I appreciate RuthHoustonBarret's insight on this article, especially the inclusion of some of the
more post-modern therapies (Narrative included). Part of the difficulty that this (and
julianpenrod's comment) points to is the attempt to measure and evaluate a process that is both
science AND art. The application of traditional research and evaluation techniques to
psythotherapy can bear fruit in the same way that an art class can be taught, or art techniques
standardized and understood. As with art, however, there is a place beyond the objective
understanding and evaluation where the experience is largely subjective. Where the experience
between therapist and client is as mysterious as between art and the observer. Obviously, with a
push for evidence-based practices, and their ties to funding for many therapy organizations,
evaluation into what "works" in therapy is a worthwhile venture. However, inasmuch as our schools
are worse off for veering away from music and the arts toward science and math, the continued
pursuit and inclusion of therapuetic modalities (even those that don't "work" for all clients) makes
the world of psychotherapy a brighter, more balanced, place, where science and art can coexist,
rather than the emphasis of the empirically provable over the subjectively valuable.
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