Pergamon

Chemi 'al Engineering Sctence. Vol. 52. Nos. 21.'22, pp. 3843 3851. 1997
, 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
Printed in Great Britain
PI I : S0009-2509(97)00090-0 ooo9 2509.'97 $17.00 + 0.(~
Effects of baffle design on the liquid mi xi ng
in an aerated stirred tank with standard
Rushton turbine impellers
Wei-Ming Lu,* Hong-Zhang Wu and Ming-Ying Ju
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617,
R.O.C.
(Accepted 1 July 1997)
Abstract- The effects of width and number of baffles in mechanically agitated vessels with
standard Rushton turbine impellers are examined for systems with and without aeration. The
insertion of the appropriate number of baffles clearly improves the extent of liquid mixing.
However, excessive baffling (i.e. nb> 8 or B / T >0.2) and sparging gas through the impeller
would interrupt liquid mixing and lengthen the mixing time. This study found that sparging gas
through the impeller leads to an increase in the mixing time of more than 20% because it
reduces the liquid pumping capacity of the impeller. A numerical technique was applied to
examine the same effect on several extreme baffle conditions and the cases of higher gas flow
rates and rotational speeds. To generalize our results obtained, the numerical technique was
applied to simulate for a system with triple impellers. The trends of the mixing time were found
to be very similar to the single impeller system. By correlating the mixing time with nb, B / T ,
Q0 and N, the following correlation is obtained for the system with single Rushton turbine
impeller under non-gassed and aerated systems.
Nt M = 55. 7( nb) - o. 3o( B/ T )- o.1 s35 ( Qg/ ND3) 296
and the similar correlation for the triple impeller system can be given as
Nt M = 46.5(nb)- o 295( B/ T ) - o.327(Qg/ND3)O.OlO"
( 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Ke y wo r d s : Liquid mixing; baffle design; mixing time; multiple impellers: stirred tank; power
consumption.
I NT R ODUC T I ON
The role of baffles in a mechanically agitated Vessel is
to promote the stability of power drawn by the impel-
ler and to prevent swirling and vortexing of liquid,
thus, greatly improving the mixing of liquid. In the
commercial large scale tanks, the insertion of extra
baffles to obtain more heat transfer area is a very
common practice. However, excessive baffling may
cause a reduction of mass flow and localizing flow
within the system. By extending Nagata' s (1975)
work, Nishikawa et al. (1979) presented a relationship
between the number of baffles and mixing time for
a single four- and six-blade flat-paddle impeller. They
also defined the product of mixing time and power
drawn by the impeller as mixing energy as an index to
characterize the mixing in a mechanically agitated
vessel. From their results, Nishikawa et al. (1979)
*Corresponding author. Tel.: 008862 3622707. Fax:
00 886 2 362 3040.
3843
pointed out that if the width of the baffle is larger than
0.1 T, the fully baffled condition will be obtained as
nb --3 or more.
Sano and Hiromoto (1987) have studied the rela-
tionship between circulation rate and mixing time for
various paddle impellers and have related the mixing
time with the other operation variables as
Nt M = (NtMjF.B.C/(I --0.62e -6"8~) (1)
where ~ = n b B / T and ( N t . ~ t ) F Hc = 2 . 3 ( D/ T ) - 1 ~ 7
( w / T ) 0.74 n~;- 0.4~.
Pandit and Joshi (1982), extending the model pro-
posed by Joshi et al. (1982), estimated the mixing time
of the gassed stirred tank and obtained the following
equation to predict mixing time in such a system
NtM = 20.41 ( ~- f - ) ( T ) t 3' 6 ( W) ( N~) " ' 2
/ 2 1
3844 W.-M.
where the constant 'a" depended on the size of the
circulation loop and was equal to 1 for a centrally
located impeller.
In retrospect, we see that little research has been
done on the effect of baffle design on mixing time in
the gassed stirred tank with Rushton impellers in the
previous works. In this study, both tracer technique
and computational fluid dynamic approach are used
to discuss how the baffle width, baffle number, rota-
tional speed, aeration rate and impeller number affect
the extent of liquid mixing in a mechanically agitated
tank with Rushton turbine impellers.
DETERMINATION OF MIXING "rIME AND ENERGY
Tracer test to determine the mi xi ny tim(,
Tracer test was carried out in a fiat-bottomed
transparent acrylic tank. The major dimensions of the
vessel and the equipment used in this study are both
shown in Fig. 1. The power drawn by the impeller
under various conditions was determined carefully by
a torsion angle-type torque meter. Baffles were fixed
in a multislot ring which enabled us to change the
number and width of the baffles. The tracer used in
Lu et al.
this study was 100 ml 40% NaCI solution for each
measurement and was added into stirred vessel along
the shaft instantaneously. To detect the mixing time,
an electrode as proposed by Lamb et al. (1960) was
located at various positions, from which the longest
time was chosen as the mixing time under the given
condition. The error induced by the dosing time was
found to be less than 0.5 s which was quite small
compared to most of the measured mixing time and
was neglected in this study. The termination point of
the tracer experiment or the cut point for mixing time
was taken when the response curve has reached
c ( t ) - ( ' ,
Ci - - C ,
- - ~< 5 % ( 3 )
where c~, q and c(t) are tracer equilibrium concentra-
tion, initial concentration and concentration at time t,
respectively.
Simulation qf mi xi ny times
To determine the mixing time under extreme
baffle conditions, other rotational speeds (N = 5 and
6.66 rps) and the mixing time for multiple impeller
l.motor 2.torque meier
4.tracer inlet 5.gas inlet
3.mixing time measured instrument
6.water inlet
( ~ ~
] J
a v
e 1
i | i
' ! I
r: [] = ~ ( ~)
t ~
ho = T/3
D=T/ 3
C=2T/ 3
L=D/ 4
W = D/5
B =case by case
T=0. 288m
c
! a
-'-0 ~I,,,
'~1.<-- n - ~
h e
I !
( a ) ( b )
Fig. 1. The equipment and dimensions of the stirred vessel used in this study (a) equipment (b) dimensions
of stirred vessel.
Effects of baffle design on the liquid mixing in an aerated stirred tank 3845
system, a numerical simulation program was devised
to estimate the mixing time of the system with and
without aeration. The commercially available com-
puter software ' Fluent' was used to calculate the
single-phase flow field of the agitated vessel. During
the simulation, the impeller was always confined in
a black box and the boundary conditions were set on
the edges of this box. The boundary conditions in-
cluding the kinetic energy, radial velocity, tangential
velocity and vertical velocity were set after the laser
doppler anemometer (LDV) measurements, however,
the energy dispassion rate were estimated from an
expression proposed by Wu and Patterson (1989)
(c, =AK3 / 2 / L, ~ ) . The x-~ turbulent model was adopt-
ed to determine the Reynolds stresses. Once the
single-phase flow field be determined, the liquid
velocity with aeration can be calculated from the
results of Bakker and Van den Akker (1994) as
follows:
U , . g = U t . ~ x (Pg/ Po) ~ (4)
where Ut.g and U~., are the liquid-phase velocity with
and without aeration, P0 and Po are the power con-
sumption with and without aeration, respectively.
Then the liquid volumetric flow rate can be calculated
as follows:
q,,t.g = UJ.o x (aerai, pro) x (1 - %) (5)
where q~a,g was the liquid volumetric flow rate bet-
ween cells in the i direction, aerai.p,o was the projec-
tive area in the i direction and eg is the value of local
gas hold-up which are obtained from Jian (1992) and
Lin (1994). By using the numerical simulation pro-
gram, the mixing time of the system under gassed
and ungassed conditions can be estimated. The most
suitable exponent '//' was determined by comparing
the simulated mixing time with the experimental
value. The procedures of this simulation is depicted in
Fig. 2. and the details can be found in Wu' s thesis
(1996). Table 1 compares the simulated results with
the experimental data, from which it can be seen that
the simulation results can agree with the experimental
data within a range of 10% deviation under gassed
and ungassed conditions.
/
Yes
Input the single phase ~ .
flow field data from
/
result obtained through
Pluem
Div iding the stiffed / "
tank into sev eral
zones and input the
local gas holdup
data, s
_ L
Input the power
consumption v aluc , ~
with and without
aeratiou,Po i, Po_~ !
calculating liquid ~
~/ v elocity data from
/ / following:
/
Calculalino the v olume
f l o w r a t e from folow~g:
I
Qt'U~x(areal~)x(l"as)
I Ee~, l t ~g mix~g time from mass lira
balance equdon of each cells B
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fig. 3 shows how the width and the number of
baffle affect the extent of liquid mixing of the single
impeller system under ungassed conditions for
N =3.33 rps in terms of ' mixing time'. The results
clearly indicate that insertion of baffles in the system
can greatly improve the liquid mixing even when the
ratio of B / T is less than 0.05. However, the fully
baffled condition is difficult to achieve if the baffle
number is less than three, which can be seen from the
decay curves for nb= 2 and 3 in this figure. This result
is different from what was observed by Nishikawa
et al. (1979) for paddle impeller system which states
that if n~ >/2, the fully baffled condition can be
obtained. In the systems for which the baffle number
Fig. 2. The flow diagram of the simulated procedure for
estimating the mixing time in gas-liquid agitated vessel.
is more than four, the mixing time decreases steeply
with the increase of the width of the baffle first, then it
soon reaches a constant value as B / T exceeds 0.1. It is
interesting to note that this leveling off value tends to
decrease as the number of baffles increases in the
range of nb < 8 and B / T <0.20. This fact implies that
within this range, the increase of nh and B / T will
improve the extent of liquid mixing. However, the
simulated results as shown in the figure by dotted
lines also point out that the quality of liquid mixing
will become worse if n~ is more than eight or B / T is
3846 W.-M. Lu et al.
Table 1. Comparison of mixing timc (t~f) between experimcntal and simulated methods
Baffle width
Mixing time 0.05T 0.075T 0. 1T 0.15T 0.2T
Single impeller
system nh = 2
Q~ = 0 L/rain
Single impeller
system nh = 2
Qg = 5 L/min
Triple impeller
system B =0.15T
Qg =0 L;min
Triple impeller
system B =0.157'
Q~ = 13 L/min
Experimental data (sl 14.6 13.7 13.0
Simulated data (s) 14.8 14.2 13.4
Deviation (%) 1.30 3.60 3.(X1
Experimental data (s) 17.2 16.1 15.2
Simulated data (s) 18.4 17.3 16.6
Deviation (%) 6.98 7.45 9.21
Baffle width
2 3 4
Experimental data (s) 13.7 13.6 10. I
Simulated data (s) 13.3 13.2 10.3
Deviation (%) 2.92 2.94 1.98
Experimental data (s) 15.1 14.9 11.3
Simulated data (s) 14.0 14.11 1(I.2
Deviation (%) 7.28 6.04 9.73
12.1 11.5
12.0 11.7
0.83 1.74
14.7 13.5
15.3 14.2
4.(18 5.19
6 8
9.20 8.10
9.(X) 8.40
2.22 3.70
10.4 9.20
9.40 8.50
9.62 7.61
2
E
c
.M
E
30
__!
i
25
I
2 0 1
15
k~
.5
0.00
expe! imental data
simulated dal a
l.bartl~
J.I,arne,
4-l.alleo
0 6-bame,
X 11-'~t/ll~
1/f +
L....._ .._ . / / i
c_ ~ 3- ..-~
I / / '
L......,_ - ~ [ :
0.05 0. 10 0. 15 0. 20 0. 25 0.30
B/T
0.35
Fig. 3. Effect of baffle width on t.~t for various number of
baffles under ungassed condition for singlc impeller system
with N =3.33 rps.
11
o
E
o n
E
10
~ ~ 4-b~me s
Ra~ U on, al s p e e d
3 3 3flUS
5 oo, r ,
667r~
5
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
B/T
Fig. 4. Effect of baffle width o11 tM with n~ =4 for various
rotational speeds under ungassed condition.
larger than 0.25. The trend of growi ng worse in mixing
is due to the localizing effect of excessive baffling.
If the same plots are drawn for N = 5 and 6.67 rps,
it will be f ound that the trends of mixing time are very
similar to Fig. 3. However, the cont i nuous decay of
the mixing time with the increase of baffle width still
exists for nb = 4 and the mixing time does not reach
a leveling of f val ue until B / T > 0.15 and nh >/6. Fig. 4
shows the relationship between the mixing time and
baffle width for nb = 4 under various rot at i onal
speeds. It clearly indicates that (1} the increase of
rot at i onal speed will increase the liquid pumpi ng
capacity of the impeller, thus the mixing quality will
be i mproved; (2) the cont i nuous decay trend of mixing
time with the increase of baffle width becomes more
evident for larger rot at i onal speeds and (3) the leveling
off value of mixing time can be seen only for
N = 3.33 rps, implying that it will be more difficult to
attain the fully baffled condi t i on if the rot at i onal
speed is higher. This phenomenon is consistent with
the experimental results of the fully baffled condi t i on
for various rot at i onal speeds obtained by the aut hors
which indicate that the fully baffled condi t i on for
N =3.33, 5, 6.67rps are nb( B/ T) 12 =0. 45. 0. 67 and
0.74, respectively (Lu et al. 19971.
To exami ne how the mixing energy (PhtM) is affec-
ted by the increase of baffle width and number, the
plots of PhtM against B / T for various nh with N =
3.33 rps are shown in Fig. 5. The trends of these plots
is very similar to what is seen in Fig. 3. The value of
Effects of baffle design on the liquid mixing in an aerated stirred tank 3847
E
II0
100
90
80
70
6o
50
40
30
20
0.00
t
' I
0.05 0.10
(arrx-)
Imlh
t t-t.,,n~
0.15 0.20
110
i o o ~
90
80
70
~ 6 o
"~ 50
40
30
20
\
b=m w i dt h
B - 0.OST
B - 0 075T
B - O I T
B-OIST
$ B - 0 l T
[
I
]
I I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
n b
Fig, 5. Effect of baffle width on PbtM for single impeller
system with various number of baffles under ungassed condi-
tion and N = 3.33 rps.
Fig. 6. Effect of baffle number on PbtM for single impeller
system with various width of baffles under ungassed condi-
tion and N = 3.33 rps.
mixing energy decreases first and soon reaches a level-
ing off value for a given number of baffles, except for
nb ~<3. In Fig. 6 the same sets of data are also plotted
into the other coordinates to examine how the mixing
energy would vary with the number of baffles. The
plots seem to indicate that the mixing energy de-
creases steeply with the increase of nb by following
almost the same path and then tends to converge into
a constant value as nb is larger than 10.
To see how the effect of aeration will affect the
quality of mixing, the mixing time under various
aeration rates were determined and plotted in Fig. 7
under 3.33 rps. It shows the relationship between the
mixing time and aeration rate for the system with
B =0. 15T for various baffle numbers. From this
figure it can be found that the increase in aeration rate
would interrupt the liquid mixing to some extent, i.e.
the mixing time will increase with the aeration rate at
a lower gas flow rate region and reach a leveling off
value as the gas flow rate exceeds 41/rain. In order to
examine the effect of the rotational speed on the
relationship between mixing time and aeration rate,
tM vs. Q~ are plotted in Fig. 8 for the case ofnb =4 and
B/ T =0.1 under various rotational speeds. The simi-
lar trends in mixing time can be observed for 5 and
6.67 rps in this figure. However, the leveling off value
of mixing time for 5 and 6.67 rps will increase to
higher aerated rates, i.e. about 9 and 17 I/min, respec-
tively, under the same baffle conditions. When the
impeller becomes flooded, the impeller still pumps
considerable amount of fluid in radial direction, thus,
the mixing quality will not be affected by the aerated
rate under this circumstance. From these results, it
can be said that if the impeller become flooded, the
mixing time will be independent of aeration rate. The
comparison of the flooding aerated rate for various
rotational speeds between this study and the calcu-
lated values of the Greaves and Kobbacy (1981)
correlation Nr = 1.52(T 0.2 Qoo.29/D1.74) is also shown
in Fig. 8 for comparison. From this figure, it can be
found that they agree very well with each other and
the difference of flooding aerated rates for various
rotational speeds between them is less than 20%.
When the same sets of data are replotted as PbtM
against Qo with various nb for a given B/ T as shown in
Fig. 9, the plots show that the gas flow rate has no
effect on mixing energy while it interrupts the liquid
mixing as seen in Fig. 7. This implies that the mixing
energy itself cannot be served as the basis to judge the
fully baffled condition for a given system. From the
above results, it seems to imply that the mixing time
decreases with the increase of the power consumption.
In order to confirm this point, Pg for various gas flow
rates are plotted against tM as shown in Fig. 10. From
this figure, it can be found that no matter what values
of Qo or a given nb, the trends between P0 and tM are
all similar which implies that the mixing quality will
be improved if Pg becomes larger. However, for
a given Qg, if the number of the baffle is increased
from 4 to 6, a slight inverse trend will be observed
which is the result of the contradiction between the
effects of hindrance and localizing phenomenon of
baffles. The hindrance effect of baffles increases the
power consumption and the turbulence in the vessel
(i.e. decrease tu). However, the localizing pheno-
menon behind baffles not only reduces the fluid
loading of impeller which causes the decreasing of Pu,
but also diminishes the interaction between baffle
regions which makes mixing quality become worse.
For the system with triple impellers, the relation-
ships between t u and width or number of the baffle
are very similar to those of the single impeller system
and they are summarized and compared with the
single impeller system in Table 2. From the data
shown in this table, it can be seen that the values of
mixing time for the triple impeller system are always
3848 W.-M. Lu et a l .
B=0. 15T
baffle number
2-ball]es
3-barnes
4-balTles
O 6-barnes
[ ] 8- b a f f l e s
,1
E
~
e-,
~
E
0.00E+0
16.00
15.00
14.00
13.00
12.00
1 1 . 0 0
10.00
9.00
8.00
7.00
6.00
0
i
0.00
8.33E-5 1.67E-4 2.50E-4 3.33E-4 ( m J / s )
r
I
t
' Flooded
I
I
I
/ i
r
J ,
5 I 0 15 20 (L/min)
, a i ' ( vvm)
0.26 0.53 0.79 1.05
Qg
Fig. 7. Effect of gas flow rates on t.u for single impeller system with various width of baffles and
N = 3.33 rps.
longer t han the ones of single impeller system and the
difference between them becomes smaller as the baffle
width become larger. It is also interesting to note that
this difference increases to almost doubl e as it reaches
the fully baffled condi t i on if it is compared with the
case of nb is 2 or 3.
To obt ai n a more comprehensive and reliable rela-
tionship for the operating parameters, the mixing time
data obt ai ned experimentally are correlated with
nb and BI T and Qg under various rotational speeds
and a dimensionless correlation can be given as
NtM = 55. 7(nb)-3(B/ T ) - 'I535(Qg./ND3) '29~' (6)
for the singlc Rusht on impeller system. If the
simulated value of mixing time for triple impeller
system are correlated with the same parameters as the
the single impeller system, then the similar correlation
for the triple impeller system can be given as
Nt u 46.5(nh)-o.295(B/TX-O.327,rl ;~rn31o.oH) ( 7 )
The st andard deviation of these two equat i ons are
about 15 and 20%, respectively. From these two
equat i ons it can be seen that the dimensionless mixing
time decreases with the increase of nb, B/ T and N,
however, it increases as Qg increases. The effect of
baffle number on mixing time is more significant t han
baffle width in the single impeller system, however, the
inverse situations are f ound in the triple impeller
system. From these two equat i ons it may be mi sun-
derstood that the effect of gas flow rate on mixing time
is small, however, if the di mensi onal groups are used,
the above two empirical equat i ons can be rewritten as
NtM = 32.4(nh)- z 75( B/ T )-o.14O(Q.)O.2O8 (6')
and
NtM = 31.1(n~) .... 289(B/T)-O.azo(Q )o.171
g (7'),
which will look more reasonable t han the original
dimensionless equations. With these two correlations
the mixing quality under a given operat i ng condi t i on
Effects of baffle design on the liquid mixing in an aerated stirred tank
4-baftle,L B=0.1T
3849
F l o o d i n g ~r a t e d r a t e
o b s e r v e d b y the r c s u h s o f I b i s s t u d y
cslimi~d by Grcaves argl Kobbacy corrclation(198 I)
Rota6o~al speed
3.33q~s
5 oo~ , ,
667~s
12.00
I 1 . 0 0
lO.O0 / / /
9 . 0 0 ' x :_ ...
Io . . . . . . . . , <o , , , <, . , , , , , > /
.= 8.00 / - , ' " ~
E 7.00
I
6.00
/
5 . 0 0
0.00E+0 8.33E-5 1.67E-4 2.50E-4 3.33E-4
gas flow rate (m3/s)
Fi g 8. Effect of gas flow rate on for single impeller system with % = 4 and B = 0. I T under various
rotational speeds and the compari son of the flooding aerated rate between this study and ot her correlation.
0
e-
. x
E
B 01~]
2-balll~
3 - b a f f l e s
4 . h a f l l e ~
6-balll=~
* :~-ba:lles
0.67 0.83 1.00 1.17
i
. . . . ~ . . . . t . * - - - - ,
0.00 0.17 0.33 0.50
70
65 --~- -- ,~,
60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
s s - i - - ; -
50
45 .. --4.
I
40 - - -
35
i
i i
i
! I T
i .;
i . . . . . .
I
I - ~- -
133 (Xl 04)
i (mS/s)
I i
l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (L/ mi n)
L - - . . ~ . . . . . t . . . . . . I I . . . . L I I
0.000 0.053 0 105 0.158 0.210 0.263 0315 0.368 0.420 ( wi n)
Gas Flow Rate Q~
Fig. 9. Effect of gas flow rate on P~tM for single impeller system with various width of baffles under
N = 3.33 rps.
3850 W.-M. Lu et al.
16
14
12
10
6
4.0
~ baffle number
"%-2
0 n b - ]
n b- 4
[ ] %- 6
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5
Pg ( J )
Fig. 10. The relationship between Pg and t,, with various gas flow rates and baffle number with a constant
baffle width B =0.15T.
Table 2. The comparison of mixing time (t~) between the single and triple impeller systems under ungrassed conditions
Baffle width
nh Mixing time (s) 0.05T 0.075T 0.IT 0.15T 0.2T
2 Single impeller system (I) 14.6 13.7 13.(I 12.1 11.5
Triple impeller system (II) 18.6 16.2 14.5 13.3 12.6
Difference (II/I) 100% 27.4 18.2 11.5 9.92 9.57
3 Single impeller system (l) 14.5 13.8 12.8 12.0 11.6
Triple impeller system (I I) 18.7 16.3 14.4 13.2 12.6
Difference (1I/I) x 100% 29.0 18. I 12.5 10.0 8.62
4 Single impeller system (I) 10.4 9.7 9.1 8.6 8.6
Triple impeller system (II) 16.5 14.1 12.0 10.3 9.7
Difference (11/I) x 100% 58.7 45.4 31.9 19.8 12.8
6 Single impeller system (11 10.3 9.3 8.0 8.1 8.0
Triple impeller system (I1} 14.8 13.2 10.5 9.0 9.0
Difference (II/I) x 100% 43.7 41.9 31.3 11.1 12.5
8 Single impeller system (I) 7.9 7.2 7.3 7.0 6.9
Triple impeller system (II) 13.4 11.4 8.7 8.4 8.3
Difference (II/I) x 100% 69.6 58.3 19.2 20.0 20.3
can be predicted for the single and triple Rusht on
impeller system.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, the effects of width and number of
baffles in mechanically agitated vessels with single and
triple st andard Rusht on turbine impellers are exam-
ined for the systems with and wi t hout aeration. The
insertion of the appropri at e number of baffles clearly
improves the extent of liquid mixing. However, the
excessive baffling and sparging gas t hrough the impel-
ler woul d interrupt the liquid mixing and increase the
mixing time.
By correl at i ng the mixing time with n~, B / T , Qy and
N, a reliable correl at i on as N t M = 55.7(nb)-o.30
( B / T ) - ' I 5 3 5 ( Qy / N D3 ) ' 296 can be obt ai ned for
the system with a single Rusht on turbine impeller
under non-gassed and aerated systems and the similar
correl at i on for the triple impeller system can be given
as
N t M 46.5(n~)-o 29s -o ~2v 3 o olo
= ( B / T ) " ( Q, / N D) .
Effects of baffle design on the liquid mixing in an aerated stirred tank
Acknowledgement
The authors are very grateful for the financial support
granted by the National Science Council NSC85-2214-E-
tX)2-0()2 for this study.
aerai , pr o
B
(.
Ci
( ' ~
C
D
ho
/ /
I ,
l1 h
N
t ' h
P , ,
P ( I
[ ) i . l . q
( 2 #
7"
U i . u
V
NOT.~'IION
constant used in eq. (21
cell projective area in I direction, m 2
baMe width, m
tracer concentration, mol.l
initial tracer concentration, mol. 1
tracer concentration at time t, mol,.l
final tracer concentration, tool 1
distance between impellers, m
impeller diameter, m
height of lower impeller from bottom, m
liquid level of stirred tank, m
length of impeller blade, m
baffle number
rotational speed of agitation impeller, l,s
power consumption with baffle, kg m2's ~
power consumption with aeration, kg m:,"s ~
power consumption without aeration,
kg m 2, s ~
the volumetric ltow rate between cells in
I direction, m~,s
gas flow rate, m ~ s
mixing time, s
lank diameter, m
liquid-phase velocity with aeration, m s
liquid-phase velocity without aeration, m,'s
liquid volume in the tank, m ~
Greek letter.s
1:~ exponent adopted in eq. (4l
~:,, local gas hold-up
RK F ' E RE N ( ' Y S
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