Costas Receiver and QAM

Professor Deepa Kundur

University of Toronto
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 1 / 40
Costas Receiver and QAM
Reference:
Sections 3.4 and 3.5 of
S. Haykin and M. Moher, Introduction to Analog & Digital
Communications, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. ISBN-13
978-0-471-43222-7.
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 2 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 3 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Coherent Demodulation Output
v
0
(t) =
1
2
A
c
A

c
cos()m(t)
To maximize v
0
(t), would like 0.
0
1
-1
For v
0
(t) to be proportional to m(t), should be constant.
Thus, we wish to synchronize the local oscillator.
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 4 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver
-90 degree
Phase Shifter
Voltage-controlled
Oscillator
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
Filter
Phase
Discriminator
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
flter
DSB-SC wave
Demodulated
Signal
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 5 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Coherent Demodulation
-90 degree
Phase Shifter
Voltage-controlled
Oscillator
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
Filter
Phase
Discriminator
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
flter
DSB-SC wave
Demodulated
Signal
Coherent Demodulation
v (t)
0
local oscillator output
Goals: (1) Coherent demodulation of DSB-SC input signal.
(2) Tweak the local oscillator phase such that = 0.
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 6 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Phase Lock Circuit
-90 degree
Phase Shifter
Voltage-controlled
Oscillator
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
Filter
Phase
Discriminator
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
flter
DSB-SC wave
Demodulated
Signal
Coherent Demodulation
Circuit for Phase Locking
v (t)
0
local oscillator output
Goals: (1) Coherent demodulation of DSB-SC input signal.
(2) Tweak the local oscillator phase such that = 0.
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 7 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Phase Lock Circuit
> 0: Freq of local oscillator needs to temporarily decrease
0
t
0
t
local oscillator
carrier
local oscillator phase is ahead
of carrier and
must decrease
its frequency to
wait for carrier
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 8 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Phase Lock Circuit
< 0: Freq of local oscillator needs to temporarily increase
0
t
0
t
local oscillator
carrier
local oscillator phase lags behind
carrier and must
increase its
frequency to
catch up
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 9 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: In-Phase and Quadrature-Phase
-90 degree
Phase Shifter
Voltage-controlled
Oscillator
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
Filter
Phase
Discriminator
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
flter
DSB-SC wave
Demodulated
Signal
Q-Channel (quadrature-phase coherent detector)
I-Channel (in-phase coherent detector)
v (t)
I
v (t)
Q
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 10 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: In-Phase Coherent Detector
-90 degree
Phase Shifter
Voltage-controlled
Oscillator
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
Filter
Phase
Discriminator
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
flter
DSB-SC wave
Demodulated
Signal
v (t)
I
v (t)
Q
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 11 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: In-Phase Coherent Detector
s(t) = A
c
cos(2f
c
t)m(t)
v
I
(t) = s(t) cos(2f
c
t + )
Recall
cos(2f
c
t + ) =
e
j
2
e
j 2fc t
+
e
j
2
e
j 2fc t

e
j
2
(f f
c
) +
e
j
2
(f + f
c
)
V
I
(f ) = S(f )

e
j
2
(f f
c
) +
e
j
2
(f + f
c
)

=
e
j
2
S(f ) (f f
c
) +
e
j
2
S(f ) (f + f
c
)
=
e
j
2
S(f f
c
) +
e
j
2
S(f + f
c
)
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 12 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: In-Phase Coherent Detector
V
I
(f ) =
e
j
2
S(f f
c
) +
e
j
2
S(f + f
c
)
=
cos() + j sin()
2
S(f f
c
) +
cos() + j sin()
2
S(f + f
c
)
=
cos() + j sin()
2
S(f f
c
) +
cos() j sin()
2
S(f + f
c
)
=
cos()
2

1/2
[S(f f
c
) + S(f + f
c
)] + j
sin()
2

small
[S(f f
c
) S(f + f
c
)]
for 1.
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 13 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: In-Phase Coherent Detector
repetitions
repetitions
repetitions
baseband components
add coherently
repetitions
repetitions
repetitions
baseband components
cancel out
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 14 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: In-Phase Coherent Detector
baseband components
add coherently
baseband components
cancel out
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 15 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: In-Phase Coherent Detector
V
I
(f ) =
e
j
2
S(f f
c
) +
e
j
2
S(f + f
c
)
=
cos() + j sin()
2
S(f f
c
) +
cos() + j sin()
2
S(f + f
c
)
=
cos() + j sin()
2
S(f f
c
) +
cos() j sin()
2
S(f + f
c
)
=
cos()
2

1/2

S(f f
c
) + S(f + f
c
)

signicant baseband

+ j
sin()
2

small

S(f f
c
) S(f + f
c
)

negligible baseband

for 1.
The closer is to zero, the more signicant the baseband term of
v
I
(t) and vice versa.
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 16 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: In-Phase Coherent Detector
For small.
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 17 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Quadrature-Phase Detector
-90 degree
Phase Shifter
Voltage-controlled
Oscillator
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
Filter
Phase
Discriminator
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
flter
DSB-SC wave
Demodulated
Signal
v (t)
I
v (t)
Q
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 18 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Quadrature-Phase Detector
s(t) = A
c
cos(2f
c
t)m(t)
v
Q
(t) = s(t) sin(2f
c
t + )
Recall
sin(2f
c
t + ) =
e
j
2j
e
j 2fc t

e
j
2j
e
j 2fc t

e
j
2j
(f f
c
)
e
j
2j
(f + f
c
)
V
Q
(f ) = S(f )

e
j
2j
(f f
c
)
e
j
2j
(f + f
c
)

=
e
j
2j
S(f ) (f f
c
)
e
j
2j
S(f ) (f + f
c
)
=
e
j
2j
S(f f
c
)
e
j
2j
S(f + f
c
)
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 19 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Quadrature-Phase Detector
V
Q
(f ) =
e
j
2j
S(f f
c
)
e
j
2j
S(f + f
c
)
=
cos() + j sin()
2j
S(f f
c
)
cos() + j sin()
2j
S(f + f
c
)
=
cos() + j sin()
2j
S(f f
c
)
cos() j sin()
2j
S(f + f
c
)
=
cos()
2j

1/2j
[S(f f
c
)S(f + f
c
)] + j
sin()
2j

small
[S(f f
c
)+S(f + f
c
)]
for 1.
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 20 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: In-Phase Coherent Detector
baseband components
add coherently
baseband components
cancel out
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 21 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Quadrature-Phase Detector
V
Q
(f ) =
e
j
2j
S(f f
c
)
e
j
2j
S(f + f
c
)
=
cos() + j sin()
2j
S(f f
c
)
cos() + j sin()
2j
S(f + f
c
)
=
cos() + j sin()
2j
S(f f
c
)
cos() j sin()
2j
S(f + f
c
)
=
cos()
2j

1/2j

S(f f
c
)S(f + f
c
)

negligible baseband

+ j
sin()
2j

small

S(f f
c
)+S(f + f
c
)

signicant baseband

for 1.
The closer is to zero, the more negligible the baseband term of
v
Q
(t) and vice versa.
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 22 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Quadrature-Phase Detector
For small.
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 23 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: v
I
(t) and v
Q
(t)
-90 degree
Phase Shifter
Voltage-controlled
Oscillator
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
Filter
Phase
Discriminator
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
flter
DSB-SC wave
Demodulated
Signal
spectrum
spectrum
spectrum
v (t)
0
v (t)
I
v (t)
Q
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 24 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: v
I
(t) and v
Q
(t)
-90 degree
Phase Shifter
Voltage-controlled
Oscillator
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
Filter
Phase
Discriminator
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
flter
DSB-SC wave
Demodulated
Signal
spectrum
spectrum
spectrum
v (t)
I
v (t)
Q
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 25 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: v
I
(t) and v
Q
(t)
-90 degree
Phase Shifter
Voltage-controlled
Oscillator
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
Filter
Phase
Discriminator
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
flter
DSB-SC wave
Demodulated
Signal
spectrum
spectrum
spectrum
v (t)
I
v (t)
Q
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 26 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Low-Pass Filter
Product
Modulator
-90 degree
Phase Shifter
Voltage-controlled
Oscillator
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
Filter
Phase
Discriminator
Low-pass
flter
DSB-SC wave
Demodulated
Signal
spectrum
spectrum
spectrum
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 27 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Local Oscillator Control
-90 degree
Phase Shifter
Voltage-controlled
Oscillator
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
Filter
Phase
Discriminator
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
flter
DSB-SC wave
Demodulated
Signal
g(t)
v (t)
0
v (t)
0
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 28 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Phase Discriminator
Two components in sequence:
(1) multiplier
v
0
(t) v

0
(t) =
A
c
2
cos()m(t)
A
c
2
sin()m(t)
=
A
2
c
4
cos()

1
sin()

m
2
(t)
=
A
2
c
4
m
2
(t)
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 29 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Phase Discriminator
Two components in sequence:
(2) time-averaging unit
g(t) =
1
2T

T
T
A
2
c
4
m
2
(t)dt
=
A
2
c
4

1
2T

T
T
m
2
(t)dt

power of m(t); for T large is constant
Therefore, g(t) is proportional to , and is the same sign as the
phase error .
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 30 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Voltage-controlled Oscillator
-90 degree
Phase Shifter
Voltage-controlled
Oscillator
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
Filter
Phase
Discriminator
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
flter
DSB-SC wave
Demodulated
Signal
g(t)
v (t)
0
v (t)
0
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 31 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Voltage-controlled Oscillator
If g(t) > 0 (or > 0), then the local oscillator will decrease
from f
c
proportional to the value of g(t) (or ).
If g(t) < 0 (or < 0), then the local oscillator will increase
from f
c
proportional to the value of g(t) (or ).
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 32 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Voltage-controlled Oscillator
> 0: Freq of local oscillator needs to
temporarily decrease
0
t
0
t
local oscillator carrier
local oscillator phase is ahead
of carrier and
must decrease
its frequency to
wait for carrier
< 0: Freq of local oscillator needs to
temporarily increase
0
t
0
t
local oscillator carrier
local oscillator phase lags behind
carrier and must
increase its
frequency to
catch up
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 33 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver
-90 degree
Phase Shifter
Voltage-controlled
Oscillator
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
Filter
Phase
Discriminator
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
flter
DSB-SC wave
Demodulated
Signal
Coherent Demodulation
Circuit for Phase Locking
v (t)
0
local oscillator output
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 34 / 40
3.5 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing
Quadrature Amplitude Multiplexing
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 35 / 40
3.5 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing
Multiplexing and QAM
Multiplexing: to send multiple message simultaneously
Quadrature Amplitude Multiplexing (QAM): (a.k.a quadrature-carrier
multiplexing) amplitude modulation scheme that enables two
DSB-SC waves with independent message signals to occupy the same
channel bandwidth (i.e., same frequency channel) yet still be
separated at the receiver.
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 36 / 40
3.5 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing
QAM: Transmitter
-90 degree
Phase Shifter
Product
Modulator
Product
Modulator
Multiplexed
Signal
Message
signal
Message
signal
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 37 / 40
3.5 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing
QAM: Transmitter
s(t) = A
c
m
1
(t) cos(2f
c
t) + A
c
m
2
(t) sin(2f
c
t)
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 38 / 40
3.5 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing
QAM: Receiver
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
Filter
Product
Modulator
Low-pass
flter
Multiplexed
Signal
-90 degree
Phase Shifter
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 39 / 40
3.5 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing
QAM: Receiver
Costas receiver may be used to synchronize the local oscillator
for demodulation.

Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Costas Receiver and QAM 40 / 40