Chapter 04 GE Modified

I nternational Business, 13e (Global Edition) (Daniels/Radebaugh/Sullivan)
Chapter 4 The Economic Environment

1) The recent global economic crisis has led to which of the following?
A) governments seeking to impose more constraints on capitalism
B) governments seeking to eliminate constraints on capitalism
C) governments seeking to increase the interdependence of developing economies
D) governments seeking to eliminate the interdependence of developing economies
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 179
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.1: What are the benefits of international economic analysis?

2) Income, purchasing power, market size, and market type are all key elements of a(n) ________.
A) political environment
B) cultural environment
C) economic environment
D) legal environment
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 180
Skill: Concept

3) From the 1980s to the most recent global economic crisis, which of the following was the
economic trend?
A) governments intervening more in economic affairs
B) governments increasing the isolation of their nations' economies
C) countries turning away from the principles and practices of free markets
D) countries adopting the principles and practices of free markets
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 179
Skill: Concept

4) There is no universal scheme to assess the performance and potential of a country's economic
environment due to three conditions. Which of the following is one of those conditions?
A) the difficulty of identifying a definitive set of predictive economic indicators
B) the static nature of the marketplace
C) the isolation of most markets from each other
D) the lack of reliable economic data from developed economies
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 188
Skill: Concept

5) Gross national income (GNI), the broadest measure of economic activity for a country, is
defined as ________.
A) the total of all consumption and investment that takes place in a national economy
B) the income generated in one country, regardless of who owns the productive assets
C) the total of all economic activity in one country less services, such as government
administration, health services, and education
D) the income generated by both total domestic production and the international production
activities of national companies
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 181
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.2: What are GNI and GDP?

6) In computing GNI, the value of a Ford car that is manufactured in Mexico using capital from the
United States would ________.
A) be added to the GNI of the United States as well as the GNI of Mexico
B) not be added to the GNI of the United States but would be added to the GNI of Mexico
C) only affect the computation of GDP and have no bearing on GNI
D) be added to the GNI of the United States but not the GNI of Mexico
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 181
Skill: Application
AACSB: Analytic Skills

7) The measure of the value of production that occurs within a country's borders without regard to
whether the production is done by domestic or foreign factors of production is commonly referred
to as the ________.
A) net national product (NNP)
B) gross national product (GNP)
C) gross domestic product (GDP)
D) gross national income (GNI)
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 182
Skill: Concept

8) To determine whether the standard of living within a country is rising or falling, economists
would most likely use which of the following measures?
A) per capita GNI
B) GNI growth rate
C) purchasing power parity (PPP)
D) degree of human development
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 184
Skill: Concept

9) Some argue that gross national income, and its expression in terms of per capita, growth rate, or
PPP refinements, focuses too much on ________, thereby only partially representing the scale and
scope of a country's level of development.
A) regional differences
B) monetary indicators
C) market demographics
D) cultural factors
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 186
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.3: What is the implication of the Human Development Index
for measuring economic development?

10) The United Nations' ________ measures life expectancy, educational attainment, and the
standard of living in a given country.
A) Human Development Index
B) Gross National Happiness
C) Genuine Progress Indicator
D) Happy Planet Index
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 186-187
Skill: Concept

11) The Human Development Index measures the average achievements in a country on three
basic dimensions of human development, including ________.
A) promotion of cultural values
B) quantity of free time
C) extent of knowledge
D) preservation of the natural environment
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 187
Skill: Concept

12) The ________ starts with the same accounting framework used to calculate GDP but then
adjusts for values assigned to environmental quality, population health, livelihood security, equity,
free time, and educational attainment.
A) Gross National Index
B) Green Net National Product
C) Genuine Progress Indicator
D) Human Development Index
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 188
Skill: Concept

13) A worrisome outcome of chronic inflation is that it tends to ________.
A) erode confidence in a country's currency
B) give central banking officials excessive flexibility to manage monetary policy
C) increase the real income of people, thereby inflating their expectations
D) lead to lower demand, triggering lower prices and eventually lower employment
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 191
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.4: What do we mean by inflation? How does it affect the
business environment?

14) ________ is a general, sustained rise in prices measured against a standard level of purchasing
power.
A) Deflation
B) Inflation
C) Expansion
D) Reflation
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 188
Skill: Concept

15) In order to reduce or control inflation, a government would most likely do which of the
following?
A) increase interest rates
B) increase taxes
C) decrease interest rates
D) decrease taxes
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 191
Skill: Concept

16) ________ can occur when demand declines and supply grows.
A) Inflation
B) Chronic inflation
C) Reflation
D) Deflation
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 191
Skill: Concept

17) In the United States, U3 is the official unemployment rate. This rate provides a measure of
which of the following?
A) those who are not working but are willing and able to work for pay, currently available to work,
and actively searching for work
B) those who have stopped looking for work because current economic conditions lead them to
believe no work is available
C) those who want to work full-time but are only able to find part-time employment due to
economic conditions
D) all of the above
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 192-193
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.5: What do we mean by unemployment and debt? How do both
affect the business environment?

18) The so-called "misery index" is the sum of a country's ________.
A) external and internal debt
B) inflation and unemployment rates
C) unemployment level and total debt
D) trade deficit and inflation rate
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 192
Skill: Concept

19) A government's internal debt can be incurred for any EXCEPT which of the following
reasons?
A) The tax system is so poorly run that the government cannot collect all the revenues it expects.
B) Government costs such as security and social programs exceed total tax revenues.
C) The government borrows money from international financial institutions.
D) State-owned enterprises run large deficits.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 194
Skill: Concept

20) A country's debt has two parts: internal and external. Internal debt results when ________;
external debt results when ________.
A) the government spends more than it collects in revenues; a government borrows money from
foreign lenders
B) the government collects more than it spends in revenues; a government borrows money from
local units of foreign banks
C) the government spends more than it generates in revenues; a government lends money to
foreigners
D) the government saves more than it collects in revenues; a government receives short-term
credits from foreign lenders
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 194
Skill: Concept

21) Uneven income distribution ________.
A) exists in almost every country
B) is largely a problem for poorer nations
C) primarily affects people in urban settings
D) is limited to a small share of the world population
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 195
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.6: What do we mean by income distribution and poverty? How
do they affect the business environment?
AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity

22) All of the following are true in reference to income equality EXCEPT which one?
A) The richest 1 percent of the world's people claims as much income as the bottom 57 percent.
B) Dramatic income inequality is not a modern phenomenon.
C) Among industrialized nations, the United States has the largest inequality gap between rich and
poor.
D) There is a weak relationship between skewed income distributions and the split between those
who live in urban settings versus those who live in rural areas.
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 195
Skill: Concept

23) The World Bank reports that roughly ________ percent of the world's population is poor.
A) 50
B) 75
C) 80
D) 90
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 196
Skill: Concept

24) The ________ view calls for companies to develop low-cost, high-powered,
resource-minimizing innovations that can be marketed to the billions of people living on less than
a few dollars a day.
A) Bottom of the Pyramid
B) Hierarchy of Needs
C) Happy Planet Index
D) Gini score
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 197
Skill: Concept

25) The statement that summarizes all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the
world during a given period of time is the ________.
A) balance of trade
B) balance of international transactions
C) balance on goods, services, and investments
D) balance of payments
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 198
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.7: What is the balance of payments? What is the current
account component of the balance of payments? What is the capital account component of the
balance of payments?

26) The two main categories in the balance of payments are the ________.
A) merchandise exchange account and the services account
B) income receipts and payments on assets account and the unilateral transfers account
C) current account and the capital account
D) merchandise trade account and the capital account
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 199
Skill: Concept

27) The ________ tracks all trade activity in merchandise.
A) capital account
B) current account
C) payment account
D) deficit account
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 199
Skill: Concept

28) The fundamental notion of balance means that all balance of payment transactions ________.
A) have an offsetting receipt
B) ignore unilateral transfers
C) measure only a small share of total transactions
D) overly emphasize the balance of trade
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 199
Skill: Concept

29) An economic system is the set of structures and processes that ________ in a country.
A) guides the allocation of resources and shapes the conduct of business activities
B) directs the movement of specific products to specific consumers
C) sets the standards of competitive success for companies in the economy
D) stipulates the roles and responsibilities of consumers
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 101
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.8: What is meant by an economic system?

30) Spectrum analysis gives a sense of the range of economic systems in the world today. One end
of the spectrum is anchored by the idea of ________, the other by the idea of ________.
A) socialism; liberalism
B) capitalism; communism
C) communism; liberalism
D) socialism; capitalism
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 201
Skill: Concept

31) Capitalism is a free-market system built on all of the following notions EXCEPT ________.
A) private ownership of assets
B) the right to earn a profit in return for individual effort
C) arbitrary property rights
D) private control of investment
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 201
Skill: Concept

32) Communism champions a ________ system built on state ownership of all economic factors of
production and control of all economic activity.
A) publicly planned
B) competitively planned
C) market-planned
D) centrally planned
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 201
Skill: Concept

33) In a market economy, the patterns of resource allocation are most directly influenced by
________.
A) government administrators who monitor the equilibrium of supply and demand
B) industry coalitions that strive to improve the efficiency of production
C) alliances among key consumer groups that negotiate with companies to improve the quality of
the purchasing process
D) consumers who "vote" by their personal decision to buy or not buy products
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 201
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.9: Identify the fundamental features of a market economy.

34) A system in which individuals, rather than the government, make the majority of economic
decisions is commonly referred to as a ________.
A) command economy
B) market economy
C) centrally planned economy
D) mixed economy
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 201
Skill: Concept

35) Consumer sovereignty refers to ________.
A) consumers' freedom to influence production by exercising their power of choice regarding
purchases
B) the power granted to individuals through the right to vote
C) the idea central to the proper functioning of command economies
D) consumers' need for public goods as well as private goods from companies
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 202
Skill: Concept

36) Market economies are characterized by ________.
A) heavy government spending and high taxation to pay for a range of social services
B) formal cooperation among government, companies, and workers to achieve stable growth and
full employment
C) minimal governmental participation
D) high levels of government intervention
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 202
Skill: Concept

37) In a command economy, the goods and services that a country produces, the quantity in which
they are produced, and the prices at which they are sold are planned by ________.
A) government officials
B) private industries
C) individual entrepreneurs
D) local trade associations
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 202
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.10: Identify the fundamental features of a command economy.

38) In a centrally planned economy, ________.
A) businesses and consumers are assumed to be better judges of how resources should be allocated
than is the government
B) the government sets goals and determines the price and quantity of what is produced
C) different economic sectors coordinate the activities of the central government
D) each enterprise sets its goals, and then reports them to the central government
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 202
Skill: Concept

39) In a ________, all dimensions of economic activity, including pricing and production
decisions, are determined by a central government plan.
A) market economy
B) mixed economy
C) command economy
D) democracy
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 202
Skill: Concept

40) Which of the following is most typical of a command economy?
A) The prices of goods and services frequently change.
B) Quality of products and services tends to be consistent.
C) Consumers have choices of many substitutes for any given product.
D) Most products are usually in short supply.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 203
Skill: Concept

41) In a ________ economy, certain sectors of the economy are left to private ownership and free
market mechanisms, while other sectors have significant state ownership and government
planning.
A) state-directed
B) market
C) command
D) mixed
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 203
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.11: Identify the fundamental features of a mixed economy.

42) A ________ is one in which the state plays a significant role in directing the investment
activities of private enterprise and in otherwise regulating business activity in accordance with
national goals.
A) market economy
B) state-directed economy
C) mixed economy
D) command economy
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 203
Skill: Application
AACSB: Reflective Thinking

43) Some countries opt for a mixed economic system in the belief that although an economic
system should aspire to achieve the efficiencies created by free markets, it must also support
policies needed to ________.
A) destabilize poverty rates
B) achieve low unemployment
C) harness economic growth
D) inequitably distribute wealth
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 203
Skill: Concept

44) By and large, governments are better able to instill ________ in the economy more effectively
than the devices of the free market are.
A) egalitarianism
B) competition
C) innovation
D) efficiency
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 203
Skill: Concept

45) Since the late 1980s, the growing emergence of freer markets has been powered by the
realization that ________.
A) economic growth is directly related to economic freedom
B) economic growth has a limited effect on the standard of living
C) adoption of free market principles contributes to social injustices
D) centrally planned economies are best designed to deliver progress
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 204
Skill: Application
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.12: Describe the idea of economic freedom and what it means
to the economic development of a country.

46) People in ________ have greater economic freedom than those in ________.
A) South America; North America
B) North America; Asia
C) South America; Europe
D) Asia; Europe
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 206-207
Skill: Concept

47) In the Economic Freedom Index, ________ exhibit high economic freedom whereas ________
exhibit little to no economic freedom.
A) mixed economies; market economies
B) command economies; market economies
C) market economies; command economies
D) centrally planned economies; command economies
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 205-206
Skill: Application

48) The Economic Freedom Index indicates that the economic freedom is positively correlated
with all of the following EXCEPT which one?
A) life expectancy
B) literacy
C) environmental sustainability
D) diversity
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 206
Skill: Concept

49) The recent global credit crisis has interrupted the trend of economies ________.
A) rapidly adopting the command market model
B) steadily adopting the free market model
C) moving from the mixed to the command model
D) turning away from the mixed model
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 206
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.13: How has the role of the state changed in response to the
global credit crisis?

50) History suggests that if the economic crisis worsens, we are likely to see more people question
________.
A) the legitimacy of communism
B) the legitimacy of capitalism
C) the practicality of mixed economies
D) the correlation between economic freedom and environmental stability
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 208
Skill: Concept

51) Critics of freer markets are most likely to claim which of the following?
A) Freer markets are not correlated with higher growth rates.
B) A freer market skews income distribution and fosters inequality.
C) A freer market does not lead to higher per capita incomes.
D) Freer markets do not encourage the accumulation of powerful self-interests.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 210
Skill: Concept

52) Which of the following countries is the best example of a mixed economic model?
A) the United States
B) France
C) the United Kingdom
D) Australia
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 210
Skill: Concept

53) Trends in which of the following markets indicate movement toward increasing economic
freedom?
A) China
B) the United States
C) Japan
D) Germany
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 211
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.14: What are the means of a transition to a market economy?

54) The transition to a different economic system follows a(n) ________ process in every country.
A) identical
B) different
C) systematic
D) random
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 211
Skill: Concept

55) Consistent protection of property rights means investors and entrepreneurs, not (the)
________, will directly prosper from their hard work.
A) government
B) stakeholders
C) companies
D) consumers
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 212
Skill: Concept

56) Adopting free market principles requires that a government apply strict fiscal and monetary
policies, namely ________.
A) relying on administratively oriented instruments for macroeconomic stabilization
B) setting soft, flexible budget limits
C) using industry-based preferences to manage the money supply
D) using market-based policies to manage the money supply
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 212
Skill: Concept

57) The process of economic transformation in the former command economies ________.
A) typically follows the same process from country to country
B) is usually accompanied by violent political change
C) involves privatization of many or all of the factors of production
D) must be accompanied by high economic growth rates
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 212
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.15: What is privatization? How does it work?

58) ________ involves the sale and legal transfer of government-owned resources to private
interests.
A) Privatization
B) Antitrust legislation
C) Deregulation
D) Renationalization
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 212
Skill: Concept

59) When one company is able to control a product's supply and, therefore, its price, the company
is considered a(n) ________.
A) private enterprise
B) unregulated industry
C) antitrust market
D) monopoly
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 212
Skill: Concept

60) In general, transition toward a free market economy involves all of the following EXCEPT
which one?
A) increasing government subsidies to protect locally owned and operated enterprises
B) liberalizing economic activity, prices, and market operations
C) developing market-oriented instruments for macroeconomic stabilization
D) improving economic efficiency
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 212-213
Skill: Application

61) In the aftermath of the recent worldwide credit crisis, there has been a dropping off in the level
of government involvement in economic affairs.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 179
Skill: Concept

62) When analyzing the key elements of a country's economic environment, it is best to apply a
systems perspective.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 188
Skill: Concept

63) Gross domestic product is the value of production that takes place within a nation's border,
without regard to whether the production is done by domestic or foreign factors of production.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 182
Skill: Concept

64) A car manufactured in the U.S. by Toyota would be included in the calculation of the GDP for
the United States.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 182
Skill: Application

65) The calculation of GNI per capita takes into account the differences in the cost of living from
one country to another.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 182
Skill: Concept

66) Economic indicators such as GNI, and its expression in terms of per capita, growth rate, and
PPP, are not sufficient to develop a clear picture of the overall quality of life in a country.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 193
Skill: Application

67) The Human Development Index measures the average achievements in a country on three
basic dimensions of human development: mortality, knowledge, and standard of living.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 187
Skill: Concept

68) Inflation occurs because aggregate demand is growing as fast as aggregate supply.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 188
Skill: Concept

69) Inflation affects interest rates, exchange rates, the cost of living, general economic confidence,
and the stability of the current political system.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 188
Skill: Concept

70) The so-called "misery index" is the sum of a country's inflation and unemployment rates.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 192
Skill: Concept

71) External debt results when the government spends more than it collects in revenues, whereas
internal debt results when a government borrows money from foreign lenders.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 194
Skill: Concept

72) Uneven income distribution is largely a problem confined to poorer nations.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 195
Skill: Concept

73) There is a strong relationship between skewed income distributions and the split between those
who live in urban settings versus those who live in rural areas.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 195
Skill: Concept

74) The balance of trade records is a record of a country's international transactions that take place
among companies, governments, or individuals.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 198
Skill: Concept

75) In a country's balance of payments, the current account and the capital account represent equal
values.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 198
Skill: Concept

76) An economic system is the set of structures and processes that guides the allocation of
resources and shapes the conduct of business activities within a country.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 201
Skill: Concept

77) The range of economic systems in the world today, when represented on a spectrum, has one
end anchored by the idea of capitalism, the other with that of socialism.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 201
Skill: Concept

78) A market economy gives individuals the freedom to decide where to work doing what, how to
spend or save money, and whether to consume now or later.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 201
Skill: Concept

79) A market economy is one in which resources are primarily owned and controlled by
individuals and companies.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 201
Skill: Concept

80) In a command economy, the goods and services that a country produces, the quantity in which
they are produced, and the prices at which they are sold are all planned by the government.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 202
Skill: Concept

81) The government considers itself a better judge of resource allocation than businesses or
citizens in a market economy.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 202
Skill: Concept

82) In a mixed economy, all dimensions of economic activity, including pricing and production
decisions, are determined by a central government plan.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 203
Skill: Concept

83) A mixed economy is a system where economic decisions are largely market driven and
ownership is largely private, but the government intervenes in many private economic decisions.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 203
Skill: Concept

84) There is a positive correlation between economic freedom and economic growth.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 205
Skill: Application

85) The collapse of communism in the late 1980s and early 1990s led to a more widespread
adoption of the principles of capitalism.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 204
Skill: Concept

86) In response to the global credit crisis, the United States government took actions intervening in
the economy that increased economic freedom.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 208
Skill: Application

87) Until the recent global credit crisis, the trend for decades had been the adoption of aspects of
the free market model.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 206
Skill: Concept

88) As countries in transition from a command to a market economy move to control expenditures
and reduce their budget deficits, one important strategy to pursue is privatization of state-owned
enterprises.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 212
Skill: Concept

89) Economic transition from a command to market economy requires developing market-oriented
instruments for macroeconomic stabilization.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 212
Skill: Concept

90) One example of a move toward privatization is the United States government spending billions
of dollars for a 60 percent equity position in General Motors.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 212
Skill: Concept

91) In principle, regulations prevent companies from maximizing efficiency.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 212
Skill: Concept

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I nternational Business, 13e (Global Edition) (Daniels/Radebaugh/Sullivan)

Chapter 4 The Economic Environment

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