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LECTURE NOTES

BY:

ENGR. FRANCI S F. VI LLAREAL



DLSU- D/ CEAT/ 1
ST
SEM SY 201 4- 201 5
Engineering Mechanics
(Dynamics)
INTRODUCTION
Dynamics includes:
- Kinematics: study of the geometry of motion. Kinematics is
used to relate displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time
without reference to the cause of motion.
- Kinetics: study of the relations existing between the forces
acting on a body, the mass of the body, and the motion of the
body. Kinetics is used to predict the motion caused by given
forces or to determine the forces required to produce a given
motion.

12.1 Introduction
Mechanics
Rigid-body Deformable-body fluid
Static
Equilibrium body
Dynamics
Accelerated motion body
Kinematics
(Geometric aspect of motion)
Kinetics
(Analysis of force causing the motion)
KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES
Rectilinear motion: position, velocity, and
acceleration of a particle as it moves along a straight
line.
Curvilinear motion: position, velocity, and
acceleration of a particle as it moves along a curved
line in two or three dimensions.

KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES
Kinematics of
particles
Road Map
Rectilinear motion Curvilinear motion
x-y coord. n-t coord. r- coord.
Relative motion
RECTILINEAR MOTION
Particle moving along a straight line is said to be in rectilinear
motion.
Determination of the Motion of a Particle

Recall, motion of a particle is known if its position is known for all time t.
Typically, conditions of motion are specified by the type of acceleration
experienced by the particle. Determination of velocity and position requires
successive integrations.
Three types of motion may be defined for:
- acceleration given as a function of time, a = f(t)
- acceleration given as a function of position, a = f(x)
- acceleration given as a function of velocity, a = f(v)
Graphical Solution of Rectilinear Motion

Given the x-t curve, the v-t curve is equal to
the x-t curve slope.
Given the v-t curve, the a-t curve is equal to
the v-t curve slope.
Kinematic Equations
Consider particle which occupies position P at time t
and P at t+Dt,

Average velocity
t
x
v
t
x
t D
D

D
D

D 0
lim Instantaneous velocity
Instantaneous velocity may be positive or negative.
Magnitude of velocity is referred to as particle speed.
Kinematic Equations
Consider a particle with velocity v at time t and v at
t+Dt,

Instantaneous acceleration
t
v
a
t D
D

D 0
lim
RECTILINEAR MOTION FORMULAS
Average velocity: V = dS/dt
Average acceleration: a = d
2
S/dt
2
= dV/dt
Constant acceleration:
V V
0
= at
S = V
0
t + (at
2
)
V
2
V
0
2
= 2aS
This applies to a freely falling object:



dv v ds a
2 2
/ 2 . 32 / 81 . 9 a s f t s m
Application Problem 1
Consider a particle moving a straight line and
assume that its position is defined by the equation
where x is in meters and t in seconds.


Show the graphical representation of the 3 motion
curves where x is a function of t, v as a function of t
and a as a function of t.





3 2
6 t t x
The brake mechanism used to reduce recoil in certain types of guns as
shown in the given figure consists essentially of a piston attached to the
barrel and moving in a fixed cylinder filled with oil. As the barrel recoils
with an initial v
0
, the piston moves and oil is forced through orifices in
the piston, causing the piston and the barrel to decelerate at a rate
proportional to their velocity; that is a = -kv. Express a.) v in terms of t
b.) x in terms of t c.) v in terms of x and d.) draw the corresponding
motion curves.
Application Problem 2
Cars A and B approached each other on a straight
road from a point where the 2 cars are 450 meters
apart. Car A has an initial velocity of 70 kph and is
being decelerated at a rate of 0.40m/s
2
. Cars B has
an initial velocity of 20 kph and is accelerating at a
rate of 0.30m/s
2
. When will the cars meet and how
far will Car A have traveled? Show accompanying
figure.
Application Problem 3

FREELY FALLING BODIES
In the absence of air resistance, it is found that all bodies at the
same location above the earth fall vertically with the same
acceleration.
Furthermore, if the distance of the fall is small compared to the
radius of the earth, the acceleration remains essentially
constant throughout the fall.
This idealized motion, in which air resistance is neglected and
the acceleration is nearly constant, is known as free-fall.
Since the acceleration is constant in free-fall, the equations of
kinematics can be used.

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Father of Kinematics
Concluded that all objects fall
at same rate of acceleration.
Demonstrated the scientific
method in developing the
kinematics of free fall
motion.
Tested his hypothesis
through experimentation.

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
Father of dynamics
(why)
Published Three laws
of motion and
universal law of
gravitation in 1687.
Inertia
F=ma
Action/reaction
Acceleration Due to Gravity
Galileo calculated that all freely falling objects
accelerate at a rate of

9.8 m/s
2

This value, as an acceleration, is known as g
Free Fall An Object Dropped
Initial velocity is zero
Use the kinematic equations
Generally use y instead of x since y
is vertical
Acceleration is
a
y
= g = 9.80 m/s
2


v
o
= 0
a = g
Section 2.7
Free Fall Object Thrown Upward
Initial velocity is upward,
so positive
The instantaneous velocity
at the maximum height is
zero.
a
y
= -g = -9.80 m/s
2

everywhere in the motion
v = 0
v
o
0
a = -g
Section 2.7
Application Problem 1
A ball is tossed with a velocity of 10m/s directed vertically upward from a window of a
building located 20 meters above the ground. Determine the following:
Velocity v of the ball at any time t with graphical motion diagram
Elevation y of the ball at any time t with graphical motion diagram
Highest elevation in meters reached by the ball and value of time in seconds
Time in seconds when the ball hits the ground


V
0
= 10m/s



20 m
A stone is thrown vertically upward over the top of a well with a velocity of
21m/s and the splash is heard in 5.05 sec. If the velocity of sound is constant at
350m/s, determine the depth of the well to which the stone falls.
v
0
= 21m/s



depth





Application Problem 2
water
CURVILINEAR MOTION
Particle moving along a curve other than a straight
line is in curvilinear motion
Position vector of a particle at time t is defined by a
vector between origin O of a fixed reference frame
and the position occupied by particle.




Plane Curvilinear Motion

Speed and Velocity

Acceleration

Visualization of Motion

The Coordinate System
RECTANGULAR, x-y
NORMAL TANGENTIAL, n-t
POLAR, r-

Rectangular Coordinate System

Projectile Motion (x-y coordinate )

Application Problem 2
A rocket has expended all its fuel when it reaches point A, where it has
velocity u at angle with respect to the horizontal. It then begins
unpowered flight and attains a maximum added height h at position B
after traveling a horizontal s from A. Determine the expression for h
and s, the time t of flight from A to B and the equation of the path. For
the interval concerned, assume a flat earth with a constant acceleration
g and neglect any atmospheric resistance.

Normal-Tangential Coordinate System

Acceleration (n-t coordinate )
Acceleration (n-t coordinate )


Direction of Acceleration (n-t coordinate)
Circular Motion (n-t coordinate)

When a skier reaches point A along the parabolic path, he has a speed of 6m/s
which is increasing at 2m/s
2
. Determine the direction of his velocity and
direction and magnitude of his acceleration at this instant. Neglect the size of
the skier.
Application Problem 1
Polar Coordinate System

Velocity and Acceleration (r-)

Geometric Interpretation (r-)


Circular Motion (r-)
The searchlight shown in the given figure casts a spot of light along the face of a
wall that is located 100m from the searchlight. Determine the magnitudes of
the velocity and acceleration at which the spot travels across the wall at the
instant = 45
0
. The searchlight at a constant rate of 4 rad/sec.
Application Problem 1

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