Alloys

Edited by Fathi Habashi

@ WILEY-VCH
Other Titles of Interest:
F. Habashi (Ed.)
in Four Volumes
First Edition 1997
Handbook of Extractive Metallurgy
ISBN: 3-527-28792-2
R. W. Cahn, P. Haasen, E. J. Kramer (Series Eds.)
Materials Science and Technology
I n Eighteen Volumes
Volume 7: F, B. Pickering (Vol. Ed.)
Constitution and Properties of Steels
First Edition 1YY2
ISBN: 3-527-26820-0
R. W. Cahn, P. Haasen, E. J. Kramer (Series Eds.)
Materials Science and Technology
In Eighteen Volumes
Volume 8: K. H. Matucha (Vol. Ed.)
Structure and Properties of Nonferrous Alloys
First Edition 1Y96
ISBN: 3-527-26821-9
R. W. Cahn, P. Haasen. E. J. Kramer (Series Eds.)
Materials Science and Technology
I n Eighteen Volumes
Volume 15: R. W. Cahn (Vol. Ed.)
Processing of Metals and Alloys
First Edition 1991
ISBN: 3-527-26828-6
G. Petzow, G. Effenberg (Eds.)
Ternary Alloys
A Comprehensive Compendium of
Evaluated Constitutional Data and Phase Diagrams
Please write for our comprehensive prospectus
H. J. Grahke, M. Schutze
Oxidation of Intermetallics
First Edition 1998
ISBN: 3-527-29509-7
G. Sauthoff
First Edition 1995
Intermetallics
ISBN: 3-527-29320-5
Alloys
Preparation, Properties, Applications
Edited by Fathi Habashi
@ WILEY-VCH
Weinheim . New York . Chichester . Brisbane . Singapore - Toronto
Professor Fathi Habashi (Ed.)
Universitk Lava1
DCpartement de Mines et de MCtallurgie
QuCbec G1K 7P4
Canada
This book was carefully produced. Nevertheless, editor, authors and publisher do not warrant the infor-
mation contained therein to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data,
illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.
First Edition 1998
Library of Congress Card No.: Applied for
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data: A catalogue record for this book is available from the
British Library.
Die Deutsche Bibliothek Cataloguing-in-Publication Data:
Alloys: preparation, properties, applications / ed. by Fathi Habashi. -
1. ed. - Weinheim ; New York ; Chichester ; Brisbane ; Singapore ;
Toronto : Wiley-VCH, 1998
ISBN 3-527-29591-7
0 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH, D-69469 Weinheirn
(Federal Republic of Germany), 1998
Printed on acid-free and chlorine-free paper.
All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced
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Preface
In general, the highly purified single crystal
of a metal is soft and malleable. This may not
be desirable and for this reason most metals
are used in the fonn of alloys. The word al-
loy is derived from the Latin alligae, mean-
ing to bind to, which gave the French word
alliage. An alloy is formed by combining a
metal with other metals, nonmetals, or metal-
loids. Alloys are used because they have spe-
cific properties that are more attractive than
those of the pure metals. For example, some
alloys possess high strength, others have low
melting temperatures, some are especially re-
sistant to corrosion, and others have desirable
magnetic, thermal, or electrical propeities.
Brass is an alloy made with copper and zinc.
Steel is an alloy made with iron and carbon, a
nonmetal. Alloy steels are made by alloying
steel with other metals; for example, stainless
steel is a chromium-nickel steel. Ferrosilicon
is an alloy of iron with silicon - a metalloid.
Alloys with inercury are called amalgams. A
few metals are, however, used in the pure
fomi; copper for electrical puiyoses is pure
metal while for construction purposes it is
used in the form of an alloy. A pure metal usu-
ally has high electrical conductivity, while the
alloy is usually harder and niay have a much
lower conductivity.
Infomiation on alloys are readily available
in textbooks on physical metallurgy and niate-
iials science. But tllis represents only few
pages and therefore cannot satisfy the needs of
a practising engineer or an advanced studcnt.
An excellent reference book on alloys of
reasonable size and covering both ferrous and
nonferrous alloys is the tluce-volume work Al-
liages iiiktalliques, a p a t of the French series
Noirvearr traite de clriiriie iiiiriirale edited by
Paul Pascal. But these are already out of date
(published 1962-1 964) and out of print.
The ASf Metals Hatidhook includes a
large volume on alloys, but this is bulky and
concentrating mainly on phase diagrams.
ASM published also coniprehensive refer-
ence works on alloys as follows:
Binary Alloy Phase Diagraiirs, in 11 vol-
umes
Haiidhook of Ternary Alloy Phase Dia-
grains, in I0 volumes
Haiidbook of Crystallograpkic Data f or Iii-
teniietallic Phases, in 4 volumes
Atlas of Crystal StnJctuiE Types f or Ititeriiie-
tallic Phases, in 4 volumes
Teniaty Iroii Moiiograpli Series, in 7 vol-
umes
Alloy Plrase Diagram Reference Works, in 5
volumes
Further, the Metal Information Analysis
Center of the US Department of Defense pub-
lished recently a tlmc-volume set, Properties
of Ititeririeiallic Alloys.
VCH published also a lru-gc volume on non-
ferrous alloys, e.g., Volume 8 of the 18-vol-
ume series Materials Scieiice aiid Teckiiology,
and a compendium entitled Teniaiy Alloys
with 15 volumes to date.
It is evident, therefore, that the literature on
alloys is vast, and there is a need for a small,
compact, and up-to-date volume that covers
thc ferrous and thc nonferrous alloys.
The present work represents this efrort and
is composed of five parts:
0 Part 1 : General Aspects,
0 Part 2: Alloy Steels,
Part 3: Primary-Metal Alloys, i.e., alloys of
Part 4: Light-Metal Alloys,
Part 5: Other Alloy Systems, which covers
pi-ecious metals, reli-actory alloys, nuclear-
reactor alloys, rare-carth alloys, alkali-
metal, secondav-metal (cobalt, bismuth,
cadmium, mercury), and miscellaneous al-
loys (indium, chromium, and manganese).
Alloy steels represent one quarter of the
book. Parts 3, 4, and 5 ase nearly of equal size,
copper, Icad, zinc, tin, and nickel,
vi Alloys
and represent the bulk of the remaining part.
Ferroalloys are discussed in the Handbook of
Extractive Met al l uw published by WILEY-
VCH in 1997.
The articles of this book are a collection
from Ulbratin 5 Eticyclopedia of Indirstrial
Clieinistry compiled by over 60 specialists in
their fields and together form a handy and an
authoritative reference work that is recom-
mended for practising engineers, metahrgists
and mining engineers.
QuCbec City, March 1998
Fathi Habashi
Table of Contents
Part One General Aspects
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Part Two Alloy Steels
2 Classification of Steel
and Steel Products . . . . 15
Part Primary-Metal Alloys
Three 3 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
09
21
6 Tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Part Four Light-Metal Alloys
8 Beryllium . . . . . . . . . . . 149
9 Magnesium . . . . . . . . . 151
10 Alumilium . . . . . . . . . . 165
11 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Part Five Other Alloy Systems
12 Precious Metals . . . . . . 223
13 Refractoiy Metals . . . . 243
15 Rare-Earth Alloys . . . . 269
16 Alkali Metals . . . . . . . . 277
17 .Secondary Mctals and
Miscellaneous Alloys . 283
14 Nuclear Reactor Alloys259
Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Index ................ 309