ry

GEOTTCHnIICS 1 CIV3lO
Stabilify of Slopes: When a difiference of level exists between two surfaces gravitational
forces tend to cause movement from the higher to ttre lower level. Unless the shearing
resistance within the material is sirfficient to witlstand these forces, the movement takes
place.
Movements of sloped soil masses canbe classified into broad categories, depending on,
,
the t5pe of motion relative to the adjagent or underlying soil.
Slide refers to the occrurence where the moving mass is rather well'defined and
separated from the undetlying and adjacent soil by a plane where slippage result.
The stippage plane or zone rgpresents the continuous surface where thE maximtrm shear
strargth of the soil
has
been reached, with the resultthat large displacement occurs.
Slides are classified as rotational or translational in accord with the shape and
directional movdment ofthe soil.
Rotational slides are associated with natural slopes and. constructed embanlanents of
homogenous materialspossessing eohesion; tre faihne srface is surve{ with the failed
mass slumped inthe toe area of the original slope.
Translational slides me associated with slopes of layered materials where the mechanism ,
of slippage occurs along a weak plane ot
"d*
that
fossess
a downward. dip and in
cohesio:r
less
soil slopes,where a change in
condition occurs.
;,1; IJnlike
thgrotationalslide,,whosemov,ement,tends
torcEaqewhenthemass reaches the
i]'..s1u*pedpositioatne#iitio"*sIiae.H.coufiueovera1cing'dice....l'
Fundamentals of S lop e Stability Analysis
Conventional approach: Conventional slope stability analysis investigates.the equilibrium
of a mass of soil bounded below by an assumed potentiai slip surface and above by the
surface of the slope.
Forces and moments tending to cause instability of the mass are compared to those
tending to resist instability.
Suggested assumptions are made regarding the potential slip surface unJil the most
critical surface- lowest factor of safety, is found.
If the shear resistance of the soil along the slip surface exceeds that necessary to provide
equilibrium, the mass is stable. ffthe shem resistance is inadequate, the mass is unstable.
The stability or instability of the mass depends on:
o
Its weight
r
The extemal forces acting on it such as surcharges or accelerations caused. by
dynamic loads.
o
The shear sFengths
.
.
Pore water pressrues along the slip surface
r
The strength of any internal reinforcement crossing potential slip surface.
-y
The factor of safety: Conventional analysis procedures characterize the stability of a
slope by calculating a factor of safety. The factor of safety is defined with respect to the
shear strength ofthe soil as ratio of the available shear strength (s) to the shear strength
required for equilibrium (t) i.e. F:available shear strengtb/equilibrium shear stress:
If the shear strengt! is defined interms of effective sEesses, the factor of safety is
expressed as: F:
c+(o1t)P0
For total sfresses, the factor of safety is expressed using the shear sfrength parameters in
terms of total stresses, i.s.p:cloffid
'
T
Limit of Equilibrium Method; the factor of safety is calculared usjng one or more of the
equations of static equilibrium applied to a soil mass bounded by an assumed potential
slip surface and the surface of the slope.
Slopes on Dry Cohesion Less Sand: a slope underlainby clean tky sand is stable
regardless of its heigh! provided the angle
9
S
O
, 6p=ft where
p
is the actral
wp
"'i
'
1:
slopeangleexistingorplanned- : , : , :
, '
.
:
"
:
':,
Typical method of slices
t
t
e{\/
3/b
{&) Scour by rivers and streams
Crest
13.4 SOME CAUSES OF SLOPE FAILURE 569
Rainfall
(c)
Rainfall fills crack and introduces
seepage forces in the thin, weak
soil layer
Overloadlng at crest of slope
C +
Critical state line for compression
p"P
Crest
(a)
Steepening of slope by erosion
{.r) Gravity and earlhquake lorces.
ffi#
(e)
Geological feature---toil stratification (fl Overloading at the crest ol the slope
(II RE!!rvolr stresser
During rapid drawdown the restralnlng
water force ls removed
F|GURE13.3 Some causes of slope failure.
(g)
Excavation at toe ol the slope
,/s,'I a.
6f,",J#,,,
is linearly I,
'r,
0) Rapid dtawdown
0J Groundvrater seepage
56-) -i t^
t9
itinres
ol'tllL.
0l)e
e
(v
?(
o
--a'
13.3 SOME TYPES OF SLOPE FAILURE 567
(a) Movemenl ol soil mass along a thin
layer of weak soil
(d) Slop slide
..
(e)
Flow slide
(0 Block slide
F|GUBEl3.2 Some common types of slope failure.
Slope failures depend on the soil {ype, soil stratification, gnrundwater, seepage, and the slope
gcometry. We will introduce a few typcs of slope failure that are common in soils, Failure of a
slope along a weak zone of soil is called a translationai slide (Fig. 13.2a). The sliding rnass can travel
long distances before coming to rest. Translational slides are common in coarse-grainetl soils.
A common type of failure in homogeneous fine-grained soils is a rotational slide that has its
point of rotation on an imaginary axis parallel to the slope. Three types of rotational failure often
occur. One type, called a base slide, occurs by an arc engulfing the whole slope. A soft soil layer
resting on a stiff layer of soil is prone to base failure (Fig. 13.2b). The second type of rotational
failurc is tlte toc slide, whcreby the failure surface passes through the toe of tlre slopc (Fig. 13.2c).
l'he tltird type of rotational failure is the stope slicle, whereby the failure surface passes through the
slope (Fig. 13.2d).
A flow slide occurs when internal and external conditions brce a soil to bbhave like a viscous
fluid and flow down even shallow slopes, spreading out in several directions (Fig. i3.2e). The failure
surface is ill defined in flow slides. Multiple failure surfaces usually occur and change continuously as
flow proceeds. Flow slides can occur in dry and wet soils.
Block or wedge slides occur when a soil mass is shattered along
joints,
seams, fissures, and weak
zones by forces emanating from adjacent soils. The shattered mass moves as blocks and wedges down
the slope (Fig. 13.2f).
(b)
Base slide
(c) Toe slide
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7
GEOTECHNICS 1 CIV 310
Stability of Earth Slopes
Many civil engineering projects are located on or near sloping ground, and thus are
potentially subject to various kinds of slope instability such as slides, flows, and falls.
Slope failwes often produce extensive property damage, and occasionally resultin losg of
life.
civil errgineer$
u$e seveml q>ecial
ternr when dericribing
eirth slopes. Thesc i'clude
the
'faltowing
(as
sbown
in Figrrrc
f+.tji
..'"
""='
'
f;[liffiA:re
rho$e nradeby:&n
exc'v'rion,
T.hey e.'Fose
na$rar grounrr
dur was
c'EiItslbttes
are,t'hose m-adp by plaeirrg
a filt.
'
Nantruil
slope' flrer iLq. fte nrr-rne impfiur, p*t
of the nntunat ropogrnprry.
'
Ttie slitpe rqrro
clcscribe* irs *tu"pn"s*,
;l k;r"yr;'-d#H
horizonral;verlieal.
F'or exarnpl*.
a "ihrce ro one*.slo'pe (3:l
j
is inctinerr -rrhl;;;;rrrat
,o one verrieirt;
'slopq
sEeFer
dr;an l:r. are ae*"rib,J
*i"q
.rr"*,ioo;.'..,.Lffi
#. Trris norarion can .be
,esnf4sips ro ensineers
used ; ;;Tii"q
;ifil;;;it:#;
dre qusrjo'.ariry
. $:1t:t-o-"9 i-n
the oppos
i te f-ashio n
cuure
"ai
:r, ori zon tat
).
- r'B xsF a!.rtope
\I,:1
of tfpe-are .he poinrs
wherel.riUferscm
fla{gr groqn{.
' ,Tl.re
{,
efirce
js
tge g.round,.iurfaceber*:*,n*oe ..
;f;ffifi#toe,of,{opa.
. ,
:,
: : , :
'
Ile'rlape
hcig:ia"lr,
is'tne a;r'rercn""iJli*uo,ion
berweqn
riie iii'orsrope
arrcr [oeof slope'(i' e.' me as u rcd
yrri.c*lrvr r; ; ds;;;*ut
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