Lecturer: Meir M.

Barak

Email: barakm@winthrop.edu
Office: Dalton 320
Phone: 6433
5/29/2014
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BIOL307: Human Anatomy
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Integumentary system, lecture outlines
Integumentary system
Characteristics / functions
Layers (superficial to deep)
1. Epidermis
Cells
Layers
Skin color
2. Dermis (Papillary & reticular regions)
3. Hypodermis
Accessory organs of the skin
Hair (structure, color and texture)
Nails (structure)
Glands (Sebaceous; Sweat; Ceruminous; Mammary)
Skin and the sun; Skin cancer
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Integumentary system, levels of organization
Integumentary system
Epidermis epithelial cells tissue
Skin cutaneous membrane
(epithelial + connective
tissues)
organ
Skin &
derivatives
(e.g. sebaceous gland)
integumentary system organ
system

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Integumentary system
Integumentary system
Region
1. Epidermis
epithelial cells

2. Dermis
connective tissue

3. Hypodermis
underlying layer of fat

Skin
Integumentary system
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
Superficial
Deep
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Integumentary system
Integumentary system
Characteristics / functions
1. Largest organ (area of 1.5-2 M
2
)
2. Protection from bacteria, UV rays, water
3. Produces Vitamin D
4. Excretes waste (heat)
5. Millions of sensory input
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
5/29/2014
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Integumentary system
Integumentary system
Epidermis thickness
Ranges 0.1mm to 0.5mm
why cant it be thicker? Avascular!

Skin thickness (epidermis + dermis):
Ranges between 0.5mm (eyelids)
to 6mm (shoulder blades)
Most skin ~1-2mm

Hypodermis
Thickest layer of integumentary system
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Epidermis
Integumentary system
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Dead cells at the surface packed with tough
protein called keratin
Lacks blood vessels
Depends on the diffusion of nutrients from
underlying connective tissue
Sparse nerve endings for touch and pain
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Epidermis
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Epidermis - cells
Integumentary system
Stem cells - undifferentiated cells. Only in the
deepest layer of the epidermis
give rise to keratinocytes
Living keratinocytes
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
5/29/2014
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Epidermis - cells
Integumentary system
Keratinocytes (specialized epithelial cells)
produce keratin (protein that hardens and protects
epidermis).
Life cycle 30-40d
Living keratinocytes
Dead keratinocytes
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
5/29/2014
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Epidermis - cells
Integumentary system
Melanocytes (specialized epithelial cells) contain
melanin (black, brown, yellow, or red pigment )
Only at deepest layer (20% of cells)
Inject melanin into keratinocytes
http://goo.gl/bcGEH
Function?
serve as a shield
against UV, yet
we need sun for
Vitamin D
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Epidermis - cells
Integumentary system
Dendritic Cells (Langerhans cells) star shaped
Immunologically active - antigen-presenting
mostly located in stratum spinosum
Dendritic cell
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
5/29/2014
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Epidermis - cells
Integumentary system
Merkel cells (Tactile cells)
Only in the deepest layer of the epidermis
Sensitive to light touch
Tactile cell
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Thomson Higher Education (C) 2007
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Epidermis
Integumentary system
Meissner's corpuscles (Tactile corpuscles)
at epidermal/dermal junction
function as s sensory receptor for touch
mostly at fingertips and lips
Thomson Higher Education (C) 2007
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14 Integumentary system
Epidermis layers
stratum basale (basal/germinal layer)

1 layer of simple cuboidal stem cells
Constantly dividing (myogenic)
New cells push older cells up
(become keratinocytes)
Melanocytes (20% of cells)
Merkel cells
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
5/29/2014
15 Integumentary system
Epidermis layers
stratum spinosum (spinous layer)

keratin cells (keratinocytes) shrink
(lack of nutrients)
Langerhans cells (dendritic cells)
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
5/29/2014
16 Integumentary system
Epidermis layers
stratum granulosum (granular layer)

Around 5 layers
Little granule of keratin in cytoplasm
keratinocytes lose their nucleus
Lipids are released to extracellular
space to form a lipid barrier
(epidermal water barrier)
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
5/29/2014
17 Integumentary system
Epidermal water barrier
Between stratum granulosum spinosum

Water retention (preventing dehydration)

Cells above the water barrier die
Dandruff clumps of dead cells
stuck together by sebum (oil)
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
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Epidermis layers
stratum lucidum (translucent layer)

Only in palms and soles (thick skin)
gives rougher texture
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
5/29/2014
19 Integumentary system
Epidermis layers
stratum corneum (cornified layer)

Flattened dead keratinocytes
20 to 30 layers (palms and soles
having the most layers)
Barrier and protection
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Epidermis layers - summary
Epidermis
Dermis
corneum lucidum granulosum spinosum basale
Copyright The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.
5/29/2014
20 Integumentary system
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Skin color
Integumentary system
Melanin produced by melanocytes
Eumelanin - brownish black
Pheomelanin - reddish yellow

Accumulate in the keratinocytes of stratum basale
& stratum spinosum

People of different skin colors have the same
number of melanocytes; but
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Skin color
Integumentary system
Dark skinned people
1. produce more melanin
2. melanin granules in keratinocytes more spread out
3. melanin breaks down slower
4. melanized cells seen throughout the epidermis

Light skinned people
1. produce less melanin
2. melanin clumped near keratinocyte nucleus
3. melanin breaks down more rapidly
4. little seen beyond stratum basale
Skin color
Stratum corneum
Epidermis
Light skin
Stratum corneum
Epidermis
Dermis
Dark skin
Melanized cells
of stratum basale
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5/29/2014
23 Integumentary system
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Evolutionary theory of skin color
Homo s. originated in
tropics & originally
produced greater amounts
of melanin

Humans that migrated to
less sunny areas produced
less melanin = lighter skin

Everyone have same
number of melanocytes, but
they produce variably in
response to UV sunlight
Integumentary system
Wikipedia
5/29/2014
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Dermis
Integumentary system
Dermis
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Connective tissue layer beneath the epidermis
Thickness: 0.2mm (eyelids) to 4mm (palms & soles)
Extensive blood supply
Innervation
Air follicles
Nail roots
Smooth muscles (Arrector pili muscle)
Sweat glands & sebaceous glands
http://goo.gl/CePjP
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Dermal papillae
Integumentary system
Dermal papillae = fingerprints
Whorl Loop Arch
Wikipedia
Even identical twins will have different fingerprints!
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Lack of fingerprints
Integumentary system
Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis
http://goo.gl/BV5Vj
A rare congenital disorder
Lack of fingerprints & sweat glands (often suffer
from heat stroke), thin hair, brittle nails, mottled skin.
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Dermis
Integumentary system
1. Papillary region (superficial zone 20%)
Areolar connective tissue
Highly innervated & vascularized
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5/29/2014
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Dermis
Integumentary system
2. Reticular region (deep zone, 80%)
Dense irregular connective tissue
Mostly thick collagen fibers
Stretch marks = tears in the collagen fibers
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5/29/2014
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Hypodermis
Integumentary system
http://goo.gl/BV5Vj
Subcutaneous tissue
Adipose & areolar connective tissue
Binds skin to underlying tissues
(but allows skin movement)
Hypodermis
Not part of the skin but of the integumentary system
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Accessory organs of the skin
Integumentary system
1. Hair (dead keratinized cells)
2. Nails (dead keratinized cells)
3. Glands
http://goo.gl/CePjP
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1. Hair
Integumentary system
Made of dead keratinized cells (similar to skin
but more compact)
grows from an oblique tube in the skin called a
hair follicle
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Hair follicle
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Number of scalp hairs does not differ much from
person to person or even between sexes (around
100,000 hairs on the scalp)

Differences in appearance due to
1. Texture (cross section)
I. straight hair is round
II. wavy hair is oval
III. curly hair is relatively flat
1. Hair
straight hair
Wavy hair
Eumelanin
Pheomelanin
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Differences in appearance due to
2. Pigmentation
I. Eumelanin - black and brown
II. Pheomelanin - pink to red hue
1. Hair
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Many people's hair whorls in either a clockwise
or counterclockwise direction

Most people have clockwise scalp hair-whorls

May differ in identical twins!
http://goo.gl/7blO6
1. Hair, hair swirl
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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Hair is divisible into three zones along its length
1. Bulb: hair origin, living cells
2. Root: hair in the follicle
3. Shaft: above the skin surface

Dermal papilla: blood supply (nutrition)
Hair matrix: growth center (dividing cells)
1. Hair
root
bulb
shaft
Hair matrix
Dermal papilla
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Three layers of the hair in cross section
1. Hair
Medulla: loosely arranged cells & air spaces
Cortex: keratin with injected melanin
Cuticle: overlapping keratin shingles
Medulla
cortex
Cuticle
Connective tissue root sheath
Epithelial root sheath
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1. Hair
Integumentary system
Copyright The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc
Hair follicle: diagonal tube that surrounds the hair
Epithelial root sheath (deep): extension of epidermis
Connective tissue root sheath (superficial): derived
from dermis but denser than adjacent connective
tissue
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Arrector pili muscle (smooth muscle)
Attaches to every hair
Contraction = hair stands (Goosebumps) why?

Wikipedia
Where is
the muscle?
1. Hair
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Sebaceous gland
Apocrine sweat gland
Piloerector muscle
1. Hair
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Glands
Old club hair
New hair
New hair
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Anagen
Growing phase (68 years)
90% of scalp follicles at any given time
1. Hair, hair cycle
Copyright The McGraw-
Hill Companies, Inc
Stem cells multiply,
pushing the dermal
papilla deeper
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Club hair (detached
from matrix)
Dermal papilla
Degeneration
of lower follicle
Catagen
Degenerative phase (23 weeks)
Hair growth ceases
1. Hair, hair cycle
Copyright The McGraw-
Hill Companies, Inc
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Telogen
Resting phase (13 months)
1. Hair, hair cycle
Copyright The McGraw-
Hill Companies, Inc
5/29/2014
44 Integumentary system
Wikipedia
Any type of hair loss can be acute or chronic

Possible causes:
Genetics
Chemotherapy or cancer treatments (why?)
Hormonal imbalance (Hyper/hypothyroidism)
Infections (e.g. fungal)
Severe stress
Medications
http://goo.gl/0SgTw
1. Hair, hair loss
Made of dead keratinized cells (similar to skin but
more compact)


Nail plate: hard part of the nail
Free edge: overhangs the fingertip
Nail body: visible attached part of nail
Nail root: extends proximally under overlying skin
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2. Nails
free edge nail body nail root
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
cuticle (eponychium)
2. Nails
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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Nail bed
Eponychium
(cuticle)
Nail bed: the skin beneath the nail plate
Cuticle: (eponychium) a layer of tissue
that covers the nail root
nail matrix
2. Nails
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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Lunule
Nail matrix
Nail matrix: growth zone
Lunule (little moon): a thicker layer
at nail base
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Remember: all glands are epithelial derivatives
3. Glands
Two kinds of sweat glands

1. Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands
Most numerous skin glands (3-4 million in adults)
Watery perspiration - cool the body
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3. Glands, sweat
Secretory cells
Lumen
Myoepithelial
cells
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Merocrine sweat gland
and duct
Two kinds of sweat glands

2. Apocrine sweat glands
In groin, axilla, and bearded area (males)
Ducts lead to nearby hair follicles
Produce thicker milky sweat that contains fatty acids
These are the glands that produce the smell of sweat
Asians have very few of these or lack them totally
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3. Glands, sweat
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Sebum: oily secretion
Open into hair follicle
Holocrine gland
Keeps skin/hair from becoming dry, brittle, and
cracked
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3. Glands, sebaceous
Sebaceous gland Hair follicle
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Only in external ear canal
Holocrine gland
Earwax (cerumen): secretion + sebum + dead
epithelial cells
keep eardrum pliable
waterproofs the canal
kills bacteria
makes guard hairs of ear sticky
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3. Glands, ceruminous
Milk-producing
Develop only during pregnancy and lactation
Modified apocrine sweat gland
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3. Glands, mammary
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The skin and the sun
Integumentary system
http://goo.gl/KiAr4i
UV = Ultraviolet radiation (visible wavelengths ~400-700)
Sunscreen
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The skin and the sun
Integumentary system
Truck driver William
Edward McElligott
Photographer: The New
England Journal of Medicine
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Degrees of burn injuries
Integumentary system
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
First degree Second degree
Partial-thickness burns
Third degree
Full-thickness burns
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Rickets (osteomalacia in adults)
Under-mineralized bones in children

Insufficient sunlight insufficient vitamin D
http://goo.gl/AKLrS
Integumentary system
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Rickets (osteomalacia in adults)
The osteoid (red) is too
thick and covers most
bone surfaces
Vitamin D is mandatory for calcium absorption
in the intestine and also reduces urinary loss of
calcium and phosphate (UV light is essential).
Integumentary system
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The myth of vampires and porphyria
Integumentary system
Enzyme deficiency - Porphyrins heme (blood?)
Porphyrins accumulate in skin & react with
sunlight to damage the skin
Garlic can aggravate their symptoms

Source for vampire legends?? Probably not

1. Have enough heme to produce blood
2. A group of rare disorders (not all affect skin)
3. Originally vampires were not afraid from the sun
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Skin cancer
Integumentary system
Induced by the ultraviolet rays of the sun

one of the most common cancers
most often on the head and neck
most common in fair-skinned and the elderly

one of the easiest to treat + high survival rates if
detected & treated early

http://goo.gl/KiAr4i
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Basal cell carcinoma
Integumentary system
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Most common type
Least dangerous because it seldom metastasizes
Forms from cells in stratum basale
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Squamous cell carcinoma
Integumentary system
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
arise from keratinocytes from stratum spinosum
chance of recovery good with early detection

Tends to metastasize to lymph nodes
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Malignant melanoma
Integumentary system
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Arises from melanocytes
Often in a preexisting mole
Less than 5% of skin cancers, but deadliest form
Metastasizes rapidly
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64 Integumentary system
Overview questions
1. Which epidermal cells reside only in the deepest layer of the
epidermis?
2. If you cut just your outer epidermal layers, would you bleed?
3. Which type of cells are keratinocytes and melanocytes?
4. Why is the epidermal water barrier so important? Between
which layers is it located?
5. Where can you find the stratum lucidum layer?
6. Which 2 features of the integumentary system can be different
even in identical twins?
7. What are nails and hair made from?
8. Which 2 types of sweat glands exist? What are the differences
between them?
9. What is the evolutionary origin of mammary glands?
10. Are both UVA and UVB dangerous to our skin? Why?
11. Why is sunlight important to our bones?