DC Choppers: Power Electronics

Power Electronics
1
uC CPCL8S
1
lnLroducLlon
Chopper ls a sLaLlc devlce.
A varlable dc volLage ls obLalned from a consLanL dc volLage
source.
Also known as dc-Lo-dc converLer.
Wldely used for moLor conLrol.
Also used ln regeneraLlve braklng.
1hyrlsLor converLer offers greaLer efflclency, fasLer response,
lower malnLenance, smaller slze and smooLh conLrol.
2
2
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Power Electronics
2
Choppers are of 1wo 1ypes
- SLep-down choppers.
- ln sLep down chopper ouLpuL volLage ls less Lhan lnpuL
volLage.
- SLep-up choppers.
- ln sLep up chopper ouLpuL volLage ls more Lhan lnpuL
volLage.
3
rlnclple Cf SLep-down Chopper
V
i
0
V
0
Chopper
R
+
4
4
Power Electronics
3
A sLep-down chopper wlLh reslsLlve load.
1he LhyrlsLor ln Lhe clrculL acLs as a swlLch.
When LhyrlsLor ls Cn, supply volLage appears across
Lhe load
When LhyrlsLor ls Cll, Lhe volLage across Lhe load wlll
be zero.
5
V
d c
v
0
V
V / R
i
0
I
d c
t
t
t
O N
T
t
O F F
6
Power Electronics
4
7
v e r a g e v a l u e o f o u t p u t o r l o a d v o l t a g e .
v e r a g e v a l u e o f o u t p u t o r l o a d c u r r e n t .
T i m e i n t e r v a l f o r w h i c h S C R c o n d u c t s .
T i m e i n t e r v a l f o r w h i c h S C R i s O F F .
P e r i o d o f s w i t c h i n g
d c
d c
O N
O F F
O N O F F
V A
I A
t
t
T t t
=
=
=
=
= - = o r c h o p p i n g p e r i o d .
1
F r e q . o f c h o p p e r s w i t c h i n g o r c h o p p i n g f r e q . f
T
= =
8
A v e r a g e O u t p u t V o l t a g e
.
d u t y c y c l e
O N
d c
O N O F F
O N
d c
O N
t
V V
t t
t
V V V d
T
t
b u t d
t
'
=

-
'
'
= =

'
'
= =

'
Power Electronics
5
9
2
0
A v e r a g e O u t p u t C u r r e n t
R M S v a l u e o f o u t p u t v o l t a g e
1
O N
d c
d c
O N
d c
t
O o
V
I
R
t V V
I d
R T R
V v d t
T
=
'
= =

'
=
|
10
2
0
2
B u t d u r i n g ,
T h e r e f o r e R M S o u t p u t v o l t a g e
1
.
.
O N
O N o
t
O
O N
O O N
O
t v V
V V d t
T
t V
V t V
T T
V d V
=
=
= =
=
|
Power Electronics
6
11
2
2
O u t p u t p o w e r
B u t
O u t p u t p o w e r
O O O
O
O
O
O
O
P V I
V
I
R
V
P
R
d V
P
R
=
=
.
=
=
12
E f f e c t i v e i n p u t r e s i s t a n c e o f c h o p p e r
T h e o u t p u t v o l t a g e c a n b e v a r i e d b y
v a r y i n g t h e d u t y c y c l e .
i
d c
i
V
R
I
R
R
d
=
=
Power Electronics
7
MeLhods Cf ConLrol
1he ouLpuL dc volLage can be varled by Lhe followlng
meLhods.
ulse wldLh modulaLlon conLrol or consLanL
frequency operaLlon.
varlable frequency conLrol.
13
ulse WldLh ModulaLlon
t
ON
ls varled keeplng chopplng frequency 'f & chopplng
perlod '1' consLanL.
CuLpuL volLage ls varled by varylng Lhe Cn Llme t
ON
14
Power Electronics
8
V
0
V
V
V
0
t
t
t
O N
t
O N
t
O F F
t
O F F
T
15
varlable lrequency ConLrol
Chopplng frequency f ls varled keeplng elLher t
ON
or t
Oll
consLanL.
1o obLaln full ouLpuL volLage range, frequency has Lo be varled
over a wlde range.
1hls meLhod produces harmonlcs ln Lhe ouLpuL and for large
t
Oll
load currenL may become dlsconLlnuous
16
Power Electronics
9
v
0
V
V
v
0
t
t
t
O N
t
O N
T
T
t
O F F
t
O F F
17
SLep-down Chopper
WlLh 8-L Load
V
i
0
V
0
C h op p e r
R
L
FWD
E
+
18
Power Electronics
10
When chopper ls Cn, supply ls connecLed across load.
CurrenL flows from supply Lo load.
When chopper ls Cll, load currenL conLlnues Lo flow ln Lhe
same dlrecLlon Lhrough lWu due Lo energy sLored ln lnducLor
l.
Load currenL can be conLlnuous or dlsconLlnuous dependlng
on Lhe values of l and duLy cycle J
lor a conLlnuous currenL operaLlon, load currenL varles
beLween Lwo llmlLs l
mox
and l
mlo
When currenL becomes equal Lo l
mox
Lhe chopper ls Lurned-off
and lL ls Lurned-on when currenL reduces Lo l
mlo.
19
O u t p u t
v o l t a g e
O u t p u t
c u r r e n t
v
0
V
i
0
I
m a x
I
m i n
t
t
t
O N
T
t
O F F
C o n t i n u o u s
c u r r e n t
O u t p u t
c u r r e n t
t
D i s c o n t i n u o u s
c u r r e n t
i
0
20
Pro. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Power Electronics
11
rlnclple Cf SLep-up Chopper
+
V
O
V
Chopper
C
L
O
A
D
D L I
+
21
SLep-up chopper ls used Lo obLaln a load volLage hlgher Lhan
Lhe lnpuL volLage v.
1he values of l and c are chosen dependlng upon Lhe
requlremenL of ouLpuL volLage and currenL.
When Lhe chopper ls ON, Lhe lnducLor l ls connecLed across
Lhe supply.
1he lnducLor currenL l rlses and Lhe lnducLor sLores energy
durlng Lhe ON Llme of Lhe chopper, t
ON
.
22
Power Electronics
12
When Lhe chopper ls off, Lhe lnducLor currenL l ls forced Lo flow
Lhrough Lhe dlode u and load for a perlod, t
Oll
.
1he currenL Lends Lo decrease resulLlng ln reverslng Lhe polarlLy
of lnduced LMl ln l.
1herefore volLage across load ls glven by
. . ,
O O
d I
V V L i e V V
d t
= -
23
A large capaclLor 'C' connecLed across Lhe load, wlll provlde a
conLlnuous ouLpuL volLage
ulode u prevenLs any currenL flow from capaclLor Lo Lhe
source.
SLep up choppers are used for regeneraLlve braklng of dc
moLors.
24
Power Electronics
13
Lxpresslon lor CuLpuL volLage
25
A s s u m e t h e a v e r a g e i n d u c t o r c u r r e n t t o b e
d u r i n g O N a n d O F F t i m e o f C h o p p e r .
V o l t a g e a c r o s s i n d u c t o r
T h e r e f o r e e n e r g y s t o r e d i n i n d u c t o r
= . .
W h e r e
W h e n C h o p p e r
p e r i o d o f c h o p p e r .
i s O N
O N
O N
I
L V
V I t
t O N
=
=
26
, ,
( e n e r g y i s s u p p l i e d b y i n d u c t o r t o l o a d )
V o l t a g e a c r o s s
E n e r g y s u p p l i e d b y i n d u c t o r
w h e r e p e r i o d o f C h o p p e r .
N e g
W h e n C h o p p e r
l e c t i n g l o s s e s , e n e r g y s t o r e d i n i n d u c t o r
i s O F F
O
O O F F
O F F
L V V
L V V I t
t O F F
L
=
=
=
= e n e r g y s u p p l i e d b y i n d u c t o r L
Power Electronics
14
27
, ,

W h e r e
T = C h o p p i n g p e r i o d o r p e r i o d
o f s w i t c h i n g .
O N O O F F
O N O F F
O
O F F
O
O N
V I t V V I t
V t t
V
t
T
V V
T t
. =
-
=
'
=

'
28
1
1
1
1
W h e r e d u t y c y l e
O N O F F
O
O N
O
O N
T t t
V V
t
T
V V
d
t
d
T
= -
'

=

'
'
. =

'
= =
Power Electronics
15
ClasslflcaLlon Cf Choppers
Choppers are classlfled as
Class A Chopper
Class 8 Chopper
Class C Chopper
Class u Chopper
Class L Chopper
29
Class A Chopper
V
Chopper
FWD
+
v
0
v
0
i
0
i
0
L
O
A
D
V
30
Class A Chopper is a first quadrant chopper .
Power Electronics
16
When chopper ls ON, supply volLage v ls connecLed across Lhe
load.
When chopper ls Cll, v
C
= 0 and Lhe load currenL conLlnues Lo
flow ln Lhe same dlrecLlon Lhrough Lhe lWu.
1he average values of ouLpuL volLage and currenL are always
poslLlve.
closs A cboppet ls a sLep-down chopper ln whlch power
always flows form source Lo load.
lL ls used Lo conLrol Lhe speed of dc moLor.
1he ouLpuL currenL equaLlons obLalned ln sLep down chopper
wlLh k-l load can be used Lo sLudy Lhe performance of closs A
cboppet.
31
O u t pu t c u rr e n t
Th y r i s to r
g a t e p u l s e
O u t pu t v o l ta g e
i
g
i
0
v
0
t
t
t
t
O N
T
C H O N
F W D C o n du c ts
32
Power Electronics
17
Class 8 Chopper
V
Chopper
+
v
0
v
0
i
0
i
0
L
E
R
D
33
Class B Chopper operates in second quadrant
When chopper ls Cn, drlves a currenL Lhrough l and 8 ln a
dlrecLlon opposlLe Lo LhaL shown ln flgure.
uurlng Lhe Cn perlod of Lhe chopper, Lhe lnducLance l sLores
energy.
When Chopper ls Cll, dlode u conducLs, and parL of Lhe
energy sLored ln lnducLor l ls reLurned Lo Lhe supply.
Average ouLpuL volLage ls poslLlve and average ouLpuL currenL
ls negaLlve.
ln Lhls chopper, power flows from load Lo source.
closs 8 cboppet ls used for regeneraLlve braklng of dc moLor.
closs 8 cboppet ls a sLep-up chopper.
34
Power Electronics
18
O u t pu t c u rr e n t
D
c on d u ct s
C h o pp e r
c on d u ct s
Th y r i s to r
g a t e p u l s e
O u t pu t v o l t a g e
i
g
i
0
v
0
t
t
t
I
m i n
I
m a x
T
t
O N
t
O F F
35
Class C Chopper
V
Chopper
+
v
0
D
1
D
2
CH
2
CH
1
v
0
i
0
i
0
L
E
R
36
Power Electronics
19
closs c cboppet ls a comblnaLlon of closs A and closs 8
cboppets.
lor flrsL quadranL operaLlon, cn
1
ls Cn or u
2
conducLs.
lor second quadranL operaLlon, cn
2
ls Cn or u
1
conducLs.
When cn
1
ls Cn, Lhe load currenL ls poslLlve.
1he ouLpuL volLage ls equal Lo v & Lhe load recelves power
from Lhe source.
When cn
1
ls Lurned Cll, energy sLored ln lnducLance l forces
currenL Lo flow Lhrough Lhe dlode u
2
and Lhe ouLpuL volLage ls
zero.
37
CurrenL conLlnues Lo flow ln poslLlve dlrecLlon.
When cn
2
ls Lrlggered, Lhe volLage forces currenL Lo flow ln
opposlLe dlrecLlon Lhrough L and cn
2
.
1he ouLpuL volLage ls zero.
Cn Lurnlng Cll cn
2
, Lhe energy sLored ln Lhe lnducLance
drlves currenL Lhrough dlode u
1
and Lhe supply
CuLpuL volLage ls v, Lhe lnpuL currenL becomes negaLlve and
power flows from load Lo source.
38
Power Electronics
20
Average ouLpuL volLage ls poslLlve
Average ouLpuL currenL can Lake boLh poslLlve and negaLlve
values.
Choppers cn
1
& cn
2
should noL be Lurned Cn slmulLaneously
as lL would resulL ln shorL clrculLlng Lhe supply.
closs c cboppet can be used boLh for dc moLor conLrol and
regeneraLlve braklng of dc moLor.
closs c cboppet can be used as a sLep-up or sLep-down
chopper.
39
G a te p u l s e
o f C H
2
G a te p u l s e
o f C H
1
O u t pu t c u r re n t
O u t pu t v o l ta g e
i
g 1
i
g 2
i
0
V
0
t
t
t
t
D
1
D
1
D
2
D
2
C H
1
C H
2
C H
1
C H
2
O N O N O N O N
40
Power Electronics
21
Class u Chopper
V
+
v
0
D
2
D
1
C H
2
C H
1
v
0
i
0
L E
R i
0
41
Class u ls a Lwo quadranL chopper.
When boLh cn
1
and cn
2
are Lrlggered slmulLaneously, Lhe
ouLpuL volLage v
O
= v and ouLpuL currenL flows Lhrough Lhe
load.
When cn
1
and cn
2
are Lurned Cll, Lhe load currenL conLlnues
Lo flow ln Lhe same dlrecLlon Lhrough load, u
1
and u
2
, due Lo
Lhe energy sLored ln Lhe lnducLor L.
CuLpuL volLage v
O
= - v .
42
Power Electronics
22
Average load volLage ls poslLlve lf chopper Cn Llme ls more
Lhan Lhe Cll Llme
Average ouLpuL volLage becomes negaLlve lf t
ON
< t
Oll
.
Pence Lhe dlrecLlon of load currenL ls always poslLlve buL load
volLage can be poslLlve or negaLlve.
43
G a te p u l s e
o f C H
2
G a te p u l s e
o f C H
1
O u t pu t c u r r e n t
A v er a g e v
0
i
g 1
i
g 2
i
0
v
0
V
t
t
t
t
C H , C H
O N
1 2 D 1 , D 2 Co n d u ct in g
44
Power Electronics
23
G a te p u l s e
o f C H
2
G a te p u l s e
o f C H
1
O u t pu t c u r r e n t
A v er a g e v
0
i
g 1
i
g 2
i
0
v
0
V
t
t
t
t
C H
C H
1
2
D , D
1 2
45
Class L Chopper
V
v
0
i
0
L E
R
C H
2
C H
4
D
2
D
4
D
1
D
3
C H
1
C H
3
+
46
Power Electronics
24
lour CuadranL CperaLlon
v
0
i
0
C H - C H O N
C H - D C o n d u c ts
1 4
4 2
D D
2 3
- Co n d u ct s
4 2
C H - C H O N
3 2
2 4
D - D C o n d u ct s
2 4
1 4
47
Class L ls a four quadranL chopper
When cn
1
and cn
4
are Lrlggered, ouLpuL currenL l
O
flows ln
poslLlve dlrecLlon Lhrough cn
1
and cn
4
, and wlLh ouLpuL
volLage v
O
= v.
1hls glves Lhe flrsL quadranL operaLlon.
When boLh cn
1
and cn
4
are Cll, Lhe energy sLored ln Lhe
lnducLor L drlves l
O
Lhrough u
2
and u
J
ln Lhe same dlrecLlon,
buL ouLpuL volLage v
O
= -v.
48
Power Electronics
25
1herefore Lhe chopper operaLes ln Lhe fourLh quadranL.
When cn
2
and cn
J
are Lrlggered, Lhe load currenL l
O
flows ln
opposlLe dlrecLlon & ouLpuL volLage v
O
= -v.
Slnce boLh l
O
and v
O
are negaLlve, Lhe chopper operaLes ln
Lhlrd quadranL.
When boLh cn
2
and cn
J
are Cll, Lhe load currenL l
O
conLlnues
Lo flow ln Lhe same dlrecLlon u
1
andu
4
and Lhe ouLpuL volLage
v
O
= v.
1herefore Lhe chopper operaLes ln second quadranL as v
O
ls
poslLlve buL l
O
ls negaLlve.
49
LffecL Cf Source & Load lnducLance
1he source lnducLance should be as small as posslble Lo llmlL
Lhe LranslenL volLage.
Also source lnducLance may cause commuLaLlon problem for
Lhe chopper.
usually an lnpuL fllLer ls used Lo overcome Lhe problem of
source lnducLance.
50
Power Electronics
26
1he load rlpple currenL ls lnversely proporLlonal Lo load
lnducLance and chopplng frequency.
eak load currenL depends on load lnducLance.
1o llmlL Lhe load rlpple currenL, a smooLhlng lnducLor ls
connecLed ln serles wlLh Lhe load.
51
V
i
0
v
0
C h o p p e r
F W D
+
L
O
A
D
52
Power Electronics
27
Mode-1 CperaLlon
L
O
A
D
L
C
I
L
L
S
V
S
+
_
+
_
T
1
D
1
V
C
i
C
53
1hyrlsLor 1
1
ls flred aL t = 0.
1he supply volLage comes across Lhe load.
Load currenL l
l
flows Lhrough 1
1
and load.
AL Lhe same Llme capaclLor dlscharges Lhrough 1
1
, u
1
, l
1
, & c
and Lhe capaclLor reverses lLs volLage.
1hls reverse volLage on capaclLor ls held consLanL by dlode u
1
.
54
Power Electronics
28
55
, ,
, ,
C a p a c i t o r D i s c h a r g e C u r r e n t
s i n
1
W h e r e
& C a p a c i t o r V o l t a g e
c o s
C
C
C
i t V t
L
L C
V t V t
=
=
=
Mode-2 CperaLlon
L
O
A
D
C
L
S
V
S
+
_ +
_
T
2
V
C
I
L
I
L
56
Power Electronics
29
1hyrlsLor 1
2
ls now flred Lo commuLaLe LhyrlsLor 1
1
.
When 1
2
ls Cn capaclLor volLage reverse blases 1
1
and Lurns lf
off.
1he capaclLor dlscharges Lhrough Lhe load from -v Lo 0.
ulscharge Llme ls known as clrculL Lurn-off Llme.
57
58
C
C
L
V C
t
I
=
Circuit turn-off time is given by:
Where I
L
is a load current
t
c
is depends on load current, it must design for the
worst case condition which occur at the maximum
value the load current and minimum value of load
voltage
Power Electronics
30
CapaclLor recharges back Lo Lhe supply volLage (wlLh plaLe 'a' +ve).
1hls Llme ls called Lhe recharglng Llme and ls glven by
1he LoLal Llme requlred for Lhe capaclLor Lo dlscharge and recharge
ls called Lhe commuLaLlon Llme and lL ls glven by
AL Lhe end of Mode-2 capaclLor has recharged Lo v
5
and Lhe free
wheellng dlode sLarLs conducLlng.
59
S
d
L
V C
t
I
=
r C d
t t t = -
Mode-3 CperaLlon
L
O
A
D
C
L
S
V
S
+
_
+
_
T
2
V
S
FWD
I
L
I
L
60
Power Electronics
31
61
, ,
sin
S
C S L S
L
V t V I t
C
= -
Mode-4 CperaLlon
L
O
A
D
C
L
S
V
S
+
_
+
_
D
1
L
FWD
I
L
V
C
62
Power Electronics
32
CapaclLor has been overcharged l.e. lLs volLage ls above supply
volLage.
CapaclLor sLarLs dlscharglng ln reverse dlrecLlon.
Pence capaclLor currenL becomes negaLlve.
1he capaclLor dlscharges Lhrough l
5
, v
5
, lwu, u
1
ooJ l.
When Lhls currenL reduces Lo zero u
1
wlll sLop conducLlng and
Lhe capaclLor volLage wlll be same as Lhe supply volLage
63
Mode-3 CperaLlon
L
O
A
D
I
L
F W D
8oLh LhyrlsLors are off and Lhe
load currenL flows Lhrough Lhe
lWu.
1hls mode wlll end once
LhyrlsLor 1
1
ls flred.
64
Power Electronics
33
C a p a c i t o r C u r r e n t
I
L
t
t
I
p
C u r r e n t t h r o u g h T
1
i
c
0
I
p
i
T 1
0
I
L
65
t
t
t
V o l t a g e a c r o s s T
1
O u t p u t V o l t a g e
C a p a c i t o r V o l t a g e
t
c
t
d
v
T 1
V
c
0
v
o
V
s c
+ V
V
s
v
c
V
c
- V
c
66
Power Electronics
34
ulsadvanLages
A sLarLlng clrculL ls requlred and Lhe sLarLlng clrculL should be
such LhaL lL Lrlggers LhyrlsLor 1
2
flrsL.
Load volLage [umps Lo almosL Lwlce Lhe supply volLage when
Lhe commuLaLlon ls lnlLlaLed.
1he dlscharglng and charglng Llme of commuLaLlon capaclLor
are dependenL on Lhe load currenL and Lhls llmlLs hlgh
frequency operaLlon, especlally aL low load currenL.
67
Chopper cannoL be LesLed wlLhouL connecLlng load.
1hyrlsLor 1
1
has Lo carry load currenL as well as resonanL
currenL resulLlng ln lncreaslng lLs peak currenL raLlng.
68

DC Choppers: Power Electronics

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Power Electronics

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