Defected Ground Structure in the

perspective of MicrostripAntennas:
A Review
Ashwini K. Arya, M.V. Kartikeyan , A.Patnaik
Abstract Defected ground structures (DGS) have been developed to improve characteristics of many
microwave devices. Although the DGS has advantages in the area of the microwave filter design, microwave
oscillators, microwave couplers to increase the coupling, microwave amplifiers, etc. , it is also used in the
microstrip antenna design for different applications such as antenna size reduction, cross polarization
reduction, mutual couplingreduction inantenna arrays, harmonic suppressionetc. , The DGSis motivatedby
a study of Photonic/Electromagnetic Band gap structures. The etching of one or more PBGelement creates
defect in the ground plane and used for the same purpose. The DGS is easy to be an equivalent L-C
resonator circuit. The value of the inductance andcapacitance depends on the areaandsize of the defect. By
varying the various dimensions of the defect, the desired resonance frequency can be achieved. In this paper
the effect of DGS, to the different antenna parameter enhancement is studied.
Index Terms Defected Ground Structure, Microstrip Antennas.
1 Introduction
Microwave components such as filters, couplers, antennas
etc. , in the microstrip technology, are used in high perform-
ance aircraft, spacecraft, satellite and missiles where size,
weight, cost, performance, ease of installation, and aerody-
namic profile are constraints. Presently there are many other
government and commercial applications, such as mobile
radio and wireless communications, microwave communica-
tion and millimeter wave communication.
In its most basic form, the microstrip technology consists of
a microstrip transmission line made of conducting material on
one side of a dielectric substrate which has a ground plane on
the other side.
There are two different type of generic structures used for
the design of the compact and high performance microwave
components, named as defected ground structure (DGS) and
the Elecromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures generally
known as the photonic band gap structures (PBG) [1]. These
structures have been attractive to obtain the function of
unwanted frequency rejection and circuit size reduction. DGS
cells have inherently resonant property; many of them have
applied to filter circuits. However, it is difficult to use a PBG
structure (periodic structure) for the design of the microwave
or millimeter wave components due to the difficulties of the
modeling. Another difficulty in using the PBG circuit is
caused by the radiation from the periodic etched defects.
Recently a defected ground structure (DGS) have been
introduced, DGS is realized by etching off a simple shape in
the ground plane, depending on the shape and dimensions of
the defect, the shielded current distribution in the ground
plane is disturbed, resulting a controlled excitation and
propagation of the electromagnetic waves through the
substrate layer. The shape of the defect may be changed
from the simple shape to the complicated shape for the better
performance.
Different shapes of DGS structures, such as rectangular [2,
3], square [4], circular [5, 6], dumbbell [712], spiral [13], L-
shaped [14], concentric ring [15], U-shaped and V-shaped
[1618], hairpin DGS [1920], hexagonal DGS [21], cross
shaped DGS [22] and combined structures [2324] have been
appeared in the literature. These structures are also used in
periodic form [2526].
DGS have advantages in the area of microwave filter design
[2, 3, 6, 7, 9], power amplifiers [2728], dividers [29, 32],
microwave oscillators [8], couplers [30], transmission lines
[31], combiners [32] and in microstrip antennas [4344]. The
defect in the ground plane of the planar transmission lines
such as microstrip, Coplanar etc. , disturbs the shield current
distribution and also changes the characteristics of the
transmission line e. g. Capacitance and the Inductance.
2 Photonic bandgap structures and defected
ground structures
The photonic bandgap structure is a periodic structure etched
in the ground plane. The difference between the PBG and
DGS is shown in the table (1).
Photonic Band Gap
Structure
Defected Ground
Structure
Geometry Periodic Etched Struc-
ture
One or Few Etched
Structure
Microwave Circuit
Properties
Similar Similar
Equivalent Circuit
Exaction
Very Difficult Relatively Simple
The PBGmodifies the properties of the microstrip line such
as characteristic impedance and propagation constant. De-
fected Ground Structure (DGS) is an etched lattice shape
(slot), which locates on the ground plane. It is motivated by a
study of PBG to change guided wave properties. DGS makes
one or a few of PGB etched ground elements in the ground
plane .The shape of slot is modified from a simple hole to a
more complicated shape. The DGS structure may be found in
both one-dimensional [26] and two dimensional forms. [5, 34],
as shown in Fig. 1.
3 DGS Unit Cell
Aunit DGS (dumbbell) section is created in the ground plane
as shown in the Fig. 1. The DGSconsists of the two rectangular
areas and one connecting slot in the ground plane [11, 12] as
shown in Fig. 2.
The DGS with the microstrip line employs an intentional
defect on the ground and it provides band rejection character-
istic from the resonance property. The cutoff frequency of the
DGS is mainly dependent to the etched square area in ground
plane. There is an attenuation pole location, which is due to
the etched gap distance.
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An attenuation pole can be generated by combination of
the inductance and capacitance elements. The capacitance
factor is needed to explain the frequency characteristic of the
DGS section. The etched gap area, which is placed under a
conductor line, provides the parallel capacitance with effec-
tive line inductance.
Thus, the proposed DGS section is fully described by two
parameters: the etchedlattice dimensionandthe gapdistance.
The inductance and capacitance are given as [35]:
L
1
4p
2
f
2
o
C
(1)
C
f
c
2Z
o
:
1
2pf
2
o
f
2
c

(2)
4 DGS Characteristics
Defected Ground structures (DGS) have two main character-
istics slow wave propagation in Pass band & Band Stop
Characteristics in microwave circuits [33].
Slow wave Propagation in Pass Band: The DGS is
considered as an equivalent circuit consisting of capacitance
and inductance as given in the Fig. 2. The equivalent inductive
part increases due to the defect and produces equivalently the
high effective dielectric constant, that is, slow wave property
due to this fact the DGS line has the longer electrical length
than the standard Microstrip line, for the same physical
length. By varying the various dimensions of the defect the
desired resonance frequency can be achieved.
Fig. 1: Defected Ground Structure, (a) 1-D DGS [5] (b) 2-D DGS[34]
Fig. 2: DGS (a) Microstrip Line with Dumbbell Shaped DGS [10] (b) DGS unit cell and its L-C equivalent [1112] .
Fig. 3: Microstrip line with DGS (a) Phase characteristics and slow wave factor (b) slow wave factor [35]
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Fig. 3 shows that the microstrip line with DGS unit is a good
guiding structure with small distortion due to the linear phase
variationof S21 withfrequency. It is tobe notedthat a jumping
phenomenon occurs at the resonant frequency. Compared to
the microstrip line without DGS unit, the microstrip line with
DGS unit exhibits a faster phase variation which exhibits slow-
wave behaviors below w
0
and a slower phase variation which
exhibits fast-wave behaviors beyond w
0
, where w
0
is angle
frequency and equal to 2pf
0
.
This phenomenon can be explained as follows: When
w < w
o
(frequencies less than the resonance frequency of
defect), w
0
:L < 1=w
0
C, Inductive Microstrip line is obtained,
when w > w
o
( frequencies greater than the resonance
frequency of defect), w
0
:L > 1=w
0
C, Capacitive Microstrip
line is obtained and in the case at the resonance frequency
(w w
o
and w
0
:L 1=w
0
C) jumping phenomenon occurs
[35]. Generally, the slow-wave factor is defined by l
0
/lg,
where lg is the guided wavelength and l
0
is the free space
wavelength.
Band Stop Characteristics: This equivalent circuit of the
proposed DGS unit can explain the bandgap effect. The series
inductance due to the DGS section increases the reactance of
a microstrip with the increasing of the frequency.
Thus, the rejection of the certain frequency range can be
started. The parallel capacitance with the series inductance
provides the attenuation pole location, which is the resonance
frequency of the parallel LC resonator. As the operating
frequency increases, the reactance of the capacitance de-
creases.
Thus, the bandgap between the propagating frequency
bands can be occurred as shown in Fig. 4. In order to explain
the cutoff and attenuation pole characteristic of the proposed
DGS section simultaneously, the equivalent circuit should
exhibit performances of low-pass and bandstop filter at the
same time [37]. Generally it is accepted that the microstrip
line should have the impedance around 100130 ohms. By
using the defected ground structure in the ground plane the
effective inductance will increase and at the same time the
capacitance will be decrease and finally the impedance of the
transmission line increases and becomes more than 200 ohms.
This high impedance of the DGS is used in the interconnects
used in the digital systems [38].
5 Classification of Defected Ground Structures:
The shape of the slot affects the response of the DGS unit
section. For this it is divided into the two categories.
Rectangular slot without head and with different heads (like
circular, square, arrow).
Different slot configurations (rectangular slot, with circular
head, square head, arrow head respectively) for the DGS are
shown in Fig. 5 [36]. The dumbbell shaped DGS gives the slow
wave effect in the pass band and band gap both at the same
time that is very useful for the microstrip antennas [11].
Quasistatic theory and neural network model has been used
for the explanation and analysis of the unit DGS cell. A brief
discussion is given here.
5.1 Quasistatic Theory of DGS:
In many of the microwave circuits, the dumb-bell shaped DGS
pattern is commonly adopted because of its ease in design and
simplicity [40]. The quasi-transverse electromagnetic (TEM)
mode propagates under the microstrip filament and the
infinite ground plane in the conventional microstrip trans-
mission line. The field (electric and magnetic) is mostly
confined under the microstrip line. The return current on the
ground plane is the negative image of the current distribution
on the microstrip line.
The return path of the current is fully disturbed using the
DGS and this current is confined to the periphery of the
perturbation and returns to the underneath of the microstrip
line once the perturbation is over as shown in Fig. 6. On the
basis of the observation of the maximum concentration of the
return surface current on the ground plane, the width of the
side filament arms, which contribute to the inductance of the
Fig. 4: Band stop characteristics of DGS (S21 Parameter) [11]
Fig. 5: Different Slots for DGS (a). Rectangular slot without head and with
circular head (b) with rectangular slot and triangular slot [36]
Fig. 6: Current distribution in the Ground Plane of DGS Microstrip line [39]
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DGS, is determined. The gap is represented by the equivalent
capacitances, The inductances and capacitances are derived
from the physical dimensions using quasi-static expressions
for microstrip crosses, lines and gaps available in the open
literatures [39]. On the basis of this observation, an equivalent
circuit model is developed. It is to be noting down that the line
and ground plane does not affect the behavior of this circuit in
terms of location of the attenuation pole. Only the bandwidth
of the stop band decreases. In this approach, the mode of
propagation of wave is considered to be purely TEM. In the
high frequency region, small changes in inductance, character-
istic impedance and effective dielectric constant (hence to
capacitance) take place. The small corrections are incorpo-
rated by curve fitting, as well as with interpolation.
5.2 Neural network model for analysis of DGS
Artificial Neural Network has been implemented to address
the problem of accurate determination of frequency of
dumbbell shaped DGS for a desired dimension of the
dumbbell shaped DGS. The feed forward back propagation
algorithm [42] is used for training of the network. The ANN
black box is shown in Fig. 7. in which various input variable to
ANN are the dimensions a, b and g and the resonant
frequency of the antenna obtained from the output of ANN
for a chosen dielectric substrate and microstrip line. .
Out of 37 data generated from the CAD software, 28 were
used for training and the rest used for testing of the trained
neural network. The optimized value of the different param-
eters for the DGS structure, which are obtained by the trial
and error for the training of the network, are, 1) the no. of
inputs=3; 2) the no. of neurons in the hidden layer=50;3) the
no. of outputs = 1;4) no. of epochs are 5000 during training
[12].
6 Development of the defected ground structure in
Microstrip antennas
In this part a discussion is given in more detail about some
significant developments in the field of microstrip antenna
with defected ground structure, along with the references.
6.1 Micrstrip Patch Antenna Size Reductions
The designed antenna, with the transmission line model for a
particular frequency is larger and is not compatible for many
applications. So antenna size reduction becomes necessary.
Different techniques have already been used for the antenna
size reduction such as using the substrate with high dielectric
constant, edge shorted patched with shorting plates or short-
ing walls, use of the shorting pin at the suitable position etc.
The etching of a defect in the ground plane is also a unique
technique for the antenna size reduction [11, 43]. The
Transmission Line model is used to design the main patch
for resonant frequency 6.2 GHz. The antenna size
12 mm15 mm1.524 mm is better compatible for the differ-
ent applications. The creation of a Dumbbell shaped DGS in
the ground plane of the antenna is used for the size reduction
of the antenna for working at the frequency of 5.2 GHz. From
the analysis methods the antenna size
14.5 mm18.0 mm1.524 mm is calculated for the frequency
5.2 GHz and is optimized with the IE3D simulator, with the
dumbbell defect in the ground plane the antenna size reduced
to 12 mm15 mm 1.524 mm for the same resonance.
6.2 Harmonics reduction
One of the useful phenomenons in the active antennas is to
reduce the harmonics. For active antennas, the radiation level
of the both active and passive devices is wanted for being very
low at the harmonic frequencies. By integrating the active
device very close to the radiating patch along with the feed
line, the feedline losses are reduced. But these antennas suffer
from the harmonic radiation and resulting a non linear
process. Thus harmonic radiation is a drawback of active
integrated microstrip antennas, and PBG/DGS structures are
suggested to reduce higher-order harmonics in microstrip
antennas. The DGS antenna strongly eliminates the harmonic
resonance [4448]. Different DGS units has been used in the
harmonic reduction in antennas such as H-shaped DGS, spiral
shaped, dumbbell shaped, and tapered DGS.
6.3 Cross polarization reduction
A defected ground structure (DGS) in microstrip antennas is
used to reduce the cross-polarized (XP) radiation. The DGS
pattern is simple and easy to etch on a commercial microstrip
substrate. This defect reduces only the XP radiation field
without affecting the dominant mode input impedance and
co-polarized radiation patterns of a conventional antenna.
This new concept is examined and verified experimentally for
a particular DGS pattern employing a circular patch as the
radiator [48].
6.4 Mutual coupling reduction
In an array, the field radiated by one element induces voltages
across the terminals of other elements and scatters from the
other elements into the far field. Mutual coupling affects input
impedances, radiation patterns, gain, effective receiving area,
and other parameters of the array. It is very important to
reduce the mutual coupling between the elements of the
antenna array. The defected ground structure (dumbbell
shaped) is successfully used to mutual coupling reduction of a
two-element microstrip antenna array. Using the DGS is a
unique technique in comparison of the DGS antenna with
other techniques to reduce the mutual coupling. [49].
6.5 Design approach for circular polarization
The DGS is used under the feed lines including feed line
structures which are edge coupled to the microstrip patch
antennas in a single layer substrate for the circular polar-
ization of the patch antennas. The presented designs can easily
be extended to other bands satellite and terrestrial systems
that require circularly polarized antennas [50]. This type of
antenna can be easily integrated with the RFIDreader system
and also useful for other wireless communication systems,
which involve circular polarization.
Fig. 7: ANN Model [12]
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6.6 Broadband RCS reduction
It is an important parameter to decide the stealth ability in the
stealth technology. The surface of an aircraft can have low
radar cross section by using some radar- observing materials
or other shaping methods. Thus the antenna becomes more
important contributor to the overall RCS signature of the
same object. An antenna with two circular apertures and a
shorting pin is used for the RCS reduction. The shorting pin is
used for the RCS reduction at the frequencies outside the
desired band. [51].
6.7 Elemination of scan blindness in antenna arrays
A dumb-bell shaped DGS is used to remove the blindness
angle of a linear array microstrip antenna. The frequency
band gap of the DGS forbids the propagation of surface waves
at the antenna design frequency and hence eliminates the scan
blindness. This approach is much easier to implement than
other methods such as EBG and PBG [52].
6.8 Radiation properties enhancement
Surface waves are undesired because when a patch antenna
radiates, a portion of total available radiated power becomes
trapped along the surface of the substrate. It can extract total
available power for radiation to space wave. Therefore,
surface wave can reduce the antenna efficiency, gain and
bandwidth. For arrays, surface waves have a significant impact
on the mutual coupling between array elements. One solution
to reduce surface waves is using electromagnetic band gap
(EBG) or photonic band gap structure (PBG) or DGS [21].
7 Conclusion
In this paper the Defected ground structure in the microstrip
technology is discussed. The etched lattice (DGS) in the
ground plane plays an important role in the design of compact
and high performance microwave circuits. It consists of L-C
parallel circuit having a resonant frequency characteristic. It is
having band gap property, which is used in the many micro-
wave applications. The given applications in the microstrip
antennas with the DGS are in a good performance in the
microwave circuits. Further we can use the DGS for other
parameters improvement in the antennas also.
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First Author
Ashwini K. Arya,
Dept. of Electronics and Computer Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Roorkee-247667. Uttarakhand, India.
E-mail : swinidec@iitr.ernet.in
Other authors
Prof. Dr. M.V. Kartikeyan, Asst. Prof. Dr. A. Patnaik
Dept. of Electronics and Computer Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Roorkee-247667. Uttarakhand, India.
E-mail : kartik@ieee.org
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