I nternational MSc Programme Sustainable Energy Engineering I nternational MSc Programme Sustainable Energy Engineering

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY UTILIZATION

Lecture:
- PSYCHROMETRICS
Assist. Prof. Igor BALEN
Psychrometrics
Basic terms
- moist air typical atmospheric air which contains a certain amount of
water vapor (mixture of two ideal gases - dry air and water vapor)
- dry air O
2
& N
2
mixture that contains no water vapor
- assumed to consist of:
Nitrogen N
2
: 78 % of volume, M=28 kg/kmol
Oxygen O
2
: 21 % of volume, M=32 kg/kmol
Argon Ar: 1 % of volume, M=40 kg/kmol
mean molecular mass M=28.96 kg/kmol
PSYCHROMETRICS deals with the thermodynamic properties of moist air
and uses these properties to analyze conditions and processes involving
moist air.
- considering temperature range 40 to 50C
Psychrometrics
Basic terms
- dry-bulb temperature - usually referred to as air temperature, is the air
property that is most common used.
- when people refer to the temperature of the air, they are normally referring
to its dry bulb temperature.
- dry-bulb temperature - T
db
, can be measured by using a normal
thermometer; it is an indicator of heat content.
- wet-bulb temperature - associated with the moisture content of the air.
- T
wb
can be measured with a thermometer that has the bulb covered with a
water-moistened bandage with air flowing over the thermometer.
- wet-bulb temperatures are always lower than dry bulb temperatures but
they will be identical with 100% relative humidity in the air.
- dew point - T
dp
, is the temperature at which water vapor starts to
condense out of the air, the temperature at which air becomes completely
saturated; above this temperature the moisture will stay in the air.
Psychrometrics
Basic parameters
- humidity ratio (moisture content, specific humidity) - the ratio between the
actual mass of water vapor present in moist air - to the mass of the dry air
- normally expressed in kilogram water vapor per kilogram dry air:
a
w
m
m
x =
[kg
water
/kg
dry air
]
mass of dry air
mass of water
- assuming ideal gas behavior, humidity ratio can also be expressed with
the partial pressure of water vapor and total pressure of air:
w
w
p p
p
. x

= 622 0
[kg
water
/kg
dry air
]
Partial pressure of
water vapor [Pa]
Total pressure of
moist air [Pa]
- hard to measure, but very
useful in calculations
Psychrometrics
Basic parameters
- relative humidity - is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor in a
given moist air sample to the partial pressure of water vapor in an air
sample saturated at the same temperature and pressure:
) T ( p
p
s
w
=
the saturation pressure of water vapor in the
absence of air at the given temperature T
the partial pressure
of water vapor
- relation between humidity ratio and relative humidity:
) T ( p
p
) T ( p
. x
s
s

622 0
- easy to measure and useful in
some contexts, but often need to
know temperature as well
622 0. x
x
) T ( p
p
s
+
=
Psychrometrics
Basic parameters
- specific volume function of temperature, pressure and moisture content:
) 622 . 0 ( 6 . 461 x
p
T
v
a
+ =
[m
3
/kg
dry air
]
- density of the moist air:
a
s
s
v
x
T
p p +
=

+ =
1
1 . 287

[kg
moist air
/ m
3
]
- the moist air saturation:
) T ( p p
) T ( p
. x
s
s
s

= 622 0
1 =
- for dry air: x =0 kg/kg; =0
[kg
water
/kg
dry air
]
Psychrometrics
Basic parameters
- specific enthalpy - consist of sensible heat and latent heat; it is important
for calculating cooling and heating processes.
- enthalpy of moist and humid air includes:
the enthalpy of the dry air - the sensible heat
the enthalpy of the evaporated water - the latent heat
- specific enthalpy - h (kJ /kg) of moist air is defined as the total enthalpy of
the dry air and the water vapor mixture per kg of dry air.
- specific enthalpy of dry air:
t c h
p
=
[kJ /kg
dry air
]
- specific enthalpy of the water vapor:
t c r h
v , p
+ =
0
[kJ /kg
dry air
]
t temperature of air [C]
c
p
specific heat capacity of
air [kJ /(kgK)]
c
p,v
specific heat capacity of
water vapor [kJ /(kgK)]
r
0
evaporation heat of water
at 0C [kJ /kg]
Psychrometrics
Basic parameters
- specific enthalpy of the water - fog:
t c ) x x ( h
w s
=
[kJ /kg
dry air
]
specific heat capacity of
liquid water [kJ /(kgK)]
- specific enthalpy of the ice:
) q t c )( x x ( h
i i s
=
[kJ /kg
dry air
]
specific heat capacity of
ice [kJ /(kgK)]
melting heat of ice [kJ /kg]
- specific enthalpy of the moist air (unsaturated):
) t . ( x t . h + + = 86 1 2501 01 1
[kJ /kg
dry air
]
Psychrometrics
Basic parameters
- specific enthalpy of the moist air containing water fog (saturated):
t . ) x x ( ) t . ( x t . h
s s
+ + + = 19 4 86 1 2501 01 1
[kJ /kg
dry air
]
- specific enthalpy of the moist air containing ice (saturated):
) t . )( x x ( ) t . ( x t . h
s s
334 09 2 86 1 2501 01 1 + + + =
- mass flow of dry air:
x
V
m
a
+

=
1

&
&
volume flow of the
moist air [m
3
/s]
density of the moist
air [kg/m
3
]
[kg
dry air
/s]
Psychrometrics
Psycrometric chart and Mollier (h-x) diagram
DRY BULB TEMPERATURE (F)
80
40
40
60
W
e
t

B
u
lb

(
F
)
50
50
60
70
70
4
0
%
80
90 100 120
2
0
%
8
0
%
6
0
%
90
.004
.016
.012
.008
H
U
M
I
D
I
T
Y

R
A
T
I
O

(
L
b
v
/
L
b
a
)
.028
.024
.020
Psychrometric chart Mollier diagram
Psychrometrics
Psycrometric chart and Mollier (h-x) diagram the difference
FLIP
ROTATE
Mollier (h-x) diagram
Saturated - fog
Saturated - ice
Unsaturated
Saturation line
Mollier (h-x) diagram
- need two quantities for a state point
- can get all other quantities from a state
point
- can do all calculations without a chart,
but sometimes it requires iteration
- pressure must be specified
- charts available for a range of pressures
- dew point right below the state point on
the saturation line
State point
Dew point
Psychrometer
- adiabatic saturation temperature
can be determined (at atmospheric
pressure) by using a thermometer
whose bulb is covered with a wet
bandage
- measuring:
webbulb temperature
drybulb temperature
- sling psychrometer (the picture)
- electronic humidity sensors available
today
Psychrometer
1
s
t
db
t
wb
- determination of the state point 1:
graphically
mathematically:
1
1
x x
h h
t c h
dx
dh
s
s
wb w ws

= = =
- i.e. if measured t
db
, t
wb
; x
s
, h
s
read
from the table for saturation line:
wb db
db s wb s
t . t .
t . x t . h
x
19 4 86 1 2501
01 1 19 4
1
+

=
db
t t =
1
Mollier (h-x) diagram
s
- for all points on the saturation line -
=1, dry-bulb temperature t
db
, wet-bulb
temperature t
wb
and dew point t
dp
are
the same!
Mollier (h-x) diagram
Adiabatic mixing of two air streams of different properties
1
2
M
L
1
L
2
- graphical solution:
measure the distance
between 1 and 2, then
calculate L
1
or/and L
2
L
m
m
L
L
m
m
L
L L L
m m m
M
M
M
&
&
&
&
& & &
2
2
1
1
2 1
2 1
=
=
+ =
+ =
Mollier (h-x) diagram
Adiabatic mixing of two air streams of different properties
- mathematical solution:
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2 1
h
m
m
h
m
m
h
x
m
m
x
m
m
x
m m m
M M
M
M M
M
M
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
& & &
+ =
+ =
+ =
[kg
water
/kg
dry air
]
[kJ /kg
dry air
]
[kg
dry air
/s]
Mollier (h-x) diagram
Sensible heating and cooling
1
2
- humidity ratio stays unchanged while
temperature increases (heating) or
decreases (cooling) and relative
humidity changes
) t t ( . h h
) h h ( m Q
a
1 2 1 2
1 2 2 1
01 1 =
=

&
&
[kW]
h
2
-h
1
h
2
=
c
o
n
s
t
.
h
1
=
c
o
n
s
t
.
[kJ /kg
dry air
]
Mollier (h-x) diagram
Cooling and dehumidification
- temperature and humidity ratio decrease
1
2
h
1
-h
2
) h h ( m Q
a 2 1 2 1
=

&
&
2
[kW]
- the state point 2 determined graphically
- the theoretical point 2 read from the
table for saturation line
Mollier (h-x) diagram
1
2w
s
- liquid water:
- water vapor:
Humidification by injection of water (liquid or vapor)
2v
x
2
) x x ( m m
a w 1 2
=
& &
1 2
1 2
x x
h h
t c h
dx
dh
w
w w w

= = =
) x x ( m m
a v 1 2
=
& &
1 2
1 2
x x
h h
h
dx
dh
v
v

= =
from the table
for saturated
vapor [kJ /kg]
Mollier (h-x) diagram
Evaporative cooling (air washing)
1
2
s
- wet-bulb temperature of the entering air
stream limits direct evaporative cooling (the
diagram) efficiency 80-95%
- wet-bulb temperature of the secondary air
stream limits indirect evaporative cooling
efficiency 60-75%
Psychrometric chart
Condition line for a space
) h h ( r ) x x ( q
S 1 2 1 2
= +
&
sensible load [kJ /kg]
latent load [kJ /kg]
enthalpy change [kJ /kg]
- condition line:
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
x x
r ) x x ( q
x x
h h
x
h
S

+
=

&
L S
S
Q Q
Q
SHR
& &
&
+
=
sensible-to-total heat ratio