-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 16 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Sampath: Why are people so crazy about
imported stuff? They are proud of
possessing them.
(Imported ´Ææ’h-´¤-©çõ‰ Åçûª ¢Á÷ñ‰çöÀ -
ï-Ø√-EéÀ ÅN Ö†o¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™« í∫®Ωyçí¬
Öçö«®Ω’.)
imported Éç§Ú-öÀú˛ – Cí∫’-´’-ûÁj†, Åçõ‰ NüËQ
(foreign). crazy vÈé-ß˝’> – °œ*a-¢Á÷V.
Sanath: You pay for quality; that's all. But I
think wrist watches are among the
lesser imported items.
(Ø√ùu-ûªèπ◊ ê®Ω’a °úø-û√´¤. ÅçûË éπü∆.
Å®·ûË Øˆ-†’-éÓ-´ôç, ûªèπ◊\-´èπ◊ Cí∫’-´’-
ûªßË’u ´Ææ’h-´¤™x wrist watches äéπôE)
☯ ☯ ☯ ☯

Sanath: (Do) you mean imported TVs,
imported cars, imported watches etc.
(†’´y-ØËC NüËQ鬮Ω’x, öÃO©’, ¢√’
´Èíj®√ í∫’Jçî√?)
Sampath: Yea. I am sure our country goods
are as good as the so called
imported ones. Moreover, I think,
the so called imported goods are
not suitable for Indian conditions.
(´’† ÆæyüËP Ææ®Ωèπ◊, NüËQ Ææ®Ω-éπçûª
´’ç*üË ÅE Ø√ †´’téπç. ÅçûËé¬èπ◊çú≈,
Ñ NüËQ Ææ®Ωèπ◊©’ ´’†-ü˨¡ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’©èπ◊
ņ’-í∫’-ùçí¬ Öçúø´¤.)
So called = ÅØË (ņ-•úË)
The so called honest man = Eñ«--ߪ’Béπ©-
Our study of comparative in spoken English
continues. éÌEo éÌEo comparatives usage Now look at the following sentences from
positive comparative superlative
´÷´‚©’ éπçõ‰ Gµ†oçí¬ Öçö«®·. Å™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™x the conversation:
äéπöÀ elder, older - OöÀ N≠æߪ’ç ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ little less least
1) They are definitely superior to Indian
lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ Å™«ç-öÀN ´’J-éÌEo few fewer fewest
goods.
comparatives ÖØ√o®·. ÅN superior inferior,
2) Our technology is inferior to theirs and nat- Little, uncountables
senior and junior. Oô-®√n©’ ´’†çü¿®Ωèπÿ ûÁL-Æ œ-†¢Ë ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç 鬕öÀd, ü∆EéÀ
éπü∆; Å®·ûË ÉN comparatives Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà OöÀ urally the quality is inferior too. comparative Å®·† less, superlative Å®·†
ûª®√yûª than ®√ü¿’. To ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. 3) I am senior to you in the field. least †’ èπÿú≈ uncountables ûÓØË ¢√ú≈L.
4) I do admit I am junior to you. a) The milk in this glass is less than the milk in
°j sentences ÅEoçöx, superior, inferior, that glass =
senior, junior - Ñ comparatives ûª®√yûª than Ç glass ™ §ƒ©’ Ñ glass
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 214
™ §ƒ©éπçõ‰
é¬èπ◊çú≈ to ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ûªèπ◊\´.

I have few friends here

¢√-úÕí¬ Å†-•-úË-¢√úø’ – Åçõ‰ ÅûªE Eñ«--ߪ’B
´’†ç †´’túøç ™‰ü¿’.
Sanath: No, no. They are definitely superior
to Indian goods. Our technology is
inferior to theirs, and naturally the
quality is inferior too.
Superior: Ø√ùu-ûª™ , Ææy¶µ«-´ç™ ÉçÍé-üÁjØ√ ´’ç* b) Of the three glasses,
(ÅüËçé¬ü¿’. NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ ´’† ´Ææ’h-
í∫’ùç™ N’í∫-û√-¢√öÀéπçõ‰/- N’-í∫û√ ¢√∞¡xéπçõ‰ íÌ°æp-C/- Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ Ñ columns ™ èπÿú≈ little, few this glass has the
´¤© éπçõ‰ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj-†¢Ë. ´’†
íÌ°æp ÅE. ©†’ í∫’Jç* îªJaçî√ç éπü∆. ¢√öÀ comparatives least milk =
≤ƒçÍé-Aéπ ØÁj°æ¤ùuç, ¢√∞¡x ü∆E-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îªJaçî√ç, äéπ\-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ûÁa-
®Ωéπç, Åçü¿’-éπE Ææ£æ«-ïç-í¬ØË ´’† ´Ææ’h´¤ a) This camera is superior to that because of Ç ´‚úø’ glasses ™, Ñ
èπ◊çü∆ç.
Ø√ùuûª NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤© Ø√ùuûª éπçõ‰ its extra features = glass ™ ÅEo-öÀ-éπçõ‰
èπÿú≈ ûªèπ◊\¢Ë) Ñ camera èπ◊†o Åü¿-†°æ¤ ≤˘éπ-®√u© ´©x, Ç ûªèπ◊\´ §ƒ©’-Ø√o®·.
Sampath: Whether a thing is inferior or supe- camera LITTLE FEW
M. SURESAN Less, countables ûÓ
éπçõ‰ ÉC íÌ°æpC.
rior depends on its adaptability to b) The camera work in Hollywood movies is uncounta- á°æ¤púø÷ countables
á°æ¤púø÷ èπÿú≈, ´·êuçí¬ 'no' ûÓ,
the situation of its use, doesn't it? If superior to that in Indian movies = bles (™„éπ\-°--ôdE (™„éπ\°õ‰d-¢√öÀ)ûÓ ûªèπ◊\´é¬èπ◊çú≈/ ûªèπ◊\´é¬E ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-
that's the case, Indians goods are £æ…L-´¤ú˛ *vû√™x îµ√ߪ÷-ví∫-£æ«ùç ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ ¢√öÀ)ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. ¢√úøû√ç.
as good as, even better than for-
ö«®Ω’.
(little rice/ sugar/ (few books/
a) The book has been translated into no less
*vû√™x éπçõ‰ ¢Ë’©’í¬ Öçô’çC.
eign ones. milk, etc) friends/ boys)
Inferior = ûªèπ◊\´ ®Ωéπç than twenty languages =
Few =
(äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ íÌ°æpü∆, -ûªèπ◊\-´-ü∆ ÅØËC a) Indian bowling strength is inferior to Little = ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰´¤/
ü∆Eo -´’-†ç -¢√-úË °æ-JÆœn-ûª’-©èπ◊ -Å-†’í∫’-ù- -Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç 20 éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\-´-é¬E ¶µ«≠æ-™xéÀ ņ’-
Australian bowling strength = There is little milk in ™‰®Ω’
¢Á’iç-ü∆ é¬-ü∆ -Å-ØË-ü∆-Eo •öÀd éπü∆ I have few friends
¢√-ü¿-¢Á’içC.
Australian bowling °æöÀ-´’-éπçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ωûª bowling the glass =
Öçô’çC? Å™« BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ here = (-ü∆--ü∆°æ¤ 20 -¶µ«-≠æ-™xéÀ)
°æöÀ´’ ûªèπ◊\´. glass™ §ƒ©’ ™‰-´¤ Ééπ\úø Ø√èπ◊
b) The movie has been released in no less
ûªßª÷®ΩßË’u ´Ææ’h-´¤©’, NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤©Íéç
b) In speed and mileage Indian cars are infe- (ü∆ü∆°æ¤) ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’ ™‰®Ω’
than thirty theatres =
BÆœ-§Ú´¤, Éçé¬ ¢Ë’™„j†N èπÿú≈.)
rior to japanese cars =
(ü∆ü∆°æ¤)
adaptibility °æJ-Æ œn-ûª’©èπ◊ ņ’í∫’-ùçí¬ ÖçúË
Ææy¶µ«´ç. ¢Ëí∫ç, mileage N≠æ-ߪ÷™x Japanese cars A little = àüÓ éÌçûª/ A few = à¢Ó éÌEo/ Ç *vûªç 30éÀ ûªèπ◊\-´-é¬E ÆœE-´÷-£æ…-∞¡x™ Núø’-ü¿-
Sanath: Look here. I have been a dealer in éπçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ cars BÆœ-éπõ‰d. Ææy©pç éÌçûª´’çC ™„jçC.
electronic goods and appliances for The Patient had a A few friends of
senior = ´ßª’-Ææ’™, ņ’-¶µº-´ç™ (à ®Ωçí∫ç-™ -ØÁj†) (-ü∆-ü∆-°æ¤ 30 Æœ-E-´÷£æ…-∞¡x-™)
far longer than you. I am senior to little milk in the mine are coming Little èπ◊ comparative, less. Little †’
°ü¿l/ áèπ◊\´.
you in the field. Our goods are not morning = ®ÓT--§Ò-ü¿’l-† today = friends
Ø√ uncountables ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç 鬕öÀd less †’
a) He was senior to me/ my senior at school
half as durable as imported ones. by a year =
éÌ-Eo -§ƒ-©’ -û√í¬-úø’ ™ É-ü¿l®Ω’ ´·í∫’_-®Ì-Ææ’h- countables ûÓ ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’, fewer ´÷vûª¢Ë’
(îª÷úø’ Ñ electronic ´Ææ’h-´¤©, °æJ-éπ- school ™ Åûªúø’ Ø√éπçõ‰ °j class ™ ÖçúË-
Ø√o-K-®Ó-V. ¢√ú≈-©E éÌçü¿-®Ωç-ö«®Ω’.
®√© NvÍé-ûªí¬ ؈’ Féπçõ‰ î√™« áèπ◊\´ Very little = î√-™«- Very few = î√-™«- eg: I tried to contact him no fewer than ten
¢√úø’.
The patient
times
鬩çí¬ ÖØ√o†’. ؈’ Féπçõ‰ Ñ b) She is senior to me in age by a year =
éÌCl. éÌ-Eo/ éÌ-Cl-´’ç-C
®Ωçí∫ç™ áèπ◊\´ ņ’-¶µº´ç Ö†o-¢√-úÕE. had very little food Very few know this
yesterday =
NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤© ´’Eo-éπ™ ´’† ´Ææ’h-´¤© Ç¢Á’ Ø√éπçõ‰ äéπ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç °ü¿l (´ßª’-Ææ’™) ®ÓT E†o secret = î√-™« -éÌCl (à °æC-≤ƒ®Óx/ °æC-≤ƒ-®Ωxèπ◊ ûªèπ◊\´ é¬èπ◊çú≈ Åûª-EûÓ
´’Eoéπ Ææí∫ç èπÿú≈ Öçúøü¿’.) c) NT Rama Rao was senior to Jaggaiah as a î√™« ûªèπ◊\´ ǣ慮Ωç ´’çCÍé Ñ ®Ω£æ«Ææuç ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©E v°æߪ’-Aoç-î√†’.)
Appliances = Å°æx-ߪ ’-Eq-ñ ¸ – '°æ— ØÌéÀ\ movie actor = BÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o®Ω’. ûÁ©’Ææ’. Å®·ûË ´÷´‚©’ spoken English ™ counta-
†ô’-úÕí¬ NTR èπ◊ ïí∫_ߪ’u éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ņ’-¶µº´ç. bles èπ◊ èπÿú≈ less, fewer °ü¿l ûËú≈ ™‰èπ◊çú≈
°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = °æJ-éπ-®√©’ (≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬) í∫%£æ«Ù-°æ- The little = Ö†o The few = Ö†o Ç
ßÁ÷í∫ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’. Durability = ´’Eoéπ Junior. Senior èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç – ´ßª’-Ææ’™ *†o, Ç éÌCl = éÌ-Eo / éÌCl ´’çD. ¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
Sampath: I do admit I am your junior, but I still ņ’-¶µº´ç ûªèπ◊\´. The patient threw The few that I gave him no less than a hundred books/
feel that the prices of imported a) Sehwag is junior to Kumble = up the little food she passed got very no fewer than a hundred books.
goods are unreasonable. èπ◊綉x éπçõ‰ Sehwag cricket ņ’-¶µº´ç ûªèπ◊\´ had taken = low marks = Åûª-úÕéÀ ؈’ à ´çü¿ °æ¤Ææh-鬙/ ´çü¿èπ◊ ûªèπ◊\´
(Féπçõ‰ Ñ ®Ωçí∫ç™ ûªèπ◊\´ ņ’-¶µº´ç b) Though we are classmates, he is junior to ®ÓT BÆæ’èπ◊†o Ç éÌCl pass Å®·† Ç éÌCl é¬èπ◊çú≈ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Éî√a†’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ less,
Ö†o ¢√úÕ-†E -Åç-Uéπ-J≤ƒh. é¬F NüËQ me in age. Ç£æ…-®√Eo ¢√çA îËÆæ’- ´’çD ûªèπ◊\´ fewer éÀ ûËú≈ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úøôç ´÷´‚-™„jçC.
´Ææ’h-´¤© üµ¿®Ω©’ ´’K áèπ◊\´.) (¢Ë’ç äÍé class Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ´ßª’-Ææ’™ Åûª†’ èπ◊çC. ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-èπ◊- less ¢√úøôç °ü¿l ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. (Å®·ûË fewer
unreasonable = Ææ•-•’-é¬-†çûª áèπ◊\´ *-†o.) Ø√o®Ω’. ´÷vûªç uncountables èπ◊ ¢√úøç).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm